source: other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0135.dir/doc.xml@ 34416

Last change on this file since 34416 was 34416, checked in by ak19, 4 years ago

Committing rebuilt model collections after new doc.xml meta gsdlfullsourcepath introduced in commit r34394.
File size: 116.5 KB
Line 
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
2<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
3<Archive>
4<Section>
5 <Description>
6 <Metadata name="gsdlfullsourcepath">/Scratch/ak19/gs2-diffcol-26Apr2019/collect/Tudor-Enhanced/import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
7 <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
8 <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilerenamemethod">url</Metadata>
9 <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
10 <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
11 <Metadata name="FileSize">106237</Metadata>
12 <Metadata name="Source">janegrey.html</Metadata>
13 <Metadata name="SourceFile">janegrey.html</Metadata>
14 <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Content">Lady Jane Grey The Nine Days Queen biography portraits primary sources</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Nine Days' Queen 1553</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
19 <Metadata name="Title">Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
20 <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
21 <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
22 <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/janegrey.html</Metadata>
23 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
24 <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH013597bfa28001e29a9121fd</Metadata>
25 <Metadata name="lastmodified">1601256680</Metadata>
26 <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20200928</Metadata>
27 <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1601256861</Metadata>
28 <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20200928</Metadata>
29 <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0135.dir</Metadata>
30 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
31 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janegrey-nga.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
32 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
33 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">parr-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
34 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">edward6-crop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
35 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">films2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
36 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey3.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
37 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1faq.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
38 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">grey2.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
39 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-eworthcr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
40 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">janecrop.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
41 </Description>
42 <Content>
43
44&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
45 &lt;tr&gt;
46 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
47 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
48 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
49 &lt;/tr&gt;
50 &lt;tr&gt;
51 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
52 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
53 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;IMG height=47 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey&quot;
54 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey.gif&quot; width=320&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
55 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
56 &lt;/tr&gt;
57 &lt;tr&gt;
58 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
59 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
60 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
61 &lt;IMG height=287
62 alt=&quot;The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche&quot;
63 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey-nga.jpg&quot; width=358 border=2&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
64 &lt;blockquote&gt;
65 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
66 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
67 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read
68 the biography of Lady Jane Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
69 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
70 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
71 of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;, 1553. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
72 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;Jane's letter to
73 Queen Mary from the Tower of London&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
74 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
75 of Jane's execution&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
76 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
77 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;A
78 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
79 Catherine Grey site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's tragic
80 sister.&lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
81 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward
82 VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's cousin who left her the throne.
83 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Grey's life at &lt;A
84 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
85 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
86 &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
87 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
88 Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/A&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A
89 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bitterwisdom.com%2fladyjanegrey&quot;&gt;The Lady Jane Grey Internet
90 Museum&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
91 &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Tudor Dynasty enthusiasts at
92 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor
93 Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
94 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
95 of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
96 England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
97 other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
98 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
99 &lt;/td&gt;
100 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
101 &lt;/tr&gt;
102&lt;/table&gt;
103
104&lt;blockquote&gt;
105 &lt;blockquote&gt;
106 &lt;blockquote&gt;
107 &lt;p&gt;
108 &lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;
109 &lt;B&gt;Jane Grey remains one of the most compelling and tragic figures in
110 Tudor history.&amp;nbsp; She possessed royal blood through her grandmother,
111 Princess Mary Tudor, and this heritage brought her to the scaffold in
112 1554.&amp;nbsp; Jane had been named heiress to the English throne in her
113 great-uncle Henry VIII's will, but only if his son Edward and daughters
114 Mary and Elizabeth died without issue.&amp;nbsp; But Edward ruled for just six
115 years and his ambitious advisor, John Dudley, was determined to remain in
116 power.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he persuaded Edward to write his own will and
117 leave the throne to his pious cousin, Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; Though just fifteen
118 at the time, she was known for her Protestant piety and learning; it was
119 this religious devotion which persuaded Edward to alter the succession.&amp;nbsp;
120 Deeply pious himself, he could not leave the throne to his Catholic
121 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Jane was quickly wed to Dudley's son and crowned queen
122 of England in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; But she ruled for just nine days, trapped
123 and unhappy.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor claimed the throne with great popular
124 support and Jane was imprisoned in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; Her
125 subsequent execution was a political necessity for Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp;
126 Despite her youth, Jane met her end with great dignity and courage.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
127 &lt;hr&gt;
128 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
129 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
130 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I think that at the supper I neither receive flesh nor
131 blood, but bread and wine; which bread when it is broken, and the wine when it
132 is drunken, put me in remembrance how that for my sins the body of Christ was
133 broken, and his blood shed on the cross. ...I ground my faith upon God's word,
134 and not upon the church...&amp;nbsp; The faith of the church must be tried by
135 God's word, and not God's word by the church; neither yet my faith.'&amp;nbsp;
136 &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane Grey to John Feckenham,
137 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
138 &lt;blockquote&gt;
139 &lt;blockquote&gt;
140 &lt;hr&gt;
141 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Ancestry&lt;/B&gt;
142 &lt;BR&gt;Lady Jane Grey was the eldest child of Lord Henry and Lady Frances
143 Grey, the duke and duchess of
144 &lt;IMG height=205
145 alt=&quot;Princess Mary Tudor, grandmother of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
146 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey1.jpg&quot; width=101 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; She was a viable heir to
147 the English throne because of her maternal grandmother, &lt;A
148 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
149 Mary Tudor&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; After the death of her first husband, King Louis
150 XII of France in 1515, Mary secretly wed her true love, &lt;A
151 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Charles
152 Brandon&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was her brother &lt;A
153 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry
154 VIII&lt;/A&gt;'s best friend; the king's friendship and Brandon's service to
155 the Crown led to his creation as duke of Suffolk in 1514.&amp;nbsp; He and
156 Mary had a son, Henry, who died as teenager.&amp;nbsp; Their next eldest
157 child was a daughter, Frances.&amp;nbsp; Under the terms of the Third Act of
158 Succession (1544) and Henry VIII's last will and testament (1547), the
159 Suffolk line would inherit the throne after Henry VIII's children died
160 childless.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the throne would pass to Henry's son &lt;A
161 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward&lt;/A&gt;;
162 if Edward died childless, it passed to Henry's eldest daughter &lt;A
163 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/A&gt;;
164 if she died childless, it passed to Henry's youngest daughter &lt;A
165 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
166 If Elizabeth died childless, the throne passed to Lady Frances.&amp;nbsp;
167 This plan completely disregarded the children of Henry's elder sister &lt;A
168 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;Margaret&lt;/A&gt;,
169 the former queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not care for Margaret and,
170 more importantly, did not want the English throne in Scottish hands. &lt;/p&gt;
171 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So it was through Princess Mary that Jane Grey was
172 bequeathed her deadly heritage.&amp;nbsp; Still, no one in the 1540s
173 expected the Suffolk line to rule.&amp;nbsp; After all, Henry VIII had left
174 three heirs and it was unlikely all three would die childless.&amp;nbsp; Of
175 course, we know that this did occur and the Tudor dynasty died with
176 Elizabeth I in 1603.&amp;nbsp; It was only in 1552, with Edward VI's health
177 rapidly failing, that people realized there would be a succession
178 crisis.&amp;nbsp; According to parliament and Henry VIII's will, Mary was
179 Edward's heir - but she was Catholic, in her late thirties, and never
180 robust.&amp;nbsp; More importantly, Edward was a devout Protestant and did
181 not want Roman Catholicism restored in England.&amp;nbsp; Urged on by
182 self-interested advisors, he removed Mary from the succession on the
183 grounds of her illegitimacy (she was declared so by parliament in
184 1532.)&amp;nbsp; But if he removed Mary, he also had to remove Elizabeth
185 even though she was a Protestant; Elizabeth had also been declared a
186 bastard by parliament in 1536.&amp;nbsp; In his &lt;I&gt;Device for the
187 Succession&lt;/I&gt;, written in his own hand, Edward wrote that they were
188 both &quot;illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
189 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward's course of action removed the succession
190 from the heirs of Henry VIII and gave it to the heirs of Henry's younger
191 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was a tumultuous course for many reasons.&amp;nbsp;
192 For example, the king of France, Henry II, was raising &lt;A
193 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
194 Stuart&lt;/A&gt;, Margaret Tudor's granddaughter; he planned to marry this
195 ten-year-old &lt;A
196 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;queen
197 of Scots&lt;/A&gt; to his son and heir, Francois.&amp;nbsp; By all the accepted
198 laws of primogeniture, she had a better claim to the English throne than
199 her Suffolk cousins.&amp;nbsp; In fact, most European Catholics believed
200 Mary's claim better than her Tudor cousins, Mary and Elizabeth, since
201 both were illegitimate by acts of constitutional and canon law.&amp;nbsp;
202 However, Mary of Scotland was in France - not England; also, the
203 Suffolks were Protestant and she was not.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI never
204 considered leaving her the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
205 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The above paragraph illustrates the complexity of
206 blood ties within the Tudor family.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary Tudor was
207 half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor, the succession
208 crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the
209 Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the pope hoped to bring England back to his
210 authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI
211 died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would
212 triumph.&amp;nbsp; Mary....&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth....&amp;nbsp; Mary of
213 Scotland....&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey....&amp;nbsp; Which would become queen?&amp;nbsp;
214 &lt;/P&gt;
215 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Europe waited to see how England would
216 welcome a queen as their sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; All of the possible
217 candidates for the throne were women, an unprecedented occurrence.&amp;nbsp;
218 The only woman to attempt to rule England as her father's sole heir had
219 been Matilda in the 12th century; she had been forced out of the country
220 by popular revolt and a male cousin named Stephen of Blois became
221 king.&amp;nbsp; Now it seemed the English had no choice but to accept a
222 woman ruler.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
223 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And because of the secret marriage of Mary Tudor
224 and Charles Brandon, the first woman to rule England in her own right
225 would be Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
226 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Early Life and Education&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
227 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
228 &lt;p&gt;'I will tell you a truth which perchance ye will marvel
229 at.&amp;nbsp; One of the greatest benefits that God ever gave me is that
230 he sent me so sharp and severe parents and so gentle a
231 schoolmaster.&amp;nbsp; For when I am in the presence of Father or Mother,
232 whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry
233 or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do
234 it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as
235 God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly
236 threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and
