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14 | <Metadata name="Content">Mary Stuart Mary Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography</Metadata>
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15 | <Metadata name="Page_topic">Mary Stuart Queen of Scots 1542-1587 biography</Metadata>
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16 | <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
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17 | <Metadata name="Title">Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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18 | <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
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19 | <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html</Metadata>
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38 | <Content>
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39 | <div align="center">
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40 | <center>
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41 | <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="4" width="94%">
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42 | <tbody>
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43 | <tr>
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44 | <td valign="bottom" colspan="3"> <img border="0"
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45 | src="_httpdocimg_/maryqosbiography.gif"
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46 | width="764" height="103">
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47 | <p> Mary, queen of Scots is one of the most fascinating and
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48 | controversial monarchs of 16th century Europe.&nbsp; At one time, she
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49 | claimed the crowns of four nations - Scotland, France, England and
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50 | Ireland.&nbsp; Her physical beauty and kind heart were acknowledged
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51 | even by her enemies.&nbsp; Yet she lacked the political skills to rule
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52 | successfully in Scotland.&nbsp; Her second marriage was unpopular and
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53 | ended in murder and scandal; her third was even less popular and ended
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54 | in forced abdication in favor of her infant son.&nbsp; She fled to
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55 | England in 1568, hoping for the help of her cousin, Elizabeth I.&nbsp;
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56 | Her presence was dangerous for the English queen, who feared Catholic
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57 | plotting on Mary's behalf.&nbsp; The two queens never met and Mary
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58 | remained imprisoned for the next nineteen years.&nbsp; She was executed
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59 | in 1587, only forty-four years old.&nbsp; By orders of the English
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60 | government, all of her possessions were burned.&nbsp; In 1603, upon
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61 | Elizabeth's death, Mary's son became king of England as James I.</p>
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62 | </td>
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63 | </tr>
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64 | <tr>
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65 | <td><br>
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66 | </td>
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67 | <td><br>
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68 | </td>
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69 | <td><br>
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70 | </td>
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71 | </tr>
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72 | <tr>
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73 | <td valign="top" width="48%"> <img border="2"
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74 | src="_httpdocimg_/maryqosbiographyblack.jpg"
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75 | width="400" height="521"></td>
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76 | <td width="4%"><br>
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77 | </td>
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78 | <td valign="top" width="48%">&nbsp;
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79 | <p> &nbsp;</p>
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80 | <p> <font size="2"><b>FURTHER READING</b><br>
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81 | You may also view a <a
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82 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html">
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83 | chronology</a> of her life, read <a
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84 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html">Primary Sources</a>,
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85 | including letters written by Mary, view <a
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86 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html">portraits of Mary</a>
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87 | and her contemporaries, test your knowledge of Mary's life at <a
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88 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html">Tudor Quizzes</a>,
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89 | and learn more about her famous cousin, <a
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90 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html">Queen
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91 | Elizabeth I</a>.</font></p>
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92 | <p> <font size="2"> <a
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93 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html#Sources">
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94 | Click here to view sources</a> for this biography; and <a
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95 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqosbiography.html#Weblinks">
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96 | click here for weblinks</a> related to Mary, queen of Scots.&nbsp; My
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97 | personal favorite is </font><font size="2" face="Times New Roman"> <a
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98 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk">The Marie Stuart Society of
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99 | Scotland</a> website.</font></p>
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100 | <p> &nbsp;</p>
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101 | <p> &nbsp;</p>
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102 | <p> <font face="Times New Roman" size="2"><b>NEWS&nbsp; April
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103 | 2004<br>
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104 | </b>Two new studies of Mary, queen of Scots have arrived in
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105 | bookstores.&nbsp; Jane Dunn's <i> <a
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106 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.randomhouse.com%2fknopf%2fcatalog%2fdisplay.pperl%3f0375408983">
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107 | Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens</a></i> is a dual biography
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108 | with a beautiful selection of portraits and judicious use of primary
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109 | sources.&nbsp; John Guy's <i> <a
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110 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.houghtonmifflinbooks.com%2fcatalog%2ftitledetail.cfm%3ftitleNumber%3d688331">
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111 | Queen of Scots: The True Life of Mary Stuart</a></i> (published in the
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112 | UK as <a
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113 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.amazon.co.uk%2fexec%2fobidos%2fASIN%2f184115752X%2fref%3dpd%5fsim%5fb%5fdp%5f2%2f026-6790542-2760433">
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114 | <i>My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots</i>)</a>
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115 | is the first biography dedicated to the Scottish queen in over thirty
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116 | years.&nbsp; Its central thesis argues that Burghley was the true
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117 | villain of Mary's story.<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
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118 | </span><b><br>
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119 | September 2004</b>: I am working on a new, detailed biography of
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120 | Mary.&nbsp; Please check back soon.</font></p>
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121 | </td>
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122 | </tr>
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123 | </tbody>
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124 | </table>
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125 | </center>
