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Adding collections for Tudor tutorials that Jenny had gone through, with the flags necessary for diffcol to work.
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14 <Metadata name="Content">Lady Jane Grey The Nine Days Queen biography portraits primary sources</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Nine Days' Queen 1553</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Title">Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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21 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
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41
42&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
43 &lt;tr&gt;
44 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
45 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
46 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
47 &lt;/tr&gt;
48 &lt;tr&gt;
49 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
50 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
51 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;IMG height=47 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey&quot;
52 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey.gif&quot; width=320&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
53 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
54 &lt;/tr&gt;
55 &lt;tr&gt;
56 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
57 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
58 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
59 &lt;IMG height=287
60 alt=&quot;The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche&quot;
61 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey-nga.jpg&quot; width=358 border=2&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
62 &lt;blockquote&gt;
63 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
64 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
65 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read
66 the biography of Lady Jane Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
67 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
68 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
69 of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;, 1553. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
70 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;Jane's letter to
71 Queen Mary from the Tower of London&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
72 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
73 of Jane's execution&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
74 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
75 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;A
76 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
77 Catherine Grey site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's tragic
78 sister.&lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
79 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward
80 VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's cousin who left her the throne.
81 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Grey's life at &lt;A
82 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
83 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
84 &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
85 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
86 Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/A&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A
87 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bitterwisdom.com%2fladyjanegrey&quot;&gt;The Lady Jane Grey Internet
88 Museum&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
89 &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Tudor Dynasty enthusiasts at
90 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor
91 Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
92 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
93 of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
94 England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
95 other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
96 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
97 &lt;/td&gt;
98 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
99 &lt;/tr&gt;
100&lt;/table&gt;
101
102&lt;blockquote&gt;
103 &lt;blockquote&gt;
104 &lt;blockquote&gt;
105 &lt;p&gt;
106 &lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;
107 &lt;B&gt;Jane Grey remains one of the most compelling and tragic figures in
108 Tudor history.&amp;nbsp; She possessed royal blood through her grandmother,
109 Princess Mary Tudor, and this heritage brought her to the scaffold in
110 1554.&amp;nbsp; Jane had been named heiress to the English throne in her
111 great-uncle Henry VIII's will, but only if his son Edward and daughters
112 Mary and Elizabeth died without issue.&amp;nbsp; But Edward ruled for just six
113 years and his ambitious advisor, John Dudley, was determined to remain in
114 power.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he persuaded Edward to write his own will and
115 leave the throne to his pious cousin, Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; Though just fifteen
116 at the time, she was known for her Protestant piety and learning; it was
117 this religious devotion which persuaded Edward to alter the succession.&amp;nbsp;
118 Deeply pious himself, he could not leave the throne to his Catholic
119 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Jane was quickly wed to Dudley's son and crowned queen
120 of England in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; But she ruled for just nine days, trapped
121 and unhappy.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor claimed the throne with great popular
122 support and Jane was imprisoned in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; Her
123 subsequent execution was a political necessity for Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp;
124 Despite her youth, Jane met her end with great dignity and courage.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
125 &lt;hr&gt;
126 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
127 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
128 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I think that at the supper I neither receive flesh nor
129 blood, but bread and wine; which bread when it is broken, and the wine when it
130 is drunken, put me in remembrance how that for my sins the body of Christ was
131 broken, and his blood shed on the cross. ...I ground my faith upon God's word,
132 and not upon the church...&amp;nbsp; The faith of the church must be tried by
133 God's word, and not God's word by the church; neither yet my faith.'&amp;nbsp;
134 &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane Grey to John Feckenham,
135 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
136 &lt;blockquote&gt;
137 &lt;blockquote&gt;
138 &lt;hr&gt;
139 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Ancestry&lt;/B&gt;
140 &lt;BR&gt;Lady Jane Grey was the eldest child of Lord Henry and Lady Frances
141 Grey, the duke and duchess of
142 &lt;IMG height=205
143 alt=&quot;Princess Mary Tudor, grandmother of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
144 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey1.jpg&quot; width=101 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; She was a viable heir to
145 the English throne because of her maternal grandmother, &lt;A
146 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
147 Mary Tudor&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; After the death of her first husband, King Louis
148 XII of France in 1515, Mary secretly wed her true love, &lt;A
149 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Charles
150 Brandon&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was her brother &lt;A
151 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry
152 VIII&lt;/A&gt;'s best friend; the king's friendship and Brandon's service to
153 the Crown led to his creation as duke of Suffolk in 1514.&amp;nbsp; He and
154 Mary had a son, Henry, who died as teenager.&amp;nbsp; Their next eldest
155 child was a daughter, Frances.&amp;nbsp; Under the terms of the Third Act of
156 Succession (1544) and Henry VIII's last will and testament (1547), the
157 Suffolk line would inherit the throne after Henry VIII's children died
158 childless.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the throne would pass to Henry's son &lt;A
159 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward&lt;/A&gt;;
160 if Edward died childless, it passed to Henry's eldest daughter &lt;A
161 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/A&gt;;
162 if she died childless, it passed to Henry's youngest daughter &lt;A
163 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
164 If Elizabeth died childless, the throne passed to Lady Frances.&amp;nbsp;
165 This plan completely disregarded the children of Henry's elder sister &lt;A
166 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;Margaret&lt;/A&gt;,
167 the former queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not care for Margaret and,
168 more importantly, did not want the English throne in Scottish hands. &lt;/p&gt;
169 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So it was through Princess Mary that Jane Grey was
170 bequeathed her deadly heritage.&amp;nbsp; Still, no one in the 1540s
171 expected the Suffolk line to rule.&amp;nbsp; After all, Henry VIII had left
172 three heirs and it was unlikely all three would die childless.&amp;nbsp; Of
173 course, we know that this did occur and the Tudor dynasty died with
