source: main/trunk/model-sites-dev/pei-jones/collect/written-works/archives/3E05-01.dir/doc.xml@ 32181

Last change on this file since 32181 was 32181, checked in by kjdon, 6 years ago

added all the rest of the doc.xml, plus updated archive databases

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11 <Metadata name="pj.Title">Korotangi</Metadata>
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15 <Metadata name="pj.Provenance">Pei Te Hurinui Jones</Metadata>
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202 <Content></Content>
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229 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
230UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO LIBRARY 3E5/1 LITERATURE- Literary Works-Misc KOROTANGI (1961-1973) JANUARY 2001 MICROFILM COMPUTER SCANNING BY: DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT COMPANY ferrnt,briclgo Ltd; 90 Box 12049 IA Lake Rood Herniken 1/ Ar Zealand Goer/Fox. 66 847 08713 MoknIe 023 293 3034 elts9nonn932.nea
231
232&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
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260 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
2619 K CROTANGI PApnns Letters and typescript from Borla,c.
262
263&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
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291 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
292BERNARD FERGUSSON SCHOOL Box 25 D,ke Strcel Telephone 8099 NGARIJAWANIA 12. 6. 73. Dear Dr. Jones, KOROTANGI I wrote to the National Museum to verify the facts of Korotangi as we knew them, and received an excited reply from Miss Christine MacKay, who had written a thesis on the subject. Her wel'-researched inquiry has upset our knowledge completely. Alex and I agreed the best thing to do was to write to you enclosing Miss MacKay's article and ask for your knowledge. As you can imagine though we wish to remain impartial and objective, we are also desirous of disproving &quot;the gross imposition&quot;, that is, that Korotangi is a fake. I have also taken the liberty of referring Miss MacKay to you. I did not think you would mind because of the importance of Korotangi to Tainui, even though (.e realise) you must be extremely busy. I would be grateful for the return of the thesis; perhaps you would like to write your comments on its margin. Yours sincerely, . Hadley/
293
294&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
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323Nye Okriatiaa Measly, Box 78, thnol gtut. TaUMARUMVX. Dowinisa Museum. 17 June. 1972 11114321- (YourAnilliitot Juno 8th. 1972) Boar Mrs Wasday, i have dkaesaos4 l rotaagi with many of our Teiaai historians over Wm soiree witheat uomarthiag aaything sew. Thera to ma pre. poet row of aeseeptainles the type Cad extant of past and pram's oral Ira/Atte Cheat the hire that has sot bees already puhlishede The ties for reoardiag the fall history of Korotwasi woe wbsa it OAM tap tie peseeasiam of the Maori wife of tho late Na4wr Wilms et Oesta,4410. Wainata.&quot; a w James Cowan 1909 Pelt 7).) The Tetasi y a s sing ter se. Ravi KanAspoto. Cad To Niakau who &quot;tonal 4 loudly war their bird. ,) eaten have gives a full eseeuat of the history of K retmagi. Apparently those Taillai on Jolt inhialted votes thin/ 'mallard that the Wilma family were d t reim d to retail) peaces. ion of futrotanai. Apropos the title I. Leratangi4 so Leeretary of the Talmi Maori Treat hosed X was hod by a Jobs Armand Borlsee of Polserstea 111 Marti' with a tioa to swallow, derittaagi on behalf of the Isio aui triter. Isrliar om he had written to as en thu 14114 Awe. 1961. /star all/4 as tallow &quot;It wan ramdlosevered la tha roots of an old bobibotos two. that woo blows ever in r cairn sae night i 1879. It was is thin pear that ay grmadfath r (Major Wilma) apearei it tor his wife. Prisoess Ts Myer .On the death f Misr Wilson, Judge Hoary Wilson (Of the Maori Land Orart) and Joh Oath Wilson ware appointed trustees. e older f them too. Judge Vila's, Slot is the Influanma pidamie. 14- Wand truata was aims appointed to tabs him plisse. Wks Jain Smith Wilson died his widow had Kosotangi DU NA Alibbataisiem Tae arlt04,410Wsrlod toe gessoloalsal tables traailg himself oa ham sateremklase Jessie Wiliam) aid sad his paternal (. 111 Barium. Do 1910011oiter, Wangsaal) aid,. Jessie Uses ia shwa as a oimbarbt Jodi. Wilms Soria., wishhad Sgeruawahla after s adiag me a typescript la which he wilmMit &quot;It is writer's considered pixies that the Oeverasest WteeMICOOlaahas this eststealliss art/fa t for th psePle of lowloalaad for all time. and as add to this great sell. :.traniZtroawurem that so to make the atats sar The late Prima/me To Pees , through the good orates of the late Dr Oliver. had Maimed a F li of Kormtam81 sod it is ag dimple, la ha Naleiseeroami, aseaptios hall of the Maori Queen Tarassorvoevao Morse at agaramwahis. Darla/44 after seadiag moutto typos ript. had AMMOSID iamillsw is 11,11N/T11111. StiprOWCOM4 IMAM (Teas The Truth 4/9/1962, pap 6 atiCisialy en this obsoust I advised the late, King Norold set to allertaia the ,p lies Is puretutoo Koretaagi or to resolve Sorlaae is audiesas fir which purpose h. bad trate/lad froa Palmerston Perth. Eveo,s00611b0 above happeaiags I have thought I would at memo oppeetano time squire of the Desiams Masons as to limp quotation of ewasrahip of IltrOteagi. do pit a quid proahlmr,tilirreashling lattes. U 740041. istommes044. tImrituarehip of lorotamai t Rea era Tears alaserely. 4.;,114.wtha
324
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326</Section>
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354DOMINION MUSEUME Private Sag Wellington NewZoalard tOeehone 59 609 director RKDoll SA DSc Dr. Pei Te Hurinui Jones, Ruapehu Crescent, TAUMARUNUI June 8th, 1972 Dear Dr. Jones, Mr. Koro Dewes suggested I write to you on the matter of our stone bird, Korotangi, about which I have been doing some research. I have collected together all possible scientific and ethnological data, and studied the published literature, but where I would be very grateful for your help is in ascertaining the type and extent of past and present oral tradition about the bird. I hope this request will not prove toc time-consuming for you, and will of course write elsewhere should you so suggest. This type of tradition seems one of the more important sources of ethnological history, but also the least accessible to a non-Maori speaker. Your advice would be most appreciated. Yours faithfully, CHRISTINE MACKAY (Mrs.) Ethnologist
355
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385303 Ferguson Street Palmerston North 1st August 1961, Dear 41, Please excuse the delay in answering your letter. However I hurt my back and I have been confined to bed for sometime past but I am up and about again now thank goodness. I was very pleased to receive your Puki 'chine and many thanks for same. 1//at a terrific amount of research and correspondence you must have had in getting together all those facts - it is indeed an outstanding tribute to you. I showed it to my friend Drydon Speedy of the Polynesian Society and he has ordered six copies from Messrs Bennett to distribute among his friends. Referring to your letter I am sorry that I omitted to include the vrnakapapa of 'Atimapuni and so I now rectify my omission. ith,eference to Te Ngakau I agree with you that Tamehana Te 'filaroa was the King-maker, but Se Ygakau had also been referred to on the Marat' as such, and for the life of me I am unable to recall his second name but he was one of the party that went to gland and was also To ,Alerowhero's Secretary - this perhaps might give you a lead. We had for many years a TAndauer painting of him dressed in the height of fashion of the day for his presentation to queen Victoria. My Grandfather, Sajor Wilson commissioned Landauer to paint twenty portraits and among them was ono of his wife Te Aorere now in the Dominion Museum together with Korotangi and another of tako Ngatata; also another which I believe was a Protrait of one of Te ierowhero's wives but it was always known as the Poi Girl. I don't recall ever hearing her mentioned by none. To refer again to Korotangi I am now more convinced than ever that you are the man, in fact the only person as I repeat capable of breathing life into it again so that it can live on down through the centuries even after our Maori peoele have ceased to exist es a pure race. Therefor old friend record this story for posterity as only you are capable of doing. Az a lover of beauty I ',now you will enjoy the Rubaiyat; one could almost imagine it having been translated from Eaori don't you think? With kindest regards, /.