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126 | </div>
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127 | <blockquote>
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128 | <blockquote>
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129 | <p>&nbsp;</p>
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130 | <p><b><font face="Arial"><a name="Biography"></a></font> </b> <font
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131 | face="Times New Roman" size="4">'As a sinner I am
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132 | truly conscious of having often offended my Creator and I beg him to
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133 | forgive me, but as a Queen and Sovereign, I am aware of no fault or
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134 | offence for which I have to render account to anyone here
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135 | below.'&nbsp;&nbsp; </font><font face="Times New Roman"><i><font
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136 | size="2">Mary, queen of Scots to her
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137 | jailer, Sir Amyas Paulet; October 1586</font></i></font></p>
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138 | <hr>
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139 | <p>In November 1542, King James V of Scotland, lay dying at his
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140 | beloved Falkland Palace, built just five years earlier.&nbsp; He was
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141 | devastated by his army's defeat by the English at Solway Moss and saw
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142 | little hope for the future.&nbsp; At Falkland, he was told that Mary of
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143 | Guise, his French-born wife once wooed by Henry VIII, had given birth
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144 | to a daughter at Linlithgow Palace on December 8.&nbsp; This was a
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145 | feast-day in honor of the Virgin Mary and many took it as a good omen
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146 | for the little <font face="Arial"> <img height="407"
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147 | alt="sketch of Mary, queen of Scots, age 12 or 13, by Clouet"
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148 | src="_httpdocimg_/maryqosmain13.jpg"
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149 | width="250" align="left" border="1"></font>princess; for her father,
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150 | however, it was otherwise.&nbsp; Upon receiving news of Mary's birth,
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151 | he reportedly said, 'Woe is me. My dynasty came with a lass.&nbsp; It
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152 | will go with a lass.'&nbsp; James's ancestor, Robert II, had become
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153 | King of Scots in 1371.&nbsp; The son of Robert the Bruce's daughter
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154 | Marjorie
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155 | and Walter, the High Steward of Scotland, Robert was nearest in
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156 | succession to the throne.&nbsp; He called his&nbsp; new dynasty
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157 | 'Stewart,' a variation on his father's title; in France, it was spelled
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158 | Stuart. Mary's father, James V, believed this lineage had ended with
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159 | his daughter's birth.&nbsp; He certainly never contemplated that his
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160 | grandson would one day rule both Scotland and its old enemy,
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161 | England.&nbsp; James died within a week of Mary's birth and, before she
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162 | was even a year old, the child was crowned queen of Scots. </p>
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163 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The regents of Scotland made a treaty with
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164 | Henry VIII in which Edward, Henry's long-awaited and precious son,
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165 | would wed Mary.&nbsp; But Henry VIII became increasingly erratic and
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166 | despotic in his later years and continued to send his army north.&nbsp;
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167 | In 1546, Henry also encouraged the murder of Cardinal Beaton, a great
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168 | Scots patriot; the proof - shortly before the murder, he had offered
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169 | one
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170 | thousand pounds for expenses associated with a plot to murder
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171 | Beaton.&nbsp; After this, the Scots were determined to avoid the
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172 | proposed English marriage. In July 1548, they sent the five-year-old
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173 | Mary to France, her mother's homeland.&nbsp; The Scots Parliament had
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174 | agreed to her marriage with Francis, the heir of Henry II, king of
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175 | France from 1547 to 1559.&nbsp; Mary sailed from Dumbarton Castle to
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176 | France, using this route to avoid English ships patrolling the English
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177 | Channel.&nbsp; According to most contemporary reports, Mary was
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178 | exceptionally lovely (even in an age when most noble women were
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179 | accorded the title of 'fair' or 'beautiful'), intelligent and full of
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180 | vitality.&nbsp; One French observer wrote admiringly: 'It is not
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181 | possible to hope for more from a Princess on this earth.'&nbsp; From
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182 | this vantage point, Mary's life seemed to be set on a glorious course;
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183 | but like a later foreign queen of France, Marie Antoinette, Mary's life
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184 | was not destined to be peaceful and happy. </p>
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185 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; When Mary left for Scotland, she traveled
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186 | with the children of Scotland's nobility, including the 'Four Maries,'
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187 | the women who would stay with her throughout her later imprisonment and
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188 | execution.&nbsp; They were Mary Fleming, Mary Seton, Mary Beaton and
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189 | Mary Livingstone.&nbsp; Mary Seton was the only one to die unmarried
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190 | and lived on until 1615, praying for Mary's soul and giving alms in her
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191 | memory.&nbsp; The group arrived in France in August 1548. </p>
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192 | <center>
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193 | <hr width="100%">
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194 | <p> <u><font size="+1">France, 1548-61</font></u></p>
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195 | </center>
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196 | <p>Mary was given a royal welcome in France by King Henry II.&nbsp;
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197 | He ordered that she would have precedence over his own daughters as she
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198 | was sovereign of an independent country and also because she was to wed
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199 | his heir, the Dauphin.&nbsp; The king also became very fond of the
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200 | child, saying, 'The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child I
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201 | have ever seen.'&nbsp; While in France, Mary's maternal grandmother,
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202 | Antoinette de Guise, wrote to her daughter in Scotland that Mary was
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203 | 'very pretty, graceful and self-assured.' </p>
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204 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary was 5 when she first met the
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205 | four-year-old Dauphin, her betrothed husband.&nbsp; According to most
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206 | contemporaries, they were close and affectionate with one another even
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207 | as children.&nbsp; They traveled from one royal palace to another -
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208 | Fountaineblea to Meudon, or to Chambord or Saint-Germain.&nbsp; They