174 Elizabeth I in 1603.&amp;nbsp; It was only in 1552, with Edward VI's health
175 rapidly failing, that people realized there would be a succession
176 crisis.&amp;nbsp; According to parliament and Henry VIII's will, Mary was
177 Edward's heir - but she was Catholic, in her late thirties, and never
178 robust.&amp;nbsp; More importantly, Edward was a devout Protestant and did
179 not want Roman Catholicism restored in England.&amp;nbsp; Urged on by
180 self-interested advisors, he removed Mary from the succession on the
181 grounds of her illegitimacy (she was declared so by parliament in
182 1532.)&amp;nbsp; But if he removed Mary, he also had to remove Elizabeth
183 even though she was a Protestant; Elizabeth had also been declared a
184 bastard by parliament in 1536.&amp;nbsp; In his &lt;I&gt;Device for the
185 Succession&lt;/I&gt;, written in his own hand, Edward wrote that they were
186 both &quot;illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
187 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward's course of action removed the succession
188 from the heirs of Henry VIII and gave it to the heirs of Henry's younger
189 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was a tumultuous course for many reasons.&amp;nbsp;
190 For example, the king of France, Henry II, was raising &lt;A
191 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
192 Stuart&lt;/A&gt;, Margaret Tudor's granddaughter; he planned to marry this
193 ten-year-old &lt;A
194 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;queen
195 of Scots&lt;/A&gt; to his son and heir, Francois.&amp;nbsp; By all the accepted
196 laws of primogeniture, she had a better claim to the English throne than
197 her Suffolk cousins.&amp;nbsp; In fact, most European Catholics believed
198 Mary's claim better than her Tudor cousins, Mary and Elizabeth, since
199 both were illegitimate by acts of constitutional and canon law.&amp;nbsp;
200 However, Mary of Scotland was in France - not England; also, the
201 Suffolks were Protestant and she was not.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI never
202 considered leaving her the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
203 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The above paragraph illustrates the complexity of
204 blood ties within the Tudor family.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary Tudor was
205 half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor, the succession
206 crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the
207 Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the pope hoped to bring England back to his
208 authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI
209 died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would
210 triumph.&amp;nbsp; Mary....&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth....&amp;nbsp; Mary of
211 Scotland....&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey....&amp;nbsp; Which would become queen?&amp;nbsp;
212 &lt;/P&gt;
213 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Europe waited to see how England would
214 welcome a queen as their sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; All of the possible
215 candidates for the throne were women, an unprecedented occurrence.&amp;nbsp;
216 The only woman to attempt to rule England as her father's sole heir had
217 been Matilda in the 12th century; she had been forced out of the country
218 by popular revolt and a male cousin named Stephen of Blois became
219 king.&amp;nbsp; Now it seemed the English had no choice but to accept a
220 woman ruler.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
221 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And because of the secret marriage of Mary Tudor
222 and Charles Brandon, the first woman to rule England in her own right
223 would be Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
224 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Early Life and Education&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
225 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
226 &lt;p&gt;'I will tell you a truth which perchance ye will marvel
227 at.&amp;nbsp; One of the greatest benefits that God ever gave me is that
228 he sent me so sharp and severe parents and so gentle a
229 schoolmaster.&amp;nbsp; For when I am in the presence of Father or Mother,
230 whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry
231 or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do
232 it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as
233 God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly
234 threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and
235 other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them), so
236 without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time
237 comes that I must go to Mr Aylmer, who teacheth me so gently, so
238 pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all
239 the time nothing while I am with him.&amp;nbsp; And when I am called from
240 him, I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but learning is
241 full of grief, trouble, fear and wholly misliking to me.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
242 &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Lady Jane Grey to Roger Ascham,
243 1550&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
244 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
245 &lt;p&gt;Jane Grey was not close to her
246 parents.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was the marquess of Dorset; he became the duke
247 of Suffolk in 1551.&amp;nbsp; He married Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon's
248 eldest daughter Frances when she was sixteen.&amp;nbsp; At the time, Grey
249 was a ward of Brandon's.&amp;nbsp; He was also an appropriate match for a
250 Princess's daughter.&amp;nbsp; The Grey family had an ancient and impressive
251 lineage, originally receiving lands from Richard the Lionheart.&amp;nbsp;
252 Later, they rose to prominence under Edward IV; he had married Elizabeth
253 Woodville, the widow of Sir John Grey and mother of his two sons.&amp;nbsp;
254 When she became queen, she tirelessly promoted the interests of the Grey
255 family.&amp;nbsp; In fact, her eldest Grey son, Thomas, was created marquess
256 of Dorset during Edward IV's reign.&amp;nbsp; His son, also called Thomas,
257 was a companion to Charles Brandon - soldiering with him in France in
258 1513 and journeying there a year later to celebrate Princess Mary
259 Tudor's wedding to the French king.&amp;nbsp; In 1530, Thomas Grey died and
260 Brandon became his son's guardian.&amp;nbsp; The marriage between Frances
261 and the heir, Henry Grey, was a satisfactory way to join two noble
262 families together.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
263 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their marriage was celebrated at Suffolk Place in
264 London.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor died some months later.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon
265 remarried, this time to an heiress called Catherine Willoughby.&amp;nbsp;
266 She bore him two sons (his son with Mary Tudor had recently died).&amp;nbsp;
267 When Brandon passed away in 1545, he and Catherine's eldest son, called
268 Henry after his late half-brother, became duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; He and
269 his younger brother died of the dreaded sweating sickness a few years
270 later.&amp;nbsp; This left the dukedom of Suffolk vacant until 1551, when
271 Edward VI would award it to Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
272 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry VIII had left the throne to
273 his children and, if they died without issue, &quot;to the heirs of the body
274 of the lady Frances our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister the
275 French Queen lawfully begotten....&quot;&amp;nbsp; This meant that the Grey
276 children (by this time Frances and Henry had 3 daughters - Jane born in
277 1537, Catherine born in 1540, and Mary born in 1545) had enhanced
278 social status.&amp;nbsp; In 1547, when the will was read, no one seriously
279 expected them to gain more.&amp;nbsp; Edward was small and blond, like his
280 long-dead uncle Arthur, lacking Henry VIII's robust athleticism and good
281 health.&amp;nbsp; But he was expected to live, marry, and provide
282 heirs.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, any immediate interest in the Grey children
283 centered on how Edward would favor them.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, it was
284 thought that he might marry the eldest, his cousin Jane.&amp;nbsp; They were
285 the same age, both precocious, very serious, and fervently
286 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
287 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane had been raised, with her two sisters, at
288 Bradgate.&amp;nbsp; This was the principal family home on the edge of
289 Charnwood Forest.&amp;nbsp; It was a beautiful and luxurious estate, suited
290 to the Grey's semi-regal status.&amp;nbsp; Lady Frances was very conscious
291 of her royal heritage and, as she grew older, became quite like her
292 uncle Henry.&amp;nbsp; She and her husband were well-known for their love of
293 riding, hunting, hawking and gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were not, however, the
294 most interested of parents.&amp;nbsp; In this, they resembled their
295 aristocratic contemporaries. They provided very well for their three
