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| 4 | <meta name="author" content="Marilee Mongello">
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| 5 | <meta name="content" content="The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King Henry VIII's second and fifth wives">
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| 11 | <title>The Anne Boleyn-Catherine Howard Connection: The family ties between King
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| 12 | Henry VIII's second and fifth wives</title>
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| 31 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
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| 32 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="610" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
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| 33 | <p align="center"> </p>
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| 34 | <p align="center">
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| 35 | <img border="0" src="boleynhoward.gif" alt="The Boleyn-Howard Connection" width="349" height="262"></p>
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| 36 | <p align="left">Many
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| 37 |
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| 38 | historians and biographers mention that Catherine Howard was related in
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| 39 |
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| 40 | some way to Anne Boleyn. Historically, they are joined by a gruesome
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| 41 |
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| 42 | bond - they were the only two wives executed by King Henry VIII. Catherine
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| 43 |
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| 44 | married Henry just four years after Anne's execution; yet during those
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| 45 |
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| 46 | four years, he had married two other women (Jane Seymour and Anne of Cleves.)
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| 47 | </p>
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| 48 | <p align="left">Catherine and Anne were first cousins. Catherine's
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| 49 |
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| 50 | father, Lord Edmund Howard, was the brother of Anne Boleyn's mother, Lady
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| 51 |
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| 52 | Elizabeth Howard. Edmund and Elizabeth were the children of Thomas
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| 53 |
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| 54 | Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk. However, despite their close familial
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| 55 |
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| 56 | ties, the two women never met. There are many obvious reasons for
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| 57 |
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| 58 | this - first of all, Anne was about fifteen years older than Catherine.
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| 59 |
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| 60 | Secondly, the Norfolk family was a tangled collection of cousins (far too
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| 61 |
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| 62 | many to list here) and, since Catherine was one of many children of a poor
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| 63 |
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| 64 | younger son, her status was relatively unimportant in the mid-1530s.
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| 65 |
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| 66 | Third, and perhaps most important, Anne Boleyn disliked her uncle Thomas
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| 67 |
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| 68 | Howard, the 3rd duke of Norfolk (and formerly earl of Surrey) - he was
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| 69 |
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| 70 | conniving, opportunistic, and arrogant. This perhaps affected her
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| 71 |
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| 72 | relationships with all her Norfolk cousins; the only family member she
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| 73 |
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| 74 | was noticeably close to was her brother, George.</p>
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| 75 | <p align="left">Anne and Norfolk were
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| 76 |
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| 77 | never close and he only barely managed to hide his dislike while she was
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| 78 |
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| 79 | queen. When she was arrested and tried, he made haste
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| 80 |
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| 81 | to distance himself from her at all costs. He also attended her trial and
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| 82 | passed judgment against her. His groveling was effective
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| 83 |
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| 84 | - and still worked four years later when yet another niece (Catherine Howard)
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| 85 |
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| 86 | was arrested. At Catherine's arrest, virtually every member of the
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| 87 |
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| 88 | Norfolk family was taken to the Tower - except the duke. His frantic
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| 89 |
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| 90 | letter to Henry VIII included insults of all his imprisoned relatives,
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| 91 |
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| 92 | most importantly the 'abominable deeds' of Anne and Catherine. He
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| 93 |
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| 94 | was certainly an unappealing character but, unlike so many others, he managed
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| 95 |
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| 96 | to survive in the treacherous Tudor court. Later imprisoned and with
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| 97 |
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| 98 | his goods seized by the king, Norfolk was condemned to death. Luckily, and
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| 99 | ironically, Henry
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| 100 |
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| 101 | VIII died without signing the warrant for his execution.</p>
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| 102 | <p align="left"> </p>
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| 103 | <p align="center"><font size="2">
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| 104 | <a href="boleyn.html">to the Anne
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| 105 | Boleyn website</a></font></p>
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| 106 | <p align="center"><font size="2">
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| 107 | <a href="howard.html">to the
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| 108 | Catherine Howard website<br></a></font></td>
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| 109 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
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| 110 | </tr>
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| 111 | </table>
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| 112 |
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| 113 | </body>
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