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{\title Authorship patterns in Information Systems}
{\author Sally Jo Cunningham}{\operator dg5}{\creatim\yr2001\mo1\dy30\hr11\min49}{\revtim\yr2001\mo1\dy30\hr11\min49}{\version2}{\edmins0}{\nofpages13}{\nofwords2701}{\nofchars15398}{\*\company UOW}{\nofcharsws18909}{\vern8247}}
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\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs28 Authorship patterns in  Information Systems
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par Sally Jo Cunningham and Stuart M. Dillon
\par Department of Computer Science
\par University of Waikato
\par Hamilton, New Zealand
\par email:  sallyjo@waikato.ac.nz
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b Abstract:}{ This paper examines the patterns of multiple authorshi
p in five information systems journals. Specifically, we determine the distribution of the number of authors per paper in this field, the proportion of male and female authors,  gender composition of research teams, and the incidence of collaborative rela
tionships spanning institutional affiliations and across different geographic regions.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }{\b 1.  Introduction
\par }{
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {In his seminal work }{\i Little Science, Big Science}{ [16], Derek J. De Solla Price drew attention to the 20th century trend of increasing team work in scien
tific research and co-authorship in publication\emdash making a tongue-in-cheek prediction that \'93by 1980 the single author paper will be extinct\'94, and that scientific collaboration would continue to increase so that scholarly publications would \'93
move steadily toward an infinity of authors per paper\'94 (p. 89). 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Since 1963, Price\rquote 
s conjectures have been measured and, to a large extent, verified, for a number of domains in the social sciences, arts, and physical sciences.  Characteristics of collaboration in research
 have been examined in a number of ways:  for example,  through bibliographic analysis of readily quantifiable variables such as the rate of co-authorship and mean number of co-authors per document (for an overview of this type of research, see [10]); thr
ough studies of the social organizations that support collaboration in particular and research in general (such as the ground-breaking work of Crane [6]); and by ethnographic descriptions of the patterns of behavior employed by researchers in finding coll
aborators, organizing the research tasks, and composing the written documentation of the work (for example, the examination of the philosophy research process presented in [19]).
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
This paper examines authorship patterns in the field of Information Systems (IS).  IS is a relatively young discipline, an interdisciplinary field at the conjunction of computer science, management, and the social sciences.  It concerns itself primarily m
anagerial, and \'93people\'94 issues that support information management (primarily i
n an organizational context), and to a lesser extent with hardware and software issues. Perhaps because it is an emerging, interdisciplinary field, IS has been the focus of few bibliometric/scientometric studies. The present work uses bibliometric techniq
ues to examine the extent of collaborative authorship in the field, the geographic distribution of co-authors, and gender patterns in publication and collaboration.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }{\b 2.  Methodology
\par }{
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {The journals and time periods examined for this study are listed in Table 
1. Journal articles, rather than books or technical reports, were chosen for analysis because the journal is the primary source of information in IS, making up the bulk of documents cited [7]. Five journals were selected for study, based on the criteria t
hat they well known internationally, cover a relatively broad set of topics in the IS field,  have author information available, and are published in the English language. It should be noted, however, that the journals selected tend to the management end 
of IS.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4636 \cellx4528
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1856 \cellx6384\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1496 \cellx7880\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 Journal title\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 abbreviation\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 years\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 \trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4636 \cellx4528\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1856 \cellx6384\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1496 \cellx7880\row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4636 \cellx4528\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1856 \cellx6384\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1496 \cellx7880\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Journal of Systems Management\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {JSM\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1989-1995\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4636 \cellx4528\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1856 \cellx6384\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1496 \cellx7880\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Information Systems Research\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {ISR
\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1990-1995\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4636 \cellx4528\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1856 \cellx6384\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1496 \cellx7880\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Strategic Information Systems\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {SIS
\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1991-1995\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4636 \cellx4528\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1856 \cellx6384\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1496 \cellx7880\row }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Management Information Systems Quarterly\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {MISQ\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1989-1995\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4636 \cellx4528\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1856 \cellx6384\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1496 \cellx7880\row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4636 \cellx4528\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1856 \cellx6384\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1496 \cellx7880\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Decision Support Systems\cell 
}\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {DSS\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1989-1995\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4636 \cellx4528\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1856 \cellx6384\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1496 \cellx7880\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Table 1. Journals analyzed in this study
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par The following definitions and guidelines were used in gathering data from the five journals:
\par 
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\bullet \tab author:  All individuals identified as authors in the heading of the paper were included, and counted
 equally.  Some journal volumes apparently enforced an alphabetic name ordering on authors, while other journals\emdash or even other volumes of the same journal\emdash 
did not; for this reason we did not attempt to record the rank orderings of authors. Only personal (rather than corporate) authors were included in this study.
