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| 7 | <title>Tudor Relatives - Margaret Tudor, queen of Scotland</title>
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| 10 | <img SRC="margaretb.gif" ALT="Margaret Tudor" height=50 width=296>
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| 11 | <blockquote>Margaret Tudor's life was in many respects as contrary and
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| 12 | tempestuous as that of her granddaughter, Mary queen of Scots. Certainly
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| 13 | the parallels between their second marriages are the most obvious and entertaining.
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| 14 | Both women married handsome younger earls with powerful fathers who embroiled
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| 15 | them in conflict with the notoriously fractious Scottish lords and the
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| 16 | English monarch. And though both women married those earls for love,
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| 17 | without regard for any effect upon their rule and reputation, they came
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| 18 | to bitterly regret their hasty decisions.
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| 19 | <p><img SRC="margsket.jpg" ALT="sketch of Margaret Tudor" BORDER=2 height=329 width=200 align=LEFT>
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| 20 | They also entered Scotland as foreigners who found their new home backward
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| 21 | and unsettling. Margaret was the eldest daughter of Henry VII of
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| 22 | England and Elizabeth of York, born on 28 November 1489 at the Palace of
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| 23 | Westminster, a year and a half before her famous brother, Henry VIII.
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| 24 | The elaborate and costly preparations for her birth were recorded by contemporary
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| 25 | chroniclers; Elizabeth of York had officially retired from court life in
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| 26 | October 1489 and, when labor began, the queen was accompanied by the earls
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| 27 | of Oxford and Derby to Mass. Afterwards she entered the state bedchamber
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| 28 | where she presided over a meal of spiced wines and sweet cakes. The
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| 29 | queen's chamberlain then asked all present to pray for a successful labor.
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| 30 | The noblemen then left and Elizabeth, attended by twenty ladies and their
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| 31 | various attendants, entered the inner chamber where she would actually
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| 32 | give birth. Her bed was a magnificent creation with a gold canopy
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| 33 | and embroidered red roses for her husband's house of Lancaster. At
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| 34 | nine o'clock that night Princess Margaret Tudor was born. She was
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| 35 | christened by John Morton, the archbishop of Canterbury, at the chapel
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| 36 | in Westminster two days later; her godparents were her grandmother Lady
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| 37 | Margaret Beaufort for whom she was named, the duchess of Norfolk, Lady
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| 38 | Berkeley and the earl of Shrewsbury. After the celebrations, she
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| 39 | was returned to her room where four nurses (her two head nurses were Alice
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| 40 | Davy and Alice Bywimble) and six rockers, along with their various attendants,
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| 41 | waited to serve their new charge.
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| 42 | <p> Her first year was spent mostly in an oak cradle
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| 43 | lined with ermine and draped in cloth of gold, an ornate setting to which
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| 44 | she became accustomed and sorely missed later in life. As the first
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| 45 | Tudor princess, Margaret was immediately placed on the European marriage
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| 46 | market since Henry VII was eager to strengthen foreign support for his
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| 47 | new dynasty. She spent her first fourteen years in England and was
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| 48 | imbued with a self-righteous belief that England was meant to control Scotland,
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| 49 | if not subjugate it entirely, and that Tudor rule was as valid as any other
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| 50 | European dynasty. Despite the general view that the Tudors were upstarts
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| 51 | and her father's claim to the throne was rather dubious, Margaret embraced
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| 52 | her royal title and lineage with passion.
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| 53 | <p> The atmosphere of those early years in England was
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| 54 | still medieval, and she lived in Gothic palaces with ornate decoration
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| 55 | and rituals. All of Henry VII's children came to participate publicly
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| 56 | in court life while still children. Before the age of five, Margaret
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| 57 | attended court ceremonies and played her part with aplomb. She had
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| 58 | an early love of pomp and pageantry which was never lost, and her father's
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| 59 | court was rather extravagant considering Henry's reputation as a shabby
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| 60 | miser. As a child, Margaret shared a household with her older brother,
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| 61 | Prince Arthur. Born on 20 September 1486, barely nine months after
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| 62 | his parents' marriage, Arthur was the hope and joy of the Tudors.
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| 63 | He and Margaret traveled with their own households from Eltham to Westminster
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| 64 | to Windsor and back again, visiting their parents as often as possible.