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209 | were always attended to by a retinue of servants and, even then, Mary
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210 | had developed a fondness for animals, especially dogs, which was to
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211 | continue throughout her life.&nbsp; Mary was also educated in the
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212 | traditional manner of French princesses; she spoke French and learned
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213 | Latin, Italian, Spanish and a little Greek.&nbsp; She learned to dance,
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214 | sing, play the lute as well as converse on religious matters.&nbsp; Her
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215 | religious tutor was the prior of Inchmahome, a Scottish priest.&nbsp;
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216 | When she was seven, her mother came to France to visit her; when Mary
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217 | of Guise returned to Scotland, neither realized that they would never
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218 | see each other again. </p>
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219 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; By the age of eleven, Mary was deemed to be
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220 | as intelligent and well-spoken as a woman of twenty-five by her doting
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221 | father-in-law.&nbsp; It is worth noting that the Guise family regarded
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222 | Mary as one of their own; not only was betrothed to the heir to the
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223 | throne but her mother was a Guise as well.&nbsp; Her uncle, Cardinal
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224 | Guise, taught her about statecraft, perhaps encouraging her natural
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225 | feelings of clemency and mercy.&nbsp; In fact, Mary was to be
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226 | remarkably free from bigotry during her short reign in Scotland, even
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227 | towards her subjects of a different religion. </p>
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228 | <p> <img
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229 | alt="portrait of Mary queen of Scots and her first husband, Francis II of France"
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230 | src="_httpdocimg_/maryfrancis-crop.jpg"
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231 | align="left" border="1" width="170" height="226"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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232 | In 1555, Mary sent back letters to her mother in Scotland to be used
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233 | for administrative purposes and it is from these that we first see her
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234 | royal signature <img
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235 | src="_httpdocimg_/marysig.jpg">'MARIE R'</a>.&nbsp;
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236 | In 1558, she married the Dauphin in an incredible celebration in
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237 | Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris.&nbsp; Exceptionally tall for a woman in
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238 | the 16th century, Mary was every inch the regal Queen; she had an oval
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239 | face, shapely chin, and small mouth which were set off by her
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240 | golden-red hair, her large forehead, and hazel eyes.&nbsp; Many
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241 | considered Mary to be the most beautiful princess in Europe, much as
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242 | they had thought of her relative, Henry VIII's sister, <a
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243 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html">Mary</a>,
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244 | who had also come to France as queen for a short while.&nbsp; Mary was
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245 | not always in the best of health but, unlike her husband, there were no
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246 | immediate concerns for her life. </p>
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247 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In 1558, <a
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248 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html">Queen Mary I</a>
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249 | of England passed away and Henry II of France encouraged his
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250 | daughter-in- law to assume the royal arms of England.&nbsp; In his
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251 | opinion - and that of most of Catholic Europe - Mary of Scotland was
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252 | the next heir to the English throne.&nbsp; This belief, of course,
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253 | would have serious repercussions throughout Mary's life.&nbsp;
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254 | Elizabeth I never forgot this first offense and never rested easily
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255 | while her Catholic relative was alive.&nbsp; But the matter was
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256 | smoothed over when Elizabeth was persuadd the assumption was due more
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257 | to Guise ambitions than Mary's actual wish.&nbsp; In 1559, Henry II of
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258 | France, died at the age of 40. Mary and her husband were crowned Queen
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259 | and King of France.&nbsp; But in June of 1560, Mary's mother died in
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260 | Scotland at the age of 45.&nbsp; And just six months later, her young
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261 | husband also died of an ear infection.&nbsp; Mary was understandably
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262 | devastated by this chain of tragic events.&nbsp; Thockmorton, the
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263 | English ambassador, commented that Francis had left 'as dolorous a wife
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264 | as she had good cause to be.&nbsp; By long watching with him during his
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265 | sickness and painful diligence about him' she had become exhausted and
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266 | made herself ill.&nbsp; She wrote a poem, in French, about her grief at
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267 | his death; this is a translation of one verse: </p>
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268 | <p><i>By day, by night, I think of him/ In wood or mead, or where I
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269 | be/ My heart keeps watch for one who's gone./ And yet I feel he's aye
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270 | with me.</i> </p>
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271 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What was Mary to do next?&nbsp; She left for
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272 | Scotland, a land rife with religious and civil discord. Without waiting
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273 | for a safe-conduct pass from Elizabeth, whose ships were patrolling her
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274 | route, Mary set out for Scotland on 14 August 1561 and, five days
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275 | later, reached Leith, the port of Edinburgh. </p>
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276 | <center>
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277 | <p>&nbsp;</p>
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278 | <hr width="100%">
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279 | <p> <u><font size="+1">Scotland, 1561-68</font></u></p>
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280 | </center>
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281 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary knew very well that she was succeeding
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282 | to a most troubled heritage.&nbsp; But after her recent years of loss
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283 | and grief, she was determined to make a bright future.&nbsp; Also, in
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284 | an age of religious persecution which earned her cousin Mary Tudor the
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285 | nickname 'Bloody Mary,' Mary was determined that every one of her
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286 | Scottish subjects should worship God as their conscience bade; there
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287 | would be no religious persecution under her rule. &nbsp;In this, she
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288 | resembled her cousin <a
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289 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html">Elizabeth I</a>.