237 other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them), so
238 without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time
239 comes that I must go to Mr Aylmer, who teacheth me so gently, so
240 pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all
241 the time nothing while I am with him.&amp;nbsp; And when I am called from
242 him, I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but learning is
243 full of grief, trouble, fear and wholly misliking to me.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
244 &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Lady Jane Grey to Roger Ascham,
245 1550&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
246 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
247 &lt;p&gt;Jane Grey was not close to her
248 parents.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was the marquess of Dorset; he became the duke
249 of Suffolk in 1551.&amp;nbsp; He married Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon's
250 eldest daughter Frances when she was sixteen.&amp;nbsp; At the time, Grey
251 was a ward of Brandon's.&amp;nbsp; He was also an appropriate match for a
252 Princess's daughter.&amp;nbsp; The Grey family had an ancient and impressive
253 lineage, originally receiving lands from Richard the Lionheart.&amp;nbsp;
254 Later, they rose to prominence under Edward IV; he had married Elizabeth
255 Woodville, the widow of Sir John Grey and mother of his two sons.&amp;nbsp;
256 When she became queen, she tirelessly promoted the interests of the Grey
257 family.&amp;nbsp; In fact, her eldest Grey son, Thomas, was created marquess
258 of Dorset during Edward IV's reign.&amp;nbsp; His son, also called Thomas,
259 was a companion to Charles Brandon - soldiering with him in France in
260 1513 and journeying there a year later to celebrate Princess Mary
261 Tudor's wedding to the French king.&amp;nbsp; In 1530, Thomas Grey died and
262 Brandon became his son's guardian.&amp;nbsp; The marriage between Frances
263 and the heir, Henry Grey, was a satisfactory way to join two noble
264 families together.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
265 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their marriage was celebrated at Suffolk Place in
266 London.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor died some months later.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon
267 remarried, this time to an heiress called Catherine Willoughby.&amp;nbsp;
268 She bore him two sons (his son with Mary Tudor had recently died).&amp;nbsp;
269 When Brandon passed away in 1545, he and Catherine's eldest son, called
270 Henry after his late half-brother, became duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; He and
271 his younger brother died of the dreaded sweating sickness a few years
272 later.&amp;nbsp; This left the dukedom of Suffolk vacant until 1551, when
273 Edward VI would award it to Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
274 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry VIII had left the throne to
275 his children and, if they died without issue, &quot;to the heirs of the body
276 of the lady Frances our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister the
277 French Queen lawfully begotten....&quot;&amp;nbsp; This meant that the Grey
278 children (by this time Frances and Henry had 3 daughters - Jane born in
279 1537, Catherine born in 1540, and Mary born in 1545) had enhanced
280 social status.&amp;nbsp; In 1547, when the will was read, no one seriously
281 expected them to gain more.&amp;nbsp; Edward was small and blond, like his
282 long-dead uncle Arthur, lacking Henry VIII's robust athleticism and good
283 health.&amp;nbsp; But he was expected to live, marry, and provide
284 heirs.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, any immediate interest in the Grey children
285 centered on how Edward would favor them.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, it was
286 thought that he might marry the eldest, his cousin Jane.&amp;nbsp; They were
287 the same age, both precocious, very serious, and fervently
288 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
289 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane had been raised, with her two sisters, at
290 Bradgate.&amp;nbsp; This was the principal family home on the edge of
291 Charnwood Forest.&amp;nbsp; It was a beautiful and luxurious estate, suited
292 to the Grey's semi-regal status.&amp;nbsp; Lady Frances was very conscious
293 of her royal heritage and, as she grew older, became quite like her
294 uncle Henry.&amp;nbsp; She and her husband were well-known for their love of
295 riding, hunting, hawking and gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were not, however, the
296 most interested of parents.&amp;nbsp; In this, they resembled their
297 aristocratic contemporaries. They provided very well for their three
298 daughters.&amp;nbsp; While Frances and Henry spent time in London, their
299 daughters remained at Bradgate, in the hands of capable servants.&amp;nbsp;
300 Jane's nurse was a woman called Mrs Ellen and would remain with her
301 until Jane's execution; her first tutor was probably the house chaplain,
302 Dr Harding.&amp;nbsp; The first ten years of Jane's life, from her birth in
303 October 1537 (the exact date is not known) to her residence in Katharine
304 Parr's household in 1547, are not documented.&amp;nbsp; It is likely she
305 received the typical upper-class girl's education - its primary emphasis
306 would be on instilling good manners and the 'feminine' virtues of
307 obedience and docility.&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly learned needlework and was
308 taught dancing and how to play some musical instruments.&amp;nbsp; But
309 neither of her parents were scholars and no one in the sixteenth century
310 expected women to be well-educated.&amp;nbsp; She may have visited London,
311 accompanying her parents to Dorset Place in Westminster; she may have
312 met her royal cousins.&amp;nbsp; No one knows.&amp;nbsp; But in March 1547, Lady
313 Jane Grey finally emerges into the historical landscape.&amp;nbsp; It was
314 then that she entered the household of the dowager queen &lt;A
315 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
316 Parr&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's sixth and last wife.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
317 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine had retired from court upon Edward VI's
318 accession, though she remained close to London.&amp;nbsp; Her&lt;IMG height=191 alt=&quot;Jane's guardian, Katharine Parr&quot;
319 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; dower manor,
320 Chelsea, was in the suburbs.&amp;nbsp; It was a comfortable brick home with
321 modern amenities.&amp;nbsp; Here, Katharine planned to live with the man she
322 had longed to marry before Henry laid claim to her, Thomas Seymour,
323 Edward VI's uncle.&amp;nbsp; She also brought with her the 13 year old
324 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr was justly celebrated for her
325 warm and open nature; she was a good stepmother to all of Henry's
326 children, particularly the youngest two.&amp;nbsp; A few weeks after
327 Katharine and Elizabeth settled at Chelsea, Jane Grey came to join
328 them.&amp;nbsp; She was sent to acquire polish and learn social graces, a
329 common practice for daughters of the nobility.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
330 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane acquired much more than social skills at
331 Katharine's household.&amp;nbsp; For the first time in her young life, she
332 was truly happy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was a devout Protestant and the most
333 intellectual of Henry's queens.&amp;nbsp; Her home was the center of the
334 Protestant 'New Learning'; there was instruction and frequent
335 debates.&amp;nbsp; Jane, quiet and studious by nature, thrived.&amp;nbsp; And
336 though her parents were Protestant, it was at Katharine Parr's that she
337 became devoutly committed to the faith.&amp;nbsp; The Greys, after all, had
338 become Protestants like many nobles - because it was a matter of
339 political necessity.&amp;nbsp; At Katharine's, Jane became a Protestant
340 because she truly believed in its tenets.&amp;nbsp; This serious and intense
341 study of faith would remain with her throughout her short life.&amp;nbsp;
342 &lt;/P&gt;
343 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During Edward VI's reign, the Lord Protector was
344 Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr had married his
345 younger brother, Sir Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was very ambitious and
346 angered that his brother had so much authority while he had to be
347 content with a baronetcy, a seat on the Privy Council, and the office of
348 Lord Admiral.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Katharine Parr had planned to marry years
349 before but Henry's sudden interest in the twice-widowed heiress delayed
350 their plans.&amp;nbsp; Within months of his death, however, they were wed in
351 a secret ceremony; the exact date is not known but it was probably April
352 1547. Their whirlwind courtship offended some but Edward VI gave them
353 his blessing.&amp;nbsp; Some people remarked that the new Lord Admiral would
354 have preferred marrying Princess Elizabeth, such was his ambition.&amp;nbsp;
355 He certainly lacked the evangelical zeal of his new wife, always
356 remembering important business when it was time for prayers.&amp;nbsp; He
357 possessed great charm, particularly with women and children; and his
358 desire to advance his own career led to some indiscreet behavior -
359 notably bursting into Princess Elizabeth's bedroom in the early morning,
360 still in his bedclothes, to tickle her awake.&amp;nbsp; This was dangerous
361 play for an ambitious man and a thirteen-year-old heiress to the
362 throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
363 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Thomas had wed the dowager queen and
364 she loved him passionately.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, other supporters of his
365 brother Edward, the Lord Protector, were also rewarded for their
366 loyalty.&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, for example, became earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp;
367 Meanwhile, Thomas was also becoming interested in the other young
368 heiress who lived with his wife - Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When news of
369 Henry VIII's will came out, he wasted no time in becoming friends with
370 the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He sent his most trusted friend and servant, John
371 Harington, to talk to Jane's father, Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; Harington was to
372 use 'all the persuasions he could' to gain Jane Grey's wardship and
373 marriage rights.&amp;nbsp; Later, Harington would say he never promised
374 anything explicitly but Henry Grey remembered a guarantee that&amp;nbsp;
375 Jane would marry King Edward.&amp;nbsp; On this basis, Grey sold his
376 daughter to Seymour for the sum of £2000.&amp;nbsp; Seymour paid a few
377 hundred immediately, promising to pay the rest in installments.&amp;nbsp;
378 &lt;/P&gt;
379 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In other words, Thomas Seymour was hedging his
380 bets - if Edward VI died unexpectedly (as Tudor boys often did), he
381 could arrange something with the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; If Edward
382 lived, he could gain influence by marrying his ward, Jane Grey, to the
383 king.&amp;nbsp; Jane, of course, was oblivious to Seymour's plans.&amp;nbsp; She
384 remained in Katharine Parr's household, moving from Chelsea, to Hanworth
385 in Middlesex, or Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Her sensitive and eager
386 mind, long starved for affection and knowledge, was finally engaged on a
387 course of study - Latin, Greek and modern languages as well as religious
388 instruction.&amp;nbsp; As relations between the Seymour brothers
389 deteriorated for a variety of reasons, Katharine Parr became
390 pregnant.&amp;nbsp; About halfway through the pregnancy, she happened upon a
391 very unpleasant sight - her husband and stepdaughter, Princess
392 Elizabeth, locked in a passionate embrace.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's reaction
393 was a testament to her good character.&amp;nbsp; She successfully averted an
394 ugly scandal; a few weeks later, Elizabeth and her household staff were
395 sent to Cheshunt on a visit to old family friends.&amp;nbsp; She parted from
396 Katharine with real affection and sadness; Elizabeth undoubtedly felt
397 embarrassed and guilty.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
398 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey remained with Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There is
399 no evidence she was ever particularly close to Elizabeth; the gulf
400 between nine and thirteen is great.&amp;nbsp; Though they lived in the same
401 homes for over a year, there are no surviving letters or
402 reminisces.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane was grateful for Elizabeth's departure;
403 the princess was described as proud and disdainful, not good company for
404 a shy child.&amp;nbsp; On 13 June 1548 Jane accompanied Katharine and Thomas
405 to their Gloucestershire estate, Sudeley Castle.&amp;nbsp; On 30 August
406 Katharine gave birth to a baby daughter, Mary; within a week, the
407 dowager queen was dead, buried in the chapel at Sudeley.&amp;nbsp; She was
408 yet another victim of puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, small for her
409 age, freckled and with red hair, acted as chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
410 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents were becoming
411 restless.&amp;nbsp; More than a year had passed since Seymour purchased
412 their daughter's wardship.&amp;nbsp; In that time, no match had been made
413 with Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; Also, they wondered if it would be better to marry
414 Jane to the Lord Protector's son.&amp;nbsp; They wrote to Thomas Seymour,
415 consoling him on the loss of his wife and remarking that, since
416 Katharine was dead, her household would be dispersed - therefore, Jane
417 should be sent home; Seymour was not to be outfoxed.&amp;nbsp; He wrote that
418 his own mother was coming to Sudeley, to take charge of Katharine's
419 household (none of which would be dispersed); she would be 'as dear unto
420 Jane as though she were her own daughter.'&amp;nbsp; He did let Jane go home
421 briefly in September.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly an unpleasant journey for
422 the young girl.&amp;nbsp; However, Seymour was able to regain her parents'
423 favor.&amp;nbsp; He stressed his determination to wed her to Edward (the
424 greatest prize) and agreed to pay another £500 on his bond.&amp;nbsp; The
425 Greys were chronically short of cash and wanted this grand
426 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Jane returned to the Seymour household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
427 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the noose was tightening around Thomas
428 Seymour's neck.&amp;nbsp; He had been boasting about his intent to destroy
429 his overbearing brother and he had encouraged gossip that he would marry
430 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; This gossip was perhaps the most damaging,
431 particularly to the eyes of the young king.&amp;nbsp; Was Seymour attempting
432 to seize the throne?&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, earl of Warwick, had long waited
433 for the opportunity to destroy the Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to
434 be Lord Protector himself and was quite prepared to turn on his old
435 friend, Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He used the arrogant and ambitious Thomas
436 to destroy them both.&amp;nbsp; On 17 January 1549, Thomas Seymour was
437 arrested at Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey was immediately
438 brought home by her alarmed parents.&amp;nbsp; Because Parliament was in
439 session, it was decided that Thomas would not have a trial - instead a
440 bill of attainder was drawn up and passed through both houses in early
441 March.&amp;nbsp; All that was needed was for the Lord Protector to sign the
442 bill.&amp;nbsp; For about a week, Edward Seymour did nothing.&amp;nbsp; He was
443 understandably hesitant to execute his brother.&amp;nbsp; Seizing his
444 chance, Dudley urged the council to appeal to the king - flattering his
445 authority, they asked for him to sign the bill so they could proceed