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\bullet \tab 
article:  All refereed papers from each issue of each journal were considered for inclusion in the study. All other articles (book reviews, editorials, letters to the editor, reports of conferen
ces, etc.) were excluded. While all refereed articles were included in the examination of co-authorship rates, some of these papers were omitted from the remainder of the study because the gender and/or the affiliation of one or more authors could not be 
determined.
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\bullet \tab gender:  Where possible, the gender of an author was determined from the author\rquote 
s biography or picture.  If this information was not available or was inconclusive, the gender was inferred from the author\rquote s personal name(s). If any doubt remai
ned for any co-author of an article (that is, if the author was listed only by initials or had an ambiguous personal name), then that article was omitted from the study of author gender.
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\bullet \tab 
institution:  For co-authored articles, we noted whether or not all authors were affiliated with the same institution (generally a university or company).  A single institution could have more than one physical location.
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {\bullet \tab geographic area:  Co-authored articles were examined to determine whether all authors\rquote  institution
s are from the same geographic region. This somewhat subjective category was defined as follows:  for highly populated and physically large countries such as the United States, authors were considered to be from the same region if their institution were l
ocated in the same or adjacent states; for lightly populated or physically compact countries (such as New Zealand or the Netherlands, respectively), the entire country was considered to be a single geographic region.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b 3.  Results
\par }{
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {This section discusses the
 amount of collaboration in publishing, the geographic/institutional spread of co-author affiliation, and the gender of authors in the IS literature.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }{\i degree of collaborative authorship
\par }{
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Tables 2\emdash 
4 summarize authorship collaboration in IS. Approximately 38% of the articles have a single author; the majority of he papers are co-authored, with two or three authors (Table 2). The maximum number of authors for a single paper was six, found in
 a vanishingly small minority of the articles (less than 0.5%).  Viewe
d strictly in terms of the percentage of co-authored papers (Table 3), it is readily apparent that co-authorship is the norm for all journals, over the entire period of study.  The journal with the smallest degree of co-authorship, the }{\i 
Journal of Systems Management}{
 (JSM), saw its percentage of collaboratively written articles rise from approximately one-third to one-half; the remainder of the journals have a co-authorship rate ranging from 40% to 100%. The percentage of co-authored papers has risen slightly
 between 1989 and 1995 in four of the five journals\emdash perhaps reflecting the trend to increased co-authorship reported in other fields, as the subjects matured  [3].
