source: documentation/trunk/tutorial_sample_files/tudor/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html@ 18423

Last change on this file since 18423 was 18423, checked in by kjdon, 15 years ago

added teh sample files into svn. I got these files from the releases on sourceforge, jun2006 release with the october extra files.
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2<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Queen Mary I / Mary Tudor - Marian Government Policies</TITLE>
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9<BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff>&nbsp;<p>
10<IMG
11height=45 alt="Marian Government Policies" src="marygovt.gif"
12width=343> <BR>The following is a list of government policies &amp; officials.
13<BR>It also includes religious legislation. </p>
14<CENTER>
15<P>
16<HR width="100%">
17<BR><B><FONT size=+1>When did Parliament meet during Mary's reign?</FONT></B>
18<BR>5 October 1553 to 5 December 1553 <BR>2 April 1554 to 5 May 1554 <BR>12
19November 1554 to 16 January 1555 <BR>21 October 1555 to 9 December 1555 <BR>20
20January 1558 to 17 November 1558
21<P><B><FONT size=+1>Who were the Speakers of the House of Commons?</FONT></B>
22<BR>Sir John Pollard, M.P. for Oxfordshire - elected 5 October 1553 <BR>Sir
23Robert Brooke, M.P. for the City of London - elected 2 April 1554 <BR>Sir
24Clement Higham, M.P. for West Looe - elected 12 November 1554 <BR>Sir John
25Pollard, M.P. for Chippenham - elected 21 October 1555 <BR>Sir William Cordell,
26M.P. for Suffolk - elected 20 January 1558
27<P><B><FONT size=+1>Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal</FONT></B>
28<BR>Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester&nbsp; 1553-1555 <BR>Nicholas Heath,
29Archbishop of York&nbsp; 1556-1558
30<P><B><FONT size=+1>Keepers of the Privy Seal</FONT></B> <BR>John Russell, 1st
31Lord Russell, created 1st earl of Bedford, 1550)&nbsp; 1542-1555 <BR>William
32Paget&nbsp; 1555-1559
33<P><B><FONT size=+1>Principal Secretaries</FONT></B> <BR>Sir John Cheke&nbsp;
341553 <BR>Sir John Bourne&nbsp; 1553-1558
35<P><B><FONT size=+1>Chief Justices of the King's Bench</FONT></B> <BR>Thomas
36Bromley&nbsp; 1553 <BR>William Portman&nbsp; 1555 <BR>Edward Saunders&nbsp; 1557
37
38<P><B><FONT size=+1>Chief Justices of Common Pleas</FONT></B> <BR>Richard
39Morgan&nbsp; 1553 <BR>Robert Brooke&nbsp; 1554 <BR>Anthony Browne&nbsp; 1558
40<P><B><FONT size=+1>Lord Treasurers</FONT></B> <BR>William Paulet, 1st earl of
41Wiltshire (1550) and 1st marquis of Winchester (1551) <BR>held office of Lord
42Treasurer from 1550 to 1572
43<P><B><FONT size=+1>Chief Barons of the Court of Exchequer</FONT></B> <BR>David
44Brook&nbsp; 1553 <BR>Clement Heigham&nbsp; 1558
45<P><B><FONT size=+1>Masters of the Rolls - Court of Chancery</FONT></B> <BR>Sir
46Nicholas Hare&nbsp; 1553 <BR>Sir William Cordell&nbsp; 1557</CENTER>
47<P><BR>&nbsp;<HR width="100%">
48<BR><FONT size=+1>Religious Developments&nbsp; 1553-1558</FONT>
49<UL><i><FONT color=#990000>Compare the religious acts of January - July 1553 to
50 those passed after Mary became queen.&nbsp; One can imagine the confusion
51 caused by such rapid shifts in ideology.</FONT></i></UL><B><FONT
52color=#000000>1553</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>January - Sir Richard
53Cotton ordered to seize Church plate and vestments.</FONT> <BR><FONT
54color=#000000>12 June - the Forty-Two Articles issued (includes the statement
55that Justification before God is by faith alone; also, good works play no part
56in salvation &amp; there is no purgatory.)</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>19
57July - Mary Tudor proclaimed queen of England.</FONT> <BR><I><FONT
58color=#000000>Immediate &amp; rapid religious changes ensue.</FONT></I>
59<BR><FONT color=#000000>September - Bishops Bale, Coverdale, Ponet, Scory &amp;
60Barlow are deprived of their offices &amp; eventually flee overseas.</FONT>
61<BR><FONT color=#000000>Bishops Gardiner and Bonner are released from prison and
62reinstated to former offices.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>Mary orders that
63Archbishop Cranmer be arrested.&nbsp; His fellow Protestant leaders - Latimer,
64Hooper &amp; Ridley (and a score of others) are also arrested.</FONT> <BR><FONT
65color=#000000>October - Parliament in session.&nbsp; It refuses to repeal the
66Act of Supremacy, despite Mary's insistence.&nbsp; They do pass an Actof Repeal
67which essentially voids the Edwardian reformation - and reinstates Mass,