446 without further troubling the Protector.&amp;nbsp; Edward cared little for
447 either of his uncles (the Protector kept him short of pocket money and
448 assigned him cold-hearted tutors.)&amp;nbsp; He signed the bill.&amp;nbsp; On 20
449 March 1549, Thomas Seymour was executed on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
450 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Dudley moved to take control of the
451 government.&amp;nbsp; The year 1549 was marked by discontent - rising
452 prices, high unemployment, bad harvests; also, people resented the
453 radical religious changes passed since Henry VIII's death.&amp;nbsp; There
454 were two serious revolts, in the West Country and Norfolk, both of which
455 alarmed the land-owning gentry.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had once been popular with
456 the common people but his execution of his own brother struck many as
457 cold-blooded and evil.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had counted on this reaction.&amp;nbsp;
458 He also counted on the support of the gentry; he was a capable soldier
459 and put down the rebellion in the West Country.&amp;nbsp; This pleased the
460 landowners and the king.&amp;nbsp; Also, it allowed Dudley to gather a
461 well-armed and experienced group of soldiers about him.&amp;nbsp; On 10
462 October, he and his supporters captured the fleeing Edward Seymour at
463 Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; He was arrested and taken under guard to the
464 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Dudley became one of the six prime attendants on the King
465 but - very intelligently - did not take the title of Lord
466 Protector.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
467 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley was on the list of sixteen executors Henry
468 VIII had appointed in his will.&amp;nbsp; In 1543 he had been appointed Lord
469 High Admiral, a post he relinquished reluctantly to the unqualified
470 Thomas Seymour; in 1549, he regained that title.&amp;nbsp; He was also a
471 family man with several sons.&amp;nbsp; But Dudley had learned from his
472 dealings with Henry VIII; he knew to treat Edward not as one of his own
473 sons but as a king.&amp;nbsp; He flattered the king, allowed him greater
474 access to money, more physical freedom.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Dudley, his
475 coup coincided with Edward's own physical maturity.&amp;nbsp; He became a
476 sportsman, which Dudley encouraged, and began to travel a bit outside of
477 London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
478 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His cousin Jane was not so fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She
479 had returned to a home devoid of affection which also included physical
480 abuse normal in the sixteenth-century (smacks, pinches, and the
481 like).&amp;nbsp; The Greys were discovering that their daughter had matured
482 into a thoughtful, intelligent, and self-righteously pious young
483 woman.&amp;nbsp; She openly disapproved of their lack of piety, their
484 devotion to material gain and social advancement, as well as their
485 gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were happy to hire a tutor, John Aylmer, to
486 continue her education - and take her off their hands.&amp;nbsp; Aylmer was
487 a friend of Roger Ascham, the former tutor of Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
488 On a visit to Aylmer, Ascham met Jane Grey; she impressed him
489 greatly.&amp;nbsp; He preserved their meeting in his educational treatise,
490 &lt;I&gt;The Schoolmaster&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
491 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Were the Greys really such terrible parents?&amp;nbsp;
492 There is no doubt that Jane and her parents were not affectionate to one
493 another.&amp;nbsp; Yet this was normal in an age which expected children to
494 be dutiful and obedient and that discipline built character.&amp;nbsp; In
495 fairness to them, Jane was openly critical of their pleasure-loving
496 lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She encouraged the chaplain to deliver sermons against
497 gambling, told visitors that she found her parents foolish and
498 irritating, and she was very self-righteous.&amp;nbsp; What parent would
499 enjoy the company of such a devout thirteen-year-old?&amp;nbsp; At home,
500 Jane met John ab Ulmer, a Swiss Protestant and student of Henry
501 Bullinger, chief pastor of the Protestant church in Zurich.&amp;nbsp; They
502 were both friends of Aylmer and Ascham.&amp;nbsp; The four men corresponded
503 about the education of this most pious young girl.&amp;nbsp; There are many
504 surviving letters - Jane thanking Bullinger for sending a copy of his
505 treatise on Christian Perfection - and some reveal her as more than a
506 pious Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; In one, Aylmer is concerned that she is
507 taking too much of an interest in music and her appearance.&amp;nbsp; He was
508 distressed - but what good news for the student of Jane's life!&amp;nbsp;
509 She is human, after all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
510 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the European reformers were hopeful
511 that Edward VI would marry this most proper cousin.&amp;nbsp; Their union
512 would make England a most blessed Protestant realm.&amp;nbsp; But Jane
513 turned fourteen and was still not betrothed to anyone while Edward was
514 in serious talks to wed the French princess Elisabeth.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
515 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Charles Brandon's two sons with
516 Catherine Willoughby had died.&amp;nbsp; This meant that their half-sister
517 Frances Grey was sole surviving heir to the Brandon estates.&amp;nbsp; On 4
518 October 1551, the title of duke of Suffolk was given to her husband in
519 right of his wife.&amp;nbsp; And on 11 October, just a week later, Dudley
520 was made duke of Northumberland; two years of Edward's favor had
521 sufficiently emboldened him to petition the king.&amp;nbsp; He was the first
522 man to receive a ducal title who had no ties of marriage or blood to the
523 reigning royal family.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
524 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane Grey, that week in 1551 was to have
525 terrible consequences. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
526 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Marriage&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The political situation in England during
527 Edward's reign is fully explored in the Edward VI pages.&amp;nbsp; Suffice
528 to say, the duke of Northumberland, John Dudley, had replaced Edward
529 Seymour as the true power behind the throne.&amp;nbsp; In spring 1552, his
530 young master fell ill.&amp;nbsp; No one was especially concerned; Edward VI
531 had been ill before and recovered well enough.&amp;nbsp; But this time he
532 did not fully recover.&amp;nbsp; It seemed as if his physical resemblance to
533 the long-dead Prince Arthur went beyond their fair coloring and delicate
534 physique - they were both consumptive as well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
535 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This naturally terrified the Protestant lords who
536 had prospered during his six-year reign.&amp;nbsp; The Princesses Mary and
537 Elizabeth were rarely seen at the king's court, Mary in
538 particular.&amp;nbsp; She could no longer persuade herself that Edward was
539 simply a misguided Protestant pawn.&amp;nbsp; He had, like Henry before him,
540 ordered her to change her religion; he was king and expected
541 obedience.&amp;nbsp; He was closer to Elizabeth (only 4 years older than
542 him) and she was suitably Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she, too, was rarely at
543 court.&amp;nbsp; His Grey family, however, was increasingly present.&amp;nbsp;
544 &lt;/P&gt;
545 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary of Guise, mother of Mary queen of Scots
546 and regent of Scotland, visited England in November 1551, Mary and
547 Elizabeth were not invited.&amp;nbsp; But Frances and Henry Grey were there,
548 bringing their fourteen-year-old daughter Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary of Guise's
549 two-day visit to Hampton Court was Jane's official debut on the English
550 political scene.&amp;nbsp; In early February, Jane contracted an unspecified
551 illness.&amp;nbsp; It was serious enough to warrant mention from Aylmer (in
552 a letter to Ascham.)&amp;nbsp; After her recovery, Jane's parents persuaded
553 her to devote less time to study and more to social concerns.&amp;nbsp; Of
554 course, an educated and pious daughter was an asset but they also wanted
555 a daughter who could attract a king in marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
556 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 April 1552, Edward became ill with the
557 measles.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, he recovered somewhat - enough to&lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin, King Edward VI&quot;
558 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6-crop.jpg&quot; width=137 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; attend St
559 George's Day services at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; He also jousted,
560 played on the tennis courts, and went hunting.&amp;nbsp; And on 27 June, he
561 began his most extensive progress through the south and west of his
562 kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed himself (he had never traveled so far
563 outside London) but the pace was exhausting; combined with the illness
564 in April and his strenuous athletics, it wore him down.&amp;nbsp; Passer-by
565 thought he was ill; he was pale, losing weight, and lost his
566 appetite.&amp;nbsp; He returned to Windsor in mid-September.&amp;nbsp; By then,
567 the tuberculosis which killed him had begun in earnest.&amp;nbsp; By
568 Christmas 1552, his condition was obvious.&amp;nbsp; The holiday
569 celebrations were unusually festive, perhaps to take notice from the
570 king's health.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary came to visit in February but his
571 illness prevented their meeting for three days.&amp;nbsp; Still, the king's
572 illness meant an increased respect for Mary, his heir under Henry VIII's
573 will.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
574 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The exact nature and course of Edward's illness is
575 discussed at the Edward VI page.&amp;nbsp; It was tuberculosis, or
576 consumption as it was then called.&amp;nbsp; On 11 April 1553, Edward moved
577 his household to his favorite residence, Greenwich Palace.&amp;nbsp; He had
578 managed to open parliament in March but those who hadn't seen him since
579 the holidays were shocked at his appearance; he was terribly thin and,
580 oddly, his left shoulder seemed higher than his right.&amp;nbsp; It was
581 obvious Edward was suffering terribly.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland, his closest
582 advisor, was torn - he talked of retiring from political life but this
583 was a passing dream.&amp;nbsp; He had made too many enemies - particularly
584 the Catholic nobles and churchmen who would rally around Mary.&amp;nbsp; In
585 truth, if Mary succeeded, the best Dudley could hope for was complete
586 financial and political ruin.&amp;nbsp; More than likely, he would lose his
587 head.&amp;nbsp; He could, of course, attempt to marry Princess Elizabeth to
588 his one remaining unmarried son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; Why didn't he?&amp;nbsp;
589 It certainly seems less convoluted than attempting to place Jane Grey on
590 the throne.&amp;nbsp; The truth was that Elizabeth Tudor, nearly twenty
591 years old, had seasoned political acumen - she would never be Dudley's
592 pawn.&amp;nbsp; Dudley knew her well enough to guess as much.&amp;nbsp;
593 Therefore, only Jane Grey (fourth in line, after her mother Frances)
594 remained.&amp;nbsp; She would be amenable enough, the duke thought.&amp;nbsp;
595 &lt;/P&gt;
596 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Frances and Henry were happy enough to
597 encourage Dudley.&amp;nbsp; With Edward dying, there was no possibility of
598 Jane marrying him.&amp;nbsp; They may have been put off by Dudley's
599 ambition; he first attempted to marry Guildford to Eleanor Brandon's
600 only child, Margaret Clifford (Eleanor was Frances's younger
601 sister.)&amp;nbsp; But, swayed by the prospect of wealth and power, they
602 agreed to marry Jane to Guildford.&amp;nbsp; In late April or&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; alt=&quot;Cary Elwes and Helena Bonham Carter as Guildford and Jane in the 1986 film 'Lady Jane'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; early May, the
603 betrothal was announced.&amp;nbsp; Jane had protested the union but was
604 persuaded by 'the urgency of her mother and the violence of her father';
605 in other words, persuaded by verbal and physical abuse.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
606 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Many have argued that Jane protested because she
607 didn't like Guildford.&amp;nbsp; That is unlikely.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome
608 enough (like most of the Dudley men), fair-haired and about her
609 age.&amp;nbsp; He was arrogant and spoilt; his mother openly favored
610 him.&amp;nbsp; But he had no other documented flaws.&amp;nbsp; When considered
611 against other men of the age, he was a good match.&amp;nbsp; Jane's
612 reservations centered on his father.&amp;nbsp; She disliked and feared
613 Dudley, as most people did.&amp;nbsp; But the duke had a weapon against Jane
614 which he would wield effectively - religion.&amp;nbsp; She was a devout and
615 committed Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She didn't want Mary as queen any more than
616 he did.&amp;nbsp; And, unlike Dudley, Jane's desire was based on real
617 principle, not simple greed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
618 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So on 25 May 1553, Jane married Guildford at the
619 Dudley's London residence, Durham House.&amp;nbsp; It was one of the great
620 homes of Tudor England; her sister &lt;A
621 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt;
622 was also married that day, to the earl of Pembroke's heir.&amp;nbsp; Orders,
623 signed by the king, had been sent to the Master of the Wardrobe so that
624 the grandest clothing and jewels could be used.&amp;nbsp; Edward was
625 supposed to attend but was far too ill.&amp;nbsp; He did not watch as his
626 cousin marched down the aisle, richly appareled in cloth of gold and
627 silver, her red hair braided with pearls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
628 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For many, Jane and Guildford's marriage marks the
629 beginning of the attempt to change the line of succession.&amp;nbsp; In
630 reality, Edward VI had been pondering the problem for months.&amp;nbsp; Ever
631 since he became ill, he had wondered how to prevent his Catholic sister
632 from becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; His reasoning was purely religious.&amp;nbsp;
633 Edward was a devout Protestant; he wanted his nation, for its own sake,
634 to remain Protestant.&amp;nbsp; Just as Mary believed Catholicism was the
635 path to righteousness, Edward believed in Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; He was
636 king, charge by God with responsibility for his people's religious
637 welfare.&amp;nbsp; It was a sacred duty.&amp;nbsp; For the sake of his immortal
638 soul, Mary had to be prevented from leading England on the path to
639 damnation.&amp;nbsp; This necessity overcame all else.&amp;nbsp; What was Henry
640 VIII's will when compared to divine retribution?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
641 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So in late 1552/early 1553, he first began his
642 Device for the Succession.&amp;nbsp; At first he left the throne to Lady
643 Frances Grey and her male heirs, then to Jane Grey and her male
644 heirs.&amp;nbsp; But it was evident that Frances Grey would have no more
645 children and none of her daughters would bear children in time.&amp;nbsp; So
646 he made a change - simple and explosive - he left the throne to 'the
647 Lady Jane and her heirs male.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
648 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was the beginning of the end for Jane Grey.