386
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415 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
416?/tr, /6falturc. --0)-X6/a123-, /go/t4oe.- , ; I' 1
417
418&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
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447h 7-gar/I MAN CHARGED WITH ATTEMPTING ILLEGAL OPERATION ,Policewoman says she posed 1..--; expectant mother A POLICEWOMAN acted as an &quot;agent provocateur&quot; In an attempted abortion CO., alleged counsel in Wellington Court. IC,d &quot;I'llrf0.&quot;C '?C,ILIZItn 47 7,;, . chat (11, ' Fe CC 0 days lath eke had .;,=:=1. c.&quot;iv,..,.4!?..,=. rue lotto go le for DoIth.=,thes.. toJth7i Th. was bt ht Sac corm -, w.,r??.,, fl,,,, e,,, . A kh. -old to worm. hadnetbo. PO., irrogjr. &quot;'&quot;&quot;'ll. l'it=,th twO&quot;&quot;Mindson vbe meet toll. eeliKon bar F ). the! J A Thoree th Palthethon North told th1.,d, 4,,, . toal toldVe'cotht the had detect. Sethorwrowesat O,Cb. Ittest let. to Bor. no Truth Repo, g,,,tb3F,...,0,..,.= . 1'. 1'11'6'4 &quot;' ' &quot;:&quot;OL,--=. il,.. wut kept 'g'. he Deteethre under other- the car th which ..? thd ,,t ,,,.., . Bor. and Deus. were t. '. When they went over to thetar,+0,74...tetee./.. th Club Poi.. t.? u mien eand cared4 l herthTle'qu=S.cher. e on ovnthr to Arooklth Sae e( Into the dr-leer's seat Detective Athion8erneent Oor what vs-rtpd r Am. vett. Web, Midi dontothe court that he had John David Fee. , perth. Dorhaat Croce anC hiked' &quot; 1:&quot;enjr114nr&quot;'&quot;'afi 1:=11..&quot; Ug&quot;' '&quot;Ithot= r` 9 get to the ru R+ln rd &quot; :ooi&quot;Au could.= be coed foe Agninr.; &quot;-&quot;nt tfltn Tgo7nan't NMILIVul,&quot;=&quot;141143' n'olnn!&quot;&quot;' &quot;&quot;&quot;?0,.. a bra. nn, that. Ethe thing. Date et tv nth. Sc.. ij, ? 0( 517i?`74`:&quot;11 Wanganui typhoid scare ukeel If It WOnnM ham IuH. .-ether hen Lra dau= r,i;Aii0Uttifat,takeas near sewerage Outlets 6lCIMIftfM. i. IA TYPHOID SCARE In Wanganui la being linked with 1,1 pro. In t. ettn on the rock thew,. nea t&quot;. ktor nVe ttal &quot; V'&quot; &quot;&quot;'&quot;&quot;- &quot;&quot; 15nt'tg tha ? &quot;9 rtv nowOn the afternoon or July 14 11. They met again outside of town e.:11 tower,. the cod o. fr'nnd of hers told her to con- .' thd wthdi telt hen: 1 toAVMs&quot; -71 .71. &quot;4 .41 he meant pounds and Pe sskiw one, ma tree hen u rK TnTO'n72.,&quot;:=7&quot;'&quot;'&quot; =nriVig ChnI,Vot?i ainn to work &quot;&quot;IT1ve&quot;. =1b Arthur Walter Baker. the WelrantU7 Bor. thl he had pkk. Uturton?.CILtod the courtnOR fr,? ??Ray wls ttnbr lerK nt Ohet. o ear. ZITO = dr aln! goese ot the own and pulledout bottle of A( Ise 7.&quot; r nn band ha pothet ease feth retch( rot won't warn their peep,th ithey show, e, reserved for the &quot;t= aorta from mot, ft to,o otoo..tto elk b,ght gm, lb street look Pialt. satThe. Ltalked,of Oth mhy ,,Fnligt. ,.nd :3 tr.,rt::tf/r.,:=0, 117 limasoll= 7on't=throu7 ' tree. rrer,f, 1=Z tp; K. ad their suarde. the. Lset.vr Ver. even II you so -Ile thew said if I bad dethdod. ? Tr soMtrbefil'.4.! 1! od the went Iro4th7fterncer.' ton Bor. sold: -134}&quot;co=. vent &quot;gen=.01&quot;loo ego to get Mr. Jorthth to represent \_ U loth bent the ass She Old not see 7 anththros ?eefibr=&quot;e/WrZiFtetralree nur to Vorf.'Tftern. (fon AuTerIX?eleeng MT tr., Hula ? 1.;! thrva.,;: g - Out u yotue 4. -atz, at robe nem. reg.,. elea. v. rte .Tar. honsrpocted FrtgaSain fled. Itago. teak of b. wnle1 It weld it Re bon gem 1,14rnign-.11. .u4cufs Iwo rXZ TRUTH, T 1fit'.. Same price for old folk ks Okra tar ognet:'&quot;' bY Ole In Bewlee Arweek.. has heen b1 Auer. Trtheyertewe had mthi rent, would not Reasons for medical , expert's departure W-L-soTO.=1;11,2,=,hirktarT!&quot; rd'; V.&quot;at
448
449&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
450</Section>
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478Cow without being watched It stews, pot wags. casseroles . cooks podding, vegetabla, rice, spaghetti. jam ?anything you usually cook in a miaow,. Rut here's the difference! The Zip Electric Saucepan doesn't need conatant watching ? it's thermostatimlly hex corurolled. Just id the Thermostat Control for the proper beat and the Saucepan takes over the cooking. You can dial the exact degree of beat that brings out the very peak of flavour. DEEP FRIES. TOO. The Zip Ekctric Saucepan comm complete with a prom Deep Fry basket Aod there's co guesswork about fat or oil temperatures?the Thermostat Coerol sea to Wt. - Price 0. inciudea Therrnorrat Control, Deep Fry Barker and Recipe Rook. ELECTRIC SAUCEPAN AND DEEP FRIER NZ TRLITN, Teetday, Septenthar 4, 11166--Parg. 6
479
480&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
481</Section>
482<Section>
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509DOMINION MUSELTM Pnvats Bag WeIlingtcn New Zealand telephone 59 BM gractor R K DO BA DSc Dr. Pei Te Hurinui Jones, Box 78, TAUMARUNUI June 21st, 1972 Dear Dr. Jones, Thank you for your prompt and helpful reply to my letter earlier this month. I was interested to see that Borlase wrote that Judge Wilson and John Smith Wilson were appointed trustees after the death of Major Wilson. I was not sure about this point previously. 'The ownership of Korotangi'is a most complex question. The bird was deposited in the museum by the late Mrs. Wilson, second wife of John Smith 4ilson. There have been numerous claims to its ownership by many branches of Major 'Ailson's family, both before and since 1954, when Mrs. Smith Wilson died. None of the claimants recognise the sole rights of the others, but because of this disagreement, none press their claims as long as Korotangi remains in the Dominion Museum. The object is now regarded as being on permanent deposit from the estate of the late Mrs. Smith Wilson, and is not sent away from the building for any purpose whatsoever. I hope this information is of interest to you. With thanks, Yours sincerely, CHRISTINE MACKAY (Mrs.) Ethnologist