296 daughters.&amp;nbsp; While Frances and Henry spent time in London, their
297 daughters remained at Bradgate, in the hands of capable servants.&amp;nbsp;
298 Jane's nurse was a woman called Mrs Ellen and would remain with her
299 until Jane's execution; her first tutor was probably the house chaplain,
300 Dr Harding.&amp;nbsp; The first ten years of Jane's life, from her birth in
301 October 1537 (the exact date is not known) to her residence in Katharine
302 Parr's household in 1547, are not documented.&amp;nbsp; It is likely she
303 received the typical upper-class girl's education - its primary emphasis
304 would be on instilling good manners and the 'feminine' virtues of
305 obedience and docility.&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly learned needlework and was
306 taught dancing and how to play some musical instruments.&amp;nbsp; But
307 neither of her parents were scholars and no one in the sixteenth century
308 expected women to be well-educated.&amp;nbsp; She may have visited London,
309 accompanying her parents to Dorset Place in Westminster; she may have
310 met her royal cousins.&amp;nbsp; No one knows.&amp;nbsp; But in March 1547, Lady
311 Jane Grey finally emerges into the historical landscape.&amp;nbsp; It was
312 then that she entered the household of the dowager queen &lt;A
313 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
314 Parr&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's sixth and last wife.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
315 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine had retired from court upon Edward VI's
316 accession, though she remained close to London.&amp;nbsp; Her&lt;IMG height=191 alt=&quot;Jane's guardian, Katharine Parr&quot;
317 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; dower manor,
318 Chelsea, was in the suburbs.&amp;nbsp; It was a comfortable brick home with
319 modern amenities.&amp;nbsp; Here, Katharine planned to live with the man she
320 had longed to marry before Henry laid claim to her, Thomas Seymour,
321 Edward VI's uncle.&amp;nbsp; She also brought with her the 13 year old
322 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr was justly celebrated for her
323 warm and open nature; she was a good stepmother to all of Henry's
324 children, particularly the youngest two.&amp;nbsp; A few weeks after
325 Katharine and Elizabeth settled at Chelsea, Jane Grey came to join
326 them.&amp;nbsp; She was sent to acquire polish and learn social graces, a
327 common practice for daughters of the nobility.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
328 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane acquired much more than social skills at
329 Katharine's household.&amp;nbsp; For the first time in her young life, she
330 was truly happy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was a devout Protestant and the most
331 intellectual of Henry's queens.&amp;nbsp; Her home was the center of the
332 Protestant 'New Learning'; there was instruction and frequent
333 debates.&amp;nbsp; Jane, quiet and studious by nature, thrived.&amp;nbsp; And
334 though her parents were Protestant, it was at Katharine Parr's that she
335 became devoutly committed to the faith.&amp;nbsp; The Greys, after all, had
336 become Protestants like many nobles - because it was a matter of
337 political necessity.&amp;nbsp; At Katharine's, Jane became a Protestant
338 because she truly believed in its tenets.&amp;nbsp; This serious and intense
339 study of faith would remain with her throughout her short life.&amp;nbsp;
340 &lt;/P&gt;
341 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During Edward VI's reign, the Lord Protector was
342 Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr had married his
343 younger brother, Sir Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was very ambitious and
344 angered that his brother had so much authority while he had to be
345 content with a baronetcy, a seat on the Privy Council, and the office of
346 Lord Admiral.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Katharine Parr had planned to marry years
347 before but Henry's sudden interest in the twice-widowed heiress delayed
348 their plans.&amp;nbsp; Within months of his death, however, they were wed in
349 a secret ceremony; the exact date is not known but it was probably April
350 1547. Their whirlwind courtship offended some but Edward VI gave them
351 his blessing.&amp;nbsp; Some people remarked that the new Lord Admiral would
352 have preferred marrying Princess Elizabeth, such was his ambition.&amp;nbsp;
353 He certainly lacked the evangelical zeal of his new wife, always
354 remembering important business when it was time for prayers.&amp;nbsp; He
355 possessed great charm, particularly with women and children; and his
356 desire to advance his own career led to some indiscreet behavior -
357 notably bursting into Princess Elizabeth's bedroom in the early morning,
358 still in his bedclothes, to tickle her awake.&amp;nbsp; This was dangerous
359 play for an ambitious man and a thirteen-year-old heiress to the
360 throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
361 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Thomas had wed the dowager queen and
362 she loved him passionately.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, other supporters of his
363 brother Edward, the Lord Protector, were also rewarded for their
364 loyalty.&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, for example, became earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp;
365 Meanwhile, Thomas was also becoming interested in the other young
366 heiress who lived with his wife - Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When news of
367 Henry VIII's will came out, he wasted no time in becoming friends with
368 the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He sent his most trusted friend and servant, John
369 Harington, to talk to Jane's father, Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; Harington was to
370 use 'all the persuasions he could' to gain Jane Grey's wardship and
371 marriage rights.&amp;nbsp; Later, Harington would say he never promised
372 anything explicitly but Henry Grey remembered a guarantee that&amp;nbsp;
373 Jane would marry King Edward.&amp;nbsp; On this basis, Grey sold his
374 daughter to Seymour for the sum of £2000.&amp;nbsp; Seymour paid a few
375 hundred immediately, promising to pay the rest in installments.&amp;nbsp;
376 &lt;/P&gt;
377 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In other words, Thomas Seymour was hedging his
378 bets - if Edward VI died unexpectedly (as Tudor boys often did), he
379 could arrange something with the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; If Edward
380 lived, he could gain influence by marrying his ward, Jane Grey, to the
381 king.&amp;nbsp; Jane, of course, was oblivious to Seymour's plans.&amp;nbsp; She
382 remained in Katharine Parr's household, moving from Chelsea, to Hanworth
383 in Middlesex, or Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Her sensitive and eager
384 mind, long starved for affection and knowledge, was finally engaged on a
385 course of study - Latin, Greek and modern languages as well as religious
386 instruction.&amp;nbsp; As relations between the Seymour brothers
387 deteriorated for a variety of reasons, Katharine Parr became
388 pregnant.&amp;nbsp; About halfway through the pregnancy, she happened upon a
389 very unpleasant sight - her husband and stepdaughter, Princess
390 Elizabeth, locked in a passionate embrace.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's reaction
391 was a testament to her good character.&amp;nbsp; She successfully averted an
392 ugly scandal; a few weeks later, Elizabeth and her household staff were
393 sent to Cheshunt on a visit to old family friends.&amp;nbsp; She parted from
394 Katharine with real affection and sadness; Elizabeth undoubtedly felt
395 embarrassed and guilty.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
396 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey remained with Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There is
397 no evidence she was ever particularly close to Elizabeth; the gulf
398 between nine and thirteen is great.&amp;nbsp; Though they lived in the same
399 homes for over a year, there are no surviving letters or
400 reminisces.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane was grateful for Elizabeth's departure;
401 the princess was described as proud and disdainful, not good company for
402 a shy child.&amp;nbsp; On 13 June 1548 Jane accompanied Katharine and Thomas
403 to their Gloucestershire estate, Sudeley Castle.&amp;nbsp; On 30 August
404 Katharine gave birth to a baby daughter, Mary; within a week, the
405 dowager queen was dead, buried in the chapel at Sudeley.&amp;nbsp; She was
406 yet another victim of puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, small for her
407 age, freckled and with red hair, acted as chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
408 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents were becoming
409 restless.&amp;nbsp; More than a year had passed since Seymour purchased
410 their daughter's wardship.&amp;nbsp; In that time, no match had been made
411 with Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; Also, they wondered if it would be better to marry
412 Jane to the Lord Protector's son.&amp;nbsp; They wrote to Thomas Seymour,
413 consoling him on the loss of his wife and remarking that, since
414 Katharine was dead, her household would be dispersed - therefore, Jane
415 should be sent home; Seymour was not to be outfoxed.&amp;nbsp; He wrote that