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| 65 | Their education was guided by their formidable grandmother, Lady Margaret
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| 66 | Beaufort, who was a shining example of female piety and learning.
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| 67 | Lady Beaufort's impact upon Margaret ensured her a thorough education but
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| 68 | Margaret never shared her grandmother's love of scholarship. Henry
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| 69 | VII was a busy and oft-distracted king whose reign was a constant struggle
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| 70 | in the early years of Margaret's life; he loved his daughter, but had little
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| 71 | time for any of his children. Her mother, Elizabeth of York, was
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| 72 | a quiet and gentle woman whose motto 'Humble and Reverent' aptly summarized
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| 73 | her way of life. She was a loving mother but spent most of her marriage
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| 74 | either pregnant or recovering from increasingly difficult births.
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| 75 | Her ill health often forced her into confinement and her role at court
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| 76 | functions was filled by her mother-in-law.
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| 77 | <p> Margaret reveled in court life and enjoyed her position
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| 78 | as princess to the full; she began a lifelong love affair with beautiful
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| 79 | clothes, delighted in dancing and music as well as archery and playing
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| 80 | cards. She had no responsibilities other than to fulfill her public
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| 81 | duties as princess and, as a result of her privileged position, developed
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| 82 | a very stubborn personality. It was Margaret's lot to be impatient
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| 83 | and disappointed when things did not go her way. In this, however,
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| 84 | she can be forgiven; most royal children were equally stubborn and certainly
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| 85 | the two siblings who survived childhood with her shared this trait.
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| 86 | It is worth remembering, too, that her acute awareness of her position
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| 87 | included the knowledge that she would one day leave England, perhaps forever.
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| 88 | It was not the fate of princesses to live and die in their own countries.
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| 89 | But as Margaret's later actions make clear, those early years in England
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| 90 | left an indelible mark upon her; she always put English interests first,
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| 91 | even when it was not the sensible thing to do.
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| 92 | <p> Her fifth birthday coincided with Henry's elevation
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| 93 | to the dukedom of York in 1494. There was a grand celebratory tournament
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| 94 | in Westminster which lasted three days and the appearance of the 'right
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| 95 | high and excellent Princess, the Lady Margaret' was recorded for posterity.
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| 96 | She wore a gown of buckram and velvet trimmed in gold lace with a winged
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| 97 | white cap, an unflattering but popular style from the Low Countries.
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| 98 | Her best features were her clear complexion and fair hair, both inherited
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| 99 | from her mother. But her temperament was that of her maternal grandfather,
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| 100 | Edward IV, a trait she shared with her brother Henry. While Prince
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| 101 | Arthur was a reserved and thoughtful boy dedicated to scholarship, Margaret
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| 102 | and Henry were gregarious and energetic. They danced at the tournament,
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| 103 | to the amusement of the adults, and Margaret presented the prizes to the
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| 104 | jousters.
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| 105 | <p> Traveling with a great retinue from one palace to
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| 106 | another, she was hardly aware of the struggles her father faced; plague,
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| 107 | rebellion, and war marked Henry's years on the throne as he constantly
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| 108 | struggled to fill his treasury and placate his people. One of the
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| 109 | more serious struggles led to Margaret's betrothal in 1496 to James IV,
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| 110 | king of Scotland. Henry wanted an alliance with Scotland for two
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| 111 | pressing reasons. First, James was following the old Scottish tradition
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| 112 | of angering the English by supporting Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the
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| 113 | English throne who claimed to be Prince Richard of York. This debacle
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| 114 | lasted from 1491 to 1497, but was made more pressing by Prince Arthur's
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| 115 | engagement to Princess Katharine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand and
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| 116 | Isabella of Spain. At the time, only Spain recognized Henry's rule
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| 117 | and he was desperate to secure a marriage alliance between the two countries.
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| 118 | But the Spanish would not send Katharine to England unless Henry was secure
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| 119 | on the throne and their daughter could arrive safely and peacefully in
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| 120 | England. In 1493, they brokered an agreement between Scotland and
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| 121 | England which ended Scottish support of Warbeck and gave hope for a more
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| 122 | comprehensive peace in the future. Second, Scotland had long been
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| 123 | allied with France in what was termed the 'Auld Alliance', essentially
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| 124 | the partnership of two English enemies. French money and troops had
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| 125 | often threatened the English-Scots border and Henry was desperate to avoid
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| 126 | further unrest. He and his councilors thought a marriage between
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| 127 | James and Margaret would create a bond between England and Scotland which
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| 128 | would allow England some desperately needed peace and tranquility.