510
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538 </Description>
539 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
540140, - 44~n, Korotangi kn Enigmatic Stone Bird Christine Mackay, Dominion Museum, Wellington
541
542&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
543</Section>
544<Section>
545 <Description>
546 <Metadata name="Title">12</Metadata>
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569 </Description>
570 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
571Eorotangi: An Enigmatic Stone Bird. The myth and romance surrounding Sorotengi are considerable, and the facts are few. The carved. serpentine bird now in the Dominion Museum was first shown to a European audience during an address given by Julius von Haaso the Wellington Philosophical Society in October, 1881. He displayed the bird and described it as being '.. carved out of a very dark green serpentine in a bold and careful way and in a natural position..'. At that time. the stone bird belonged to IjojWilson,of Cambridge, Waikato. It remained in the possession of his family until 1938 when it was deposited in the Dominion Museum by Mrs Smith Wilson, his daughter-in-law. It is a detailed, naturalistic carving of a perched bird, with pigeon-like plumage but a flat bill with laterally-placed nostrils near the base. The carving is 26centimetres long, from beak-tip to tail and weighs 2097 grammes. Several features of the carving suggest a petrel-like bird; the broad bill with raised nostril, the unusually big eyes, the steep forehead, and the crouched, shuffling posture. The blunt feet, however, feathered to the tip, are more reminiscent of en owl, and the plumage of neat regularized feathers is
572
573&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
574</Section>
575<Section>
576 <Description>
577 <Metadata name="Title">13</Metadata>
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600 </Description>
601 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
6022. aspecific. It is in fact R. representation of no particular species, but rather' an imaginary conglomeration with the attributes of several birds. Localization in time or space on ornithological grounds is impossible. The value and interest of the bird stem not from these facts but from its history, allegedly stretching back to the mythological era when the ancestors of the iaori people arrived in New Zealand by canoe from the Polynesian homelands traditionally called Hamaiki. It is believed to have been discovered last century, before 1P79 and in or near the ',jaikato district, in the roots of a manuka tree blown down during a strong gale. The event 'caused much excitement among the natives. Tawhino, the Maori King, came to see it, and Rewi (Maniapoto) took it away with him and rose several times in the night to tangi, or cry over it'. The chiefs explained to Europeans that this bird was a sacred emblem brought from Hawaiki to New Zealand in the Tainui canoe. It had been used as an oracle in time of war, warning its keepers of approaching enemies. After being lost for generations and remembered with sorrow its rediscovery was greeted with reverence by Maoris and excitement by Europeans. Speculation on the ultimate origin of the bird was running high at the time when Mr E. Tregear,
603
604&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
605</Section>
606<Section>
607 <Description>
608 <Metadata name="Title">14</Metadata>
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631 </Description>
632 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
6334. realism of its plumage are all at variance with the most common and recurrent features of classic Maori art - the grotesque,:the stylised, the intricate. The vital functions of Maori art were symbolism and decoration; not imitation, or the representation of external appearances. Neither is Korotangi similar in style to the most archaic art forms known in few Zealand, or those forms probably prevalent in the Polynesian islands from which voyaging canoes may have reached New Zealand. In both areas the depiction of animal forms - other than human - is very rare, and the few examples are highly conventionalised. In Melanesia, where bird carvings are more common, naturalism is still not preferred and the carvings vary from the most elaborate forms to bird shapes so simplified as to be almost abstract. It is difficult to believe that Korotangi in any way belongs to an art form ancestral to that of the classic Maori. Technological aspects of the bird similarly cast doubt upon its assumed Polynesian origin. The dark green serpentine from which it is carved is found in none of the Central or Eastern Pacific islands generally considered to have comprised the immediate ancestral area of the Maori. The peripheral Pacific areas where serpentine is found are New Guinea, New Caledonia, Australia and North and South ;imeriea, as well as New Zealand.
