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16 <Metadata name="Title">Life in Tudor England</Metadata>
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29 <Content>
30&lt;P align=center&gt;I am redesigning the Life in Tudor England website, mostly to
31include lots of pictures.&lt;BR&gt;Until I finish, you can explore some of the topics
32listed here.&amp;nbsp; Thanks for your patience.&lt;/P&gt;
33&lt;P align=center&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
34&lt;P align=left&gt;
35&lt;IMG height=43 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life-morpheus.gif&quot; width=333
36border=0 alt=&quot;Life in Tudor England&quot;&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
37&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
38 &lt;P align=left&gt;
39 &lt;IMG height=371
40 alt=&quot;woodcut of a family going to market in Tudor England&quot;
41 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/life.jpg&quot; width=300 align=left border=3&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
42 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;B&gt;Click on a topic below:&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
43&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
44 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
45 &lt;P align=left&gt;
46 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Chronology&quot;&gt;Chronology&lt;/a&gt; -
47 &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Glossary&quot;&gt;Glossary&lt;/A&gt; -
48 &lt;A
49 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Government&quot;&gt;Government&lt;/A&gt; -
50 &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Religion&quot;&gt;Religion&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
51 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A
52 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Population&quot;&gt;Population&lt;/A&gt; -
53 &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Money&quot;&gt;Money&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
54 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt;Food&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A
55 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Food&quot;&gt; and Drink&lt;/A&gt;
56&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
57 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A
58 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Houses&quot;&gt;Houses&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
59 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Clothing&quot;&gt;Clothing and
60 Appearance&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
61 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Marriage&quot;&gt;Marriage&lt;/A&gt;
62 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
63 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A
64 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sex&quot;&gt;Sex&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
65 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Diseases&quot;&gt;Diseases&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
66 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Arts&quot;&gt;Arts and Education&lt;/A&gt;
67 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
68 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A
69 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Crime&quot;&gt;Crime and
70 Punishment&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
71 &lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A
72 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Travel&quot;&gt;Travel&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
73 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Sorcery&quot;&gt;Sorcery&lt;/A&gt; - &lt;A
74 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Rebellions&quot;&gt;Rebellions&lt;/A&gt;
75 &lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
76&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
77&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
78&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
79&lt;DIV align=left&gt;&lt;/DIV&gt;
80&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudorlife.html#Famous&quot;&gt;Famous
81Names to Know in Tudor England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
82&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffaq.html&quot;&gt;Tudor FAQ&lt;/A&gt;:
83frequently asked questions&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
84&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
85&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
86&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
87&lt;HR&gt;
88
89&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Chronology&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Chronology&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
90&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
91 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 August 1485&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Bosworth Field; Henry Tudor's army
92 defeats King Richard III; Henry becomes King Henry VII &lt;/P&gt;
93 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 January 1486&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VII marries King Edward IV's eldest
94 surviving child, Princess Elizabeth of York &lt;/P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 June 1491&lt;/B&gt; - Henry
95 Tudor is born to King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York
96 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 August 1503&lt;/B&gt; - Princess Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII,
97 marries King James IV of Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
98 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 April 1509&lt;/B&gt; - Henry Tudor becomes King Henry VIII of
99 England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
100 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;9 September 1513&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Flodden Field between England and
101 Scotland; King James IV of Scotland is killed &lt;/P&gt;
102 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 December 1515&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII appoints Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
103 lord chancellor&lt;/P&gt;