416 his own mother was coming to Sudeley, to take charge of Katharine's
417 household (none of which would be dispersed); she would be 'as dear unto
418 Jane as though she were her own daughter.'&amp;nbsp; He did let Jane go home
419 briefly in September.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly an unpleasant journey for
420 the young girl.&amp;nbsp; However, Seymour was able to regain her parents'
421 favor.&amp;nbsp; He stressed his determination to wed her to Edward (the
422 greatest prize) and agreed to pay another £500 on his bond.&amp;nbsp; The
423 Greys were chronically short of cash and wanted this grand
424 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Jane returned to the Seymour household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
425 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the noose was tightening around Thomas
426 Seymour's neck.&amp;nbsp; He had been boasting about his intent to destroy
427 his overbearing brother and he had encouraged gossip that he would marry
428 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; This gossip was perhaps the most damaging,
429 particularly to the eyes of the young king.&amp;nbsp; Was Seymour attempting
430 to seize the throne?&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, earl of Warwick, had long waited
431 for the opportunity to destroy the Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to
432 be Lord Protector himself and was quite prepared to turn on his old
433 friend, Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He used the arrogant and ambitious Thomas
434 to destroy them both.&amp;nbsp; On 17 January 1549, Thomas Seymour was
435 arrested at Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey was immediately
436 brought home by her alarmed parents.&amp;nbsp; Because Parliament was in
437 session, it was decided that Thomas would not have a trial - instead a
438 bill of attainder was drawn up and passed through both houses in early
439 March.&amp;nbsp; All that was needed was for the Lord Protector to sign the
440 bill.&amp;nbsp; For about a week, Edward Seymour did nothing.&amp;nbsp; He was
441 understandably hesitant to execute his brother.&amp;nbsp; Seizing his
442 chance, Dudley urged the council to appeal to the king - flattering his
443 authority, they asked for him to sign the bill so they could proceed
444 without further troubling the Protector.&amp;nbsp; Edward cared little for
445 either of his uncles (the Protector kept him short of pocket money and
446 assigned him cold-hearted tutors.)&amp;nbsp; He signed the bill.&amp;nbsp; On 20
447 March 1549, Thomas Seymour was executed on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
448 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Dudley moved to take control of the
449 government.&amp;nbsp; The year 1549 was marked by discontent - rising
450 prices, high unemployment, bad harvests; also, people resented the
451 radical religious changes passed since Henry VIII's death.&amp;nbsp; There
452 were two serious revolts, in the West Country and Norfolk, both of which
453 alarmed the land-owning gentry.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had once been popular with
454 the common people but his execution of his own brother struck many as
455 cold-blooded and evil.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had counted on this reaction.&amp;nbsp;
456 He also counted on the support of the gentry; he was a capable soldier
457 and put down the rebellion in the West Country.&amp;nbsp; This pleased the
458 landowners and the king.&amp;nbsp; Also, it allowed Dudley to gather a
459 well-armed and experienced group of soldiers about him.&amp;nbsp; On 10
460 October, he and his supporters captured the fleeing Edward Seymour at
461 Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; He was arrested and taken under guard to the
462 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Dudley became one of the six prime attendants on the King
463 but - very intelligently - did not take the title of Lord
464 Protector.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
465 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley was on the list of sixteen executors Henry
466 VIII had appointed in his will.&amp;nbsp; In 1543 he had been appointed Lord
467 High Admiral, a post he relinquished reluctantly to the unqualified
468 Thomas Seymour; in 1549, he regained that title.&amp;nbsp; He was also a
469 family man with several sons.&amp;nbsp; But Dudley had learned from his
470 dealings with Henry VIII; he knew to treat Edward not as one of his own
471 sons but as a king.&amp;nbsp; He flattered the king, allowed him greater
472 access to money, more physical freedom.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Dudley, his
473 coup coincided with Edward's own physical maturity.&amp;nbsp; He became a
474 sportsman, which Dudley encouraged, and began to travel a bit outside of
475 London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
476 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His cousin Jane was not so fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She
477 had returned to a home devoid of affection which also included physical
478 abuse normal in the sixteenth-century (smacks, pinches, and the
479 like).&amp;nbsp; The Greys were discovering that their daughter had matured
480 into a thoughtful, intelligent, and self-righteously pious young
481 woman.&amp;nbsp; She openly disapproved of their lack of piety, their
482 devotion to material gain and social advancement, as well as their
483 gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were happy to hire a tutor, John Aylmer, to
484 continue her education - and take her off their hands.&amp;nbsp; Aylmer was
485 a friend of Roger Ascham, the former tutor of Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
486 On a visit to Aylmer, Ascham met Jane Grey; she impressed him
487 greatly.&amp;nbsp; He preserved their meeting in his educational treatise,
488 &lt;I&gt;The Schoolmaster&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
489 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Were the Greys really such terrible parents?&amp;nbsp;
490 There is no doubt that Jane and her parents were not affectionate to one
491 another.&amp;nbsp; Yet this was normal in an age which expected children to
492 be dutiful and obedient and that discipline built character.&amp;nbsp; In
493 fairness to them, Jane was openly critical of their pleasure-loving
494 lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She encouraged the chaplain to deliver sermons against
495 gambling, told visitors that she found her parents foolish and
496 irritating, and she was very self-righteous.&amp;nbsp; What parent would
497 enjoy the company of such a devout thirteen-year-old?&amp;nbsp; At home,
498 Jane met John ab Ulmer, a Swiss Protestant and student of Henry
499 Bullinger, chief pastor of the Protestant church in Zurich.&amp;nbsp; They
500 were both friends of Aylmer and Ascham.&amp;nbsp; The four men corresponded
501 about the education of this most pious young girl.&amp;nbsp; There are many
502 surviving letters - Jane thanking Bullinger for sending a copy of his
503 treatise on Christian Perfection - and some reveal her as more than a
504 pious Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; In one, Aylmer is concerned that she is
505 taking too much of an interest in music and her appearance.&amp;nbsp; He was
506 distressed - but what good news for the student of Jane's life!&amp;nbsp;
507 She is human, after all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
508 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the European reformers were hopeful
509 that Edward VI would marry this most proper cousin.&amp;nbsp; Their union
510 would make England a most blessed Protestant realm.&amp;nbsp; But Jane
511 turned fourteen and was still not betrothed to anyone while Edward was
512 in serious talks to wed the French princess Elisabeth.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
513 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Charles Brandon's two sons with
514 Catherine Willoughby had died.&amp;nbsp; This meant that their half-sister
515 Frances Grey was sole surviving heir to the Brandon estates.&amp;nbsp; On 4
516 October 1551, the title of duke of Suffolk was given to her husband in
517 right of his wife.&amp;nbsp; And on 11 October, just a week later, Dudley
518 was made duke of Northumberland; two years of Edward's favor had
519 sufficiently emboldened him to petition the king.&amp;nbsp; He was the first
520 man to receive a ducal title who had no ties of marriage or blood to the
521 reigning royal family.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
522 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane Grey, that week in 1551 was to have
523 terrible consequences. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
524 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Marriage&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The political situation in England during
525 Edward's reign is fully explored in the Edward VI pages.&amp;nbsp; Suffice
526 to say, the duke of Northumberland, John Dudley, had replaced Edward
527 Seymour as the true power behind the throne.&amp;nbsp; In spring 1552, his
528 young master fell ill.&amp;nbsp; No one was especially concerned; Edward VI
529 had been ill before and recovered well enough.&amp;nbsp; But this time he
530 did not fully recover.&amp;nbsp; It seemed as if his physical resemblance to
531 the long-dead Prince Arthur went beyond their fair coloring and delicate
