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28&lt;P align=center&gt;I am redesigning the Life in Tudor England website, mostly to
29include lots of pictures.&lt;BR&gt;Until I finish, you can explore some of the topics
30listed here.&amp;nbsp; Thanks for your patience.&lt;/P&gt;
31&lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
32&lt;P align=left&gt;
33&lt;IMG height=43 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life-morpheus.gif&quot; width=333
34border=0 alt=&quot;Life in Tudor England&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
35&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
36 &lt;P align=left&gt;
37 &lt;IMG height=371
38 alt=&quot;woodcut of a family going to market in Tudor England&quot;
39 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life.jpg&quot; width=300 align=left border=3&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
40 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;B&gt;Click on a topic below:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
41&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
42 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
43 &lt;P align=left&gt;
44 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Chronology&quot;&gt;Chronology&lt;/a&gt; -
45 &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Glossary&quot;&gt;Glossary&lt;/A&gt; -
46 &lt;A
47 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Government&quot;&gt;Government&lt;/A&gt; -
48 &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Religion&quot;&gt;Religion&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
49 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A
50 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Population&quot;&gt;Population&lt;/A&gt; -
51 &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Money&quot;&gt;Money&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
52 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt;Food&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A
53 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt; and Drink&lt;/A&gt;
54&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
55 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A
56 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Houses&quot;&gt;Houses&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
57 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Clothing&quot;&gt;Clothing and
58 Appearance&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
59 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Marriage&quot;&gt;Marriage&lt;/A&gt;
60 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
61 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A
62 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sex&quot;&gt;Sex&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
63 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Diseases&quot;&gt;Diseases&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
64 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Arts&quot;&gt;Arts and Education&lt;/A&gt;
65 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
66 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A
67 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Crime&quot;&gt;Crime and
68 Punishment&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
69 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A
70 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Travel&quot;&gt;Travel&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
71 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sorcery&quot;&gt;Sorcery&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
72 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Rebellions&quot;&gt;Rebellions&lt;/A&gt;
73 &lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
74&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
75&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
76&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
77&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
78&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Famous&quot;&gt;Famous
79Names to Know in Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
80&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor FAQ&lt;/A&gt;:
81frequently asked questions&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
82&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
83&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
84&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
85&lt;HR&gt;
86
87&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Chronology&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Chronology&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
88&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
89 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 August 1485&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Bosworth Field; Henry Tudor's army
90 defeats King Richard III; Henry becomes King Henry VII &lt;/P&gt;
91 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 January 1486&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VII marries King Edward IV's eldest
92 surviving child, Princess Elizabeth of York &lt;/P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 June 1491&lt;/B&gt; - Henry
93 Tudor is born to King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York
94 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 August 1503&lt;/B&gt; - Princess Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII,
95 marries King James IV of Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
96 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 April 1509&lt;/B&gt; - Henry Tudor becomes King Henry VIII of
97 England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
98 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;9 September 1513&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Flodden Field between England and
99 Scotland; King James IV of Scotland is killed &lt;/P&gt;
100 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 December 1515&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII appoints Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
101 lord chancellor&lt;/P&gt;
102 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 June 1520&lt;/B&gt; - Field of the Cloth of Gold occurs; this is the famous
103 meeting between King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France &lt;/P&gt;
104 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 October 1521&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is given the title 'Defender of
105 the Faith' by the pope &lt;/P&gt;
106 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1529&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Cardinal
107 Wolsey, is driven from power and dies in disgrace &lt;/P&gt;
108 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 January 1533&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn &lt;/P&gt;
109 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 September 1533&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor is born to King Henry VIII and
110 Anne Boleyn&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
111 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1534&lt;/B&gt; - the Act of Supremacy is passed by Parliament; it
112 declares the English monarch to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England;
113 under Elizabeth this title is changed to Supreme Governor&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;June and
114 July 1535&lt;/B&gt; - Bishop John Fisher and Sir Thomas More are executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
115 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 March 1536&lt;/B&gt; - dissolution of the monasteries begins &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
116 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 April 1536&lt;/B&gt; - Wales is officially incorporated into
117England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
118 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 May 1536&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn, is
119 executed &lt;/P&gt;
120 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;12 October 1537&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's only son, Prince Edward, is
121 born; his mother is the king's third wife, Jane Seymour, who dies shortly