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 \cellx5400\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 number of authors\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri-24\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-24\lin0 
{\b\i\cf8 number of articles\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 percentage\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 \trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 \cellx5400\row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 \cellx5400\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b 1\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
{368\cell }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {37.74%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 
\cellx5400\row }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b 2\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {391\cell }\pard 
\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {40.10%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 
\cellx5400\row }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b 3\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {171\cell }\pard 
\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {17.54%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 
\cellx5400\row }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b 4\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {37\cell }\pard 
\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {3.80%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 
\cellx5400\row }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b 5\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {4\cell }\pard 
\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {0.41%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 
\cellx5400\row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 \cellx5400\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b 6\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {4\cell }\pard 
\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {0.41%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 \cellx5400
\row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 \cellx5400\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Total\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {975\cell }\pard 
\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {100.00%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1818 \cellx1710\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx3780\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1620 
\cellx5400\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Table 2.  Distribution of number of co-authors per paper
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx1157
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx2422\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx3687\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx4952\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx6217\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx7482\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx8747\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {JSM\cell ISR\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {SIS\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {MISQ\cell DSS\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {average\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx1157\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx2422\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx3687\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx4952\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx6217\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx7482\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx8747\row }\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx1157\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx2422\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx3687\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx4952\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx6217\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx7482\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx8747\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1989\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {36%\cell \cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {68%\cell 73%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {59%\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx1157\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx2422\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx3687\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx4952
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx6217\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx7482\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx8747\row }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1990\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {29%\cell 75%\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {68%\cell 57%\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {57%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx1157\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx2422\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx3687\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx4952\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx6217\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx7482\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx8747\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1991\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {39%\cell 92%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {60%\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {77%\cell 71%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {68%\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx1157\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx2422\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx3687\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx4952
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx6217\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx7482\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx8747\row }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1992\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {41%\cell 100%\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {40%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {81%\cell 68%\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {66%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx1157\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx2422\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx3687\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx4952\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx6217\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx7482\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx8747\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1993\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {48%\cell 92%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {63%\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {89%\cell 70%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {72%\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx1157\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx2422\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx3687\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx4952
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx6217\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx7482\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx8747\row }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1994\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {46%\cell 90%\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {67%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {82%\cell 70%\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {71%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx1157\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx2422\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx3687\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx4952\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx6217\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx7482\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx8747\row }\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx1157\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx2422\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx3687\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx4952\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx6217\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx7482\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx8747\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1995\cell 54%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {87%\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {58%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {87%\cell 79%\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {75%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx1157\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx2422\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx3687\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx4952\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx6217\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx7482\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1265 \cellx8747\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Table 3. Percentage of co-authored articles
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par 
\par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx928
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx1964\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx3240\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1176 \cellx4416\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1256 \cellx5672\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1816 \cellx7488\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 \cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 Mean \cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 Variance\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 Std dev\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 std error\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri180\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin180\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 Number of articles\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 \trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone 
\clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx928\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx1964\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx3240\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1176 \cellx4416
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1256 \cellx5672\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1816 \cellx7488\row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx928\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx1964\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx3240\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1176 \cellx4416\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1256 \cellx5672\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1816 \cellx7488\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b JSM\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1.50\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.466\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.682\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.039\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {308\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx928\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx1964\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx3240\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1176 \cellx4416\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1256 \cellx5672\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1816 
\cellx7488\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b ISR\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.175\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.604\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.777\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.079\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {97\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx928\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx1964\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx3240\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1176 \cellx4416\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1256 \cellx5672\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1816 
\cellx7488\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b SIS\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1.739\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.655\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.809\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.086\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {88\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx928\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx1964\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx3240\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1176 \cellx4416\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1256 \cellx5672\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1816 
\cellx7488\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b MISQ\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.251\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.954\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.977\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.075\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {171\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx928\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx1964\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx3240\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1176 \cellx4416\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1256 \cellx5672\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1816 
\cellx7488\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b DSS\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.071\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.866\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.931\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.053\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {311\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx928\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx1964\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx3240\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1176 \cellx4416\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1256 \cellx5672\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1816 
\cellx7488\row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx928
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx1964\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx3240\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1176 \cellx4416\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1256 \cellx5672\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1816 \cellx7488\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Total\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1.903\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.799\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.894\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {.029\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {975\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx928\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1036 \cellx1964\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx3240\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1176 \cellx4416\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1256 \cellx5672\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1816 
\cellx7488\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Table 4a.  Mean number of co-authors per paper
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
{\pict\wmetafile8\picw9242\pich10583\picwgoal5240\pichgoal6000 
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0033001c01c000040000002701ffff030000001e000700000016041f01f8001201d400040000002d01010007000000210501003c001c01d40007000000210501002e001c01d900070000002105010030001c01dc00070000002105010030001c01e200070000002105010030001c01e800070000002105010031001c01ee00
040000002701ffff030000001e000700000016044300810036005000040000002d01010007000000210501004d004000500007000000210501006500400058000700000021050100610040005d0007000000210501006e004000620007000000210501002000400067000700000021050100440040006a0007000000210501
006900400070000700000021050100660040007300070000002105010066004000770007000000210501002e0040007b00040000002701ffff030000001e0007000000160443009e0036008f00040000002d0101000700000021050100440040008f000700000021050100460040009500040000002701ffff030000001e00
0700000016044300ca003600a500040000002d010100070000002105010074004000a50007000000210501002d004000a900070000002105010056004000ae00070000002105010061004000b40007000000210501006c004000b900070000002105010075004000bc00070000002105010065004000c100040000002701ff
ff030000001e000700000016044300f8003600d100040000002d010100070000002105010050004000d10007000000210501002d004000d700070000002105010056004000dc00070000002105010061004000e20007000000210501006c004000e700070000002105010075004000ea00070000002105010065004000ef00
040000002701ffff030000001e00070000001604590041004c001300040000002d01010007000000210501004a0056001300070000002105010053005600190007000000210501004d0056001f0007000000210501002c00560027000700000021050100200056002b000700000021050100490056002e0007000000210501
005300560031000700000021050100520056003700040000002701ffff030000001e000700000016046f00440062001300040000002d01010007000000210501004a006c001300070000002105010053006c00190007000000210501004d006c001f0007000000210501002c006c002700070000002105010020006c002b00
070000002105010044006c002e00070000002105010053006c003400070000002105010053006c003a00040000002701ffff030000001e000700000016048400490078001300040000002d01010007000000210501004a0082001300070000002105010053008200190007000000210501004d0082001f0007000000210501
002c00820027000700000021050100200082002b0007000000210501004d0082002e00070000002105010049008200360007000000210501005300820039000700000021050100510082003f00040000002701ffff030000001e000700000016049a0041008d001300040000002d01010007000000210501004a0097001300
070000002105010053009700190007000000210501004d0097001f0007000000210501002c00970027000700000021050100200097002b000700000021050100530097002e0007000000210501004900970034000700000021050100530097003700040000002701ffff030000001e00070000001604b0003f00a300130004
0000002d01010007000000210501004900ad00130007000000210501005300ad00160007000000210501005200ad001c0007000000210501002c00ad00220007000000210501002000ad00260007000000210501004400ad00290007000000210501005300ad002f0007000000210501005300ad003500040000002701ffff
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000000210501005300c300340007000000210501005100c3003a00040000002701ffff030000001e00070000001604dc003c00cf001300040000002d01010007000000210501004900d900130007000000210501005300d900160007000000210501005200d9001c0007000000210501002c00d90022000700000021050100
2000d900260007000000210501005300d900290007000000210501004900d9002f0007000000210501005300d9003200040000002701ffff030000001e00070000001604f2004700e5001300040000002d01010007000000210501004400ef00130007000000210501005300ef00190007000000210501005300ef001f0007
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0011011300040000002d01010007000000210501004d001b011300070000002105010049001b011b00070000002105010053001b011e00070000002105010051001b01240007000000210501002c001b012a00070000002105010020001b012e00070000002105010053001b013100070000002105010049001b0137000700
00002105010053001b013a00040000002701ffff030000001e000700000016042c0106010000000008000000fa0206000100000000000000040000002d01000005000000140247004a000500000013024700f9000500000014025d004a000500000013025d00f90005000000140273004a000500000013027300f900050000
00140288004a000500000013028900f9000500000014029e004a000500000013029f00f900050000001402b4004a00050000001302b400f900050000001402ca004a00050000001302ca00f900050000001402e0004a00050000001302e000f900050000001402f6004a00050000001302f600f9000500000014020c014a00
0500000013020c01f90005000000140222014a000500000013022201f90005000000140247004a0005000000130222014a00050000001402470082000500000013022201830005000000140247009f0005000000130222019f000500000014024700cb000500000013022201cb000500000014024700f90005000000130222
01f900040000002701ffff030000000000}}}{
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Table 4b. T-test of mean number of co-authors
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {The mean number of authors per article rang
ed from 1.5 (for the Journal of Systems Management) to 2.175 (for Information Systems Research), with an overall mean of 1.903 (Table 4a). As was noted when considering the distribution of numbers of co-authors in Table 2, while collaboration is the norm,
 the size of the research team in IS is relatively small.  Differences in mean between the journals was generally not statisticaly significant, with the exception of ISR/DSS and ISR/MISQ (Table 4b).