68clerical celibacy &amp; ritual worship.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>December
69- Mary responds to Parliament's refusal to repeal the Act of Supremacy &amp;
70rejects the title of Supreme Head of the English Church.</FONT> <BR>&nbsp;
71<P><B><FONT color=#000000>1554</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>January -
72prominent English Protestants flee to Germany and Switzerland, trying to avoid
73Marian prosecution of married/non-celibate clergy.</FONT> <BR><FONT
74color=#000000>March - Mary issues Royal Injunction - orders bishops to remove
75married clergy from office; suppress heresy; only ordain clergy who have been
76ordained under the English Ordinal; restore Holy Days and attendant
77ceremonies.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>Gardiner begins a methodical purge of
78married clergy.&nbsp; This practice eventually claims almost a quarter of parish
79clergy.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>April - Parliament meets again - and once
80more clash with Mary.&nbsp; They eventually agree to pass heresy laws - <I>if
81</I>there is no restoration of monastic lands.&nbsp; Mary reluctantly agrees to
82the condition.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>November - Cardinal Reginald Pole
83(whose Plantagenet mother, Margaret, was brutally murdered by Henry VIII)
84returns to England and the sentence of excommunication is lifted from
85England.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>Also, Parliament meets again and passes
86a 2nd Act of Repeal which voids all religious legislation since 1529.&nbsp; In
87other words, the Henrician Reformation never occurred!</FONT> <BR>&nbsp;
88<P><B><FONT color=#000000>1555</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>January - Mary
89begins the new year by appointing a commission to re-establish various religious
90houses.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>4 February - The first Protestant martyr
91is publicly burned - John Rogers, translator of the Bible, is convicted under
92the new heresy laws.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>16 October - Bishops Ridley
93and Latimer are burnt for heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford.</FONT>
94<BR><FONT color=#000000>12 November - Stephen Gardiner, Mary's Catholic adviser,
95dies.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>13 November - Archbishop Cranmer is
96officially deprived of the See of Canterbury.</FONT> <BR><FONT
97color=#000000>December - Cardinal Reginald Pole is given Cranmer's former
98position - named Archbishop of Canterbury.</FONT> <BR>&nbsp;
99<P><B><FONT color=#000000>1556</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>The public
100burning of Protestant martyrs continues unabated.</FONT> <BR><FONT
101color=#000000>21 March - Thomas Cranmer recants all retractions and is burnt for
102heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford - where Ridley and Latimer were also
103killed.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>22 March - Pole is officially consecrated
104as Archbishop of Canterbury.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>Cardinal Pole
105becomes enmeshed in arguments with Pope Paul IV and is deprived of his position
106as Papal Legate.</FONT> <BR>&nbsp;
107<P><B><FONT color=#000000>1557</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>Many small
108religious houses are re-established.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>June - Pole
109is recalled to Rome to answer charges of heresy, referencing his arguments with
110the pope.&nbsp; Mary refuses to let him go.&nbsp; The pope appoints Friar
111William Peto as Papal Legate in Pole's place.&nbsp; Mary refuses to recognize
112the appointment.</FONT> <BR>&nbsp;
113<P><B><FONT color=#000000>1558</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>10 November -
114five prominent Protestants burnt for hersey at Canterbury.&nbsp; In total, about
115300 Protestants were killed during Mary's reign.</FONT> <BR><FONT
116color=#000000>The prominent Protestant exile Thomas Bentham returns to London
117and leads Protestant meetings.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>17 November - Mary
118and Pole both die.</FONT>
119<CENTER><A href="mary1.html">to
120Queen Mary I main page</A>
121<P><FONT size=-1><A href="../monarchs.html">to
122Tudor Monarchs</A></FONT> <BR><FONT size=-1><A
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