122 thereafter&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
123 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 July 1540&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Thomas Cromwell,
124 is executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
125 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 June 1541&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is titled king of Ireland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
126 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;13 February 1542&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's fifth wife, Catherine Howard,
127 executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
128 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 November 1542&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Solway Moss between England and
129 Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
130 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;20 July 1545&lt;/B&gt; - the Mary Rose, the flagship of King Henry VIII's
131 navy, sinks &lt;/P&gt;
132 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 January 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Edward Tudor becomes King Edward VI &lt;/P&gt;
133 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 September 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Pinkie between England and
134 Scotland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
135 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;23 September 1548&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant Book of Common Prayer comes into
136 use &lt;/P&gt;
137 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - King Edward VI dies &lt;/P&gt;
138 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - the Tudor cousin Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed queen
139 of England; she rules for just nine days &lt;/P&gt;
140 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;3 August 1553&lt;/B&gt; - Mary Tudor becomes Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
141 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 April 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Thomas Wyatt is executed after leading a
142 rebellion against Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
143 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 July 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Mary I marries King Philip II of Spain &lt;/P&gt;
144 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;16 October 1555&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant churchmen Latimer and Ridley are
145 burned at the stake&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
146 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 March 1556&lt;/B&gt; - Thomas Cranmer, former archbishop of Canterbury,
147 burned at the stake&lt;/P&gt;
148 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1558&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I
149&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
150 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;29 April 1559&lt;/B&gt; - the Elizabethan religious settlement is passed by
151 Parliament &lt;/P&gt;
152 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 February 1560&lt;/B&gt; - Treaty of Berwick between England and Scotland
153 &lt;/P&gt;
154 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 June 1566&lt;/B&gt; - King James VI of Scotland, son of Mary queen of
155 Scots, is born &lt;/P&gt;
156 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 July 1567&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots abdicates her throne in Scotland
157 and comes to England &lt;/P&gt;
158 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 August 1572&lt;/B&gt; - the St Batholomew's Day massacre of Protestants
159 occurs in Paris&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
160 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1585&lt;/B&gt; - the English colony at Roanoke in Virginia is
161 established &lt;/P&gt;
162 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 February 1587&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots is executed at Fotheringhay
163 Castle &lt;/P&gt;
164 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;31 July 1588&lt;/B&gt; - defeat of the Spanish Armada&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
165 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 February 1595&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Walter Raleigh leaves England to sail to the
166 New World &lt;/P&gt;
167 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 August 1598 &lt;/B&gt;- Tyrone's Rebellion occurs in Ireland &lt;/P&gt;
168 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 February 1601&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, is executed
169 for leading a rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I &lt;/P&gt;
170 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 December 1601&lt;/B&gt;- the Elizabethan 'Poor Law' is passed; it has a
171 profound effect upon English society &lt;/P&gt;
172 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 March 1603&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Elizabeth I dies; the Tudor dynasty ends; King
173 James VI of Scotland becomes king of England&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
174&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
175&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
176&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Government&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Government&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor England's government was
177an &lt;B&gt;absolute monarchy&lt;/B&gt;. In this system, the monarch (king or queen) has
178control over all aspects of government.&lt;BR&gt;Parliament did exist during the 16th
179century but its role was often merely advisory. As the years passed, it became
180increasingly powerful. Its main power was passing taxation. Whenever the king or
181queen needed money, they first had to convince Parliament to order more
182taxation. Parliament was only assembled when the king or queen ordered it,
183unlike modern times.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
184&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
185&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Religion&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Religion&lt;BR&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;England was a Catholic nation under
186the rule of Henry VII (1485-1509) and during much of Henry VIII's (1509-1547)
187reign. In 1534, King Henry VIII declared himself Supreme Head of a new Church of
188England. This coincided with the rejection of papal authority and dissolution of
189the English monasteries. Protestantism was introduced to England. Under King
190Edward VI (1547-1553), England was a Protestant nation. Under Queen Mary I
191(1553-1558), England was again a Catholic nation. Under Queen Elizabeth I
192(1558-1603), England was again a Protestant nation. It was under Elizabeth that
193the Anglican church became firmly established and
194dominant.&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
195&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
196
197&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Population&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Population: includes England and
198Wales.&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
199&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1524.....2.3 million&lt;/B&gt;
200 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1541.....2.7 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1550.....2.9 million&lt;/B&gt;
201 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1569.....3.2 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1599.....4.0
202million&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT
203color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 6% of the population lived in
204urban areas (towns of over 4,000 people.)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In
205&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 3% of the population
206lived in London.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Around 5% of the population were considered gentlemen.