649 &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
650 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jane the Quene'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Edward's &lt;I&gt;Device for the Succession&lt;/I&gt;
651 was eventually issued with the title &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
652 Limitation of the Crown&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It disinherited Mary and Elizabeth
653 because they were 'illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.'&amp;nbsp;
654 Furthermore, they were only half-sisters of the king, not entitled to
655 succeed him, and might marry foreign husbands who would 'tend to the
656 utter subversion of the commonwealth of this our realm.'&amp;nbsp; But
657 Edward's device would have no legal validity as long as Henry VIII's
658 1544 Act of Succession was still acknowledged by parliament.&amp;nbsp; But
659 there was no time to wipe that law from the statute book.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
660 Dudley planned to gain support from government and then carry out a coup
661 so quickly that its legality would not matter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
662 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To gain government support, he spent June 1553
663 persuading the Privy Council, judiciary, and various churchmen to
664 endorse Edward's device.&amp;nbsp; The Lord Chief Justice, Sir Edward
665 Montague, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were uneasy;
666 but Dudley was desperate and called them traitors.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
667 the king ordered them to obey.&amp;nbsp; So the &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
668 Limitation of the Crown &lt;/I&gt;was endorsed with the Great Seal on 21
669 June.&amp;nbsp; It was recognized by the Lord Chancellor, the Privy
670 Councilors, twenty-two peers of the realm, the Lord Mayor of London,
671 various aldermen and sheriffs, the secretaries of state (including
672 William Cecil, Elizabeth I's great statesman), and various judges and
673 churchmen.&amp;nbsp; King Edward VI did not live long after this
674 triumph.&amp;nbsp; After months of agony, he died in the early evening of
675 Thursday 6 July.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
676 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, meanwhile, had been married to
677 Guildford Dudley for almost six weeks.&amp;nbsp; She disliked her in-laws
678 more than she disliked her parents so, immediately after the marriage,
679 returned to Suffolk Place at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; From there, she moved to
680 her parents' new residence in London, a former Carthusian monastery they
681 were converting into a grand home.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's wife, the duchess of
682 Northumberland and Jane's mother-in-law, was not happy with this
683 arrangement.&amp;nbsp; She informed the Greys that Edward VI was dying and
684 Jane had been made heir to his throne; she must hold herself in
685 readiness (in other words, come to the Dudley home.)&amp;nbsp; Jane later
686 said this was the first she knew of the king's impending death.&amp;nbsp;
687 She didn't believe the duchess and told her as much; she accused the
688 Dudleys of lying so they could steal her away from her parents.&amp;nbsp;
689 The duchess accused the Greys of deliberating keeping Guildford and Jane
690 apart.&amp;nbsp; Such petty conflict indicated rougher waters ahead for all
691 involved.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
692 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the end, there was no reason Jane should not be
693 with her husband.&amp;nbsp; She went to the Dudley's residence, Durham
694 House, and possibly consummated her marriage.&amp;nbsp; But, after only a
695 few days, she became ill and accused the Dudleys of poisoning her.&amp;nbsp;
696 The charge was ludicrous (she was the key to their political salvation)
697 and showed a surprising lack of logic on Jane's part.&amp;nbsp; But the
698 Dudleys were concerned with her physical and mental state.&amp;nbsp; They
699 sent her to Chelsea, Catherine Parr's former home where Jane had been so
700 happy.&amp;nbsp; It was there that, on Sunday 9 July, Dudley's eldest
701 daughter, Mary Sidney, came to visit her; they were to leave Chelsea and
702 go to Syon House, a former convent on the Thames which Dudley
703 controlled.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
704 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At this point, it is right to question Jane's true
705 knowledge of Dudley's plans.&amp;nbsp; Remember, even if she knew Dudley
706 intended to make her queen, there was nothing she could do to prevent
707 it.&amp;nbsp; She was not stupid; the charge of poisoning was probably a
708 result of nervousness and hysteria.&amp;nbsp; She knew her own
709 lineage.&amp;nbsp; She knew that she was fourth in line for the English
710 throne, after Mary, Elizabeth and her own mother Frances.&amp;nbsp; She also
711 knew that, for some reason, the Dudleys and her parents were desperate
712 to marry her to Guildford as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; She also watched
713 her sister wed into another influential noble family on the same
714 day.&amp;nbsp; Something was afoot and she undoubtedly suspected Dudley's
715 plan.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her awareness of the plot was undoubtedly a
716 greater strain than ignorance.&amp;nbsp; After all, she could do nothing to
717 escape her family or in-laws.&amp;nbsp; She was, quite literally,
718 trapped.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
719 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When she arrived at Syon House with Mary Sidney,
720 she found her parents, in-laws, and a variety of distinguished nobles -
721 the earls of Arundel, Huntington, and Pembroke, and the marquess of
722 Northampton.&amp;nbsp; They greeted her very pleasantly and then knelt
723 before her in reverence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was naturally embarrassed.&amp;nbsp;
724 Dudley, in his capacity as President of the Council, then announced
725 Edward's death.&amp;nbsp; The young king had led a 'virtuous life' and
726 always cared for his kingdom - cared enough to disinherit his unworthy
727 sisters and appointed his cousin Jane as his successor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
728 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was stunned.&amp;nbsp; She may have suspected as
729 much but the actual moment of declaration was too much for her.&amp;nbsp;
730 She muttered that she was 'insufficient' for the task.&amp;nbsp; The Lords
731 of the Council then took a solemn oath to shed their blood in defense of
732 her claim.&amp;nbsp; Jane murmured a quick prayer - if it was God's will
733 that she be queen, then she would trust in God to help her govern
734 England for His glory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
735 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her reaction was not what those gathered
736 expected.&amp;nbsp; She was not openly thrilled, excited, or even
737 pleased.&amp;nbsp; She made no stirring speech to raise their spirits - she
738 simply uttered a prayer to God.&amp;nbsp; Did Jane want to be queen?&amp;nbsp;
739 That is a much-debated question, impossible to answer.&amp;nbsp; But
740 whatever her desire, she was queen and - for nine long days - ruled
741 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
742 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jana Regina'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;On Monday 10 July 1553, the new queen, Jane
743 Grey, was taken in full state from Syon to Westminster (this journey was
744 along the Thames in barges.)&amp;nbsp; They dined at the Dudley home, Durham
745 House, and then journeyed by barge again to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp;
746 It was an ancient custom that all new sovereigns must come tot the Tower
747 and take possession of it at the beginning of their reigns.&amp;nbsp; Jane
748 and her various attendants arrived at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.&amp;nbsp;
749 There was an eyewitness account by a Genoese merchant named Baptista
750 Spinola.&amp;nbsp; He was standing with a group of spectators outside the
751 main Tower gates, waiting to catch a glimpse of this new queen.&amp;nbsp; He
752 wrote:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
753 &lt;UL&gt;
754 &lt;p&gt;She is very short and thin, but prettily shaped and
755 graceful.&amp;nbsp; She has small features and a well-made nose, the mouth
756 flexible and the lips red.&amp;nbsp; The eyebrows are arched and darker
757 than her hair, which is nearly red.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are sparkling and
758 reddish brown in color. &lt;/p&gt;
759 &lt;/UL&gt;
760 &lt;p&gt;Her complexion was good, unmarked by the
761 pox, but freckled; she had sharp white teeth and a lovely smile.&amp;nbsp;
762 Because she was so short, she wore chopines; these were shoes with a
763 special cork sole designed to make her appear taller.&amp;nbsp; Her gown was
764 made of green velvet stamped with gold (the colors undoubtedly flattered
765 her red hair.)&amp;nbsp; Her husband Guildford, Spinola wrote, was 'a very
766 tall strong boy with light hair' and clothed in white and silver
767 velvet.&amp;nbsp; He 'paid her [Jane] much attention.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
768 &lt;P&gt;
769 &lt;IMG height=343 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey or Katharine Parr? by Master John&quot;
770 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=170 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once in the Tower, Jane was installed in the royal
771 apartments (now destroyed.)&amp;nbsp; There, another rift occurred between
772 her and the Dudleys, much more serious than the first.&amp;nbsp; Jane was
773 visited by the Lord Treasurer, the Marquess of Winchester, who brought a
774 selection of the royal jewels for her to try on.&amp;nbsp; Among them was
775 the crown.&amp;nbsp; Jane would later stress that she never asked for the
776 crown - it was brought to her.&amp;nbsp; Winchester asked her to check if it
777 fitted properly.&amp;nbsp; Jane would not.&amp;nbsp; She had played at being
778 queen for nearly twenty-four hours but this, the most sacred symbol of
779 the monarchy, was another reminder of the danger - and importance - of
780 her role.&amp;nbsp; If she put it on, there was no turning back.&amp;nbsp; This
781 was how she viewed it.&amp;nbsp; So she hesitated, would not take it from
782 Winchester.&amp;nbsp; He didn't recognize her uneasiness.&amp;nbsp; He told her
783 to take it, remarking that another would be made to crown her husband
784 king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
785 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was then Jane realized the extent of Dudley's
786 duplicity.&amp;nbsp; He had manipulated Edward, knowing the devout
787 Protestant king wanted the throne to go to his equally devout cousin
788 Jane; but, all along, Dudley simply wanted his own son crowned
789 king.&amp;nbsp; None of the lords cared whether England was a righteous
790 nation; no one cared about Edward's will.&amp;nbsp; Instead, her royal blood
791 was to be used to maintain Dudley's control of England, to make his
792 family into royalty.&amp;nbsp; She was outraged and angry.&amp;nbsp; And Jane
793 was a Tudor herself, as proud of her royal background as she had a right
794 to be.&amp;nbsp; The Dudleys, that arrogant, pretentious family, had no
795 right to exploit her.&amp;nbsp; She told those assembled that she would
796 gladly make Guildford a duke, but he would never be king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
797 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Guildford was present for this declaration.&amp;nbsp;
798 He rushed out and fetched his mother.&amp;nbsp; The duchess, no admirer of
799 Jane's anyway, joined her son in an attack - Jane was an unnatural wife
800 and behaved like a child; in the end, Jane did not give in.&amp;nbsp; The
801 duchess said Guildford would be leaving with her for Syon House.&amp;nbsp;
802 When they had left, Jane called in the earls of Arundel and
803 Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were ordered to prevent Guildford from
804 leaving.&amp;nbsp; Jane did not like her husband - she probably pitied him
805 for he was a pawn as well - but they had to stay together.&amp;nbsp; He was
806 the consort to the monarch and could not act like a spoiled child.&amp;nbsp;
807 &lt;/P&gt;
808 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Later, Jane would tell Mary I's officers this
809 story, adding, 'I was compelled to act as a woman who is obliged to live
810 on good terms with her husband; nevertheless I was not only deluded by
811 the duke and the Council, but maltreated by my husband and his
812 mother.'&amp;nbsp; The battle, however, had been domestic.&amp;nbsp; Jane would
813 soon have much greater problems to confront.&amp;nbsp; For, later that
814 evening, the Sheriff of London and various heralds and trumpeters,
815 marched to the Cross in Cheapside to proclaim Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; The
816 announcement was met with silence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
817 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane's father-in-law, the architect of the