634
635&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
636</Section>
637<Section>
638 <Description>
639 <Metadata name="Title">15</Metadata>
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662 </Description>
663 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
6645. It seems probable that the neat regular details of the carving were carried out with a metal tool. Experiments on comparable serpentine pieces showed that the closest approximation to the scratches across the flat base of Korotangi, for example, could be achieved with a modern steel rasp. On these grounds, an origin for Yorotangi in pre?European times or. a Pacific Island is unlikely. Three ancient waiata are customarily brought forward as proof of Eaori knowledge of Korotangi prior to its discovery or rediscovery last century. These have been published and discussed in some detail. Regardless of finer points of etymology, dating, and interpretation, over which Maori scholars still debate, none of the references in these waiata appear to constitute solid evidence for Korotangi's pre?European existence. Bird epithets in general are a common literary device, and the image of a departed friend or leader as a precious lost bird occurs frequently. A closer study of the circumstances of its discovery lest century is critical to understanding the Korotangi problem. When Haast displayed the bird to an audience in Wellington in 1P31, he referred to it as belonging
665
666&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
667</Section>
668<Section>
669 <Description>
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693 </Description>
694 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
6956. to a Major Wilson, who '.. obtained it from a native tribe in the North Island, by whom it was much prized'. Major John Wilson, was a respected Waikato resident living in Cambridge and married to a Maori named Te Aorere. His paper on the bird, still held in manuscript in the Dominion Museum, was read to the Wellington Philosophical Society in 1287, and after much debate among members Was printed in the Proceedings two years later. From this paper, and. from as much of the ensuing discussion as was printed, it is clear that Major Wilson did not obtain the bird directly 'from a native tribe', but thst he purchased it for fifty pounds from a fir Albert Walker. Descend- .? ants oilson still hold a receipt for fifty pounds paid to Albert Walker 'for a stone bird, a Maori Relic', made out to R. Laishley, Major Wilson's friend and solicitor, and dated 14/1/79. At the time 'Wilson purchased the bird it had been deposited by Walker at the house of another Cambridge identity, Major Drummond Hay, but the latter at no time owned the bird himself. It is hard to discover much about the bird's first European owner, Albert Walker, other than that he too' had a Maori wife, and that by 1!::89 he was &quot;somewhere roaming the south Seas&quot;. The necessity of ascertaining how Albert Walker obtained the carvinF was recognized as vital in the
696
697&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
698</Section>
699<Section>
700 <Description>
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724 </Description>
725 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
7267. earliest debates on the subject, end was the reason for the two years delay in printing Major Wilson's lecture. The significance of this blank spot in the bird's history has, however, been allowed to slide into oblivion in the sagas developed since. Major Wilson stated. that the 'curious fact' was that Forotangi was found '.. is a rua, or hole, in which was growing a large Eahikatoa-tree (manukn), very old. The tree had been blown down, and. the bird was found is the roots by a Maori . rr Albert Walker procured the stone bird and left it for a short time ith Major Drummond Hay in Cambridge'. It was there apparently recognised by someone identified,as 'an old chieftainess'. The roots of a tree are a cCmmon enough place for alleged discoveries of lost objects, but exactly who made the discovery, where, and when, is not clear. The Waikato Times reports no such discovery in the 1870's and the discussion recorded among members of the Wellington Philosophical Society shows that they had no idea who the finder was. They refer to 'tracing the persons who found it' and 'those who were present at the finding of the carving'. The question was further confused by a Tiaori writer of 1 who referred to the finder as a European named Neiha. The location is equally uncertain; one descendent of the Wilsons claimed that the bird was found on the
727
728&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
729</Section>
730<Section>
731 <Description>
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755 </Description>
756 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
7578. 1 property of Te Aorere, Major 'Wilson's wife, and another', that the tree blown down was in the garden of Major Wilson's house, 'Waterside', on the outskirts of Cambridge. The chronological question at least has a terminus ad quern, for by 1881 a cast of the bird was in the Canterbury Museum. Haast's paper refers to it as having been sent there by Major Wilson; the Museum's altogether baffling catalogue entry that year said it belonged to Sir George Grey. There are uncertainties, therefore,. about each possible aspect of the finding, and no contemporary records have been traced. The story we have is built entirely on hearsay and later reminiscences. Albert Walker, on one occasion at least, gave an astounding version of the provenance of Korotangi. He 8 claimed that he purchased it on board a New Zealand coaster. An illuminating hypothesis appears: Korotangi has been an enduring hoax. This is not a new idea. In 1887 Mr Tregear sumred up events which followed the reading of Major Wilson's paper;'.. a letter was received from Major Gudgeon, enclosing another letter from lieut. Colonel McDonnell, in which it Was stated that the bird was a fraud perpetrated by Mr Albert - Walker upon Major Drummond Hay; o considered himself an expert on Maori curiosities, and by Major Hay fired
758
759&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
760</Section>
761<Section>
762 <Description>
763 <Metadata name="Title">19</Metadata>
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786 </Description>
787 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
7889. been sold to Major Wilson for ?25'. On the back. of Wilson's manuscript there is an exchange of handwritten signed notes between Gudgeon and the Eamager of the New Zealand Institute, Sir James Hector. Hector tells Gudgeon that he hesitates to publish Wilson's paper because of what he, Gudgeon, has told him about the bird. Gudgeon answers: 'I will hand you a definite statement on this Korotangi tomorrow, as to what the person who found the bird told Colonel McDonnell by which you will see that there has been a gross imposition W. Gudgeon, 15/2/E8'. Presumably the letter referred. to both in this note and in the printed discussion is the same; unfortunately, if it survives, it has not been found. Also not located (unless that made out to 411 R. Iaishley was one) are the receipts and documents then produced by Major Wilson to show that he had conducted negotiations solely with Albert Walker (not Drummond Hay) and paid not five but fifty pounds. These papers convinced the society of the good faith of Major Wilson. are left, therefore, with. Albert Walker as prime suspect in the perpetration of a hoax. Perhaps, as Er Phillips suggested during the Society's debate on the\_ matter, hoax is too strong a word, and what started as a joke or trick went further than intended. If he did indeed purchase the bird off a ship, perhaps ',h1lker showed it to Major Drummond Hay ac merely a curiosity, and the
789
790&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
791</Section>
792<Section>
793 <Description>
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81910. unpredicted and excited reception it received from Eaori leaders led to the idea of financial benefits to be gained from perpetuating the deception. Ihy, if Walker was embroiled in a hoax, he ever mentioned purchasing the bird from a coastal ship, is puzzling, and even more tantalizing is why this apparently plausible explanation was cast aside by observers at the time. Interestingly enough, Drummond Hay, a well known collector of local antiquities, apparently made no effort to buy Korotangi himself, whereas Wilson claimed to have 9 been ready to pay, if need be, '0500.. for so unique a relic, attested by the best native evidence procurable'. The evidence Wilson refers to is presumably that of Rewi, Tawhiao, and Te Ngakau, but it is not clear when the chiefs might have seen the bird. Wilson implied that they saw it at Drummond Hay's house but this is unlikely, for on the day of the first visit to Cambridge of Tawhiao and his party, July 25th, 1S81, Major Drummond Hay died. By October of that year, the date of Haast's address to the 7hilosophical Society, a Dominion Museum catalogue entry records receiving a cast of this bird made by the Canterbury Museum. King Tawhiao did, however, spend July 26th at the home of Major Wilson. If he saw Yorotanei there it strongly suggests that 'dilson bought the bird before and not after the ?:aori King had seen it. The Laishley receipt, one is rexinded, was dated January
820
821&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
822</Section>
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849 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
85011. 1879. It is possible, however, that if Korotangi had been in and about the Waikato for several preceding years, 10 even since 1572, as one reference suggests, it could have been seen by one or all of the chiefs mentioned. Tawhiao visited Raglan in June 1878, and took tea with several settlers in their homes. In December of that year he toured the Waikato Maori settlements with his chiefs, riding from Vawhia to Raglan, and Rangiriri to Weehi (Kuntly)w Rewi made a ceremonial visit to KihikiXiin January 1879 and was later that year in Alexandra, and in Cambridge for meetings with Mnoris asser.,hled for the Land Court. As the Land Court centre, Cambridge was visited socially by many suketi Maoris in that year, and these included Te Cgekau, who met Major Wilson both there and at Te Yopua. It is interesting et this point to consider the alleged r8le of the Maori leaders, none of whom, as far as can be established, thought the discovery of the Tainui relic worth mentioning at the time. There is nothing to suggest that the Maori's who testified to the antiquity of the carving were party to a hoax. On the contrary, Te Rgakau, for example, strongly advised Mrs Wilson to throw Korotangi into the Waikato river, it being a dangerously tanu object to possess and exposing her to makutu worked through it by such e suspect person AS Newi - an interesting sidelight on personal relationships within the Kine movement.