532 physique - they were both consumptive as well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
533 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This naturally terrified the Protestant lords who
534 had prospered during his six-year reign.&amp;nbsp; The Princesses Mary and
535 Elizabeth were rarely seen at the king's court, Mary in
536 particular.&amp;nbsp; She could no longer persuade herself that Edward was
537 simply a misguided Protestant pawn.&amp;nbsp; He had, like Henry before him,
538 ordered her to change her religion; he was king and expected
539 obedience.&amp;nbsp; He was closer to Elizabeth (only 4 years older than
540 him) and she was suitably Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she, too, was rarely at
541 court.&amp;nbsp; His Grey family, however, was increasingly present.&amp;nbsp;
542 &lt;/P&gt;
543 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary of Guise, mother of Mary queen of Scots
544 and regent of Scotland, visited England in November 1551, Mary and
545 Elizabeth were not invited.&amp;nbsp; But Frances and Henry Grey were there,
546 bringing their fourteen-year-old daughter Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary of Guise's
547 two-day visit to Hampton Court was Jane's official debut on the English
548 political scene.&amp;nbsp; In early February, Jane contracted an unspecified
549 illness.&amp;nbsp; It was serious enough to warrant mention from Aylmer (in
550 a letter to Ascham.)&amp;nbsp; After her recovery, Jane's parents persuaded
551 her to devote less time to study and more to social concerns.&amp;nbsp; Of
552 course, an educated and pious daughter was an asset but they also wanted
553 a daughter who could attract a king in marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
554 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 April 1552, Edward became ill with the
555 measles.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, he recovered somewhat - enough to&lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin, King Edward VI&quot;
556 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6-crop.jpg&quot; width=137 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; attend St
557 George's Day services at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; He also jousted,
558 played on the tennis courts, and went hunting.&amp;nbsp; And on 27 June, he
559 began his most extensive progress through the south and west of his
560 kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed himself (he had never traveled so far
561 outside London) but the pace was exhausting; combined with the illness
562 in April and his strenuous athletics, it wore him down.&amp;nbsp; Passer-by
563 thought he was ill; he was pale, losing weight, and lost his
564 appetite.&amp;nbsp; He returned to Windsor in mid-September.&amp;nbsp; By then,
565 the tuberculosis which killed him had begun in earnest.&amp;nbsp; By
566 Christmas 1552, his condition was obvious.&amp;nbsp; The holiday
567 celebrations were unusually festive, perhaps to take notice from the
568 king's health.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary came to visit in February but his
569 illness prevented their meeting for three days.&amp;nbsp; Still, the king's
570 illness meant an increased respect for Mary, his heir under Henry VIII's
571 will.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
572 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The exact nature and course of Edward's illness is
573 discussed at the Edward VI page.&amp;nbsp; It was tuberculosis, or
574 consumption as it was then called.&amp;nbsp; On 11 April 1553, Edward moved
575 his household to his favorite residence, Greenwich Palace.&amp;nbsp; He had
576 managed to open parliament in March but those who hadn't seen him since
577 the holidays were shocked at his appearance; he was terribly thin and,
578 oddly, his left shoulder seemed higher than his right.&amp;nbsp; It was
579 obvious Edward was suffering terribly.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland, his closest
580 advisor, was torn - he talked of retiring from political life but this
581 was a passing dream.&amp;nbsp; He had made too many enemies - particularly
582 the Catholic nobles and churchmen who would rally around Mary.&amp;nbsp; In
583 truth, if Mary succeeded, the best Dudley could hope for was complete
584 financial and political ruin.&amp;nbsp; More than likely, he would lose his
585 head.&amp;nbsp; He could, of course, attempt to marry Princess Elizabeth to
586 his one remaining unmarried son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; Why didn't he?&amp;nbsp;
587 It certainly seems less convoluted than attempting to place Jane Grey on
588 the throne.&amp;nbsp; The truth was that Elizabeth Tudor, nearly twenty
589 years old, had seasoned political acumen - she would never be Dudley's
590 pawn.&amp;nbsp; Dudley knew her well enough to guess as much.&amp;nbsp;
591 Therefore, only Jane Grey (fourth in line, after her mother Frances)
592 remained.&amp;nbsp; She would be amenable enough, the duke thought.&amp;nbsp;
593 &lt;/P&gt;
594 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Frances and Henry were happy enough to
595 encourage Dudley.&amp;nbsp; With Edward dying, there was no possibility of
596 Jane marrying him.&amp;nbsp; They may have been put off by Dudley's
597 ambition; he first attempted to marry Guildford to Eleanor Brandon's
598 only child, Margaret Clifford (Eleanor was Frances's younger
599 sister.)&amp;nbsp; But, swayed by the prospect of wealth and power, they
600 agreed to marry Jane to Guildford.&amp;nbsp; In late April or&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; alt=&quot;Cary Elwes and Helena Bonham Carter as Guildford and Jane in the 1986 film 'Lady Jane'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; early May, the
601 betrothal was announced.&amp;nbsp; Jane had protested the union but was
602 persuaded by 'the urgency of her mother and the violence of her father';
603 in other words, persuaded by verbal and physical abuse.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
604 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Many have argued that Jane protested because she
605 didn't like Guildford.&amp;nbsp; That is unlikely.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome
606 enough (like most of the Dudley men), fair-haired and about her
607 age.&amp;nbsp; He was arrogant and spoilt; his mother openly favored
608 him.&amp;nbsp; But he had no other documented flaws.&amp;nbsp; When considered
609 against other men of the age, he was a good match.&amp;nbsp; Jane's
610 reservations centered on his father.&amp;nbsp; She disliked and feared
611 Dudley, as most people did.&amp;nbsp; But the duke had a weapon against Jane
612 which he would wield effectively - religion.&amp;nbsp; She was a devout and
613 committed Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She didn't want Mary as queen any more than
614 he did.&amp;nbsp; And, unlike Dudley, Jane's desire was based on real
615 principle, not simple greed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
616 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So on 25 May 1553, Jane married Guildford at the
617 Dudley's London residence, Durham House.&amp;nbsp; It was one of the great
618 homes of Tudor England; her sister &lt;A
619 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt;
620 was also married that day, to the earl of Pembroke's heir.&amp;nbsp; Orders,
621 signed by the king, had been sent to the Master of the Wardrobe so that
622 the grandest clothing and jewels could be used.&amp;nbsp; Edward was
623 supposed to attend but was far too ill.&amp;nbsp; He did not watch as his
624 cousin marched down the aisle, richly appareled in cloth of gold and
625 silver, her red hair braided with pearls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
626 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For many, Jane and Guildford's marriage marks the
627 beginning of the attempt to change the line of succession.&amp;nbsp; In
628 reality, Edward VI had been pondering the problem for months.&amp;nbsp; Ever
629 since he became ill, he had wondered how to prevent his Catholic sister
630 from becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; His reasoning was purely religious.&amp;nbsp;
631 Edward was a devout Protestant; he wanted his nation, for its own sake,
632 to remain Protestant.&amp;nbsp; Just as Mary believed Catholicism was the
633 path to righteousness, Edward believed in Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; He was
634 king, charge by God with responsibility for his people's religious
635 welfare.&amp;nbsp; It was a sacred duty.&amp;nbsp; For the sake of his immortal
636 soul, Mary had to be prevented from leading England on the path to
637 damnation.&amp;nbsp; This necessity overcame all else.&amp;nbsp; What was Henry
638 VIII's will when compared to divine retribution?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
639 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So in late 1552/early 1553, he first began his
640 Device for the Succession.&amp;nbsp; At first he left the throne to Lady
641 Frances Grey and her male heirs, then to Jane Grey and her male
642 heirs.&amp;nbsp; But it was evident that Frances Grey would have no more
643 children and none of her daughters would bear children in time.&amp;nbsp; So
644 he made a change - simple and explosive - he left the throne to 'the
645 Lady Jane and her heirs male.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
646 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was the beginning of the end for Jane Grey.