818 plan to make her queen, her accession had gone smoothly.&amp;nbsp; He
819 controlled London - with the Tower and armory, the treasury, and navy -
820 and no councilors offered resistance.&amp;nbsp; Jane's only rival for the
821 crown was Mary Tudor, thirty-seven, often ill, with no organized support
822 or wealth.&amp;nbsp; Her situation was so dire that her champion, the
823 Emperor Charles V, urged his ambassador to be friendly with Dudley; he
824 wanted the duke's promise to protect Mary.&amp;nbsp; Every observer
825 considered the throne won by Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But none of these learned men
826 considered the feelings of ordinary Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; And they, unlike
827 their aristocratic lords, would not gain wealth of prestige by
828 supporting Jane or Mary.&amp;nbsp; So their support was based solely on
829 ideas of right and wrong - to them, it was wrong for Jane to be queen
830 and right for Mary to be queen.&amp;nbsp; It was that simple.&amp;nbsp; (&lt;FONT
831 size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;Click here
832 to read an eyewitness account of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
833 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley understood popular opinion.&amp;nbsp; He also
834 recognized the limits of his support - after all, most of the nobles
835 would not stand by him if things turned ugly.&amp;nbsp; But he believed that
836 a quick coup, eliminating all opposition, was the key to success.&amp;nbsp;
837 So he had to get hold of Mary and Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary, the daughter of
838 Katharine of Aragon, was much-loved by the English people.&amp;nbsp; They
839 had always been sympathetic to her mother's plight; most believed Mary
840 was legitimate, that Katharine had been forced aside by the king's lust
841 and Anne Boleyn's ambition.&amp;nbsp; Did Mary understand the importance of
842 this support?&amp;nbsp; She had been receiving regular letters from Dudley
843 about her brother's condition.&amp;nbsp; They were accurate for Dudley
844 wanted to remain in her good graces as long as possible.&amp;nbsp; In early
845 July, he sent summons for Mary to come to Edward's deathbed.&amp;nbsp; She
846 set out from Hunsdon (an old palace in Hertfordshire) but had not
847 traveled far before a message reached her - the summons was a
848 trap.&amp;nbsp; Mary, oddly for her, acted decisively and immediately turned
849 back.&amp;nbsp; With half a dozen attendants, she went to Kenninghall in
850 East Anglia.&amp;nbsp; She had friends there and, if need be, would be near
851 the coast and safety in the Spanish Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
852 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When he realized she had fled, Dudley sent his son
853 Robert after her.&amp;nbsp; But they couldn't capture her and, on 9 July, he
854 was forced to act without her in his power.&amp;nbsp; The Bishop of London,
855 Nicholas Ridley, preached at St Paul's Cross, calling Mary and Elizabeth
856 bastards, and specifically singling out Mary as a papist who would
857 destroy the true religion and make England the pawn of foreign
858 powers.&amp;nbsp; The next day, of course, Jane was proclaimed queen.&amp;nbsp;
859 But it was on that day that the Council received a letter from
860 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It expressed her surprise that they hadn't announced her
861 brother's death to her, his heir; furthermore, they were commanded to
862 proclaim her queen in London.&amp;nbsp; They responded by reminding her of
863 her illegitimacy and inability to inherit 'the Crown Imperial of this
864 realm'; she must demonstrate her obedience to the 'Sovereign Lady Queen
865 Jane' and turn herself over to the authorities.&amp;nbsp; It was hardly
866 reassuring for Mary.&amp;nbsp; Also, her old allies, the Spanish envoys,
867 were not responding to her desperate pleas for help.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
868 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane spent little time with her lords during her
869 nine days as queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent an order to the Master of the
870 Wardrobe for twenty yards of velvet, twenty-five ells of fine Holland
871 linen cloth, thirty-three ells of coarser material for lining; she also
872 collected the royal jewels, a motley assortment of fish-shaped
873 toothpicks and Henry VIII's shaving materials.&amp;nbsp; This reveals an
874 important fact about Jane's nine-day reign.&amp;nbsp; She made no explicit
875 political statements; she was Dudley's puppet.&amp;nbsp; He was the one who
876 met with the council, he was the one who wanted to capture Mary Tudor;
877 he was the one tried to shore up their perilous situation.&amp;nbsp; When
878 they fell from power, Jane never protested or attempted another
879 coup.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine that she felt relieved to be simply Lady
880 Jane Grey again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
881 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley spent the nine days attempting to
882 strengthen their position.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative to capture Mary; when
883 that failed, he needed to at least track her movements.&amp;nbsp; If he
884 could reach her potential supporters first, there was a chance he could
885 sway them to his side.&amp;nbsp; Dudley undoubtedly feared that (like his
886 father during Henry VIII's reign), he would be the sacrificial lamb of
887 Edward's unsuccessful government.&amp;nbsp; But he worked well under
888 pressure, leaving Jane to fight domestic battles with her husband and
889 mother-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
890 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, meanwhile, remained in the
891 country.&amp;nbsp; She was no admirer of her half-sister Mary but knew that
892 if Jane Grey was recognized as queen, her own claim to the crown was
893 forfeit.&amp;nbsp; So she chose the safest course - she remained quiet,
894 neither supporting nor rejecting Jane.&amp;nbsp; Like all of England and
895 most of Europe, she was watching and waiting.&amp;nbsp; It became evident on
896 11 July, just a day after her coronation, that Jane's hold on England
897 was flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had prepared a letter for circulation
898 to all the sheriffs and lieutenants in England; it announced Jane's
899 succession and ordered them to resist any appeal from Mary.&amp;nbsp; But
900 Dudley knew the issue would not be settled so easily.&amp;nbsp; It would be
901 decided on the field of battle.&amp;nbsp; He was an experienced soldier and
902 determined to succeed.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered a muster on 12 July at
903 Tothill Fields, offering 10 pence a day as pay (a very high rate.)&amp;nbsp;
904 Dudley intended to put Jane's father, Henry Grey, in charge of this army
905 and remain in London himself.&amp;nbsp; He realized that most of his hold on
906 the council was based on personal intimidation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
907 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen would not hear of it.&amp;nbsp; When
908 told that her father was going to battle, Jane burst into tears and
909 begged the council to let him remain at home, 'in her company.'&amp;nbsp;
910 The councilors were already preparing to make Dudley a scapegoat for
911 their treason.&amp;nbsp; Since the queen was so distraught, they argued, it
912 would be better for Dudley to command the army.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was
913 a great soldier, renowned for his defeat of the rebels in East Anglia
914 (that triumph had begun his rise to power.)&amp;nbsp; It was up to Dudley,
915 the councilors said, 'to remedy the matter.'&amp;nbsp; And Dudley had no
916 choice but to leave.&amp;nbsp; 'Since ye think it good, I and mine will go,
917 not doubting of your fidelity to the Queen's majesty which I leave in
918 your custody.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
919 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did doubt their fidelity and he had every
920 reason to doubt it.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't turn back now.&amp;nbsp; On 13
921 July he had his personal armor delivered and appointed a retinue to meet
922 him at Durham Place.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards, he addressed the councilors for
923 the last time.&amp;nbsp; They were to send reinforcements to meet him at
924 Newmarket, he said, for he and his companions would need much
925 support.&amp;nbsp; They were leaving their wives and children behind,
926 trusting in the loyalty of the council.&amp;nbsp; And, Dudley warned, if any
927 man thought to betray him or the queen, their punishment would be
928 eternal.&amp;nbsp; Remember, Dudley said, the oath you took 'to this
929 virtuous lady the Queen's highness, who by your and our enticement is
930 rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and
931 request.'&amp;nbsp; The assembled lords assured him of their loyalty; one of
932 them said, 'If we should shrink from you as one that were culpable,
933 which of us can excuse himself as guiltless?&amp;nbsp; Therefore herein your
934 doubt is too far cast.'&amp;nbsp; Dudley's final words?&amp;nbsp; 'I pray God it
935 be so,' he said and left for battle.&amp;nbsp; It was not an auspicious
936 beginning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
937 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did not trust the lords so he sent his
938 cousin Henry Dudley on a secret mission to France that day, promising
939 Calais and Ireland in exchange for immediate military assistance.&amp;nbsp;
940 He did not tell the lords of this; nor did they tell him they were
941 meeting secretly with the Imperial ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; A report arrived
942 that Buckinghamshire had declared Mary to be queen but Mary herself was
943 still unsure.&amp;nbsp; She retreated from Kenninghall to Framlingham
944 Castle, nearer the coast.&amp;nbsp; She sent an urgent message to the
945 Imperial envoys; if her cousin Charles V did not help her, she was
946 doomed.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this confusion and treachery, Dudley had
947 assembled an army of three thousand.&amp;nbsp; Early on Friday, the 14th of
948 July, he left Durham Place for Cambridge.&amp;nbsp; The villagers he passed
949 were silent, staring at the side of the road - 'The people press to see
950 us, but not one sayeth God speed us.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
951 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As Dudley marched on, his situation became more
952 perilous.&amp;nbsp; Norwich, one of the wealthiest towns in England,
953 declared Mary queen, as did Colchester, Devon, and Oxfordshire.&amp;nbsp;
954 Dudley had sent six royal ships to the port near Framlingham to cut off
955 Mary's possible escape; the ships deserted Dudley and, with crews and
956 heavy guns, proclaimed Mary queen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the loyal towns were
957 sending money, men, and supplies.&amp;nbsp; The ordinary Englishman, ordered
958 by his lord to fight in Dudley's army, refused to go.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's own
959 army was - understandably - racked with dissension; no one wanted to be
960 on the losing side.&amp;nbsp; Once the news had reached London that the
961 ships had deserted Dudley, the councilors decided to save
962 themselves.&amp;nbsp; They attempted to leave the Tower, where they had been
963 stationed since Dudley's departure.&amp;nbsp; On the 16th of July, at about
964 7 o'clock in the evening, the main gates of the Tower were locked; they
965 keys were delivered to Jane.&amp;nbsp; Jane suspected one of the lords
966 (possibly Winchester, the lord treasurer) of trying to leave the
967 city.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
968 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, she was continuing her rule - sending
969 out letters signed 'Jane the Quene' which instructed her loyal subjects
970 to suppress Mary's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; But she must have realized the
971 futility of it all.&amp;nbsp; She was just a teenage girl, inexperienced and
972 frightened.&amp;nbsp; It was simply a question of waiting for the end.&amp;nbsp;
973 On the 18th of July, most of her councilors had left the Tower on the
974 pretext of visiting the French ambassador.&amp;nbsp; In reality, they were
975 planning a visit to the Imperial embassy.&amp;nbsp; Once there, they assured
976 Charles V's envoys that they had always been loyal to Mary; they had
977 been kept prisoner by Dudley, forced to declare Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; But
978 now they were free and determined to proclaim Mary queen of
979 England.&amp;nbsp; They did so around 5 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday,
980 the 19th of July.&amp;nbsp; London erupted into a joyous celebration.&amp;nbsp;
981 The foreign ambassadors were astonished, with the French envoy writing:
982 'The atmosphere of this country and the nature of its people are so
983 changeable that I am compelled to make my despatches correspondingly
984 wavering and contradictory.'&amp;nbsp; They all agreed it owed more to
985 Providence than anything else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