104 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 June 1520&lt;/B&gt; - Field of the Cloth of Gold occurs; this is the famous
105 meeting between King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France &lt;/P&gt;
106 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 October 1521&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is given the title 'Defender of
107 the Faith' by the pope &lt;/P&gt;
108 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1529&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Cardinal
109 Wolsey, is driven from power and dies in disgrace &lt;/P&gt;
110 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 January 1533&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn &lt;/P&gt;
111 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;7 September 1533&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor is born to King Henry VIII and
112 Anne Boleyn&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
113 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1534&lt;/B&gt; - the Act of Supremacy is passed by Parliament; it
114 declares the English monarch to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England;
115 under Elizabeth this title is changed to Supreme Governor&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;June and
116 July 1535&lt;/B&gt; - Bishop John Fisher and Sir Thomas More are executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
117 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 March 1536&lt;/B&gt; - dissolution of the monasteries begins &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
118 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 April 1536&lt;/B&gt; - Wales is officially incorporated into
119England&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
120 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 May 1536&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn, is
121 executed &lt;/P&gt;
122 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;12 October 1537&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's only son, Prince Edward, is
123 born; his mother is the king's third wife, Jane Seymour, who dies shortly
124 thereafter&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
125 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 July 1540&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's great statesman, Thomas Cromwell,
126 is executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
127 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 June 1541&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII is titled king of Ireland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
128 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;13 February 1542&lt;/B&gt; - King Henry VIII's fifth wife, Catherine Howard,
129 executed&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
130 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 November 1542&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Solway Moss between England and
131 Scotland &lt;/P&gt;
132 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;20 July 1545&lt;/B&gt; - the Mary Rose, the flagship of King Henry VIII's
133 navy, sinks &lt;/P&gt;
134 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;28 January 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Edward Tudor becomes King Edward VI &lt;/P&gt;
135 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 September 1547&lt;/B&gt; - Battle of Pinkie between England and
136 Scotland&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
137 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;23 September 1548&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant Book of Common Prayer comes into
138 use &lt;/P&gt;
139 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - King Edward VI dies &lt;/P&gt;
140 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;10 July 1553&lt;/B&gt; - the Tudor cousin Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed queen
141 of England; she rules for just nine days &lt;/P&gt;
142 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;3 August 1553&lt;/B&gt; - Mary Tudor becomes Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
143 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;11 April 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Thomas Wyatt is executed after leading a
144 rebellion against Queen Mary I &lt;/P&gt;
145 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 July 1554&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Mary I marries King Philip II of Spain &lt;/P&gt;
146 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;16 October 1555&lt;/B&gt; - the Protestant churchmen Latimer and Ridley are
147 burned at the stake&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
148 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;21 March 1556&lt;/B&gt; - Thomas Cranmer, former archbishop of Canterbury,
149 burned at the stake&lt;/P&gt;
150 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 November 1558&lt;/B&gt; - Elizabeth Tudor becomes Queen Elizabeth I
151&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
152 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;29 April 1559&lt;/B&gt; - the Elizabethan religious settlement is passed by
153 Parliament &lt;/P&gt;
154 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;22 February 1560&lt;/B&gt; - Treaty of Berwick between England and Scotland
155 &lt;/P&gt;
156 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;19 June 1566&lt;/B&gt; - King James VI of Scotland, son of Mary queen of
157 Scots, is born &lt;/P&gt;
158 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 July 1567&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots abdicates her throne in Scotland
159 and comes to England &lt;/P&gt;
160 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 August 1572&lt;/B&gt; - the St Batholomew's Day massacre of Protestants
161 occurs in Paris&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
162 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;18 October 1585&lt;/B&gt; - the English colony at Roanoke in Virginia is
163 established &lt;/P&gt;
164 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;8 February 1587&lt;/B&gt; - Mary, queen of Scots is executed at Fotheringhay
165 Castle &lt;/P&gt;