647 &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
648 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jane the Quene'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Edward's &lt;I&gt;Device for the Succession&lt;/I&gt;
649 was eventually issued with the title &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
650 Limitation of the Crown&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It disinherited Mary and Elizabeth
651 because they were 'illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.'&amp;nbsp;
652 Furthermore, they were only half-sisters of the king, not entitled to
653 succeed him, and might marry foreign husbands who would 'tend to the
654 utter subversion of the commonwealth of this our realm.'&amp;nbsp; But
655 Edward's device would have no legal validity as long as Henry VIII's
656 1544 Act of Succession was still acknowledged by parliament.&amp;nbsp; But
657 there was no time to wipe that law from the statute book.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
658 Dudley planned to gain support from government and then carry out a coup
659 so quickly that its legality would not matter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
660 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To gain government support, he spent June 1553
661 persuading the Privy Council, judiciary, and various churchmen to
662 endorse Edward's device.&amp;nbsp; The Lord Chief Justice, Sir Edward
663 Montague, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were uneasy;
664 but Dudley was desperate and called them traitors.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
665 the king ordered them to obey.&amp;nbsp; So the &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
666 Limitation of the Crown &lt;/I&gt;was endorsed with the Great Seal on 21
667 June.&amp;nbsp; It was recognized by the Lord Chancellor, the Privy
668 Councilors, twenty-two peers of the realm, the Lord Mayor of London,
669 various aldermen and sheriffs, the secretaries of state (including
670 William Cecil, Elizabeth I's great statesman), and various judges and
671 churchmen.&amp;nbsp; King Edward VI did not live long after this
672 triumph.&amp;nbsp; After months of agony, he died in the early evening of
673 Thursday 6 July.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
674 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, meanwhile, had been married to
675 Guildford Dudley for almost six weeks.&amp;nbsp; She disliked her in-laws
676 more than she disliked her parents so, immediately after the marriage,
677 returned to Suffolk Place at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; From there, she moved to
678 her parents' new residence in London, a former Carthusian monastery they
679 were converting into a grand home.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's wife, the duchess of
680 Northumberland and Jane's mother-in-law, was not happy with this
681 arrangement.&amp;nbsp; She informed the Greys that Edward VI was dying and
682 Jane had been made heir to his throne; she must hold herself in
683 readiness (in other words, come to the Dudley home.)&amp;nbsp; Jane later
684 said this was the first she knew of the king's impending death.&amp;nbsp;
685 She didn't believe the duchess and told her as much; she accused the
686 Dudleys of lying so they could steal her away from her parents.&amp;nbsp;
687 The duchess accused the Greys of deliberating keeping Guildford and Jane
688 apart.&amp;nbsp; Such petty conflict indicated rougher waters ahead for all
689 involved.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
690 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the end, there was no reason Jane should not be
691 with her husband.&amp;nbsp; She went to the Dudley's residence, Durham
692 House, and possibly consummated her marriage.&amp;nbsp; But, after only a
693 few days, she became ill and accused the Dudleys of poisoning her.&amp;nbsp;
694 The charge was ludicrous (she was the key to their political salvation)
695 and showed a surprising lack of logic on Jane's part.&amp;nbsp; But the
696 Dudleys were concerned with her physical and mental state.&amp;nbsp; They
697 sent her to Chelsea, Catherine Parr's former home where Jane had been so
698 happy.&amp;nbsp; It was there that, on Sunday 9 July, Dudley's eldest
699 daughter, Mary Sidney, came to visit her; they were to leave Chelsea and
700 go to Syon House, a former convent on the Thames which Dudley
701 controlled.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
702 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At this point, it is right to question Jane's true
703 knowledge of Dudley's plans.&amp;nbsp; Remember, even if she knew Dudley
704 intended to make her queen, there was nothing she could do to prevent
705 it.&amp;nbsp; She was not stupid; the charge of poisoning was probably a
706 result of nervousness and hysteria.&amp;nbsp; She knew her own
707 lineage.&amp;nbsp; She knew that she was fourth in line for the English
708 throne, after Mary, Elizabeth and her own mother Frances.&amp;nbsp; She also
709 knew that, for some reason, the Dudleys and her parents were desperate
710 to marry her to Guildford as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; She also watched
711 her sister wed into another influential noble family on the same
712 day.&amp;nbsp; Something was afoot and she undoubtedly suspected Dudley's
713 plan.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her awareness of the plot was undoubtedly a
714 greater strain than ignorance.&amp;nbsp; After all, she could do nothing to
715 escape her family or in-laws.&amp;nbsp; She was, quite literally,
716 trapped.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
717 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When she arrived at Syon House with Mary Sidney,
718 she found her parents, in-laws, and a variety of distinguished nobles -
719 the earls of Arundel, Huntington, and Pembroke, and the marquess of
720 Northampton.&amp;nbsp; They greeted her very pleasantly and then knelt
721 before her in reverence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was naturally embarrassed.&amp;nbsp;
722 Dudley, in his capacity as President of the Council, then announced
723 Edward's death.&amp;nbsp; The young king had led a 'virtuous life' and
724 always cared for his kingdom - cared enough to disinherit his unworthy
725 sisters and appointed his cousin Jane as his successor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
726 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was stunned.&amp;nbsp; She may have suspected as
727 much but the actual moment of declaration was too much for her.&amp;nbsp;
728 She muttered that she was 'insufficient' for the task.&amp;nbsp; The Lords
729 of the Council then took a solemn oath to shed their blood in defense of
730 her claim.&amp;nbsp; Jane murmured a quick prayer - if it was God's will
731 that she be queen, then she would trust in God to help her govern
732 England for His glory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
733 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her reaction was not what those gathered
734 expected.&amp;nbsp; She was not openly thrilled, excited, or even
735 pleased.&amp;nbsp; She made no stirring speech to raise their spirits - she
736 simply uttered a prayer to God.&amp;nbsp; Did Jane want to be queen?&amp;nbsp;
737 That is a much-debated question, impossible to answer.&amp;nbsp; But
738 whatever her desire, she was queen and - for nine long days - ruled
739 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
740 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jana Regina'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;On Monday 10 July 1553, the new queen, Jane
741 Grey, was taken in full state from Syon to Westminster (this journey was
742 along the Thames in barges.)&amp;nbsp; They dined at the Dudley home, Durham
743 House, and then journeyed by barge again to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp;
744 It was an ancient custom that all new sovereigns must come tot the Tower
745 and take possession of it at the beginning of their reigns.&amp;nbsp; Jane
746 and her various attendants arrived at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.&amp;nbsp;