207Their numbers increased throughout the 16th century. 'Gentlemen' are people who
208do not work with their hands. The middle class was larger; they were usually
209literate and included craftsmen and tradesmen. The vast majority of the
210population is poor and termed 'peasants' or 'common people'. They were mostly
211illiterate and suffered the most when famines occurred and the currency was
212debased.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;In 1509, there was one duke, one marquis, ten earls, and thirty
213barons in England. The peerage increased to 51 by the end of Henry VIII's reign
214and had reached 57 when Elizabeth I became queen. But she was stingy with
215granting peerages and the only duke left in England (Norfolk) was executed in
2161572. A new duke was not titled until 1623.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT
217color=#000000&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
218&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
219&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
220
221&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
222&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Money&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Money&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The currency in Tudor England is
223divided into pounds, shilling, and pence. The pence/penny is the basic unit of
224currency; 12 pennies make a shilling and 20 shillings make a pound.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
225&lt;P&gt;There are numerous coins in circulation throughout the 16th century. When
226money becomes tight, the monarchs are fond of reducing the amount of precious
227metal in the coins. This debases the real worth of English money and causes
228problems for everyone.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
229&lt;P&gt;Among the coins in circulation are the royal (a gold coin worth 10
230shillings); this was introduced during the reign of King Henry VII. Under his
231grandson, King Edward VI, the angel was introduced; it was another gold coin
232worth 10 shillings. There were also groats, farthings, sixpences, etc Around the
233mid-16th century, a common laborer would make around 1 shilling per day.
234&amp;nbsp;So it would take a laborer twenty days to earn a pound! &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
235&lt;P&gt;Coins are made at royal mints located in several large cities. Forgery often
236occurs. Often, the royal treasurers are implicated.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
237&lt;P&gt;Because of debasement and famine, inflation is a constant problem. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
238&lt;P&gt;It is difficult to translate Tudor prices into contemporary money. Also,
239prices varied widely throughout the 16th century. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
240&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
241
242&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Food&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Food and Drink&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;There are three main components
243of the Tudor diet - bread, beer, and meat (usually beef or mutton.) Like us,
244they had three meals - breakfast, dinner, and supper. &lt;B&gt;Breakfast &lt;/B&gt;was early
245in the morning and a relatively simple meal. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Dinner &lt;/B&gt;was the largest
246meal and held between 11 am and 1 pm. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Supper &lt;/B&gt;could be held anytime
247between 5 pm and 8 pm, depending upon the person's social class. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
248&lt;P&gt;Everyone in Tudor England ate bread and cheese. The only difference between
249classes was the quality of bread and cheese. &amp;nbsp;The cheapest bread was called
250'Carter's bread'; it was a mixture of rye and wheat. &amp;nbsp;The middle classes or
251prosperous tenants ate 'ravel', also called 'yeoman's bread' and made of
252wholemeal. &amp;nbsp;The most expensive bread was called 'marchet' and made of white
253wheat flour. Aristocratic households ate marchet, particularly during banquets.
254&amp;nbsp;Everyone from the poorest peasant to the wealthies monarch drank beer.
255&amp;nbsp;It was brewed without hops and was not particularly alcoholic. People
256drank beer liberally. However, water was considered unhealthy - and for good
257reason. &amp;nbsp;Under Henry VII, French wines were imported in greater quantities
258but only aristocrats drank them. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The poor and wealthy alike lived off
259the land.&amp;nbsp; England was self-sufficient, able to feed its population without
260resorting to imports, at least during good harvests.&amp;nbsp; Most peasants had
261small bits of land in villages and towns. They kept chickens, pigs, and perhaps
262a cow. &amp;nbsp;Those with animals slaughtered them in November. &amp;nbsp;The meat was
263smoked, dried, or salted so it could be kept for meals in the cold months.
264&amp;nbsp;Bacon was the most common meat of poor people. Smoked bacon and salted
265beef were most popular during the winter. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
266&lt;P&gt;Of course, meat could not be eaten on Fridays for religious reasons.