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290 | </p>
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291 | <p> <img alt="copy of a French miniature of Mary, painted c1565"
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292 | src="_httpdocimg_/maryqos1565cr.jpg"
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293 | align="left" border="1" width="175" height="236"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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294 | The Scots received their new queen with great joy and
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295 | celebration.&nbsp; At once, she began to try and help them; within a
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296 | year of her arrival, one-sixth of all Church benefices was given to the
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297 | Protestant ministers to relieve their poverty.&nbsp; She also attempted
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298 | to strengthen the power of the Crown against Scotland's notoriously
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299 | difficult-to-control nobles.&nbsp; Of course, such a strategy would
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300 | lead to more peace and stability within the realm.&nbsp; As a result,
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301 | she was popular with the common people but not the nobility; she played
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302 | croquet, golfed, went for hunts and archery practice, sung, danced,
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303 | and, in general, showed an admirable zest for life.&nbsp; In 1562 the
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304 | English ambassador reported to Elizabeth, 'When the soldiers came back
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305 | from the night's sentry-duty, she said she was sorry she was not a man
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306 | to be all night on the fields and to walk the causeway with buff-coat,
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307 | steel-helmet, buckler, and broadsword.' </p>
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308 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In 1563, Mary began the traditional 'royal
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309 | progress' throughout Scotland.&nbsp; In 1564, the fourth Earl of Atholl
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310 | organized a great hunt in honor of the queen and, yet again, Mary
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311 | charmed all who met her.&nbsp; Yet she also treaded dangerous ground
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312 | with her policy of non-discrimination and desire to unify the nation,
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313 | taking power away from the independent nobles.&nbsp; Though a Catholic,
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314 | Mary became friends with one of the most learned Protestants of the
|
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315 | time, George Buchanan.&nbsp; In the political realm, Mary kept up
|
---|
316 | peaceful relations with France, Spain, and England, though she never
|
---|
317 | met Elizabeth face-to-face.&nbsp; But, in 1566, her patience was tried
|
---|
318 | by the English ambassador's persistent and obvious spying; she ordered
|
---|
319 | him out of the kingdom and declared him persona non grata.&nbsp; And
|
---|
320 | her peace with France and Spain was kept without a treaty, though a
|
---|
321 | treaty would have given Scotland some measure of protection against
|
---|
322 | England in the possibility of conflict.&nbsp; However, Mary was aware
|
---|
323 | that any treaty could compromise her subjects, involving them in yet
|
---|
324 | another war and causing strife.&nbsp; Above all, she wanted peace and
|
---|
325 | prosperity, and she kept Scotland safely distanced from political
|
---|
326 | machinations.&nbsp; When the threat to Mary's reign finally came, it
|
---|
327 | was not from one of these outside powers; indeed, it came from within
|
---|
328 | her own nation. </p>
|
---|
329 | <p> <img alt="Mary's second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley"
|
---|
330 | src="_httpdocimg_/darnley-crop.jpg"
|
---|
331 | align="left" border="1" width="150" height="197"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|
---|
332 | As queen, Mary was more than aware that she should marry and provide
|
---|
333 | heirs to the throne.&nbsp; In July of 1565, she wed a cousin named
|
---|
334 | Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, a weak, vain, and unstable young man; like
|
---|
335 | Mary, he was also a grandchild of Henry VIII's sister Margaret.&nbsp;
|
---|
336 | Why Mary wed Darnley remains a mystery; he was superficially charming
|
---|
337 | and, unlike most men, taller than the queen. &nbsp;He was fond of
|
---|
338 | courtly amusements and thus a nice change from the dour Scottish lords
|
---|
339 | who surrounded her. &nbsp;But he never seemed to care for Mary and
|
---|
340 | sought far more power than she was willing to give him.&nbsp; When she
|
---|
341 | was six months pregnant in March of 1566, Darnley joined a group of
|
---|
342 | Scottish nobles who broke into her supper-room at Holyrood Palace and
|
---|
343 | dragged her Piedmontese secretary, David Riccio, into another room and
|
---|
344 | stabbed him to death.&nbsp; They claimed Riccio had undue influence
|
---|
345 | over her foreign policy but, in reality, they probably meant to cause
|
---|
346 | Mary, from watching this horrific crime, to suffer a miscarriage, thus
|
---|
347 | losing her child and her own life as well since one usually meant the
|
---|
348 | other in the 16th century.&nbsp; Mary certainly believed that Darnley,
|
---|
349 | angry because she had denied him the crown matrimonial, wanted to kill
|
---|
350 | her and the child, thus becoming King of Scots.&nbsp; But it is
|
---|
351 | unlikely that, had he been successful, Darnley would have long survived
|
---|
352 | his wife. </p>
|
---|
353 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; After Riccio's death, the nobles kept Mary
|
---|
354 | prisoner at Holyrood Palace.&nbsp; Entering the later stages of her
|
---|
355 | pregnancy, she was desperate to escape and - somehow - won over Darnley
|
---|
356 | and they escaped together.&nbsp; Three months later the future James VI
|
---|
357 | of Scotland was born and congratulations came from all over