747 There was an eyewitness account by a Genoese merchant named Baptista
748 Spinola.&amp;nbsp; He was standing with a group of spectators outside the
749 main Tower gates, waiting to catch a glimpse of this new queen.&amp;nbsp; He
750 wrote:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
751 &lt;UL&gt;
752 &lt;p&gt;She is very short and thin, but prettily shaped and
753 graceful.&amp;nbsp; She has small features and a well-made nose, the mouth
754 flexible and the lips red.&amp;nbsp; The eyebrows are arched and darker
755 than her hair, which is nearly red.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are sparkling and
756 reddish brown in color. &lt;/p&gt;
757 &lt;/UL&gt;
758 &lt;p&gt;Her complexion was good, unmarked by the
759 pox, but freckled; she had sharp white teeth and a lovely smile.&amp;nbsp;
760 Because she was so short, she wore chopines; these were shoes with a
761 special cork sole designed to make her appear taller.&amp;nbsp; Her gown was
762 made of green velvet stamped with gold (the colors undoubtedly flattered
763 her red hair.)&amp;nbsp; Her husband Guildford, Spinola wrote, was 'a very
764 tall strong boy with light hair' and clothed in white and silver
765 velvet.&amp;nbsp; He 'paid her [Jane] much attention.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
766 &lt;P&gt;
767 &lt;IMG height=343 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey or Katharine Parr? by Master John&quot;
768 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=170 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once in the Tower, Jane was installed in the royal
769 apartments (now destroyed.)&amp;nbsp; There, another rift occurred between
770 her and the Dudleys, much more serious than the first.&amp;nbsp; Jane was
771 visited by the Lord Treasurer, the Marquess of Winchester, who brought a
772 selection of the royal jewels for her to try on.&amp;nbsp; Among them was
773 the crown.&amp;nbsp; Jane would later stress that she never asked for the
774 crown - it was brought to her.&amp;nbsp; Winchester asked her to check if it
775 fitted properly.&amp;nbsp; Jane would not.&amp;nbsp; She had played at being
776 queen for nearly twenty-four hours but this, the most sacred symbol of
777 the monarchy, was another reminder of the danger - and importance - of
778 her role.&amp;nbsp; If she put it on, there was no turning back.&amp;nbsp; This
779 was how she viewed it.&amp;nbsp; So she hesitated, would not take it from
780 Winchester.&amp;nbsp; He didn't recognize her uneasiness.&amp;nbsp; He told her
781 to take it, remarking that another would be made to crown her husband
782 king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
783 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was then Jane realized the extent of Dudley's
784 duplicity.&amp;nbsp; He had manipulated Edward, knowing the devout
785 Protestant king wanted the throne to go to his equally devout cousin
786 Jane; but, all along, Dudley simply wanted his own son crowned
787 king.&amp;nbsp; None of the lords cared whether England was a righteous
788 nation; no one cared about Edward's will.&amp;nbsp; Instead, her royal blood
789 was to be used to maintain Dudley's control of England, to make his
790 family into royalty.&amp;nbsp; She was outraged and angry.&amp;nbsp; And Jane
791 was a Tudor herself, as proud of her royal background as she had a right
792 to be.&amp;nbsp; The Dudleys, that arrogant, pretentious family, had no
793 right to exploit her.&amp;nbsp; She told those assembled that she would
794 gladly make Guildford a duke, but he would never be king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
795 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Guildford was present for this declaration.&amp;nbsp;
796 He rushed out and fetched his mother.&amp;nbsp; The duchess, no admirer of
797 Jane's anyway, joined her son in an attack - Jane was an unnatural wife
798 and behaved like a child; in the end, Jane did not give in.&amp;nbsp; The
799 duchess said Guildford would be leaving with her for Syon House.&amp;nbsp;
800 When they had left, Jane called in the earls of Arundel and
801 Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were ordered to prevent Guildford from
802 leaving.&amp;nbsp; Jane did not like her husband - she probably pitied him
803 for he was a pawn as well - but they had to stay together.&amp;nbsp; He was
804 the consort to the monarch and could not act like a spoiled child.&amp;nbsp;
805 &lt;/P&gt;
806 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Later, Jane would tell Mary I's officers this
807 story, adding, 'I was compelled to act as a woman who is obliged to live
808 on good terms with her husband; nevertheless I was not only deluded by
809 the duke and the Council, but maltreated by my husband and his
810 mother.'&amp;nbsp; The battle, however, had been domestic.&amp;nbsp; Jane would
811 soon have much greater problems to confront.&amp;nbsp; For, later that
812 evening, the Sheriff of London and various heralds and trumpeters,
813 marched to the Cross in Cheapside to proclaim Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; The
814 announcement was met with silence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
815 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane's father-in-law, the architect of the
816 plan to make her queen, her accession had gone smoothly.&amp;nbsp; He
817 controlled London - with the Tower and armory, the treasury, and navy -
818 and no councilors offered resistance.&amp;nbsp; Jane's only rival for the
819 crown was Mary Tudor, thirty-seven, often ill, with no organized support
820 or wealth.&amp;nbsp; Her situation was so dire that her champion, the
821 Emperor Charles V, urged his ambassador to be friendly with Dudley; he
822 wanted the duke's promise to protect Mary.&amp;nbsp; Every observer
823 considered the throne won by Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But none of these learned men
824 considered the feelings of ordinary Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; And they, unlike
825 their aristocratic lords, would not gain wealth of prestige by
826 supporting Jane or Mary.&amp;nbsp; So their support was based solely on
827 ideas of right and wrong - to them, it was wrong for Jane to be queen
828 and right for Mary to be queen.&amp;nbsp; It was that simple.&amp;nbsp; (&lt;FONT
829 size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;Click here
830 to read an eyewitness account of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
831 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley understood popular opinion.&amp;nbsp; He also
832 recognized the limits of his support - after all, most of the nobles
833 would not stand by him if things turned ugly.&amp;nbsp; But he believed that
834 a quick coup, eliminating all opposition, was the key to success.&amp;nbsp;
835 So he had to get hold of Mary and Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary, the daughter of
836 Katharine of Aragon, was much-loved by the English people.&amp;nbsp; They
837 had always been sympathetic to her mother's plight; most believed Mary
838 was legitimate, that Katharine had been forced aside by the king's lust
839 and Anne Boleyn's ambition.&amp;nbsp; Did Mary understand the importance of
840 this support?&amp;nbsp; She had been receiving regular letters from Dudley
841 about her brother's condition.&amp;nbsp; They were accurate for Dudley
842 wanted to remain in her good graces as long as possible.&amp;nbsp; In early
843 July, he sent summons for Mary to come to Edward's deathbed.&amp;nbsp; She
844 set out from Hunsdon (an old palace in Hertfordshire) but had not
845 traveled far before a message reached her - the summons was a
846 trap.&amp;nbsp; Mary, oddly for her, acted decisively and immediately turned
847 back.&amp;nbsp; With half a dozen attendants, she went to Kenninghall in
848 East Anglia.&amp;nbsp; She had friends there and, if need be, would be near
849 the coast and safety in the Spanish Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
850 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When he realized she had fled, Dudley sent his son
851 Robert after her.&amp;nbsp; But they couldn't capture her and, on 9 July, he
852 was forced to act without her in his power.&amp;nbsp; The Bishop of London,