166 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;31 July 1588&lt;/B&gt; - defeat of the Spanish Armada&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
167 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;6 February 1595&lt;/B&gt; - Sir Walter Raleigh leaves England to sail to the
168 New World &lt;/P&gt;
169 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;14 August 1598 &lt;/B&gt;- Tyrone's Rebellion occurs in Ireland &lt;/P&gt;
170 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;25 February 1601&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, is executed
171 for leading a rebellion against Queen Elizabeth I &lt;/P&gt;
172 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;17 December 1601&lt;/B&gt;- the Elizabethan 'Poor Law' is passed; it has a
173 profound effect upon English society &lt;/P&gt;
174 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;24 March 1603&lt;/B&gt; - Queen Elizabeth I dies; the Tudor dynasty ends; King
175 James VI of Scotland becomes king of England&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
176&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
177&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
178&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Government&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Government&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor England's government was
179an &lt;B&gt;absolute monarchy&lt;/B&gt;. In this system, the monarch (king or queen) has
180control over all aspects of government.&lt;BR&gt;Parliament did exist during the 16th
181century but its role was often merely advisory. As the years passed, it became
182increasingly powerful. Its main power was passing taxation. Whenever the king or
183queen needed money, they first had to convince Parliament to order more
184taxation. Parliament was only assembled when the king or queen ordered it,
185unlike modern times.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
186&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
187&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Religion&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Religion&lt;BR&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;England was a Catholic nation under
188the rule of Henry VII (1485-1509) and during much of Henry VIII's (1509-1547)
189reign. In 1534, King Henry VIII declared himself Supreme Head of a new Church of
190England. This coincided with the rejection of papal authority and dissolution of
191the English monasteries. Protestantism was introduced to England. Under King
192Edward VI (1547-1553), England was a Protestant nation. Under Queen Mary I
193(1553-1558), England was again a Catholic nation. Under Queen Elizabeth I
194(1558-1603), England was again a Protestant nation. It was under Elizabeth that
195the Anglican church became firmly established and
196dominant.&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;
197&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
198
199&lt;P align=left&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Population&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Population: includes England and
200Wales.&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
201&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;&lt;B&gt;1524.....2.3 million&lt;/B&gt;
202 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1541.....2.7 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1550.....2.9 million&lt;/B&gt;
203 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1569.....3.2 million&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;1599.....4.0
204million&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT
205color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 6% of the population lived in
206urban areas (towns of over 4,000 people.)&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;In
207&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1520&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;, 3% of the population
208lived in London.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Around 5% of the population were considered gentlemen.
209Their numbers increased throughout the 16th century. 'Gentlemen' are people who
210do not work with their hands. The middle class was larger; they were usually
211literate and included craftsmen and tradesmen. The vast majority of the
212population is poor and termed 'peasants' or 'common people'. They were mostly
213illiterate and suffered the most when famines occurred and the currency was
214debased.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;In 1509, there was one duke, one marquis, ten earls, and thirty
215barons in England. The peerage increased to 51 by the end of Henry VIII's reign
216and had reached 57 when Elizabeth I became queen. But she was stingy with
217granting peerages and the only duke left in England (Norfolk) was executed in
2181572. A new duke was not titled until 1623.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT
219color=#000000&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt;
220&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
221&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
222
223&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
224&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Money&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Money&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The currency in Tudor England is
225divided into pounds, shilling, and pence. The pence/penny is the basic unit of
226currency; 12 pennies make a shilling and 20 shillings make a pound.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
227&lt;P&gt;There are numerous coins in circulation throughout the 16th century. When
228money becomes tight, the monarchs are fond of reducing the amount of precious
229metal in the coins. This debases the real worth of English money and causes
230problems for everyone.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
231&lt;P&gt;Among the coins in circulation are the royal (a gold coin worth 10
232shillings); this was introduced during the reign of King Henry VII. Under his
233grandson, King Edward VI, the angel was introduced; it was another gold coin
234worth 10 shillings. There were also groats, farthings, sixpences, etc Around the
235mid-16th century, a common laborer would make around 1 shilling per day.