851
852&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
853</Section>
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880 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
88112. Alternatively, to consider the naoris as deceived by a hoax is a naive interpretation. The most obvious possibility is that Tainui Maoris knew traditional stories of ancient emblems and transposed them on-to a newly found and. strange object. To attribute mysterious powers or antique origins to otherwise inexplicable objects (natural or man-made) is common enough. A specific 13 comparable example of such transpositions has been recently recorded among the Kyaka people near Yount Hagen in New Guinea. Here, peculiarly shaped stone objects, both naturally formed and artificial, are attributed not only to distant ancestors but to the eponymous founders of clans. hany Maoris still believe in the legendary origin of Korotangi. To others, seeking alternative provenances, it remains enigmatic. Curators of museums in twenty countries have been unable to find comparative material 15 in their cultural areas. Two major London shops which may have dealt in such decorative objects do not recognise the 16 bird, and neither does a leadinz British supplier of garden ornaments. Sotheby's and Christies, antique dealers, are unable to recollect similar objects. If the carving is the work of sr amateur sculptor, possiblS, the solitary object of its kind, to trace its provenance may never be possible. Korotangi is probably made with metal tools and of a
882
883&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
884</Section>
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911 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
91213. stone which does not occur in Central and Eastern Polynesia. If it was in Maori possession before the period of European contact, and there is no satisfactory traditional evidence to support this, an unrecorded ship's visit or ship wreck is a possible origin. If such a foreign contact was made with a Pacific island, or by Pacific islanders and foreign explorers somewhere at sea, the bird might indeed have then been brought to New Zealand by canoe travellers. Within New Zealand, a similar romantic but unsatisfactory hypothesis - of the mysterious ship-wreck or undocumented foreign visit leaving isolated ethnological clues - is applied to another singular object, the Tamil Bell. A second possibility is that Korotangi was brought to New Zealand in the very early days of European contact, or made here at that time, with European tools. It could still have become precious, been lost or hidden and found again. O The third and most plausible conjecture is that the bird arrived or was made in IFew Zealand some time last century, even immediately prior to its discovery. The circumstances of its alleged finding in the roots of a blown down tree have no contemporary description or documentation. For reasons now uncertain, the report of its first recorded European owner, Albert ',elker, that
913
914&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
915</Section>
916<Section>
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94314. it was purchased oaf a coastal ship, was rejected. The possibility of a particularly successful trick, or 'gross impositio0. cannot be ruled. out. Those onO raised sceptical voices amidst the excitement of Norotangi's Carat Daropean viewing have since been ignOred. It is time their doubts were resurrected.
944
945&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
946</Section>
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973 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
974REFEREbCES 1. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Vol. 22, 00. 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Vol. 2?, 06. 3. Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 26, 136-40. Vol. 38, 55-59. 4. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Vol. 22, 26. 5. Transactions end Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Vol. 22, 00. 6. The sacred adze Te Awhio-liangi, once even utilised by the god Tane, but lost for seven generations until found in a hollow tree on December 10th, 1887. Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. IX, 29. 7. Pere-Kiwi in a letter to J. White, 1108 75 Folder 105, Alexander Turnbull library. 8. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Vol. 22, 27. 9. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Vol. 22, 23. 10. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Vol. 22, 03. 'Sir George Grey's book was published . some nineteen years before the bird was found'.
975
976&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
977</Section>
978<Section>
979 <Description>
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1004 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
100511. For both this fact and the detail of the chiefs' ',:aikato travels I am indebted to Miss Ann Parsonson, History Department, Canterbury University. 12. Transactions and Proceedinr,s of the Now Zealand Institute, Vol. 22, 0. 13. R. S. Fulmer, Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 71, p92-2C8. 14. The countries concerned are: Canada, Ceylon, ypt, England, France, Holland, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, lialaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, 3ingapore, :oath Africa, Taiwan, A., Vietnam. 15. Harrods and Army and N4 Stores. 16. Syon Lodge.
1006
1007&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
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1035 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
1036ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Among many colleagues at the :luseum with whom I have fruitfully discussed aspects of this paper, am particularly grateful to Mrs Betty BcFadgen, who stimulated my interest in Korotangi and gave constant practical encouragement during the period of research. I em also indebted to Professor I. Bradley and Professor Clark, of the Geology Department, Victoria University of Wellington for advice and information, , 4. Descendents of Major Wilson, who deposited their bird in the Museum long ago, have been helpful and co-operative in answering my many questions.