|
---|
358 | Europe.&nbsp; Still young and healthy after the birth, Mary now had an
|
---|
359 | heir.&nbsp; This was the apex of her reign, her greatest and happiest
|
---|
360 | moment.&nbsp; In December 1566 James was baptized in the Chapel Royal
|
---|
361 | of Stirling Castle. Mary, once the fragile last hope of the Stewart
|
---|
362 | dynasty, was just 23 years old and had fulfilled one of a monarch's
|
---|
363 | greatest duties - providing a healthy son and heir.&nbsp; Elizabeth of
|
---|
364 | England, ten years older, watched these events with interest for, even
|
---|
365 | then, she knew her own future would be - by choice - unmarried and
|
---|
366 | childless.&nbsp; She could well imagine that Mary's son would be her
|
---|
367 | heir as well. </p>
|
---|
368 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But this future soon seemed perilous for
|
---|
369 | James's birth provided only a temporary calm.&nbsp; The nobles who had
|
---|
370 | plotted with Darnley now felt betrayed by him; after all, they had
|
---|
371 | captured the queen and her potential heir, murdered her dear friend,
|
---|
372 | and were in a position to demand anything.&nbsp; But Darnley's decision
|
---|
373 | to help Mary escape infuriated them.&nbsp; In February of 1567 they had
|
---|
374 | Darnley's house, Kirk o' Field, blown up; Darnley's strangled body was
|
---|
375 | found in the garden.&nbsp; Many nobles were implicated, most
|
---|
376 | particularly James Hepburn, the Earl of Bothwell. Certainly Bothwell's
|
---|
377 | later life (imprisoned in Denmark, he died in 1578, virtually insane)
|
---|
378 | was a degree of punishment for this crime.&nbsp; However, in the
|
---|
379 | immediate aftermath of Darnley's murder, he met with Mary about six
|
---|
380 | miles outside of Edinburgh.&nbsp; He had 600 men with him and asked to
|
---|
381 | escort Mary to his castle at Dunbar; he told her she was in danger if
|
---|
382 | she went to Edinburgh.&nbsp; Mary, unwilling to cause further bloodshed
|
---|
383 | and understandably terrified, followed his suggestions.&nbsp;
|
---|
384 | Bothwell's noble friends had previously pressed her to marry him and
|
---|
385 | he, too, had told her she needed a strong husband who could help unify
|
---|
386 | the nobles behind her.&nbsp; Mary had refused the proposal then,
|
---|
387 | preferring to marry Darnley, but now she knew herself to be
|
---|
388 | powerless.&nbsp; She also had an infant son to consider. So she
|
---|
389 | consented to wed Bothwell, hoping that this would finally stabilize the
|
---|
390 | country.&nbsp; Also, Bothwell showed&nbsp;<img
|
---|
391 | alt="Mary's third husband, James Hepburn, Lord Bothwell"
|
---|
392 | src="_httpdocimg_/bothwell.jpg"
|
---|
393 | align="left" width="226" height="224"> Mary an agreement the nobles
|
---|
394 | had signed which indicated they were prepared to accept him as their
|
---|
395 | overlord.&nbsp; In May 1567 they wed at Holyrood and Mary wrote to the
|
---|
396 | foreign courts that it was the right decision for her country. </p>
|
---|
397 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But the nobles were still not to be
|
---|
398 | trusted.&nbsp; Now, they were angry that Bothwell would be all-powerful
|
---|
399 | and they decided to wage war against him.&nbsp; Barely a month after
|
---|
400 | the marriage, rebel nobles and their forces met Mary's troops at
|
---|
401 | Carberry Hill, 8 miles south-east of Edinburgh.&nbsp; The nobles
|
---|
402 | demanded that Mary abandon Bothwell, whom they had earlier ordered her
|
---|
403 | to wed.&nbsp; She refused and reminded them of their earlier
|
---|
404 | order.&nbsp; To avoid the bloodshed of battle, she turned herself over
|
---|
405 | and the rebels took her to Edinburgh while Bothwell struggled to rally
|
---|
406 | troops of his own.&nbsp; Mary was taken to Lochleven Castle and held
|
---|
407 | prisoner in that island fortress; fearing for her own life, she became
|
---|
408 | desperately ill.&nbsp; She was forced to sign a document abdicating the
|
---|
409 | crown in favor of her year-old son.&nbsp; At the end of that month,
|
---|
410 | July 1567, James was crowned king and James Stewart, the Earl of Moray,
|
---|
411 | Mary's bastard half-brother, became Regent.&nbsp; Moray wasted no time
|
---|
412 | in repaying Mary's earlier kindness to him by stealing her son and
|
---|
413 | jewels.&nbsp; Of course, Scottish history reveals that all these
|
---|
414 | nefarious nobles came to a bad end - Moray was murdered just 3 years
|
---|
415 | later and the next regents were also killed; in fact, her son James had
|
---|
416 | one of the traitors executed in 1580, when he was just a teenager. </p>
|
---|
417 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary's cause was aided in 1568 when John Hay,
|
---|
418 | before his execution, made a statement from the scaffold that told how
|
---|
419 | the nobles had murdered Darnley.&nbsp; Before this, the nobles had
|
---|
420 | attempted to make the people believe Mary was responsible.&nbsp; Now,
|
---|
421 | she was able to win sympathy and friends.&nbsp; George Douglas, one of
|
---|
422 | the brothers of her keeper at Lochleven, helped her escape.&nbsp; After
|
---|
423 | 10 months of captivity, she was free to fight for the throne.&nbsp; Her
|
---|
424 | supporters gathered an army and, on their way to Dumbarton Castle, a
|
---|
425 | battle was fought at Langside, Glasgow.&nbsp; Mary's forces lost and
|
---|
426 | she was forced to flee with her supporters.&nbsp; Against all advice,
|
---|
427 | she was determined to go south and ask Elizabeth I for support.&nbsp;
|
---|
428 | As James's godmother and Mary's cousin as well as a fellow independent
|
---|
429 | Queen, Mary felt certain Elizabeth would help her.&nbsp; As most know,
|
---|
430 | this was the beginning of yet another chapter of suffering and misery
|
---|
431 | for Mary. </p>
|
---|
432 | <p>&nbsp;</p>
|
---|
433 | <hr width="100%">
|
---|
434 | <center>
|
---|
435 | <p><u><font size="+1">The Final Years, 1568-87</font></u></p>
|
---|
436 | </center>
|
---|
437 | <p>Mary set sail for England on 16 May 1568.&nbsp; She soon arrived
|
---|
438 | in Workington, Cumbria; Elizabeth did not know what to do and kept Mary
|
---|
439 | guarded in the north.&nbsp; After all, without Mary's knowledge, she
|
---|
440 | had been helping her enemies, promising money and&nbsp;<img
|
---|
441 | alt="Mary, queen of Scots and Lord Darnley, as portrayed by Vanessa Redgrave and Timothy Dalton in the film 'Mary Queen of Scots', 1971"
|
---|
442 | src="_httpdocimg_/maryqos-film.jpg"