236&amp;nbsp;So it would take a laborer twenty days to earn a pound! &amp;nbsp;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
237&lt;P&gt;Coins are made at royal mints located in several large cities. Forgery often
238occurs. Often, the royal treasurers are implicated.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
239&lt;P&gt;Because of debasement and famine, inflation is a constant problem. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
240&lt;P&gt;It is difficult to translate Tudor prices into contemporary money. Also,
241prices varied widely throughout the 16th century. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
242&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
243
244&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Food&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Food and Drink&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;There are three main components
245of the Tudor diet - bread, beer, and meat (usually beef or mutton.) Like us,
246they had three meals - breakfast, dinner, and supper. &lt;B&gt;Breakfast &lt;/B&gt;was early
247in the morning and a relatively simple meal. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Dinner &lt;/B&gt;was the largest
248meal and held between 11 am and 1 pm. &amp;nbsp;&lt;B&gt;Supper &lt;/B&gt;could be held anytime
249between 5 pm and 8 pm, depending upon the person's social class. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
250&lt;P&gt;Everyone in Tudor England ate bread and cheese. The only difference between
251classes was the quality of bread and cheese. &amp;nbsp;The cheapest bread was called
252'Carter's bread'; it was a mixture of rye and wheat. &amp;nbsp;The middle classes or
253prosperous tenants ate 'ravel', also called 'yeoman's bread' and made of
254wholemeal. &amp;nbsp;The most expensive bread was called 'marchet' and made of white
255wheat flour. Aristocratic households ate marchet, particularly during banquets.
256&amp;nbsp;Everyone from the poorest peasant to the wealthies monarch drank beer.
257&amp;nbsp;It was brewed without hops and was not particularly alcoholic. People
258drank beer liberally. However, water was considered unhealthy - and for good
259reason. &amp;nbsp;Under Henry VII, French wines were imported in greater quantities
260but only aristocrats drank them. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;The poor and wealthy alike lived off
261the land.&amp;nbsp; England was self-sufficient, able to feed its population without
262resorting to imports, at least during good harvests.&amp;nbsp; Most peasants had
263small bits of land in villages and towns. They kept chickens, pigs, and perhaps
264a cow. &amp;nbsp;Those with animals slaughtered them in November. &amp;nbsp;The meat was
265smoked, dried, or salted so it could be kept for meals in the cold months.
266&amp;nbsp;Bacon was the most common meat of poor people. Smoked bacon and salted
267beef were most popular during the winter. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
268&lt;P&gt;Of course, meat could not be eaten on Fridays for religious reasons.
269&amp;nbsp;Instead, fish - dried cod or slated herring, most likely - was eaten. It
270was &lt;I&gt;not&lt;/I&gt; fresh since there was no efficient or speedy way to transport
271fresh foods. &amp;nbsp;Vegetables were plentiful, particularly beans, peas, carrots,
272and onions. &amp;nbsp;Fruits were available, too - apples, plums, pears,
273strawberries, cherries, etc &amp;nbsp;But potatoes and tomatoes were not available.
274&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
275&lt;P&gt;As you can see, diets were most interesting and varied in the warmer months
276but cold weather meant preserved meats and little else. &amp;nbsp;Everyone, rich and
277poor alike, suffered from malnutrition, particularly Vitamin C deficiency (which
278we call scurvy.) &amp;nbsp;Molds in certain breads could also cause health problems.
279&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
280&lt;P&gt;There were 2 great famines in Tudor England - in the mid-1550s during Mary
281I's reign and mid-1590s during Elizabeth I's reign.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
282&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
283
284&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Houses&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Houses&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;Types&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt; of Houses:
285&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;There are castles, mansions, manor houses, and
286cottages. The materials used to build them depend upon the wealth of their
287owners. Castles and churches were always built of stone, but it was expensive.