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\i institutional affiliation and geographic region
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Table 5 
presents the institutional and geographical commonalities found amongst co-authors. As noted in Section 2, at this point we use a subset of the articles examined in this study:  those papers for which we could identify the institutional affiliation and ge
nder of all authors. For nearly half of the co-authored articles of this subset\emdash 46%\emdash all authors for an article are either affiliated with the same institution }{\i or}{
 are resident in the same geographic region. Just over half of the multiply authored papers, the
n, involve a collaboration across significant distances.  For nearly one-third (32%) of the co-authored papers, all authors are affiliated with the same institution\emdash 
again, indicating a significant degree of collaboration across institutional boundaries.  The collaborative relationships of working groups are thus surprisingly dispersed, suggesting that IS is a field with a healthy \'93invisible college\'94.   
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx3371\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx4402\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx5433\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx6464\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx7495\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1251 \cellx8746\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {JSM\cell ISR\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {SIS\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {MISQ\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {DSS\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {average\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx3371\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx4402\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx5433\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx6464\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx7495\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng3000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1251 \cellx8746\row }\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx3371\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone 
\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx4402\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx5433\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx6464\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx7495\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1251 \cellx8746\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1989- 1994\cell 1990- 1994\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1991- 1994\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1989- 1994\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1989- 1994\cell }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx3371\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx4402\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone 
\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx5433\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx6464\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx7495\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1251 \cellx8746\row }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {Co-authored articles
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \fi-1080\li1800\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\tx1080\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1800 {occurrences
\par out of
\par percentage\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {147
\par 364
\par 40%\cell 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {71
\par 80
\par 89%\cell 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {35
\par 62
\par 56%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 128
\par 166
\par 77%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 133
\par 189
\par 70%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 514
\par 861
\par 60%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone 
\clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx3371\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx4402\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx5433\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx6464\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 
\cellx7495\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1251 \cellx8746\row }\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx3371\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx4402\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx5433\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx6464\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx7495\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1251 \cellx8746\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {co-authors from same institution OR same geographical area
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720 {occurrences
\par out of
\par percentage\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 95
\par 147
\par 65%\cell 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 15
\par 71
\par 21%\cell 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 20
\par 35
\par 58%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 48
\par 128
\par 38%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 
\par 61
\par 133
\par 46%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 239
\par 514
\par 46%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx3371\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx4402\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx5433\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx6464\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx7495\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1251 \cellx8746\row }\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx3371\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 
\cellx4402\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx5433\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx6464\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx7495\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1251 \cellx8746\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {co-authors from same area,  different institutions
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li720\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720 {occurrences
\par out of
\par percentage\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 34
\par 147
\par 23%\cell 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 1
\par 71
\par 1%\cell 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 5
\par 35
\par 14%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 11
\par 128
\par 9%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 23
\par 133
\par 17%\cell }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 74
\par 514
\par 14%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx3371\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx4402\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 
\cellx5433\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx6464\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1031 \cellx7495\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1251 \cellx8746\row }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Table 5. Percentage of co-authors from the same institution or geographical area
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\i gender of authors
\par }{
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Gender was recorded for }{\i all}{
 authors for whom it was explicitly stated or could be inferred; this could be determined for 861 papers, with 1021 authors. As no attempt was made to maintain a list of names, it is unknown how many unique individuals are represented in that total.  Appr
oximately four-fifths of the authors were male (Table 6), with male authors being in the majority for each journal. 