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| 129 | <p> James IV of Scotland was amenable to the idea as
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| 130 | well. He was sixteen years older than Margaret, but such differences
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| 131 | in age were common enough in royal marriages. For the security of
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| 132 | his own realm, as well as an impressive dowry, he was content to marry
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| 133 | Margaret. James's own life had been tempestuous and unhappy. <img SRC="jamesiv.jpg" ALT="King James IV of Scotland" BORDER=2 height=230 width=199 align=LEFT>Born
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| 134 | on 17 March 1473, he was barely sixteen years old when disaffected Scottish
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| 135 | lords led by the Humes and Hepburns forced him to ride in battle against
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| 136 | his own father, James III. At the climactic battle of Sauchieburn
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| 137 | in the summer of 1488, James III was murdered by a man pretending to be
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| 138 | a priest and his son was crowned king of Scotland. James IV was traumatized
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| 139 | by his role in his father's death; for the rest of his life he wore an
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| 140 | iron chain around his waist as penance and made frequent pilgrimages to
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| 141 | the shrine of his patron St Ninian. His personality was both charismatic
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| 142 | and melancholy and he was quite brilliant. His varied interests included
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| 143 | dentistry, golf, and hunting; he was also very energetic, and exhausted
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| 144 | his nobles with his ceaseless traveling across his kingdom. He was
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| 145 | quite dedicated to the ideal of the chivalrous knight and admired the tales
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| 146 | of King Arthur. This romantic notion led him to numerous love affairs
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| 147 | (by the time of his betrothal to Margaret, he already had five healthy
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| 148 | illegitimate children) and a lifelong desire to lead a Crusade. His
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| 149 | people loved him and his court attracted a number of brilliant poets, including
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| 150 | William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas and David Lindsay. Also, Scotland had
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| 151 | three universities while England had only two, a fact which few historians
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| 152 | have noted when dismissing any evidence of Scottish learning in the late
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| 153 | 15th century. But the country remained fractious and dangerous, largely
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| 154 | because of its squabbling nobility. Certainly James's reign was marked
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| 155 | by increased prosperity and the flowering of the arts, but he could not
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| 156 | subdue the clans or even intimidate them much. And the lesson of
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| 157 | his father's reign haunted him as he attempted to provide some order and
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| 158 | stability for his people. He was more successful at this than most
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| 159 | Scottish kings, but not successful enough. In Scotland, the nobles
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| 160 | controlled far more land than the king and were savage opponents of royal
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| 161 | authority. The burgeoning middle class was terrified of warfare and
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| 162 | also susceptible to English bribes. Shifting loyalties and simmering
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| 163 | resentment marked relations between the king and his nobles. Poor
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| 164 | James did not have an easy life as king.
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| 165 | <p> But his prolific romantic life was legendarily successful.
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| 166 | James cut quite a swath through the common and noble women of Scotland,
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| 167 | eventually losing his heart to Lady Margaret Drummond. James had
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| 168 | earlier attempted to marry a Spanish princess himself (much as Henry VII
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| 169 | secured a Spanish bride for Prince Arthur) but, when that failed, his love
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| 170 | for Margaret Drummond was such that he seriously considered marrying her.
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| 171 | His councilors were understandably aghast; any marriage to a subject would
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| 172 | necessarily elevate that subject's family to pre-eminence in the realm.
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| 173 | They would not allow it and did their utmost to persuade James to reconsider.
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| 174 | The king began negotiations for Margaret Tudor's hand even as Margaret
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| 175 | Drummond gave birth to their daughter. James moved mother and child
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| 176 | to his palace of Linlithgow and showed them every favor. Rumors of
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| 177 | a secret marriage between the two were rampant but the Scots successfully
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| 178 | concluded the marriage treaty with Henry VII. Still, James's ministers
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| 179 | were concerned that Henry VII would learn of Margaret Drummond and it might
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| 180 | complicate relations. But the problem was solved when Margaret Drummond
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| 181 | and her two sisters were poisoned in spring 1502. The king was devastated.