288Middle-class homes were timber-framed but wood was too expensive to use for the
289entire house. &lt;BR&gt;Instead, bricks were sometimes used, or white-washed wattle
290and daub. When timbers were coated with black tar, the famous Tudor
291'black-and-white' effect was achieved. Many houses had steep, thatched roofs and
292upper stories which hung over the lower ones. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
293&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Rooms:&lt;/B&gt; The rooms in a nobleman's house would include a great hall for
294feasting and entertaining, a great chamber used for sleeping and receiving
295visitors and playing games, a cellar which was not necessarily below ground and
296was used primarily for storage, a closet used as a private office or study, a
297gallery (either enclosed or open on one side) which ran parallel to the house
298and was used for exercise, a private bedchamber for the master of the house), a
299kitchen, a parlor used as either a sitting room or small entertaining area, and
300a privy which was a small, windowless room used as a bathroom. There were also
301withdrawing rooms where wardrobes were kept or the owner could go for more
302privacy. Often these rooms connected two bedrooms. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
303&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Noble Households:&lt;/B&gt; In Tudor England, a person's social status and
304prestige were determined by two main things: the lavishness of their standard of
305living and the number of their servants and attendants. The successful
306maintenance of a large household also indicated a person's ability to govern,
307albeit on a much smaller scale than the king.&lt;/P&gt;
308&lt;P&gt;A nobleman of sufficient rank and skill was often called to serve the monarch
309in London. To that end, they would purchase and maintain - often at great
310expense - townhomes in or just outside London. In London, the most affluent
311street was known as The Strand. These homes were built on the riverside and so
312were equipped with docks; the nobles could travel by personal barge from their
313homes to various royal palaces. Nobles also owned homes in the counties near
314their largest estates. Naturally enough, the maintenance of these various
315residences was expensive, and became increasingly so as the century progressed.
316But the greatest expense - and worry - was their principal estate, always
317situated in the countryside. At these estates, their spiritual, public, private,
318and economic worlds merged. They were an opportunity for the proud noble to
319demonstrate his standing in the nation and to dominate local affairs thoroughly.
320Also, they could play host to the reigning monarch on a royal progress. &lt;/P&gt;
321&lt;P&gt;Many of the most famous noble country homes can still be seen today. For
322example, view Compton Wynyates in Warwickshire where Henry VIII often visited
323and the duke of Buckingham's beautiful Penshurst Place in Kent. Five centuries
324ago, estates such as these were managed by noblemen and their principal
325officers, primarily knights and esquires. Together, they governed the estates
326and surrounding lands. They gathered in the official presence chamber where
327petitions were presented from tenants and neighbors. The councilors would judge
328their claims and mediate disputes. &lt;/P&gt;
329&lt;P&gt;When the nobleman traveled to London or his lesser homes, a large group of
330servants would accompany him - this was his 'skeleton' household. They journeyed
331in carts packed with people and possessions. As Henry VII's rule impressed some
332degree of stability upon England, such travel became less dangerous. But it
333remained uncomfortable, even for the wealthy in padded coaches. &lt;/P&gt;
334&lt;P&gt;The presence of such wealthy and accomplished landowners was both a blessing
335and a curse to Tudor monarchs. For early Tudor kings, these nobles could help
336secure their rule, particularly in the North where trouble traditionally brewed.
337Henry VII had no family ties to northern England; this made him even more
338reliant on the great Northern lords to maintain peace and effective government.