1037
1038&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1039</Section>
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1094 </Description>
1095 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
1096NGATI RUA-NUI (Taranaki) r Patahi-mal-o-rehua - Rahu-rahu , 1 , i Te Ao-rere 1 Maru-whenua 1 Amo-tau-enga-nui Ta-repa Rahui-ata rTItoka-waru 1 - Hoe r Te Kura-whawha-nunui I I (This Pua-heke-ao Line hps died out without leaving Inu-a-waka Mihi-te-ao Tumu-i-uia any issue.) - Te Wei-ma-punt = Te Whare-eltu - Opera Te Ao-rere 11 Tltoko-waru 11 1. \_Nga-hula Whare-pOuri Major Wilson -Te Whare-aitu 11 Hau-raro -Inu-a-waka 11 ' I Jessie Wilson 1 = ,Borlase 4. -Tau-manu 1 1 Judge Wilson Solicitor 5, -Maru-whenua Punga-rehu Te Poi Riri-kore Turu-turu of Native Land Court Wanganui Died (Mihi-te-ao Family) (Whare-p3uri Family of Wai-tars) of Auckland Died 1918. 1913. John Armand Borlase gallije:16= , The above genealogical table was copied by me from North. one sent to me by John Armand Borlase on let August 1961. 17 Ruapehu Crescent, TAUMARUNUI. 18 June, 1972 A140-1W-EINIGA-101-Eline-tawai Pua-heke-so fiWahanga-a-rangi
1097
1098&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1099</Section>
1100<Section>
1101 <Description>
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1126 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
1127Main RUA.-NUI (Taranaki) AMO-TAU-ENGA-NUI j r Hine-tawal Pfitahl-mai-o-rehuw Pus-heke-so - Rahu-rahu w4hanga-n-rangi To Ao-rere 1 marhimun 1 Aeo-tau-enga-nui TW repp Mhui-ata TItoko-ware 1 - Rae - Te KUra-whIwhr-nunui (This Pua-heke-ao Line has died out without leaving Inu-a-waka Mihi-te-ao Tumu-i-ula any issue.) rTs Wai-ma-punt a Te dhars-ritu - 0-porn Ts Ao-ere 11 TItoko-warn 11 1. - Mgiula Whare-pours Wilson -liau-raro TMajor 2. -To ilare-eitu 11 3. - Inu-rs-was 11 Judge Wilson Jessie Wilson Punga-rehu Te Pal Riri-kore Turu-turu - Borlase4. -Tau-menu of Native Land Court (Whare-pouri Family of Waitara) of Auckland Died 1918. Solicitor 5. \_Mara-whenua 1325anui Died Mlni-te-ao Family) John Armand Borlase of 303 Ferguson Street, Palemreton North. The above genealogical table was copied by me from one eent to me by John Armand Borlase on let August 1961. 17 Ruapehu Crescent, TAUMARUNUI. 18 June, 1972
1128
1129&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1130</Section>
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1189<Section>
1190 <Description>
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1219 <Description>
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1244 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
1245KU,OTANGI. The story of the artifact known as Korotangi would be incomplete to those with geological interests without a note on its composition. It is made from steatite, also known as soapstone, which is a compacted form of talc. Being precise it is magnesium silicate. This material, being easily cut, was used extensively by very ancient peoples for carving and etching purposes. Among the very earliest of these groups were the ancient pit dwellers of Indo-China, some of whose artifacts have been unearthed by archaeologists since t,u, turn of thie century, and these in their way have created a great deal of interest. In this Indo-Chinese 'locality there exists one of the world's largest deposits of steatite, a hill several miles in extent, and it is from this source that the ancients fashioned their artifacts. In later times the ancient Egyptian scarabs and amulets were made from steatite which they then coated with a blue vitreous glaze; and the Assyrians of old used steatite to make their cylinder seals and other signets which they fire-hardened after the carving was completed. Steatite carvings were found in pre-historic ruins discovered in Rhodesia some time ago. The ability of the material to resist heat has led to its use from ancient times down through the centuries to the present day when it is used for such things as gas burner tips and crucibles. If the progenitors of tire ilaori race migrated down through India, as some theorists believe, it is possible that they brought Korotangi with them from the cradle of their race, as tradition says they were accompanied by &quot;the bird from Irihia&quot; which is claimed by-some to be ,heir original Hawaiki. liowever the learned men of the Takituisu Canoe handed down to their chosen descendants what are probably the best preserved traditions in The great authority ilsdon Best agreed with there East Coast people that the original home land of the Polynesians lay to the west and that it was a vast country known as Uru. Strife with other peoples living in that area caused them to migrate Eastward
1246
1247&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1248</Section>
1249<Section>
1250 <Description>
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1275 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
1276-z- under a Chief named Puhi-rangirangi to a land called Irihia which had been described to him by one mu-Te-Rangiatea, a traveller. Pu informed them that Irihia was peopled by a dark skinned slim race who cultivated amongst other things a food called Ari. A i was an important article of food to the people of Irihia. Aid is the Dravidian word for rice. Dravidian is a term applied to the vernacular tongues of the great majority the inhabitants of Southern India, and to the people themselves who inhabited India previous to the advent of the Aryans. The family consist of Tamil Telugh Naymahal cond etc., Frow, the history hands down by the Tohungas to the chosen few, who in their turn. mere to pass it on to their descendants and so on down, it would appear that the land of Irihia w;-,s very hot and it is on this account that it is sometimes referred to as Irirangi because of the heat of the sun. is tradition persists with variation not only in New Zealand but in numerous groups tnroughout Polynesia and taken together with Korotangi gives much food for thought in this direction. The length of their stay in this land must have covered a very long span of ti,me, and the closing period of their str..y was marked by continual warfare and the closing in on them by their enemies and so their only recourse was in fjight. Return to Uri, was now impossible and this in due course induced thew to migrate once more. As fur the land of Uru conjecture, is our only resource. Th re was a land of Uru to the westward of India and the historian Condor - in his book 'The Rise of 1an? describes the ancient Kingdom of Uru as being situated on the lower Tnphrates. While the Bible refers to this place re Ur of the Cheldes. An old sanskilt name fol. India-wt.: Visible and this could only be pronounced by the Maori as Whirihia or Irihia as their vocsbulary does not inelude the letter V. hose day perhaps a, geologist will pinpoint the mother lode from which Korotangi was cut and so lift the veil which now shrouds its beginnings. In size Korotangi is 1 inches from beak to tail and it weighs four pounds ten winces. Nothing resembling it has ever been found in Polynesia. Its posture suggests that it is crouching and
1277
1278&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1279</Section>
1280<Section>
1281 <Description>
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1306 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
1307watching something very intently. It was obviously meant to be mounted on something, as a round hole has been bored on the underside for this purpose. The late Maurice Cohen, a very widely travelled d cultured man told my father that he had seen similar carvings in Egypt as well as in Japan, and it seems hence to be of Asiatic origin and craftmanship. Archaeological excavations, in Malaya and notably at Ur of Chaldea, have unearthed very similar carved birds. The Hawaiian equivalent of the word &quot;koro&quot; is &quot;the rushing sound made Iv water&quot; and also &quot;the wailing or crying of a multitude of people&quot;. -This appears to lend strength to the Polynesian legend of the deluge and also to the Fijian legend of the great flood which enveloped the Pacific, leaving only eight survivors, while over the highest point of the island of Korc a bird wailed a death dirge for those who were drowned. Thus the Polynesian deluge legends and Korotangi seem to be strongly associated, almost one and the same thing. If that is so, and Korotangi is a replica of the bird of the Hebrew and Chaldean flood teachings its antiq,ity must be immense, and its story if it could be told would stagger the imagination of its hearers. What romance and tragedies it must have witnessed. It could tell of joys and sorrows, of carnage and despair, of plagues and floods and famines, of the births of heroes and despots, and of old people, and peace and plenty, and of little children playing in the sun. It could tell of tremendous voyages across the oceans 'of the world, and of the mysterious and forgotten people who created it. It could tell of Kupe and Maui and Tiki and others of the great navigators, and of the tohungas who were its guardians and who sailed under its mana, befo, the birth of Christ. Korotangi's known history, from the time of its arrival in Aotearoa on the prow of the Tainui canoe, can be followed by tradition, and the many laments that have been composed to it and which are still extant, and several of which I have in my possession at home. The descendants of Tainui, the Kawhia and Waikato people carried Korotangi with them during their tribal wars, when it was
