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16	<Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
17	<Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
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31
32	<center><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif" ALT="Thomas Wolsey" height=67 width=286>
33	<br>born c. 1465 in Ipswich
34	<br>died 29 November 1530 in Leicester</center>
35
36	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
37	He was a man
38	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
39	Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
40	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
41	Himself with princes...
42	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
43	His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
44	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
45	But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
46	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
47	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII</i>.</font>
48	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
49	Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.</font>
50	<blockquote>&nbsp;</blockquote>
51	&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
52	O Cromwell, Cromwell!
53	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
54	Had I but served my God with half the zeal
55	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
56	I served my king, he would not in mine age
57	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
58	Have left me naked to mine enemies.
59	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
60	<i>All Is True</i>. Wolsey's speech in act IV.</font>
61	<br>&nbsp;
62	<br>&nbsp;
63	<p><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg" ALT="Cardinal Wolsey" BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
64	The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
65	VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
66	and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&nbsp; He was
67	born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&nbsp;
68	But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
69	Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&nbsp; Five years later, he
70	became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
71	Sir Richard Nanfan.&nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
72	Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&nbsp;
73	Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
74	was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
75	death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&nbsp; Upon Henry's
76	death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
77	found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
78	to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
79	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
80	as one could be to a king.&nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
81	mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
82	diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
83	and English-arbitrated European peace.&nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
84	though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&nbsp; He
85	was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
86	but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
87	international affairs.&nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
88	spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
89	English life.
90	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
91	and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
92	delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&nbsp; The early years of Henry's
93	reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
94	in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&nbsp; And
95	while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
96	on Wolsey's assistance.&nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
97	changed by the French expedition of 1513.&nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
98	to prove English strength in battle against this old
99	<br>enemy.&nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
100	young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&nbsp; When Henry VII
101	died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&nbsp;
102	Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
103	but not lively.&nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
104	dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
105	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
106	a successful military strike against France.&nbsp; After one failure, he
107	went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&nbsp;
108	Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
109	Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&nbsp; Of course, the English
110	couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
111	peace.&nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&nbsp;
112	At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&nbsp;
113	The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
114	her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
115	Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&nbsp; Mary and Brandon
116	were the grandparents of <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html">Lady
117	Jane Grey</a>.
118	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
119	was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&nbsp; England would be taken
120	seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
121	and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&nbsp; Henry
122	was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
123	Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
124	months later, archbishop of York.&nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&nbsp;
125	The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
126	of England.
127	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
128	taken into Henry's complete confidence.&nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
129	and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&nbsp;
130	Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
131	Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
132	dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
133	his marriage.&nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
134	to it.&nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
135	servant, Wolsey, for help.
136	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
137	himself as second only to Henry in power.&nbsp; This naturally angered
138	the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&nbsp;
139	They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
140	the king.&nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
141	as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
142	the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&nbsp; In the natural order, he
143	was their inferior.&nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
144	particularly the powerful dukes.
145	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&nbsp;
146	That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
147	arrogance?&nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
148	his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&nbsp; Wolsey was his
149	creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
150	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
151	Henry.&nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
152	that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&nbsp; (The complexity
153	of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
154	here.&nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's <i>Henry VIII: The Mask of
155	Royalty</i>, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
156	century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
157	Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
158	his own inadequacies.&nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&nbsp;
159	In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&nbsp;
160	With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
161	to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&nbsp; At Hampton
162	Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
163	richly embroidered livery.&nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
164	knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&nbsp; But his ties
165	to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&nbsp;
166	He could not serve two masters.
167	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
168	Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&nbsp; As stated
169	before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&nbsp;
170	At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
171	the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&nbsp; The situation became even
172	more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
173	Roman Emperor in 1519.&nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
174	with the Imperial power.&nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
175	with the Lowlands), history (England was
176	<br>rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
177	Katharine's nephew.)&nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
178	and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
179	favor.&nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
180	between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
181	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
182	broke out in 1521.&nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
183	Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&nbsp; But war costs a great deal
184	of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&nbsp;
185	And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&nbsp; This unpleasant
186	task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
187	and, accordingly, take the blame.
188	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
189	taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&nbsp; In 1528, the English
190	were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
191	1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&nbsp; It
192	was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
193	troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&nbsp; The Emperor
194	Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
195	of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
196	sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&nbsp; However, Charles - and
197	the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
198	and the pope.
199	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
200	judicial system.&nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
201	Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&nbsp; He was determined to extend
202	justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&nbsp; Only their
203	code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
204	murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
205	matter entirely.&nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
206	his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
207	the law - at least more equal than before.&nbsp; He also developed
208	<br>committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
209	the Court of Requests in 1529.
210	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
211	successful.&nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
212	to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&nbsp; Also,
213	his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
214	titles.&nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
215	children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
216	ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
217	leadership.&nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
218	some reforms.&nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
219	pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&nbsp;
220	Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&nbsp;
221	Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&nbsp; And, ironically,
222	most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
223	instigation or approval.&nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
224	as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
225	nobles.&nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
226	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
227	opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
228	which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
229	as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
230	own.&nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
231	desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&nbsp;
232	His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&nbsp; Poor Wolsey
233	- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
234	his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
235	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
236	though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&nbsp; He suggested
237	that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
238	wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
239	Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&nbsp;
240	The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
241	a nunnery and marry Anne.&nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
242	of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&nbsp; From 1527 to
243	1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
244	solutions but these were unsuccessful.&nbsp; After all, England did not
245	have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
246	make an independent decision.&nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
247	would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
248	for monarchs throughout Europe.&nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
249	is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&nbsp;
250	He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
251	legally married to Katharine.
252	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
253	virtually any support at the English court.&nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
254	Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
255	he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
256	to her and Henry's marriage.&nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
257	torn between Katharine and Anne.&nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
258	both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&nbsp;
259	This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&nbsp;
260	Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
261	to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
262	English knight's daughter.
263	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
264	an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&nbsp; He was now all too
265	willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
266	so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&nbsp;
267	It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
268	direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
269	papal jurisdiction.&nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
270	authority and so had broken the law himself.&nbsp; This did not matter.&nbsp;
271	Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
272	9
273	<br>October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
274	York.&nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
275	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
276	and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
277	with the French king.&nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
278	still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
279	majesty.&nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
280	and taken from York Palace.&nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
281	at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&nbsp; The group escorting him were
282	concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
283	quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
284	<br>His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
285	<br>&nbsp;
286	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
287	This cardinal,
288	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
289	Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
290	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
291	Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
292	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
293	He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
294	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
295	Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
296	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
297	Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
298	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
299	But to those men that sought him sweet as
300	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
301	summer.
302	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
303	And though he were unsatisfied in getting
304	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
305	Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
306	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
307	He was most princely: ever witness for him
308	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
309	Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
310	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
311	Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
312	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
313	him,
314	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
315	Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
316	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
317	The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
318	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
319	So excellent in art, and still so rising,
320	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
321	That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
322	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
323	His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
324	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
325	For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
326	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
327	And found the blessedness of being little:
328	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
329	And, to add greater honors to his age
330	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
331	Than man could give him, he died fearing
332	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
333	God.
334	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
335	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True</i>.</font>
336	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
337	Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.</font>
338	<center>
339	<p>Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html">Primary
340	Sources</a> section.
341	<br>
342	<hr WIDTH="100%">
343	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html">to
344	Tudor Citizens</a></font>
345	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html">to Tudor
346	England</a></font></center>
347
348
349
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352	</Content>
353	</Section>
354	</Archive>

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