|
---|
443 | align="left" border="1" width="280" height="247"> sanctuary in return
|
---|
444 | for their treacherous behavior against their queen.&nbsp; Elizabeth's
|
---|
445 | motives for this were obvious - Mary was the closest Catholic claimant
|
---|
446 | to the English throne and Elizabeth knew some of her subjects were not
|
---|
447 | above hoping she could be deposed and Mary made queen of both Scotland
|
---|
448 | and England.&nbsp; So she had determined to keep her cousin's kingdom
|
---|
449 | in continual strife; if Mary was busy at home, she would have less
|
---|
450 | chance to plot against Elizabeth.&nbsp; But Elizabeth's conscience was
|
---|
451 | determined to be clear so she appointed commissioners to look into the
|
---|
452 | matter; they met throughout 1568 and 1569.&nbsp; In December of 1569,
|
---|
453 | the so-called Casket Letters were first presented at Westminster.&nbsp;
|
---|
454 | They were supposedly letters and other papers belonging to Bothwell and
|
---|
455 | found in his casket (letter box).&nbsp; They disappeared soon
|
---|
456 | afterwards and only translations and copies remain.&nbsp; However, few
|
---|
457 | believed they were either real or important at the time for Elizabeth,
|
---|
458 | in January 1569, released a statement that 'Nothing had been
|
---|
459 | sufficiently proved, whereby the Queen of England should conceive an
|
---|
460 | evil opinion of her good sister.'&nbsp; Everyone took this to mean that
|
---|
461 | Mary was not guilty of any conspiracy alleged in the letters. </p>
|
---|
462 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But in this same year, conservative nobles in
|
---|
463 | England supported an idea that Mary should wed the Duke of
|
---|
464 | Norfolk.&nbsp; This also indicated that Elizabeth, and most English
|
---|
465 | nobles, believed Mary innocent of Darnley's murder and any charges in
|
---|
466 | the Casket Letters.&nbsp; But Elizabeth did not consent to the marriage
|
---|
467 | and kept Mary under lock and key.&nbsp; Soon, this arrangement had
|
---|
468 | settled into stone; Mary was moved from prison to prison, eventually
|
---|
469 | ending up at Fotheringhay Castle, about 70 miles north-west of London
|
---|
470 | and as close to Elizabeth as she ever came.&nbsp; Of course, Mary
|
---|
471 | plotted from the very beginning to escape.&nbsp; She felt justified in
|
---|
472 | doing so since she was being held against her will.&nbsp; However, as
|
---|
473 | the years passed, the plots grew more outlandish and murderous.&nbsp;
|
---|
474 | Mary's imprisonment was only to end with her execution.<br>
|
---|
475 | <br>
|
---|
476 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Read a more detailed account of <a
|
---|
477 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html">Mary's
|
---|
478 | arrival in England</a> and <a
|
---|
479 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html">the plots
|
---|
480 | which led to her trial and execution</a> at the <i>Queen Elizabeth I</i>
|
---|
481 | website.</b> </p>
|
---|
482 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In October of 1586, Mary was put on trial at
|
---|
483 | Fotheringhay for plotting to kill Elizabeth and claim the English
|
---|
484 | throne.&nbsp; Elizabeth's last letter to Mary was delivered at the
|
---|
485 | start of the trial: </p>
|
---|
486 | <blockquote>
|
---|
487 | <p>You have in various ways and manners attempted to take my life
|
---|
488 | and to bring my kingdom to destruction by bloodshed. I have never
|
---|
489 | proceeded so harshly against you, but have, on the contrary, protected
|
---|
490 | and maintained you like myself. These treasons will be proved to you
|
---|
491 | and all made manifest. Yet it is my will, that you answer the nobles
|
---|
492 | and peers of the kingdom as if I were myself present. I therefore
|
---|
493 | require, charge, and command that you make answer for I have been well
|
---|
494 | informed of your arrogance. <br>
|
---|
495 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Act plainly without reserve, and you will sooner be
|
---|
496 | able to obtain favour of me. <br>
|
---|
497 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elizabeth.</p>
|
---|
498 | </blockquote>
|
---|
499 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary defended herself admirably though she
|
---|
500 | had no friends or supporters at the trial and, essentially, the verdict
|
---|
501 | had been decided before the proceedings had begun.&nbsp; Mary admitted
|
---|
502 | her desire to escape but stated, 'I have not procured or encouraged any
|
---|
503 | hurt against Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth.'&nbsp; And she appealed for
|
---|
504 | mercy, mentioning her own reputation for tolerance and kindness: 'My
|
---|
505 | subjects now complain they were never so well off as under my
|
---|
506 | government.'&nbsp; But she also accepted the inevitable, telling the
|
---|
507 | assembled nobles, 'May God keep me from having to do with you all
|
---|
508 | again.'&nbsp; When the verdict was read to her, she said, 'I do not
|
---|
509 | fear to die in a good cause.' </p>
|
---|
510 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The trial lasted just two days and was over
|
---|
511 | on 16 October 1586 but it was not until 7 February 1587 that she was
|
---|
512 | told she would be executed the next morning.&nbsp; She asked for her
|
---|
513 | chaplain but was refused this last comfort.&nbsp; The Earl of Kent
|
---|
514 | said: 'Your life would be the death of our religion, your death would
|
---|
515 | be its life.'&nbsp; In fact, Mary had been a tolerant ruler in Scottish
|
---|
516 | religious matters.&nbsp; But such was the extreme religious upheaval of
|
---|
517 | the time, tolerance itself was a sign of weakness.&nbsp; The
|
---|
518 | death-sentence was signed by Elizabeth who later argued that her
|
---|
519 | secretary Davison had deceived her as to its contents; she said she
|
---|
520 | would not have signed it otherwise.&nbsp; Her letter to Mary's son
|
---|
521 | James about the execution, written on 14 February, is a remarkable
|
---|
522 | document:</p>
|
---|
523 | <blockquote>
|
---|
524 | <p>My dear Brother, I would you knew (though not felt) the
|
---|
525 | extreme dolor that overwhelms my mind, for that miserable accident
|
---|
526 | which (far contrary to my meaning) hath befallen. I have now sent this
|
---|
527 | kinsman of mine, whom ere now it hath pleased you to favour, to
|
---|
528 | instruct you truly of that which is too irksome for my pen to tell you.