339&lt;/P&gt;
340&lt;P&gt;Knights and esquires wore their lord's livery; they also promised the support
341of their tenants and servants in case of conflict. In this way, great households
342could also serve as sources of rebellion and treason.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
343&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Gardens &lt;/B&gt;are very popular in Tudor England. As the century goes on,
344they become increasingly ornate and expensive. Even noble families grow their
345own fruits and vegetables when they can. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
346&lt;P&gt;&lt;SMALL&gt;I will add more information about homes of the poor, as well as
347pictures, soon. 17 October 2002&lt;/SMALL&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
348&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
349
350&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Clothing&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Clothing&lt;/BIG&gt; &lt;BIG&gt;and Appearance&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Tudor
351England is famous for its beautiful and ornate clothing, particularly during the
352reign of Queen Elizabeth I. &lt;A
353href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fmarilee-cody%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Click here&lt;/A&gt; to
354view portraits of the queen and her courtiers. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
355&lt;P&gt;Medieval sumptuary laws remained in force throughout the 16th century. These
356laws dictated what each member of society could wear, depending upon their
357social class. The laws are not enforced often. And fabrics such as silk, satin
358and velvet are so expensive that only the wealthy can afford them. Cloth of gold
359and the color purple are reserved for royalty. &lt;/P&gt;
360&lt;P&gt;During the reign of King Henry VIII, Spanish and French style gowns are very
361popular. Clothes become more form-fitting and ornate. Men wear colorful tights
362to emphasize well-developed calves. Women often have such low necklines that
363preachers condemn them. Both sexes wear as much jewelry as they can afford. And
364everyone, rich and poor, wears a hat. Certain clothing dyes are not expensive,
365and so even the poor can wear green and brown outfits. Foreign visitors comment
366upon the colorful outfits of the English poor. &lt;/P&gt;
367&lt;P&gt;Women have long hair which they wear loose until marriage. After the reign of
368King Henry VII, men typically have short hair and beards and mustaches. It is
369Henry VIII who makes beards popular; during his father's reign, men are
370clean-shaven.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
371&lt;P&gt;The poor wear homespun woolen clothing with knitted hose and hobnail shoes.
372In the field, they wear tunics and breeches.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
373&lt;P&gt;Children are dressed as miniature adults from the age of six onwards. Before
374then, both boys and girls wear simple shifts or gowns. They are swaddled as
375infants, a constricting practice which is believed to prevent illness. In fact,
376for the first four months of their lives, infants are completely immobilized in
377swaddling bands.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
378&lt;P&gt;Men generally wear flat-heeled shoes while women wore overshoes outside.
379These were clogs which raised her feet so her gown wouldn't drag in the
380dirt.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
381&lt;P&gt;Blonde hair is the most prized haircolor, but auburn and red hair are also
382popular. Very white skin and red lips are achieved through the use of dangerous
383cosmetics; lead, borax, and sulphur were sometimes used. Every woman hated
384spots, whether freckles or pimples. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
385&lt;P&gt;As for bathing, most Englishmen think baths are unhealthy. Queen Elizabeth I
386is considered strange for bathing as much as four times a year. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
387&lt;P&gt;Everyone uses perfume. Perfume is splashed on bodies and clothing,
388particularly the gloves. The most popular scents included marjoram, lavendar,
389musk, and rose.&lt;BR&gt;Noblemen and women carry pomanders, a hollow sphere holding a
390waxed perfume ball. Pomanders are often highly decorative and expensive
391accessories. Women attach them to their girdles and men dangle them from a
392chain. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
393&lt;P&gt;Dentists are surgeons who remove rotten teeth and also perform other small
394operations. People clean their teeth by rubbing them with a mixture of white
395wine and vinegar boiled with honey. Fashionable noblewomen will sometimes
396deliberately blacken their front teeth. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
397&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
398&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
399
400&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Marriage&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Marriage&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Marriage usually occurred during
401the mid-twenties for most Tudor citizens. The wealthy and aristocratic tended to
402marry earlier because of inheritance issues. But contrary to popular belief,
403there were few child marriages in Tudor England. Of course, you could be
404pre-contracted or betrothed at a much earlier age. Any marriage contract was
405legally binding if the girl was 12 and the boy was 14. &lt;/P&gt;
406&lt;P&gt;Annulments and divorces were uncommon because they required special religious
407dispensations. Most marriages ended with the death of a spouse. At any time in
408the 16th century, roughly a third of marriages are the second or third marriage.