986 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was terribly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She had long
987 fought with her parents but, upon becoming Dudley's pawn, had sought
988 support from them, particularly her father.&amp;nbsp; He came to Jane as she
989 ate supper that night and told her she was deposed.&amp;nbsp; Together, they
990 took down the cloth of estate from above her head.&amp;nbsp; He ordered his
991 men to leave their weapons and then went to Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Those near
992 him heard him mutter, 'I am but one man.'&amp;nbsp; He proclaimed Mary queen
993 and then left for his London residence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was left alone in the
994 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Lady Throckmorton, one of her ladies-in-waiting, returned
995 to the Tower for her duties but could not find Jane.&amp;nbsp; She asked for
996 the queen's whereabouts and was told that the &lt;I&gt;Lady&lt;/I&gt; Jane was now a
997 prisoner, detained elsewhere in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
998 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was in the deputy lieutenant's house,
999 awaiting her fate.&amp;nbsp; The indignities began.&amp;nbsp; Her belongings
1000 were sorted through, all her money confiscated; within the day, she was
1001 accused of stealing valuables from the royal wardrobe.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
1002 riding to London, now accepted as queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was arrested by
1003 his former ally, the earl of Arundel.&amp;nbsp; His entire family was taken
1004 to the Tower; as they were marched through the streets, the crowd pelted
1005 them with filth and insults.&amp;nbsp; Even the Imperial envoy called it
1006 'dreadful' and 'a strange mutation.'&amp;nbsp; For Dudley's fall from power
1007 had been rapid, extraordinarily so - the nine days' progress from ruler
1008 to traitor was a confusing mix of treachery, rumor, and disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
1009 &lt;/P&gt;
1010 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary did release Dudley's wife from the Tower,
1011 almost immediately; the duchess hurried to the queen to beg for her
1012 family's release.&amp;nbsp; Mary ordered her from the city.&amp;nbsp; Her cousin
1013 Frances, however, was more fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She had a private audience
1014 with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Within days, Henry Grey (who had been arrested at
1015 his London home and sent to the Tower on the 28th) was released.&amp;nbsp;
1016 On 3 August, Mary made her state entry into London.&amp;nbsp; As she rode
1017 past cheering crowds, clad in purple velvet and rich jewels, Jane Grey
1018 waited in prison, along with her husband and father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1019 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What would be their fate?&amp;nbsp; All Europe
1020 pondered this, even as Jane prepared to plead her case.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
1021 &lt;/P&gt;
1022 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'I pray you despatch me quickly'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Grey possessed the
1023 committed idealism of a religious fanatic and the events following her
1024 brief reign allowed her a place in history as a Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp;
1025 Her cousin Mary never questioned her passionate Catholicism; Jane did
1026 question her own Protestantism but the quest for spiritual meaning only
1027 reinforced her
1028 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Princess Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I; also painted by Master John (note the stylistic similarities)&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;already strong convictions.&amp;nbsp; Had she remained queen,
1029 there is every possibility she would have persecuted Catholics with the
1030 same energy Mary persecuted Protestants (thus earning the nickname
1031 'Bloody Mary.')&amp;nbsp; Instead, Jane's fate was to be executed and later
1032 celebrated as a Protestant martyr, the greatest sacrificial lamb of
1033 Mary's misguided policies.&amp;nbsp; The truth is, of course, more
1034 complex.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not execute Jane because of their religious
1035 differences.&amp;nbsp; Rather, she was motivated by political necessity and
1036 her own desire to marry and reinstate the Catholic church in
1037 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1038 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Immediately after her accession, Mary had
1039 imprisoned Jane in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The former queen was
1040 well-treated but undoubtedly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She probably expected
1041 imminent execution for she had long since realized the severity of her
1042 crime.&amp;nbsp; Since it became clear no one would intercede for her, she
1043 wrote to Mary herself.&amp;nbsp; Only an Italian translation of the letter
1044 exists.&amp;nbsp; In it, Jane described events since her marriage to
1045 Guildford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She was wrong for accepting the crown - she
1046 freely admitted this; but she had relied on the advice of others.&amp;nbsp;
1047 She knew the queen's 'goodness and clemency'; Mary must realize that 'I
1048 might have taken upon me that of which I was not worthy, yet no one can
1049 ever say either that I sought it.... or that I was pleased with
1050 it.'&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her cousin, an honest, plain-spoken child, for
1051 all her heretical ways.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;(&lt;A
1052 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary%2fjanemary.html&quot;&gt;Click
1053 here to read Jane's letter to Mary&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
1054 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was in the midst of arranging her marriage to
1055 Philip of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; It was the
1056 culmination of a decades-old dream.&amp;nbsp; She had spent the last few
1057 years in the countryside, surrounded by a Catholic household and
1058 sympathetic nobles.&amp;nbsp; Thus, she never realized the extent of
1059 Protestantism in the vital areas of London and its surrounding
1060 countryside.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed all of England wanted to return to the
1061 early 1520s, the years before Henry VIII had decided to abandon her
1062 beloved mother and break with the church of Rome.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed
1063 that the popular support which had taken the throne from Jane&amp;nbsp;
1064 indicated support not simply for her rule - but for &lt;I&gt;Catholic&lt;/I&gt; rule
1065 in general.&amp;nbsp; In this misguided view, she was initially supported by
1066 her most trusted political advisor - a Spaniard named Simon Renard, the
1067 newly arrived Imperial ambassador.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1068 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles V had instructed Renard to guide Mary
1069 through the crucial first months of her reign.&amp;nbsp; At first, signs
1070 were good - Mary attended Mass with her privy councilors but, on 12
1071 August 1553, told her council that she would not 'compel or constrain
1072 other men's consciences.'&amp;nbsp; She hoped her subjects would open their
1073 hearts to the truth and, shortly thereafter, return to the religion she
1074 supported.&amp;nbsp; Renard was also instructed to urge moderate punishment
1075 upon those who had supported Jane.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not want his cousin
1076 to be too cruel; that would hurt her reputation.&amp;nbsp; He needn't have
1077 worried.&amp;nbsp; Mary was, in fact, too lenient for Renard.&amp;nbsp; 'As to
1078 Jane of Suffolk, whom they tried to make Queen, she [Mary] could not be
1079 induced to consent that she should die.'&amp;nbsp; Mary firmly believed her
1080 cousin was innocent of any intrigue; Jane had never intended to be
1081 queen, but had been the unwilling dupe of Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She could not
1082 put this innocent young woman to death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1083 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard admitted that Jane was 'morally' innocent
1084 but, nevertheless, she had worn the crown of England.&amp;nbsp; In times of
1085 trouble, those nine days may be used as a precedent for deposing Mary
1086 and restoring Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary was commended for her trusting nature but
1087 she must remember that kindness could be destroyed by duplicity.&amp;nbsp;
1088 Renard was somewhat mollified when, on 18 August, Dudley was sentenced
1089 to die.&amp;nbsp; He was convicted along with his eldest son and William
1090 Parr, marquess of Northampton.&amp;nbsp; The following day a group of lesser
1091 nobles were convicted.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's execution was set for Monday 21
1092 August but, at the last minute, Dudley announced he wanted to reconciled
1093 to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Did he hope to avert his own death,
1094 appealing to Mary's religion?&amp;nbsp; Or did he genuinely wish to
1095 convert?&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, his execution was delayed for one day
1096 while he made his peace with God.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock the next morning,
1097 he was escorted - with his son and Parr - to St Peter ad Vincula, the
1098 church within the Tower of London grounds.&amp;nbsp; There, he attended mass
1099 and, upon receiving the sacrament, Dudley addressed the crowd:&amp;nbsp;
1100&lt;/P&gt;
1101 &lt;UL&gt;
1102 &lt;p&gt;My masters, I let you all to understand that I do most faithfully
1103 believe this is the very right and true way, out of the which true
1104 religion you and I have been seduced these sixteen years past, by the
1105 false and erroneous preaching of the new preachers....&amp;nbsp; And I do
1106 believe the holy sacrament here most assuredly to be our Saviour and
1107 Redeemer Jesus Christ and this I pray you all to testify and pray for
1108 me. &lt;/p&gt;
1109 &lt;/UL&gt;
1110 &lt;p&gt;He died the next morning, before a great crowd of
1111 spectators.&amp;nbsp; He repeated his speech at the mass; it had a great
1112 effect on the crowd.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1113 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this point, Jane Grey knew she was safe from
1114 imminent death.&amp;nbsp; She was still in the Tower but treated with
1115 increasing respect.&amp;nbsp; A week after Dudley's execution, Rowland Lea
1116 (an official of the royal mint who lived in the Tower and was the author
1117 of the &lt;I&gt;Chronicle of Queen Jane&lt;/I&gt;) ate with her.&amp;nbsp; She had a
1118 staff of four (two attendant ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob, one
1119 manservant, and her nurse and lifelong companion, Mrs Ellen.)&amp;nbsp; The
1120 government paid them each 20 shillings a week; Jane was allowed a
1121 generous allowance of 90 shillings a week.&amp;nbsp; She was allowed books
1122 and spent most of her time reading and studying.&amp;nbsp; When she wished
1123 it, she walked in the Queen's garden.&amp;nbsp; She no longer had to deal
1124 with her parents or her in-laws, undoubtedly a welcome relief.&amp;nbsp; The
1125 gentleman gaoler, called Partridge, and his wife were kind and
1126 respectful.&amp;nbsp; Lea recorded Jane's comments on Dudley:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1127 &lt;UL&gt;
1128 &lt;p&gt;'Woe worth him! he hath brought me and our stock in most miserable
1129 calamity and misery by his exceeding ambition.&amp;nbsp; But for the
1130 answering that he hoped for life by his turning, though other men be
1131 of that opinion, I utterly am not; for what man is there living, I
1132 pray you, although he had been innocent, that would hope of life in
1133 that case; being in the field against the Queen in person as general,
1134 and after his taking so hated and evil spoken of by the commons? and
1135 at his coming into prison so wondered at [reviled] as the like was
1136 never heard by any man's time.&amp;nbsp; Who was judge that he should hope
1137 for pardon, whose life was odious to all men?&amp;nbsp; But what will ye
1138 more?&amp;nbsp; Like as his life was wicked and full of dissimulation, so
1139 was his end thereafter.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, I, nor no friend of mine,
1140 die so.&amp;nbsp; Should I, who am young and in my few years, forsake my
1141 faith for the love of life?&amp;nbsp; Nay, God forbid!&amp;nbsp; Much more he
1142 should not, whose fatal course, although he had lived his just number
1143 of years, could not have long continued.&amp;nbsp; But life was sweet, it
1144 appeared; so he might have lived, you will say, he did not care
1145 how.&amp;nbsp; Indeed the reason is good; for he that would have lived in
1146 chains to have had his life, by like would leave no other mean
1147 [un]attempted.&amp;nbsp; But God be merciful to us, for he sayeth, Whoso
1148 denieth him before me, he will not know him in his Father's Kingdom.'