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| 182 | No one was arrested for the crime, for which most of his councilors were
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| 183 | secretly grateful. James almost immediately began another affair
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| 184 | with Lady Janet Kennedy, but his grief for Margaret Drummond did not lessen.
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| 185 | She was the great love of his life and he never forgot her.
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| 186 | <p> But Margaret Drummond's death freed him to openly
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| 187 | plan his marriage to Margaret Tudor, who until then had been merely a bargaining
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| 188 | chip with the English. James was determined that his marriage would
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| 189 | restore Scottish pride which had suffered much from English harassment
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| 190 | along its borders. He ordered a grand trousseau from Paris, as well
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| 191 | as presents for Margaret and new clothing for his courtiers. His
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| 192 | own clothes included several pairs of scarlet hose, robes of black velvet
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| 193 | trimmed in fur, a crimson jacket lined with cloth of gold, and a truly
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| 194 | grand wedding outfit of white damask embroidered with silver and gold thread.
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| 195 | To Margaret he sent a gown worth almost 160 pds and his courtiers received
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| 196 | sumptuous clothes and jewelry. His spending grew so extravagant that
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| 197 | he was forced to acknowledge his penury to Henry VII; the English king
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| 198 | had written to find out the salaries of Margaret's ladies-in-waiting who
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| 199 | would accompany her to Scotland. James was forced to prevaricate
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| 200 | on that matter, replying only that they would receive 'competent fees'.
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| 201 | <p> In England, meanwhile, preparations for Katharine
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| 202 | of Aragon's marriage to Prince Arthur consumed far more time and energy
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| 203 | than Margaret's betrothal. The Spanish princess was married to the
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| 204 | Tudor heir in the autumn of 1501 and Margaret attended the wedding feast
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| 205 | at Westminster Hall; she wore a gown of crimson velvet trimmed in fur and
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| 206 | sat, along with Prince Henry, on a wooden stool covered with scarlet cloth
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| 207 | beside their parents. Prince Henry had apparently flown into a rage
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| 208 | when told that his sister would soon be known as queen of Scots and thus
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| 209 | accorded precedence over him in public ceremonies. This essentially
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| 210 | meant that Margaret would be announced before him at court functions, a
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| 211 | relatively trivial matter, but observers noted the young prince's love
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| 212 | of his own high position. The tantrum resolved itself and Henry was
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| 213 | on perfect behavior during the wedding festivities which followed.
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| 214 | <p> The earl of Bothwell, the bishop of Moray, and the
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| 215 | archbishop of Glasgow were sent as ambassadors from Scotland. They
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| 216 | were also present at Westminster during those celebratory days, under orders
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| 217 | to observe Margaret and report on her appearance and behavior. If
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| 218 | they found it 'most convenient and advisable' they were to marry her at
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| 219 | once by proxy. Many of the intricacies of the marriage negotiation
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| 220 | had already been decided upon and Pope Alexander VI had given the necessary
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| 221 | dispensation, though he advised Margaret to remain in England for another
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| 222 | year so she would be ready for child-bearing upon her arrival in Scotland.
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| 223 | The matter of dower lands was soon settled as well. James was to
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| 224 | be responsible for 'the apparatus of her body, the ornamenting of her residences,
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| 225 | her vehicles, stud, furniture, dress, private and domestic affairs, and
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| 226 | all other things whatsoever necessary and becoming the honour, state and
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| 227 | dignity of the said Lady Margaret.' Margaret's dowry was 30,000 gold
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| 228 | nobles to be paid over three years.
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| 229 | <p> Once Prince Arthur and his new wife had left for
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| 230 | Ludlow Castle, their seat as Prince and Princess of Wales, Margaret's betrothal
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| 231 | was celebrated at Richmond Palace. There everyone gathered in Queen
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| 232 | Elizabeth's official presence chamber and the archbishop of Glasgow conducted
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| 233 | the proxy marriage ceremony. He asked Margaret and her parents, 'Doth
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| 234 | Your Grace know of any impediment other than there is dispensed withal?
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| 235 | Doth the Queen likewise? Or the Princess?' In their turn, the
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| 236 | three said, 'There is none.' Then Henry VII asked, 'Is it the very
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| 237 | will and mind of the king of Scotland that the said earl Bothwell should
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| 238 | in his name assure the said Princess?' Both archbishop and earl gave
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| 239 | assent and then Margaret was asked, 'Are you content without compulsion,
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| 240 | and of your own free will?' The princess answered composedly, 'If
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| 241 | it please my lord and father the king, and my lady mother the queen.'