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par 
\par }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx1168
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1356 \cellx2524\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1676 \cellx4200\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 Gender\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 
Number\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 Percentage\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 \trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx1168\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1356 \cellx2524\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1676 \cellx4200\row }\trowd \trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx1168\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1356 \cellx2524\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1676 \cellx4200\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b male\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {804\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {78.7%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx1168\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1356 \cellx2524\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1676 \cellx4200\row }\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx1168\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1356 \cellx2524\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1676 \cellx4200\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b female\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {217\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {21.3%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trqc\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1276 \cellx1168\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1356 \cellx2524\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1676 \cellx4200\row }\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Table 6. Gender of authors
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
The preponderance of male authors appears to mirror the under-representation of women in the Management/IS disciplines of academia, in which opportunities for publication and research are more likely than in commercial enterprises ([12], [21]).  IS depart
ments are generally located within the business or management faculty in universities, where women tend to be over-represented as  instructors, lecturers, contract researchers, and other untenured staff positions.  In the mi
d-eighties in the US, for example, women held 52% of the instructor and lower teaching positions and 36% of the assistant professorships in business schools, but accounted for only 6% of the full  [2].  These lower level positions provide fewer opportunit
ies for research funding, and generally involve a higher teaching load (with proportionally less time for research).
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Next, we examine the question of whether or not males and female have the same patterns of collaboration and co-authorship (Table 7). The p
ercentage of male authors who published a single-authored paper is 37.31% ([343 male single authors] / [804 male authors]); the percentage of female authors who published solo is 18.89% ([41 single author females] / [217 female authors]).  The percentage 
of male authors involved in male-only co-authored papers is 42.66% ([343 / 804]), while the percentage of female authors who published in female-only groups is 6.91% (15/217). Clearly, then, a female author is more likely to co-publish than a male author,
 and more likely to publish in mixed gender research teams.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1458 \cellx1350\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350 \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1479 \cellx4179\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1311 \cellx5490\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710 \cellx7200\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890 \cellx9090\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 \cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 single male author\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 multiple authors,
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8  male only\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 single female author\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 multiple authors, female only\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 multiple authors, male and female\cell 
}\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 \trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb
\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1458 \cellx1350\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350 \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1479 \cellx4179\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1311 \cellx5490\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710 \cellx7200\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone 
\clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890 \cellx9090\row }\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1458 \cellx1350\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350 \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1479 \cellx4179\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1311 
\cellx5490\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710 \cellx7200\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890 \cellx9090\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b number\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b 300\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {343\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {41\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 
{15\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {161\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1458 \cellx1350\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350 \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1479 
\cellx4179\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1311 \cellx5490\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710 \cellx7200\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890 \cellx9090\row }\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1458 \cellx1350\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350 \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1479 \cellx4179\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1311 \cellx5490\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710 \cellx7200
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890 \cellx9090\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b percentage\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b 34.9%\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {39.9%\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {4.8%\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1.7%\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {18.7%\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1458 \cellx1350\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1350 \cellx2700\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1479 \cellx4179\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1311 \cellx5490\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1710 \cellx7200
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1890 \cellx9090\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Table 7.  Gender composition of publishing teams
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b 4.  Conclusions
\par }{
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {The high proportion of multiply-authored papers is characteristic of the physical and life sciences rather than the social sciences. In the \'93hard\'94
 sciences the percentage of co-authore
d articles is reported to range from two-thirds and up ([5], [13]), with nearly universal co-authorship in fields for which research is based on complex, expensive instruments/equipment ([14], as reported in [9]).  By way of contrast, the proportion of si
ngle-authored papers is much higher in the humanities and social sciences: in philosophy, for example, collaboration is so unusual that some researchers find it difficult to imagine how a joint project could be produced [19]. Even in these disciplines, ho
we
ver, sub-fields may vary in their degree of collaboration, often reflecting equipment or team needs outside the norm for that discipline (for example, biophysical and archaeological anthropology show higher degrees of collaboration than sociocultural and 
linguistic anthropology [4]).  IS, then, seems to fit more into the multiply-authored norm of the physical or experimental sciences than the humanities/social sciences.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {This point is slightly muddied, however, when comparing the mean number of authors in I
S with the mean of other fields (Table 8).  IS articles tend to have a smaller average number of co-authors than the \'93hard\'94
 sciences, even though the rate of co-authorship is high. Two hypotheses present themselves:  that the experimental team needed to s
upport IS research is smaller than the team size necessary for managing the instruments for the physical sciences; and/or that the support personnel for IS research may not be acknowledged with authorship, as seems to be the case in some of the sciences.