267&amp;nbsp;Instead, fish - dried cod or slated herring, most likely - was eaten. It
268was &lt;I&gt;not&lt;/I&gt; fresh since there was no efficient or speedy way to transport
269fresh foods. &amp;nbsp;Vegetables were plentiful, particularly beans, peas, carrots,
270and onions. &amp;nbsp;Fruits were available, too - apples, plums, pears,
271strawberries, cherries, etc &amp;nbsp;But potatoes and tomatoes were not available.
272&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
273&lt;P&gt;As you can see, diets were most interesting and varied in the warmer months
274but cold weather meant preserved meats and little else. &amp;nbsp;Everyone, rich and
275poor alike, suffered from malnutrition, particularly Vitamin C deficiency (which
276we call scurvy.) &amp;nbsp;Molds in certain breads could also cause health problems.
277&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
278&lt;P&gt;There were 2 great famines in Tudor England - in the mid-1550s during Mary
279I's reign and mid-1590s during Elizabeth I's reign.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
280&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
281
282&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Houses&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Houses&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;Types&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt; of Houses:
283&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;There are castles, mansions, manor houses, and
284cottages. The materials used to build them depend upon the wealth of their
285owners. Castles and churches were always built of stone, but it was expensive.
286Middle-class homes were timber-framed but wood was too expensive to use for the
287entire house. &lt;BR&gt;Instead, bricks were sometimes used, or white-washed wattle
288and daub. When timbers were coated with black tar, the famous Tudor
289'black-and-white' effect was achieved. Many houses had steep, thatched roofs and
290upper stories which hung over the lower ones. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
291&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Rooms:&lt;/B&gt; The rooms in a nobleman's house would include a great hall for
292feasting and entertaining, a great chamber used for sleeping and receiving
293visitors and playing games, a cellar which was not necessarily below ground and
294was used primarily for storage, a closet used as a private office or study, a
295gallery (either enclosed or open on one side) which ran parallel to the house
296and was used for exercise, a private bedchamber for the master of the house), a
297kitchen, a parlor used as either a sitting room or small entertaining area, and
298a privy which was a small, windowless room used as a bathroom. There were also
299withdrawing rooms where wardrobes were kept or the owner could go for more
300privacy. Often these rooms connected two bedrooms. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
301&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Noble Households:&lt;/B&gt; In Tudor England, a person's social status and
302prestige were determined by two main things: the lavishness of their standard of
303living and the number of their servants and attendants. The successful
304maintenance of a large household also indicated a person's ability to govern,
305albeit on a much smaller scale than the king.&lt;/P&gt;
306&lt;P&gt;A nobleman of sufficient rank and skill was often called to serve the monarch
307in London. To that end, they would purchase and maintain - often at great
308expense - townhomes in or just outside London. In London, the most affluent
309street was known as The Strand. These homes were built on the riverside and so
310were equipped with docks; the nobles could travel by personal barge from their
311homes to various royal palaces. Nobles also owned homes in the counties near
312their largest estates. Naturally enough, the maintenance of these various
313residences was expensive, and became increasingly so as the century progressed.
314But the greatest expense - and worry - was their principal estate, always
315situated in the countryside. At these estates, their spiritual, public, private,
316and economic worlds merged. They were an opportunity for the proud noble to
317demonstrate his standing in the nation and to dominate local affairs thoroughly.
318Also, they could play host to the reigning monarch on a royal progress. &lt;/P&gt;
319&lt;P&gt;Many of the most famous noble country homes can still be seen today. For
320example, view Compton Wynyates in Warwickshire where Henry VIII often visited
321and the duke of Buckingham's beautiful Penshurst Place in Kent. Five centuries
322ago, estates such as these were managed by noblemen and their principal
323officers, primarily knights and esquires. Together, they governed the estates
324and surrounding lands. They gathered in the official presence chamber where
325petitions were presented from tenants and neighbors. The councilors would judge
326their claims and mediate disputes. &lt;/P&gt;
327&lt;P&gt;When the nobleman traveled to London or his lesser homes, a large group of
328servants would accompany him - this was his 'skeleton' household. They journeyed
329in carts packed with people and possessions. As Henry VII's rule impressed some
330degree of stability upon England, such travel became less dangerous. But it
331remained uncomfortable, even for the wealthy in padded coaches. &lt;/P&gt;
332&lt;P&gt;The presence of such wealthy and accomplished landowners was both a blessing
333and a curse to Tudor monarchs. For early Tudor kings, these nobles could help
334secure their rule, particularly in the North where trouble traditionally brewed.