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| 242 | Her father said, 'It is my will and pleasure' and Margaret knelt for her
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| 243 | parents' blessing. Bothwell took her hand and repeated his marriage
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| 244 | vows. He did so easily enough; soon all eyes were upon Margaret,
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| 245 | who spoke clearly and with no noticeable nervousness, 'I, Margaret, the
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| 246 | first begotten daughter of the right excellent, right high and mighty prince
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| 247 | and princess, Henry by the Grace of God king of England, and Elizabeth
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| 248 | queen of the same, wittingly and of deliberate mind, having twelve years
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| 249 | complete in age in the month of November last past, contract matrimony
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| 250 | with the right excellent, right high and mighty prince, James king of Scotland,
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| 251 | and the person of whom, Patrick earl of Bothwell, procurator of the said
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| 252 | prince, represents, and take the said James king of Scotland into and for
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| 253 | my husband and spouse, and all other for him forsake, during his and mine
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| 254 | lives natural, and thereto I plight and give to him, in your person as
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| 255 | procurator aforesaid, my faith and troth.' And then, continues the
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| 256 | herald's account, 'the trumpets....blew up, and the loud noise of the minstrels
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| 257 | played in the best and most joyful manner.'
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| 258 | <p> The king then led the Scots to his rooms while Elizabeth
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| 259 | of York took Margaret's hand and led her to the royal dais. The mother
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| 260 | and daughter sat side by side now, equal in title and precedence.
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| 261 | The next few days were spent in celebratory tournaments and banquets at
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| 262 | Westminster Hall, all of which had Margaret's participation. And
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| 263 | yet, just as it seemed that Henry VII's most fervent ambitions were being
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| 264 | realized, news soon arrived from Wales that Arthur and his bride had fallen
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| 265 | ill. The young prince died while his new bride recovered. Henry
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| 266 | and Elizabeth were devastated; accounts of their grief can be read at the
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| 267 | <a href="../primary.html">Primary
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| 268 | Sources</a> section. The court was thrown into mourning and a few
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| 269 | weeks after the death Elizabeth of York became pregnant yet again.
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| 270 | It did not help her delicate health. A son was born prematurely and
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| 271 | christened Edward, but died soon after. The queen's strength never
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| 272 | recovered and, upon yet another stillbirth on 2 February 1503, she became
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| 273 | deathly ill. She died on 11 February 1503, her thirty-seventh birthday,
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| 274 | having given birth nine times and leaving three surviving children.
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| 275 | An account of Elizabeth's death, which coincided with Margaret's departure
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| 276 | for Scotland, can also be read at <a href="../primary.html">Primary
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| 277 | Sources</a>.
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| 278 | <p> Margaret's feelings on her brother's death and mother's
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| 279 | ill
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| 280 | health are not recorded. She was obviously closer in temperament
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| 281 | to Henry, but also she was consumed with preparations for her departure
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| 282 | to Scotland. And for a young woman with Margaret's great love of
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| 283 | expensive gifts, pageantry, and magnificent gowns, the preparations were
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| 284 | a delightful diversion. She also enjoyed being queen of Scotland.
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| 285 | Since she had to wait a year before going to Scotland, she was given her
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| 286 | own establishments at Windsor and Westminster where she was served from
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| 287 | golden plates engraved with the Scottish arms. Scores of footmen
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| 288 | served her, dressed in the white and green Tudor livery while her litter
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| 289 | bearers wore green and black. The litter which would carry her on
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| 290 | progress north was itself a grand creation lined with blue velvet and cloth
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| 291 | of gold; her state carriage was lined with bearskin, the horses hung with
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| 292 | black and crimson velvet and her own saddle lavishly embroidered with red
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| 293 | roses.
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| 294 | <br>
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| 295 | <br>
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| 296 | <br>
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| 297 | <center>
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| 298 | <p><font size=-1>The rest of this article will be published</font>
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| 299 | <br><font size=-1>as soon as I finish scanning color portraits of Margaret.</font></center>
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| 300 | </blockquote>
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| 301 |
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| 302 | <center>
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| 303 | <p><br><font size=-1>written by <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Marilee</a></font></center>
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| 304 |
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| 305 | </body>
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