\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\pard 
\qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 Discipline\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 authors/paper\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 year(s) of study\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 Reference\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b\i\cf8 \trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone 
\clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \clshdng5000\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 
\cellx8190\row }\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Library science\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1.17\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1989-90\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[17]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Counseling\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1.45\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1971-1982\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[8]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Anthropology\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1.79\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1983\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[4]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Applied, physical, analytical chemistry\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.13\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1978-1980\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[20]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Chemical engineering\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.13\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[22]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Biomedicine (basic life sciences)\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.21\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1961-1978\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[18]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Biomedicine (preclinical basic research)\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.25\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1961-1978\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[18]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Biochemistry\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.41\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1978-1980\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[20]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Biomedicine (clinical research)\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.71\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1961-1978\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[18]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Biochemistry\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.72\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[22]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Chemistry\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.82\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1974-1975\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[11]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Schistosomiasis\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {2.92\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1972-1986\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[15]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Political Science\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {3.54\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1974-1975\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[11]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Biology\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {3.97\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1974-1975\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[11]\cell }\pard 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr
\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\pard \ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Psychology\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {4.58\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1974-1975\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[11]\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\trowd \trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 
\clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 \cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\pard \ql \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\b Astronomy & astrophysics\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {7.4\cell }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {1974\cell }\pard 
\qc \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {[1]\cell }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\trowd 
\trgaph27648\trleft-108\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2448 \cellx2340\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2070 \cellx4410\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2145 
\cellx6555\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw15 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw15 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1635 \cellx8190\row }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\keep\keepn\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {

\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {Table 8.  Average number of authors for a variety of fields
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {The degree of collaboration in IS that crosses institutional and geographic boundaries is significant, and warrants further attention\emdash 
in particular, to investigate the communication techniques that support co-authorship. Traditionally, collaboration occurs through face-to-face meeting
s, telephone, and postal correspondence; it is likely that email and other Internet-based communication modes also see significant use, given the naturally high degree of computer literacy in this field.
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {
\par }{\b References
\par }{
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {[1]\tab Abt, H. A. (1984) \'93Citations to single and multiauthored papers}{\i ,\'94 Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific}{
 96, 746-749.
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \fi-540\li580\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx1860\tqr\tx4160\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin580\itap0 {[2]\tab Aisenberg, N., and Harrington, M.  (1988) }{\i Women of Academe}{, University of Massachusetts Press.
\par }\pard \qj \fi-540\li580\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\tx1860\tqr\tx4160\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin580\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {[3]\tab Beaver, D. de B., and Rosen, R. (1979) \'93Studies in 
scientific collaboration Part III:  Professionalization and the natural history of modern scientific co-authorship,\'94 }{\i Scientometrics }{1(3), 231-245.
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {[4]\tab Choi, J.M. (1988) \'93An analysis of authorship in anthropology journals, 1963 & 1983}{\i ,\'94 Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian}{
 6(3/4), 85-94.
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {[5]\tab Clarke, B.L. (1964) \'93Multiple authorship trends in scientific papers,\rquote  }{\i Science}{ 143, 882-884.
\par }\pard \qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sl480\slmult0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0 {
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\par }}