335Henry VII had no family ties to northern England; this made him even more
336reliant on the great Northern lords to maintain peace and effective government.
337&lt;/P&gt;
338&lt;P&gt;Knights and esquires wore their lord's livery; they also promised the support
339of their tenants and servants in case of conflict. In this way, great households
340could also serve as sources of rebellion and treason.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
341&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Gardens &lt;/B&gt;are very popular in Tudor England. As the century goes on,
342they become increasingly ornate and expensive. Even noble families grow their
343own fruits and vegetables when they can. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
344&lt;P&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;I will add more information about homes of the poor, as well as
345pictures, soon. 17 October 2002&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
346&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
347
348&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Clothing&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Clothing&lt;/BIG&gt; &lt;BIG&gt;and Appearance&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor
349England is famous for its beautiful and ornate clothing, particularly during the
350reign of Queen Elizabeth I. &lt;A
351href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/A&gt; to
352view portraits of the queen and her courtiers. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
353&lt;P&gt;Medieval sumptuary laws remained in force throughout the 16th century. These
354laws dictated what each member of society could wear, depending upon their
355social class. The laws are not enforced often. And fabrics such as silk, satin
356and velvet are so expensive that only the wealthy can afford them. Cloth of gold
357and the color purple are reserved for royalty. &lt;/P&gt;
358&lt;P&gt;During the reign of King Henry VIII, Spanish and French style gowns are very
359popular. Clothes become more form-fitting and ornate. Men wear colorful tights
360to emphasize well-developed calves. Women often have such low necklines that
361preachers condemn them. Both sexes wear as much jewelry as they can afford. And
362everyone, rich and poor, wears a hat. Certain clothing dyes are not expensive,
363and so even the poor can wear green and brown outfits. Foreign visitors comment
364upon the colorful outfits of the English poor. &lt;/P&gt;
365&lt;P&gt;Women have long hair which they wear loose until marriage. After the reign of
366King Henry VII, men typically have short hair and beards and mustaches. It is
367Henry VIII who makes beards popular; during his father's reign, men are
368clean-shaven.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
369&lt;P&gt;The poor wear homespun woolen clothing with knitted hose and hobnail shoes.
370In the field, they wear tunics and breeches.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
371&lt;P&gt;Children are dressed as miniature adults from the age of six onwards. Before
372then, both boys and girls wear simple shifts or gowns. They are swaddled as
373infants, a constricting practice which is believed to prevent illness. In fact,
374for the first four months of their lives, infants are completely immobilized in
375swaddling bands.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
376&lt;P&gt;Men generally wear flat-heeled shoes while women wore overshoes outside.
377These were clogs which raised her feet so her gown wouldn't drag in the
378dirt.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
379&lt;P&gt;Blonde hair is the most prized haircolor, but auburn and red hair are also
380popular. Very white skin and red lips are achieved through the use of dangerous
381cosmetics; lead, borax, and sulphur were sometimes used. Every woman hated
382spots, whether freckles or pimples. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
383&lt;P&gt;As for bathing, most Englishmen think baths are unhealthy. Queen Elizabeth I
384is considered strange for bathing as much as four times a year. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
385&lt;P&gt;Everyone uses perfume. Perfume is splashed on bodies and clothing,
386particularly the gloves. The most popular scents included marjoram, lavendar,
387musk, and rose.&lt;BR&gt;Noblemen and women carry pomanders, a hollow sphere holding a
388waxed perfume ball. Pomanders are often highly decorative and expensive
389accessories. Women attach them to their girdles and men dangle them from a
390chain. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
391&lt;P&gt;Dentists are surgeons who remove rotten teeth and also perform other small
392operations. People clean their teeth by rubbing them with a mixture of white
393wine and vinegar boiled with honey. Fashionable noblewomen will sometimes
394deliberately blacken their front teeth. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
395&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
396&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
397
398&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Marriage&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Marriage&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Marriage usually occurred during
399the mid-twenties for most Tudor citizens. The wealthy and aristocratic tended to
400marry earlier because of inheritance issues. But contrary to popular belief,
401there were few child marriages in Tudor England. Of course, you could be
402pre-contracted or betrothed at a much earlier age. Any marriage contract was
403legally binding if the girl was 12 and the boy was 14. &lt;/P&gt;
404&lt;P&gt;Annulments and divorces were uncommon because they required special religious
405dispensations. Most marriages ended with the death of a spouse. At any time in
406the 16th century, roughly a third of marriages are the second or third marriage.