|
---|
529 | I beseech you that as God and many more know, how innocent I am in this
|
---|
530 | case : so you will believe me, that if I had bid aught I would have bid
|
---|
531 | by it. I am not so base minded that fear of any living creature or
|
---|
532 | Prince should make me so afraid to do that were just; or done, to deny
|
---|
533 | the same. I am not of so base a lineage, nor carry so vile a mind. But,
|
---|
534 | as not to disguise, fits not a King, so will I never dissemble my
|
---|
535 | actions, but cause them show even as I meant them. Thus assuring
|
---|
536 | yourself of me, that as I know this was deserved, yet if I had meant it
|
---|
537 | I would never lay it on others' shoulders; no more will I not damnify
|
---|
538 | myself that thought it not. <br>
|
---|
539 | The circumstance it may please you to have of this bearer. And for your
|
---|
540 | part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman, nor a
|
---|
541 | more dear friend than myself; nor any that will watch more carefully to
|
---|
542 | preserve you and your estate. And who shall otherwise persuade you,
|
---|
543 | judge them more partial to others than you. And thus in haste I leave
|
---|
544 | to trouble you:&nbsp; beseeching God to send you a long reign. <br>
|
---|
545 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Your most assured loving sister and cousin, <br>
|
---|
546 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Elizabeth R.</p>
|
---|
547 | </blockquote>
|
---|
548 | <p>A year later, the Catholic Philip V of Spain invaded England
|
---|
549 | with his Armada, perhaps - to some degree - urged on by Mary's
|
---|
550 | execution. </p>
|
---|
551 | <p> <img
|
---|
552 | alt="Laslett John Pott's painting 'Mary Queen of Scots being led to execution', 1871"
|
---|
553 | src="_httpdocimg_/maryqos-death.jpg"
|
---|
554 | align="left" border="1" width="400" height="282"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|
---|
555 | Mary did not retire until two in the morning on the last day of her
|
---|
556 | life.&nbsp; She spent her final hours making a will and generously
|
---|
557 | providing to those who had served her faithfully.&nbsp; Early on the
|
---|
558 | morning of 8 February 1587, dressed in black satin and velvet, she
|
---|
559 | entered the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle.&nbsp; She commanded her
|
---|
560 | servant, Melville, to go to her son and tell him that she had never
|
---|
561 | done anything to compromise their kingdom of Scotland.&nbsp; Mary was
|
---|
562 | calm and composed before the several hundred spectators present; she
|
---|
563 | listened while the execution warrant was read and then prayed aloud in
|
---|
564 | English for the Church and her son.&nbsp; She also mentioned Queen
|
---|
565 | Elizabeth and prayed for her to continue to serve God in the years to
|
---|
566 | come. </p>
|
---|
567 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary comforted her weeping servants, her
|
---|
568 | friends and supporters to the last.&nbsp; They helped her undress;
|
---|
569 | beneath her all-black gown, she wore a red petticoat and bodice.&nbsp;
|
---|
570 | Her women helped her attach the long red sleeves.&nbsp; Mary thus died
|
---|
571 | wearing the liturgical color of Catholic martyrdom.&nbsp; She gave them
|
---|
572 | her golden rosary and Agnus Dei, asking them to remember her in their
|
---|
573 | prayers.&nbsp; Her eyes were covered with a white cloth.&nbsp; While
|
---|
574 | her servants wept and called out prayers in a medley of languages, she
|
---|
575 | laid her neck upon the block, commended herself to God and received the
|
---|
576 | death-stroke.&nbsp; But the executioner was unsteady and the first blow
|
---|
577 | cut the back of her head; Mary whispered, 'Sweet Jesus', and the second
|
---|
578 | blow descended.</p>
|
---|
579 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; When the executioner lifted her head and
|
---|
580 | cried out, 'God save the Queen,' a macabre surprise occurred.&nbsp;
|
---|
581 | Mary, queen of Scots had worn an auburn wig to her execution.&nbsp; It
|
---|
582 | was left in the executioner's hand as her head, with its short, grey
|
---|
583 | hair, fell to the floor.</p>
|
---|
584 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary had always loved animals and her little
|
---|
585 | Skye terrier had brought her great comfort during the years in
|
---|
586 | prison.&nbsp; It had curled itself around her feet while she knelt at
|
---|
587 | the block and died just days after the queen.&nbsp; As queen of Scots,
|
---|
588 | Mary's motto had been 'In my end is my beginning'.&nbsp; And certainly
|
---|
589 | the end of her life marked the beginning of her legend.&nbsp; The
|
---|
590 | Catholic nations which had condemned her behavior during Darnley's
|
---|
591 | murder and the marriage to Bothwell now celebrated her as a
|
---|
592 | martyr.&nbsp; Her former brother-in-law, Henri III of France, held a
|
---|
593 | funeral mass at Notre-Dame, where Mary had wed Francis almost thirty
|
---|
594 | years before.&nbsp; Accounts of her execution, illustrated by crude
|
---|
595 | woodcuts, were sold throughout Europe.&nbsp; She was now the
|
---|
596 | sympathetic heroine; the past could be forgotten.</p>
|
---|
597 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sixteen years later, Mary's son
|
---|
598 | became King of England and Scotland.&nbsp; In 1612, he moved her body
|
---|
599 | to Westminster Abbey, London, constructing a magnificent tomb which
|
---|
600 | rivaled Elizabeth I's.&nbsp; In her <i> Essay on Adversity</i>,
|
---|
601 | written in 1580 while she was imprisoned, Mary had written of rulers:
|
---|
602 | 'Tribulation has been to them as a furnace to fine gold - a means of
|
---|
603 | proving their virtue.'&nbsp; It was a fitting epitaph for her own
|
---|
604 | infamous life.</p>
|
---|
605 | <center>
|
---|
606 | <p><font size="2">You can <a
|
---|
607 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryqos-letter.html"> read
|
---|
608 | Mary's last letter</a>, written to Henri III of France just six hours
|
---|
609 | before her execution, <br>
|
---|
610 | as well as <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexmary.html">an
|
---|
611 | eyewitness account of her execution</a> at the <i>Primary Sources </i>
|
---|
612 | section.<br>
|
---|
613 | &nbsp;</font></p>
|
---|
614 | <hr> </center>
|
---|
615 | </blockquote>
|
---|
616 | </blockquote>
|
---|
617 | <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"> <font size="2"> <b> <a
|
---|
618 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html"><br>
|
---|
619 | </a> </b> <a
|
---|
620 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqoschronology.html">CHRONOLOGY</a>
|
---|
621 | <br>
|
---|
622 | The major events of her life.</font></font></p>
|
---|
623 | <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"> <a
|
---|
624 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmaryqosimages.html"><font size="2">IMAGES<br>
|
---|
625 | </font> </a><font size="2">Portraits of the queen, her friends and
|
---|
626 | family, with
|
---|
627 | commentary.</font></font></p>
|
---|
628 | <p align="center"> <font face="Times New Roman"> <a
|
---|
629 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html"><font size="2">PRIMARY
|
---|
630 | SOURCES</font></a></font><font size="2" face="Times New Roman"><br>
|
---|
631 | Letters written by Mary, as well as an
|
---|
632 | eyewitness account of her execution.</font></p>
|
---|
633 | <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> <a
|
---|
634 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html">Tudor Quizzes<br>
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635 | </a>Test your knowledge of Mary's