1149 &lt;/p&gt;
1150 &lt;/UL&gt;
1151 &lt;p&gt;Jane's intense religious convictions and her hatred of Dudley are
1152 evident in this passage.&amp;nbsp; She further demonstrated her religious
1153 intolerance when writing to Dr Harding, a former chaplain at her
1154 parents' home of Bradgate and her first tutor.&amp;nbsp; Harding had joined
1155 other Protestant chaplains in renouncing his reformed faith and becoming
1156 Catholic once again.&amp;nbsp; Jane was completely disgusted and appalled by
1157 his cowardice:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1158 &lt;UL&gt;
1159 &lt;p&gt;'I cannot but marvel at thee and lament thy case, who seemed
1160 sometime to be the lively member of Christ, but now the deformed imp
1161 of the devil; sometime the beautiful temple of God, but now the
1162 stinking and filthy kennel of Satan; sometime the unspotted spouse of
1163 Christ, but now the unshamefaced paramour of Antichrist; sometime my
1164 faithful brother, but now a stranger and apostate; sometime a stout
1165 Christian soldier, but now a cowardly runaway.&amp;nbsp; Yea, when I
1166 consider these things, I cannot but speak to thee, and cry out upon
1167 thee, thou seed of Satan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;Oh wretched and unhappy man, what
1168 art thou but dust and ashes?&amp;nbsp; And wilt thou resist thy Maker that
1169 fashioned thee and framed thee?&amp;nbsp; ....Wilt thou refuse the true
1170 God, and worship the invention of man, the golden calf, the whore of
1171 Babylon, the Romish religion, the abominable idol, the most wicked
1172 mass?' &lt;/p&gt;
1173 &lt;/UL&gt;
1174 &lt;p&gt;Such rhetoric reveals insight into Jane's character.&amp;nbsp;
1175 She was pious, devout, and kind - but she was also self-righteous and
1176 intolerant.&amp;nbsp; She and Mary were more alike than many realized.&amp;nbsp;
1177 Both were plain-spoken, transparently honest, and passionately believed
1178 their religion was the sole path to salvation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1179 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While Mary prepared for her coronation, Jane
1180 remained in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The Dudley brothers were now allowed to
1181 exercise on the roof of their prison, Beauchamp Tower, though there is
1182 no evidence that Jane and Guildford saw one another.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not
1183 speak of her imprisoned cousin.&amp;nbsp; Her time was taken up with her
1184 coronation and impending marriage, as well as the conflict her marriage
1185 was causing.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen did not want Mary to wed a Spaniard,
1186 for the same reasons Edward VI had excluded her from the succession -
1187 she was past middle-aged and would probably bear no children.&amp;nbsp;
1188 Therefore, she would leave the throne to a Catholic husband and England
1189 would become yet another state of the Imperial empire.&amp;nbsp; But as the
1190 weeks passed, Mary's leniency began to be questioned.&amp;nbsp; So Mary gave
1191 in to pressure and ordered Jane and the four Dudley sons to stand trial;
1192 the order had been prepared in mid-September but Mary did not allow the
1193 trial to take place until two months later.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1194 &lt;P&gt;
1195 &lt;IMG height=184 alt=&quot;engraving of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
1196 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey2.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As they were led out of the Tower to be arraigned
1197 at Guildhall, the executioner walked before them.&amp;nbsp; He carried an
1198 axe, as was the custom.&amp;nbsp; Jane dressed soberly for the occasion, as
1199 befitted a proper young lady of the reformed church.&amp;nbsp; She was clad
1200 all in black; she wore a black cloth gown, black cape trimmed with
1201 velvet, and a black French hood trimmed with velvet.&amp;nbsp; At her girdle
1202 hung a prayer book also bound in black velvet.&amp;nbsp; She held a book of
1203 prayers open in her hands as she walked behind Guildford.&amp;nbsp; She was
1204 attended by her two ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob.&amp;nbsp; The
1205 proceedings were a mere formality.&amp;nbsp; Jane and the four Dudleys pled
1206 guilty to the charge of high treason.&amp;nbsp; Sentence was passed against
1207 them; the men would be hung, drawn, and quartered and Jane would be
1208 burnt or beheaded at the Queen's pleasure.&amp;nbsp; They returned to the
1209 Tower, this time with the edge of the axe turned towards them.&amp;nbsp; In
1210 this way, spectators knew they were condemned.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1211 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the passing of the sentence was simply a
1212 formality.&amp;nbsp; As Renard reported in his subsequent dispatches, 'It is
1213 believed that Jane will not die' and, a week later, 'As for Jane, I am
1214 told her life is safe.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents had left the
1215 reformed church.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was forced to pay a 20000 pd fine but
1216 given a general pardon.&amp;nbsp; He returned to court.&amp;nbsp; His wife was
1217 Queen Mary's favorite lady and their two daughters, Catherine and Mary,
1218 were her ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Frances Grey was shown great
1219 favor at court, even gaining precedence over Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
1220 Most observers believed Jane would soon be pardoned and released, free
1221 to join her family at court.&amp;nbsp; The rehabilitation of the Greys
1222 seemed complete.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1223 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary's fervent desire to wed Philip of
1224 Spain was soon to have tragic consequences for the sixteen-year-old Jane
1225 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1226 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'So perish all the Queen's enemies'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The complexities of
1227 Mary Tudor's decision to marry the twenty-six widower, Philip of Spain,
1228 are discussed at her &lt;A
1229 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;website&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
1230 They can be outlined briefly here.&amp;nbsp; Mary - and most of her
1231 contemporaries - believed she must marry; she needed a husband for
1232 support and guidance.&amp;nbsp; No woman had ruled England in her own right
1233 before.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen wanted Mary to wed the great-grandson of
1234 Edward IV, Edward Courtenay.&amp;nbsp; He was the last of the Plantagenets,
1235 young, good-looking, and charming; his high birth led him to spend most
1236 of his youth in prison.&amp;nbsp; Mary was kind to him.&amp;nbsp; She released
1237 him from the Tower and restored he and his mother to favor.&amp;nbsp; She
1238 remembered that Edward's parents had supported her mother during the
1239 great divorce.&amp;nbsp; But she also made it clear she would not marry
1240 him.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, whose life had possessed little happiness and peace
1241 after her adolescence, had always turned to her mother's family for
1242 advice and support.&amp;nbsp; And she continued to do so when she became
1243 queen.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Philip of Spain, heir to the Hapsburg empire, was
1244 the most sought-after prince in Europe.&amp;nbsp; But he was also the
1245 grandson of her aunt, which meant a great deal to the sentimental Mary
1246 Tudor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1247 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, she did not immediately plan to marry
1248 him.&amp;nbsp; She was deeply religious and had spent the past twenty years
1249 essentially alone and unloved.&amp;nbsp; She was naturally fearful of
1250 marriage.&amp;nbsp; She asked Renard - was Philip too young for her?&amp;nbsp;
1251 would she be able to satisfy him for she was ignorant of 'that which was
1252 called love' ?&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a deeply devout and chaste maiden
1253 and he was a twenty-six-year-old widower.&amp;nbsp; Would he be happy with
1254 her?&amp;nbsp; Renard assured her that Philip was delighted to wed
1255 Mary.&amp;nbsp; And, he added, they would have children together, providing
1256 England with a Catholic succession.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she had
1257 never considered marriage until God had raised her to the throne but -
1258 now that she was queen - she would lead her subjects down the path of
1259 righteousness.&amp;nbsp; With the might of the Holy Roman Empire behind her,
1260 her faith would be triumphant.&amp;nbsp; So she agreed to marry Philip in
1261 late October 1553; their engagement was made official.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1262 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was faced with a hostile reaction.&amp;nbsp; Both
1263 her subjects and the king of France made their anger known.&amp;nbsp; Many
1264 Englishmen believed Charles V wanted to drag England into war against
1265 France, another costly and ineffectual enterprise.&amp;nbsp; In truth,
1266 Charles really wanted control of that vital sea route between Spain and
1267 the Netherlands; he needed to control the English coast in order for his
1268 trade route to operate at its maximum profitability.&amp;nbsp; But England
1269 has always been an insular nation.&amp;nbsp; With Protestant propagandists
1270 and the French ambassador spreading all sorts of rumors (from Spanish
1271 invasions to immediate wars), the people were in an uproar.&amp;nbsp;
1272 Furthermore, Mary's councilors were an ineffectual bunch and their
1273 policies were roundly criticized.&amp;nbsp; It seemed that, just months into
1274 her reign, Mary was steadily falling from favor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1275 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 January 1554, Charles V's envoys arrived to
1276 iron out the details of the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; To secure his
1277 valuable trade route, Charles was prepared to be generous.&amp;nbsp; In
1278 fact, he included every provision possible to stifle English
1279 fears.&amp;nbsp; But it was no use.&amp;nbsp; The people didn't want the
1280 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, word reached London of uprisings in the
1281 countryside - Carew in Devonshire, Wyatt in Kent, Crofts in
1282 Wales....&amp;nbsp; The councilors were alarmed.&amp;nbsp; And then word reached
1283 them that Henry Grey, the duke of Suffolk, had disappeared from his
1284 country home, Sheen.&amp;nbsp; They had planned the uprising for March when
1285 Philip was due to arrive but Courtenay, timid after years in the Tower,
1286 betrayed them.&amp;nbsp; So the conspirators were forced into action.&amp;nbsp;
1287 Carew could not raise his force without Courtenay's help so he fled to
1288 France and Crofts plans fell through.&amp;nbsp; But, by the end of January,
1289 Wyatt had taken Rochester and the royal ships at the Medway.&amp;nbsp; The
1290 duke of Norfolk left with a force from London but many men
1291 deserted.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt was encouraged and pressed on to London.&amp;nbsp; For
1292 two days, the fate of the Spanish marriage hung in the balance.&amp;nbsp;
1293 Londoners were undecided; Mary decided to sway the balance.&amp;nbsp; She
1294 went to Guildhall and made a rousing speech exhorting the Londoners to
1295 support her.&amp;nbsp; She did so against the advice of her council for they
1296 feared for her safety.&amp;nbsp; They needn't have worried.&amp;nbsp; When Wyatt
1297 reached London, he found the bridge closed to him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1298 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused to let the Tower guns be turned
1299 on the traitors.&amp;nbsp; She feared the innocent citizens of Southwark
1300 would be harmed if they were fired.&amp;nbsp; The rebels eventually
1301 surrendered but Mary had learned a valuable lesson - she discovered the
1302 depth of her subjects' hatred of the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it did
1303 not cause her to change her plans.&amp;nbsp; She was bewildered and angry
1304 but also hurt.&amp;nbsp; She had shown mercy and&lt;IMG height=226 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin Mary Tudor in 1554, by Hans Eworth&quot;
1305 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworthcr.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; forgiveness and was
1306 rewarded by rebellion.&amp;nbsp; She was now particularly susceptible to Renard's advice.&amp;nbsp; Renard immediately questioned Mary's safety as
1307 well as Philip's - would the prince be safe when rebellions were
1308 occurring throughout the nation?&amp;nbsp; The queen was exhorted to ensure
1309 his safety.&amp;nbsp; She must do this by punishing the rebels so none would
1310 dare rebel again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1311 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard's advice was supported by Mary's