407&lt;/P&gt;
408&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
409
410&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Rebellions&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Rebellions&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;People in Tudor England
411suffered through famine, poverty, and immense religious changes. Life was
412uncertain and dangerous. Most riots in the country were small and local; they
413usually involved food or the hated enclosure policies. Enclosure was the process
414by which noblemen seized public land for themselves. They would build hedges
415around the land to keep people out. But peasants needed the land to graze their
416animals and would often tear the hedges down.&lt;BR&gt;There were also larger
417rebellions throughout the 16th century. Here is a list of the most
418important:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
419&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)&lt;/B&gt; - This rebellion occurred in November
4201536 in the north of England; it was a result of King Henry VIII's religious
421changes. Northern England was always more conservative and Catholic than the
422rest of the country. When their monasteries were destroyed and the lands and
423money seized by Henry's prominent noblemen, the northerners rebelled. There were
424roughly 30,000 people involved, a mix of lords, middle-class laborers, and
425peasants. They called themselves 'pilgrims' and were led by an attorney named
426Robert Aske. They chose the five wounds of Christ as their symbol. They did not
427specifically rebel against King Henry VIII, but rather his councilors such as
428Thomas Cromwell. The king promised clemency if the rebels dispersed but
429eventually executed about 100 rebels.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
430&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Kett's Rebellion (1549) &lt;/B&gt;- In 1549, King Edward VI ruled England,
431though the government was under control of the Protestant Lord Protector
432Somerset. In East Anglia, a Norfolk gentleman named Robert Kett led a rebellion
433against the king's religious policies, the dissolution of the monasteries, and
434the very unpopular enclosure of common lands by greedy noblemen. The rebels were
435defeated at Norwich by an English army supported by foreign
436mercenaries.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Wyatt's Rebellion (1554)&lt;/B&gt; - In spring 1554, Sir Thomas
437Wyatt led a rebellion against Queen Mary I's proposed marriage to King Philip II
438of Spain. Despite an army of 3,000 men, Wyatt was unable to enter London. He was
439executed on 11 April 1554, after explicitly denying that Princess Elizabeth was
440involved in the rebellion. Nonetheless, Elizabeth is temporarily imprisoned in
441the Tower of London and Lady Jane Grey is executed. &lt;/P&gt;
442&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Northern Rebellion&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1569)&lt;/B&gt; - In 1569, the north of England
443again rebels against the Tudor monarchy, this time inspired by the imprisonment
444of Mary, queen of Scots and Catholic discontent. The rebels are led by the earls
445of Westmorland and Northumberland and the duke of Norfolk; they choose the five
446wounds of Christ as their symbol, as had the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels. The
447duke of Norfolk plans to depose Queen Elizabeth I and marry Mary, queen of
448Scots, thus becoming king of England. The rebellion is crushed and several
449hundred rebels are hanged. &lt;/P&gt;
450&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Throckmorton Plot (1583) &lt;/B&gt;- This was the second plot to free Mary,
451queen of Scots. In 1583, Sir Francis Throckmorton, a Catholic nobleman, works
452with the Spanish ambassador to use Spanish troops to depose Queen Elizabeth I
453and free Mary. He was arrested in November 1583 and later
454executed.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Babington Plot&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1586)&lt;/B&gt; - This was the third
455and final plot to free Mary, queen of Scots. In 1586, Sir Anthony Babington, a
456Catholic nobleman, conspired with a Catholic priest and others to assassinate
457Queen Elizabeth I and proclaim Mary queen of England. The plot is discovered by
458the secretary of state Sir Francis Walsingham and Babington and Mary are
459executed. &lt;/P&gt;
460&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Essex Rebellion (1601)&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, was a
461great favorite of Queen Elizabeth I's, but he was also arrogant and ambitious.
462Disgraced and sent from court on numerous occasions, he attempted to lead a
463rebellion against the queen on 8 February 1601. Essex protested that he did not
464intend to harm the queen but to free her from the bad influence of other
465councilors. He marched through London with 300 men but no others rallied to his
466side. He was later executed. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
467&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
468
469&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
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479</Content>
480</Section>
481</Archive>
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