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636 | life and times.</font></p>
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637 | <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"><a
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638 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html">Queen
|
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639 | Elizabeth I<br>
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640 | </a>Learn about Mary's famous cousin.</font></p>
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641 | <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> <a
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642 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html">to Tudor
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643 | Relatives</a><br>
|
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644 | </font></p>
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645 | <div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 80px;"><br>
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646 | <small><a name="Sources"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources:</span>&nbsp;
|
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647 | Life of Mary, Queen of Scots (2 vol) by George Chalmers -&nbsp;</small>
|
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648 | <small>My Heart is My Own by John Guy</small> - <small>Mary, Queen of
|
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649 | Scots: The Daughter of Debate by Marjorie Bowen</small> - <small>Mary,
|
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650 | Queen of Scots: The Daughter of Debate (yes, same title - earlier book)
|
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651 | by Sir Arthur MacNalty</small> - <small>The Castles, Palaces, and
|
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652 | Prisons of Mary of Scotland by Charles MacKie</small> - <small>On the
|
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653 | Trail of Mary, Queen of Scots by JK Cheetham</small> - <small>The
|
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654 | Queen of Scots by Stefan Zweig</small> - <small>Mary, Queen of Scots
|
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655 | by Antonia Fraser</small>&nbsp; - <small>Mary, Queen of Scots by Susan
|
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656 | Watkins</small> - <small>Two Queens in One Isle by Alison Plowden - </small><small>The
|
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657 | Casket Letters: A Solution to the&nbsp; Mystery of Mary, Queen of Scots
|
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658 | and the Murder of Lord Darnley by MH Davison - </small><small>Tudor
|
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659 | Cousins: Rivals for the Throne by Dulcie Ashdown - </small><small>All
|
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660 | the Queen's Men by Gordon Donaldson - The First Trial of Mary, Queen of
|
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661 | Scots by Gordon Donaldson - Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord
|
---|
662 | Darnley by Alison Weir - In My End is My Beginning: A Life of Mary,
|
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663 | Queen of Scots by James Mackay - Mary Queen of Scots: A Study in
|
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664 | Failure by Jenny Wormald - The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and
|
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665 | Stuart Britain, edited by John Morrill - Two Queens in One Isle by
|
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666 | Alison Plowden - New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors by
|
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667 | Susan Brigden - The Life of Mary, Queen of Scots by Agnes Strickland -
|
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668 | The Mystery of Mary Stuart by Andrew Lang - Mary, Queen of Scots and
|
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669 | Her Accusers by John Hosack - Scotland Under Mary Stuart: An Account of
|
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670 | Everyday Life by Marjorie Bowen - Elizabeth and Mary by Jane Dunn -
|
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671 | Original Letters Illustrative of English History, edited by Henry Ellis
|
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672 | - Mary, Queen of Scots: A Study of the Lennox Narrative in the
|
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673 | University Library of Cambridge, edited by Reginald H. Mahon - The
|
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674 | Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland by Raphael Holinshed -
|
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675 | Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Documents connected with her
|
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676 | personal history, edited by Agnes Strickland<br>
|
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677 | </small><br>
|
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678 | <br>
|
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679 | <small><a name="Weblinks"></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">Weblinks:&nbsp;</span>
|
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680 | </small><small><font face="Times New Roman"><a
|
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681 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marie-stuart.co.uk">The Marie Stuart Society of
|
---|
682 | Scotland</a>&nbsp; This is the most detailed Mary, queen of Scots site
|
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683 | on the web.&nbsp; It has a&nbsp; lengthy biography of the queen,
|
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684 | samples of her poetry and letters, and much more - too much to list
|
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685 | here, in fact. </font></small>
|
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686 | <p><font face="Times New Roman"><small><a
|
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687 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fles%5fvalois">Mary, queen of Scots</a>&nbsp;
|
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688 | This site is currently available in French.&nbsp; It's beautifully
|
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689 | designed and has lots of information; go visit and try out your foreign
|
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690 | language skills!&nbsp; Its creator also made this <a
|
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691 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fsarah%5fn%5fbernard">Lady Jane Grey site</a>.<br>
|
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692 | </small></font></p>
|
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693 | <p><font face="Times New Roman"><small><a
|
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694 | href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.newadvent.org%2fcathen%2f09764a.htm">The Catholic
|
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695 | Encyclopedia's biography of Mary</a>, with links to other topics.<br>
|
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696 | </small> </font></p>
|
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697 | </div>
|
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698 |
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699 |
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702 | </Content>
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703 | </Section>
|
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704 | </Archive>
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