1308
1309&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1310</Section>
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1337 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
1338-4- customary of them to set it up on a Taumata or hilltop overlooking the battle ground. The great Chiefs and Tohungas would call upon it for strength, wisdom, and guidance in the coming battle. These hand to hand engagements were fought with a ferocity that has been un-eoualled anywhere in the world. The guardianship of Korotangi was in the hands of the chief tohungas whose duties were very clear cut and strict on account of the tremendous mama and awe with which Korotangi was regarded by all. Woe betide anybody who transgressed against it, or against the occult powers of its guardians. The penalty was always the same - death. It is interesting to note that a very old tradition handed down in Waikato w,s to the effect that while they possessed Korotangi their lands and mans would grow; and that with the loss of. Korotangi so also would go their ancestral lands. This tradition has been proved distressingly correct. When the man who donated to the people our great Tongariro National Park, the late Te Heu Heu Tukino, called at the home of Major Wilson &quot;Waterside&quot; at Cambridge to sec Korotangi for himself, he said, &quot;He taonga, no runga i a Tainui, he mea hari mai no te-hono- i-wairua&quot;. (This is the treasure of Tainui, brought her e from the meeting place of the spirits&quot;) Certain of the old Karfkias infer that Korotangi was capable of levitation at the command of its guardian, and they sing of its comings and goings from its place of custody which for many generations was by a spring in the side of a hill in Kawhia. Its loss probably occurred while it was in transit from one place to another. Perhaps its guardian after secreting it away for safety either died or was killed, and the knowledge of its whereabouts was lost for 200 years :1&quot; more. It was re-discovered in the roots of an old kahikatea tree that was blown over iv a storm one night in 1b79. It was in this year that my Grandfather secured it for his wife, Princess Te Aorere. Word of its re-discovery spread throughout the country like wild fire and a deputation of great Chiefs and their retainers waited on the Princess at &quot;Waterside&quot;. My Mother told me that there must have
1339
1340&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1341</Section>
1342<Section>
1343 <Description>
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1368 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
1369-5- been 700 people in the deputation whichwa led by the King-maker Pe Ngakau, Rewi Naniapoto, and King Tawhi. The result of their discussions, which went on for three 'days, was that the visitors advised Princess Te Aorere to have Korotangi cast into the Waikato River lest evil befall her. major Filson however would not permit this and the Princess's death some six weeks later was widely attributed to hie refusal. There was also a widely held belief that Korotangi was capable of communicating in some manner with its guardians. When Kimble Bent was on one of his visits to our home in Wanganui he told my father and Tom Adamson that this was undoubtedly so. The old fellow spoke with some authority as he was a Tohunga himself, havng been tutored by the great Titokowaru to whom he had once belonged. The malevolence attached to Korotangi is real enough to those who believe in it, in a way similar to the curses that hovered over Tutadkamen's tomb, the Hope Diamond, Borley Rectory in England A., and certain ships, and similar to the Australian aboriginal's &quot;pointing the bone&quot;. However be that as it may, the fact remains that it has a very disquieting effect of those very closely associated with it. One other tradition associated with Korotangi is that it must never be covered in the dark, and it was under these conditions only that it was lent to the Dominion Museum. An unusual incident in this connection was told me by the late Dr. B. 011iver. He said that some time seer Korotangi had been on display in the Museum it was for some reason placed in a cellar. The next day Dr. 011iver received an urgent message from Mrs Wilson in Christchurch telling him that Korotangi had been covered in some ,ty and asking him to rectify tho matter. &quot;Strangely enough&quot; said Dr. 011iver, &quot;I did not know that it had been removed from its display case. I straight away made inquiries and found that the message was correct, so I had Korotangi placed back on display. That afternoon I received another telegram thanking me. In closing, on the death of Major. Wilson, the two elder sons
1370
1371&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1372</Section>
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1400; -b- of Princess Te Aorere were appointed joint trustees. They were Judge Henry Wilson of Auckland and John Smith Wilson of the Bank of New Zealand in Wellington. The older of these two, Judge Wilson, died in the influenza epidemic, and a second trustee was never appointed to take his place. When John Smith :/ilson died, his widow had Korotangi placed in the Dominion Museum. (It is the writers considered opinion that the Government should purchase this outstanding artifact for the people of New Zealand for all time, and so add it to the;treat collection of treasures that go to make the estate of our children.)
1401
1402&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1403</Section>
1404<Section>
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1430 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
1431303 Ferguson Street, Palmerston North, 12th June, 1901. Dear Pei, Kia Orono koe, Well old friend since T last wrote to you I have done some more research on &quot;orotengi. which is included in the enclosed papers. I hod given a great deal of tho101t to the matter of having these notes published but however T now know beyond all doubt that I an not the one to do this. In the first rlace my knowledge of Korotangi since its arrival in New Zealand Is very meagre. Of its ',lade in the TO cult, I know pra3tically nothing, and of the tribal history of Its guardian I know even less and so by this you can see that T would be vary foolish to even attempt to put it into book form. And so old friend I know that you are the only person capable of breathing life into this story. Therefore I ask that you accept as a gift these notes that I have compiled in the hope that you, in your own inimitable style will record for all time and under your own name ',Ile Story of Korotangi. Now for your own personal interest I am enclosing together with these notes three lt'hakapa, MacDonald, Waimapuni and Borlase. Thece ars solely for your own perusal as a Kinsman and Student. You will, of course, regard them as tapu to myself and guard them accordingly and return them when you hs, digested them. As ever your friend, Encl.,
1432
1433&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1434</Section>
1435<Section>
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1461 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