1312 council.&amp;nbsp; Inevitably, all her advisors urged Mary to execute Jane
1313 Grey.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt had been supported by the vanished Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp;
1314 When he had disappeared from Sheen, he had gone to raise an army against
1315 the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But he gained little support.&amp;nbsp; Grey
1316 owed his life to Mary's kindness and he responded by seeking to
1317 overthrow her.&amp;nbsp; His intent was to lead men of the midland shires
1318 and join Wyatt near London.&amp;nbsp; His actual course fell far short of
1319 this goal - he fled from one county to another until he reached his
1320 manor of Astley.&amp;nbsp; He apparently hid in a tree trunk or under some
1321 hay; accounts vary.&amp;nbsp; He was promptly arrested by the earl of
1322 Huntingdon.&amp;nbsp; Later, rumors spread that he had proclaimed Jane queen
1323 during his ride through the midlands.&amp;nbsp; This was untrue but it
1324 didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; Jane had once been queen and, as Mary's advisors
1325 put it, she would be the figurehead of any Protestant plot.&amp;nbsp; Once
1326 again, she was &lt;I&gt;morally&lt;/I&gt; innocent but she was still
1327 dangerous.&amp;nbsp; She had to die.&amp;nbsp; To this, Renard added that Philip
1328 could not arrive until the Protestant threat had been destroyed.&amp;nbsp;
1329 All the opposition to her marriage had simply made the obstinate Mary
1330 more determined to marry Philip.&amp;nbsp; So the suspended sentence on Jane
1331 was revoked and she was condemned to die immediately.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1332 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The date of the execution was set for Friday 9
1333 February 1554.&amp;nbsp; Mary, who so hated executing her cousin, tried one
1334 last time to save her soul.&amp;nbsp; She sent John Feckenham, dean of St
1335 Paul's, to Jane.&amp;nbsp; He was given a few days to sway Jane to the
1336 Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Jane, long deprived of intellectual company and
1337 theological debate, was polite.&amp;nbsp; But she rebutted each of
1338 Feckenham's arguments with her own.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she relished this last
1339 chance to elucidate her precious faith.&amp;nbsp; After hours of argument,
1340 she remained Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she had also come to like Feckenham
1341 very much.&amp;nbsp; So she accepted his offer to accompany her to the
1342 scaffold and she promised to 'pray God in the bowels of his mercy to
1343 send you his Holy Spirit; for he hath given you his great gift of
1344 utterance, if it pleased him also to open the eyes of your heart.'&amp;nbsp;
1345 &lt;/P&gt;
1346 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Feckenham's work had delayed the executions until
1347 Monday 12 February.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Jane was also preparing to die with
1348 as much grace and dignity she could summon.&amp;nbsp; She chose her dress,
1349 composed her speech, and appointed the two members of her household who
1350 would accompany her and dispose of her body.&amp;nbsp; She sent a letter to
1351 her sister Catherine and one to her father (brought to the Tower on 10
1352 February.)&amp;nbsp; The latter included a remonstration that his actions
1353 had hastened her death.&amp;nbsp; But she did not write to her mother nor
1354 did Frances attempt to visit her or her husband.&amp;nbsp; There exists a
1355 story that Guildford asked to see Jane before they died and that Mary
1356 granted his request.&amp;nbsp; Jane, however, refused to see him, waiting
1357 until they met 'in a better place.'&amp;nbsp; But there is no evidence the
1358 story is true.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Jane and her husband showed no interest in
1359 seeing one another while in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1360 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane did watch her husband's execution.&amp;nbsp; He
1361 was taken from Beauchamp Tower at 10 o'clock in the morning and led to
1362 the execution area on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Jane stood by her window and
1363 watched as he went to his death.&amp;nbsp; Guildford died with great courage
1364 and dignity and, when the cart rolled past carrying his corpse, Jane
1365 muttered his name and a comment about 'the bitterness of death.'&amp;nbsp;
1366 Perhaps she realized that he had been a victim, too.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
1367 she saw his blood-splattered body, thrown atop equally stained straw,
1368 driven to St Peter-ad-Vincula; his head was wrapped in a cloth beside
1369 the body.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1370 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was now Jane's turn to face death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1371 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;(Click here to read
1372 an eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SMALL&gt;She
1373 wore the &lt;IMG height=360
1374 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey kneeling before the block, from Delaroche's painting&quot;
1375 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janecrop.jpg&quot; width=165 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;same black outfit she had worn at her trial.&amp;nbsp; She carried
1376 her prayer book in her hands; she was escorted by Sir John Brydges, the
1377 lieutenant of the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Her nurse, Mrs Ellen, and her attendant,
1378 Mrs Tylney, also accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; They both cried but Jane was
1379 calm and composed.&amp;nbsp; She had, after all, watched her scaffold being
1380 erected near the White Tower; her rooms provided an excellent view of
1381 its construction.&amp;nbsp; Since she was a princess of royal blood, her
1382 execution was private.&amp;nbsp; Only a small crowd had been invited.&amp;nbsp;
1383 &lt;/P&gt;
1384 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At the steps of the scaffold, he greeted
1385 Feckenham: 'God grant you all your desires and accept my own hearty
1386 thanks for all your attention to me. Although indeed, those attentions
1387 have tried me more than death can now terrify me.' She then ascended the
1388 steps and addressed the crowd.&amp;nbsp; She admitted she had committed
1389 treason when she accepted the crown but 'I do wash my hands in innocency, before God and the face of you, good Christian people this
1390 day.'&amp;nbsp; She wrung her hands and asked that they witness her death,
1391 and affirm that she died a good Christian.&amp;nbsp; She ended with yet
1392 another indication of her strong Protestant faith; she said, 'And now,
1393 good people, while I am alive, I pray you to assist me with your
1394 prayers.'&amp;nbsp; Protestants, unlike Catholics, did not believe in
1395 prayers for the dead.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt and asked Feckenham, 'Shall I
1396 say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; She read the fifty-first psalm in English and he
1397 followed her in Latin.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1398 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the prayer, she told Feckenham, 'God I
1399 beseech Him abundantly reward you for your kindness to me.'&amp;nbsp; She
1400 then rose to her feet and completed her final duties.&amp;nbsp; She handed
1401 her gloves and handkerchief to her attendant, Mrs Tylney and her
1402 prayer-book to the lieutenant's brother, Thomas Brydges.&amp;nbsp; She then
1403 began to untie her gown; as was the tradition, the executioner stepped
1404 forward.&amp;nbsp; It was the custom that the victim's outer garments became
1405 the executioner's property.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane did not know this; or
1406 perhaps she was simply terrified as that masked figure came toward
1407 her.&amp;nbsp; She stepped back and 'desired him to leave her alone.'&amp;nbsp;
1408 Her attendants completed the unlacing.&amp;nbsp; They then gave her a
1409 handkerchief to tie over her eyes.&amp;nbsp; Next, the executioner knelt
1410 before her and begged her forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; This, too, was a custom and
1411 one Jane had expected.&amp;nbsp; She gave her forgiveness 'most
1412 willingly.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1413 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now there was nothing to do but end it all.&amp;nbsp;
1414 The executioner asked her to stand upon the straw.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she saw
1415 the actual block for the first time.&amp;nbsp; Her composure faltered for
1416 just a brief moment.&amp;nbsp; She whispered, 'I pray you despatch me
1417 quickly,' and began to kneel.&amp;nbsp; She hesitated and asked, 'Will you
1418 take it off before I lay me down?', referring to the blindfold.&amp;nbsp;
1419 The executioner replied, 'No, madame' and so she tied the handkerchief
1420 around her eyes.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt but, blindfolded, could not find
1421 the block.&amp;nbsp; Her arms flailed about for several moments and she
1422 cried out, 'What shall I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; Those standing on
1423 the scaffold were hesitant - should they help her?&amp;nbsp; A member of the
1424 crowd climbed the scaffold and helped her.&amp;nbsp; He guided her hands to
1425 the block.&amp;nbsp; She lowered her head and stretched forth her body; her
1426 last words were, 'Lord into thy hands I commend my spirit.'&amp;nbsp; The
1427 executioner swung his axe and severed her head.&amp;nbsp; Blood splattered
1428 across the scaffold and many of the witnesses.&amp;nbsp; The executioner
1429 then lifted her head and said, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies.
1430 Behold, the head of a traitor.'&amp;nbsp; It was the end of Lady Jane
1431 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1432 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Permission had to be granted for her burial at St
1433 Peter-ad-Vincula since the church had recently become Catholic
1434 again.&amp;nbsp; Feckenham was forced to go to court for the
1435 permission.&amp;nbsp; So Jane's body lay exposed and unattended for nearly
1436 four hours, spread obscenely across the blood-soaked straw.&amp;nbsp; The
1437 French ambassador reported seeing it there hours after the
1438 execution.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants kept watch, though they were not allowed
1439 to cover the corpse.&amp;nbsp; Finally, Feckenham returned and Jane's body
1440 was laid to rest between the bodies of two other headless queens -
1441 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne
1442 Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; and
1443 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; During the reign of her Protestant
1444 cousin, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;, Jane was celebrated as a martyr to her faith
1445 and she remains one of the most famous queens of England.&lt;/P&gt;
1446 &lt;hr&gt;
1447 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1448 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1449 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Live still to die, that by death you may purchase eternal life.... As
1450 the preacher sayeth, there is a time to be born and a time to die; and the
1451 day of death is better than the day of our birth.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
1452 size=-1&gt;Jane Grey's message to John Brydges, lieutenant of the Tower of
1453 London, 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
1454 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1455 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1456 &lt;hr&gt;
1457 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1458 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
1459 lovely tribute to Lady Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;; it's a wonderful website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1460 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1461 &lt;CENTER&gt;
1462 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1463 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1464 Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1465 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1466 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1467 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favorite
1468 biographies of Lady Jane Grey are by Hester Chapman and Alison Plowden.&amp;nbsp;
1469 Thanks for reading / exploring this website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1470 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1471 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1472&lt;/blockquote&gt;
1473
1474
1475
1476&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082561&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
1477&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082561&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
1478</Content>
1479</Section>
1480</Archive>
Note: See TracBrowser for help on using the repository browser.