409&lt;/P&gt;
410&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
411
412&lt;P&gt;&lt;BIG&gt;&lt;A name=Rebellions&gt;&lt;/A&gt;Rebellions&lt;/BIG&gt;&lt;BR&gt;People in Tudor England
413suffered through famine, poverty, and immense religious changes. Life was
414uncertain and dangerous. Most riots in the country were small and local; they
415usually involved food or the hated enclosure policies. Enclosure was the process
416by which noblemen seized public land for themselves. They would build hedges
417around the land to keep people out. But peasants needed the land to graze their
418animals and would often tear the hedges down.&lt;BR&gt;There were also larger
419rebellions throughout the 16th century. Here is a list of the most
420important:&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
421&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)&lt;/B&gt; - This rebellion occurred in November
4221536 in the north of England; it was a result of King Henry VIII's religious
423changes. Northern England was always more conservative and Catholic than the
424rest of the country. When their monasteries were destroyed and the lands and
425money seized by Henry's prominent noblemen, the northerners rebelled. There were
426roughly 30,000 people involved, a mix of lords, middle-class laborers, and
427peasants. They called themselves 'pilgrims' and were led by an attorney named
428Robert Aske. They chose the five wounds of Christ as their symbol. They did not
429specifically rebel against King Henry VIII, but rather his councilors such as
430Thomas Cromwell. The king promised clemency if the rebels dispersed but
431eventually executed about 100 rebels.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
432&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Kett's Rebellion (1549) &lt;/B&gt;- In 1549, King Edward VI ruled England,
433though the government was under control of the Protestant Lord Protector
434Somerset. In East Anglia, a Norfolk gentleman named Robert Kett led a rebellion
435against the king's religious policies, the dissolution of the monasteries, and
436the very unpopular enclosure of common lands by greedy noblemen. The rebels were
437defeated at Norwich by an English army supported by foreign
438mercenaries.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Wyatt's Rebellion (1554)&lt;/B&gt; - In spring 1554, Sir Thomas
439Wyatt led a rebellion against Queen Mary I's proposed marriage to King Philip II
440of Spain. Despite an army of 3,000 men, Wyatt was unable to enter London. He was
441executed on 11 April 1554, after explicitly denying that Princess Elizabeth was
442involved in the rebellion. Nonetheless, Elizabeth is temporarily imprisoned in
443the Tower of London and Lady Jane Grey is executed. &lt;/P&gt;
444&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Northern Rebellion&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1569)&lt;/B&gt; - In 1569, the north of England
445again rebels against the Tudor monarchy, this time inspired by the imprisonment
446of Mary, queen of Scots and Catholic discontent. The rebels are led by the earls
447of Westmorland and Northumberland and the duke of Norfolk; they choose the five
448wounds of Christ as their symbol, as had the Pilgrimage of Grace rebels. The
449duke of Norfolk plans to depose Queen Elizabeth I and marry Mary, queen of
450Scots, thus becoming king of England. The rebellion is crushed and several
451hundred rebels are hanged. &lt;/P&gt;
452&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Throckmorton Plot (1583) &lt;/B&gt;- This was the second plot to free Mary,
453queen of Scots. In 1583, Sir Francis Throckmorton, a Catholic nobleman, works
454with the Spanish ambassador to use Spanish troops to depose Queen Elizabeth I
455and free Mary. He was arrested in November 1583 and later
456executed.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Babington Plot&lt;/B&gt; &lt;B&gt;(1586)&lt;/B&gt; - This was the third
457and final plot to free Mary, queen of Scots. In 1586, Sir Anthony Babington, a
458Catholic nobleman, conspired with a Catholic priest and others to assassinate
459Queen Elizabeth I and proclaim Mary queen of England. The plot is discovered by
460the secretary of state Sir Francis Walsingham and Babington and Mary are
461executed. &lt;/P&gt;
462&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;The Essex Rebellion (1601)&lt;/B&gt; - Robert Devereux, the earl of Essex, was a
463great favorite of Queen Elizabeth I's, but he was also arrogant and ambitious.
464Disgraced and sent from court on numerous occasions, he attempted to lead a
465rebellion against the queen on 8 February 1601. Essex protested that he did not
466intend to harm the queen but to free her from the bad influence of other
467councilors. He marched through London with 300 men but no others rallied to his
468side. He was later executed. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
469&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot; SIZE=2&gt;
470
471&lt;P&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
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481</Content>
482</Section>
483</Archive>
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