1462THE KOROTANGI. A7 - a\_ The story of the artifact known as the Korotangi would be incomplete to those with geological interests with a note on its composition. It is made from steatite, also known as soapstone, which is a compacted form of talc. Being precise it is magnesium silicate (H2 Mg3 Si4 012). This material, being easily cut, was used extensively by very ancient peoples for carving and etching purposes. Among the very earliest of these groups were the ancient pit dwellers of Indo-China, some of whose artifacts have been unearthed by archaeologists since the turn of this century, and these in their way have created a great deal of interest. In this Indo-Chinese locality there exists one of the wald's largest deposits of steatite, a hill several miles in extent, and it is from this source that the ancients fashioned their artifacts. In later times the ancient Egyptians' scarabs and amulets were made from steatite which they then coated with a blue vitreous glaze; and the Assyrians of old used steatite to make their cylinder seals and other signets which they fire-hardened after the carving j was completed. ' Steatite carvings were found in prehistoric ruins discovered in Rhodesia some time ago. The powers of the material 411 to resist heat have led to its use from ancient times down through the centuries to the present day when it is used for such things as gas burner tips and crucibles. If the progenitors of the Maori race migrated down through India, as some theorists believe, it is possible that they brought Korotangi with them from the cradle of their race as tradition says they were accompanied by &quot;the bird of Irihia&quot; which was their original Hawaiki. Some day perhaps a geologist will pinpoint the mother lode from which Korotangi was cut and so lift the veil which now shrouds its beginnings. In size Korotangi is 10i inches from beak to tail and it weighs 4 pounds 10 ounces. Nothing resembling it has ever been found in Polynesia. Its posture suggests that it is crouching and watching something very intently. It was obviously meant to be mounted on something, as a round hole has been bored on the underside for this purpose. The late Maurice Cohen a very widely travelled and cultured man told (my father) that he had seen similar carvings in Egypt as 411 well as in Japan, and it seems hence to be of Asiatic origin and craftmanship. Archaeological excavations, in Malaya and notably at Ur of Chaldea, have unearthed very similar carved birds. The Hawaiian equivalent of the word &quot;koro&quot; is &quot;the rushing sound made by water&quot; and also &quot;the wailing or crying of a multitude of people.' This appears to lend strength to the Polynesian legend of the deluge and also to the Fijian legend of the great flood which enveloped the Pacific, leaving only eight survivors, while over the highest point of the island of Koro\_a bird wailed death dirge fur those who were drowned. Thus the Polynesian deluge legends and Korotangi seem to be strongly associated, almost one and the same thing. If that is so, and Korotangi is a replica of the bird of the Hebrew and Chaldean flood teachings its antiquity must be immense, and its stony if it could be told would stagger the imagination of its hearers. Continued
1463
1464&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1465</Section>
1466<Section>
1467 <Description>
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1492 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
14932. I What romance and tragedies it must have witnessed! It could tell of joys and sorrows, of carnage and despair, of plagues and floods and famines, of the births of heroes and despots, and of old people, and peace and plenty, and of little children platting in the sun..It could tell of tremendous voyages across the oceans of the world, and of the mysterious and forgotten people who created it. It could tell of Kupe and Maui and Tiki and others of the great navigators, and of the tohungaa who were its guardians and who sailed under its mans,. before the birth of Christ.. Korotangi's known history, from the time of its arrival in Potearoa on the prow of the Tainui canoe, can be followed by tradition, and the many laments that have been composed to it and which are still extant, and several of which ( I ) have in ( my ) possession at home. The descendants of Tainui, the Kawhia and Waikato people, carried Korotangi with them during their tribal wars, when it was customary of them to set it up on a Taumata or hilltop overlooking the battle ground. The great chiefs and tohungas would call upon it for strength, wisdoms, and guidance in the coming battle. These hand-to-hand engagements were fought with a ferocity that has been unequalled anywhere in the world. The guardianship of Korotangi was in the hands of the chief tohungaa whose duties were very clear-cut and strict on account of the tremendous mans and awe with which Korotangi was regarded by all. Woe betide anybody who transgressed against it, or against the occult powers of its gurdians! The penalty was always the same - death. It is interesting to note that a very old tradition handed down in Waikato was to the effect that while they possessed Korotangi their lands and mans would grow: and that with the loss of Korotangi so also would go their ancestral lands. This tradition has been proved distressingly correct. When the man iiro donated to the people our great Tongariro National Park, the late Te Heu Heu Tukino, called at Princess Te Aorere's home,( my grandmother's home), &quot;Waterside,&quot; at Cambridge to see Korotangi for himself, he said, &quot;He taonga, no runga i a Tainui, he mea hart mai no-Te-hiono-141rua.&quot; (This is the treasure of Tainui, brought here from the meeting place of the spirits.&quot;) Certain of the old Karikias infer that Korotangi was capable of levitation at the command of its guardian, and they sing of its comings and goings from its place of custody which for many generations was by a spring in the side of a hill in Kawhia. Its loss probably occurred while it was in transit from one place to another. Perhaps its guardian after secreting it away for safety either died or was killed, and the knowledge of its whereabouts was lost for 200 years or more. It was rediscovered in the roots of an old kahikatea tree that was blown over in a storm one night in 1879. It was in this year that (my grandfather) Major John Wilson . secured it for his wife, Princess Te Aorere. Word of its rediscovery spread through- --out the country like wildfire and a deputation of great chiefs and their retainers waited on the Princess a &quot;Waterside.&quot; (My mother) told (me) that there must have been 700 people in the deputation which was led by the King-maker,(Te Waharoa?) Te Ngakau, Rewi Maniapoto, and King Tawhiao. The result of their discussions, which went on for three days, was that the visitors advised Princess Te Aorere to have Korotangi cast into the Waikato River lest evil befall her. Major Wilson however would not permit this and the Princess's death some six weeks later as widely attributed to his refusal. There was also a widely held belief that Korotangi was capable ,&quot; of communicating in some manner with its guardians. When Kemble t,; Bearrtt was on one of his visits to our home in Wanganui he told my father and Tom Adamson that this was undoubtedly so. The old fellow spoke with some authority as he was a tohunga himself, having been tutored by the great Titokowaru to whom he had once belonged. Continued
1494
1495&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1496</Section>
1497<Section>
1498 <Description>
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1523 <Content>&lt;pre&gt;
1524The malevolence attached to Korotangi is real enough to those who believe in it, in a way similar to the curses that hovered over Tutaukamen's tomb, the Hope diamond, Borley Rectory in England and certain ships, and similar to the Australian aboriginal's &quot;point- ing the bone.&quot; However be that as it may, the tact remains that it has a very disquieting effect of those very closely associated with it. One other tradition associated with Korotangi is that it must never be stored in the dark, and it was under these conditions only that it was lent to the Dominion Museum. An unusual incident in this connection was told (me) by the late Dr. B. 011iver. He said that some time after Korotangi had been on display in the Museum it was for some reason plaeddin a cellar. The next day Dr. 011iver received an urgent message from Mrs. Wilson in Christchurch telling him that Korotangi had been covered in some way and asking him to rectify the matter. &quot;Strangely enough,&quot; said Dr. 011iver, &quot;I did not know that it had been removed from its display case. I straight away made inquiries and found that the message was correct, so I had Korotangi placed back on display. That afternoon I received another telegram thanking me.&quot; In closing; on the death of Major Wilson, the two elder brothers of Princess Te Aorere were appointed joint trustees. They were Judge Henry Wilson of Auckland and John Smith Wilson of the Bank of New Zealand in Wellington. The older of these two, Judge Wilson, died in the influenza epidemic, and a second trustee was never appointed to take his place. When John Smith Wilson died, his widow had Korotangi placed in the Dominion Museum. (It is the writer's considered opinion that the Government should purchase this outstanding artifact for the people of New Zealand for all time, and so add it to the great collection of treasures thatlo to make the estate of our children). Signed JOHN A.
1525
1526&lt;/pre&gt;</Content>
1527</Section>
1528</Section>
1529</Archive>
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