853 Nicholas Ridley, preached at St Paul's Cross, calling Mary and Elizabeth
854 bastards, and specifically singling out Mary as a papist who would
855 destroy the true religion and make England the pawn of foreign
856 powers.&amp;nbsp; The next day, of course, Jane was proclaimed queen.&amp;nbsp;
857 But it was on that day that the Council received a letter from
858 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It expressed her surprise that they hadn't announced her
859 brother's death to her, his heir; furthermore, they were commanded to
860 proclaim her queen in London.&amp;nbsp; They responded by reminding her of
861 her illegitimacy and inability to inherit 'the Crown Imperial of this
862 realm'; she must demonstrate her obedience to the 'Sovereign Lady Queen
863 Jane' and turn herself over to the authorities.&amp;nbsp; It was hardly
864 reassuring for Mary.&amp;nbsp; Also, her old allies, the Spanish envoys,
865 were not responding to her desperate pleas for help.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
866 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane spent little time with her lords during her
867 nine days as queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent an order to the Master of the
868 Wardrobe for twenty yards of velvet, twenty-five ells of fine Holland
869 linen cloth, thirty-three ells of coarser material for lining; she also
870 collected the royal jewels, a motley assortment of fish-shaped
871 toothpicks and Henry VIII's shaving materials.&amp;nbsp; This reveals an
872 important fact about Jane's nine-day reign.&amp;nbsp; She made no explicit
873 political statements; she was Dudley's puppet.&amp;nbsp; He was the one who
874 met with the council, he was the one who wanted to capture Mary Tudor;
875 he was the one tried to shore up their perilous situation.&amp;nbsp; When
876 they fell from power, Jane never protested or attempted another
877 coup.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine that she felt relieved to be simply Lady
878 Jane Grey again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
879 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley spent the nine days attempting to
880 strengthen their position.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative to capture Mary; when
881 that failed, he needed to at least track her movements.&amp;nbsp; If he
882 could reach her potential supporters first, there was a chance he could
883 sway them to his side.&amp;nbsp; Dudley undoubtedly feared that (like his
884 father during Henry VIII's reign), he would be the sacrificial lamb of
885 Edward's unsuccessful government.&amp;nbsp; But he worked well under
886 pressure, leaving Jane to fight domestic battles with her husband and
887 mother-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
888 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, meanwhile, remained in the
889 country.&amp;nbsp; She was no admirer of her half-sister Mary but knew that
890 if Jane Grey was recognized as queen, her own claim to the crown was
891 forfeit.&amp;nbsp; So she chose the safest course - she remained quiet,
892 neither supporting nor rejecting Jane.&amp;nbsp; Like all of England and
893 most of Europe, she was watching and waiting.&amp;nbsp; It became evident on
894 11 July, just a day after her coronation, that Jane's hold on England
895 was flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had prepared a letter for circulation
896 to all the sheriffs and lieutenants in England; it announced Jane's
897 succession and ordered them to resist any appeal from Mary.&amp;nbsp; But
898 Dudley knew the issue would not be settled so easily.&amp;nbsp; It would be
899 decided on the field of battle.&amp;nbsp; He was an experienced soldier and
900 determined to succeed.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered a muster on 12 July at
901 Tothill Fields, offering 10 pence a day as pay (a very high rate.)&amp;nbsp;
902 Dudley intended to put Jane's father, Henry Grey, in charge of this army
903 and remain in London himself.&amp;nbsp; He realized that most of his hold on
904 the council was based on personal intimidation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
905 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen would not hear of it.&amp;nbsp; When
906 told that her father was going to battle, Jane burst into tears and
907 begged the council to let him remain at home, 'in her company.'&amp;nbsp;
908 The councilors were already preparing to make Dudley a scapegoat for
909 their treason.&amp;nbsp; Since the queen was so distraught, they argued, it
910 would be better for Dudley to command the army.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was
911 a great soldier, renowned for his defeat of the rebels in East Anglia
912 (that triumph had begun his rise to power.)&amp;nbsp; It was up to Dudley,
913 the councilors said, 'to remedy the matter.'&amp;nbsp; And Dudley had no
914 choice but to leave.&amp;nbsp; 'Since ye think it good, I and mine will go,
915 not doubting of your fidelity to the Queen's majesty which I leave in
916 your custody.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
917 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did doubt their fidelity and he had every
918 reason to doubt it.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't turn back now.&amp;nbsp; On 13
919 July he had his personal armor delivered and appointed a retinue to meet
920 him at Durham Place.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards, he addressed the councilors for
921 the last time.&amp;nbsp; They were to send reinforcements to meet him at
922 Newmarket, he said, for he and his companions would need much
923 support.&amp;nbsp; They were leaving their wives and children behind,
924 trusting in the loyalty of the council.&amp;nbsp; And, Dudley warned, if any
925 man thought to betray him or the queen, their punishment would be
926 eternal.&amp;nbsp; Remember, Dudley said, the oath you took 'to this
927 virtuous lady the Queen's highness, who by your and our enticement is
928 rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and
929 request.'&amp;nbsp; The assembled lords assured him of their loyalty; one of
930 them said, 'If we should shrink from you as one that were culpable,
931 which of us can excuse himself as guiltless?&amp;nbsp; Therefore herein your
932 doubt is too far cast.'&amp;nbsp; Dudley's final words?&amp;nbsp; 'I pray God it
933 be so,' he said and left for battle.&amp;nbsp; It was not an auspicious
934 beginning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
935 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did not trust the lords so he sent his
936 cousin Henry Dudley on a secret mission to France that day, promising
937 Calais and Ireland in exchange for immediate military assistance.&amp;nbsp;
938 He did not tell the lords of this; nor did they tell him they were
939 meeting secretly with the Imperial ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; A report arrived
940 that Buckinghamshire had declared Mary to be queen but Mary herself was
941 still unsure.&amp;nbsp; She retreated from Kenninghall to Framlingham
942 Castle, nearer the coast.&amp;nbsp; She sent an urgent message to the
943 Imperial envoys; if her cousin Charles V did not help her, she was
944 doomed.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this confusion and treachery, Dudley had
945 assembled an army of three thousand.&amp;nbsp; Early on Friday, the 14th of
946 July, he left Durham Place for Cambridge.&amp;nbsp; The villagers he passed
947 were silent, staring at the side of the road - 'The people press to see
948 us, but not one sayeth God speed us.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
949 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As Dudley marched on, his situation became more
950 perilous.&amp;nbsp; Norwich, one of the wealthiest towns in England,
951 declared Mary queen, as did Colchester, Devon, and Oxfordshire.&amp;nbsp;
952 Dudley had sent six royal ships to the port near Framlingham to cut off
953 Mary's possible escape; the ships deserted Dudley and, with crews and
954 heavy guns, proclaimed Mary queen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the loyal towns were
955 sending money, men, and supplies.&amp;nbsp; The ordinary Englishman, ordered
956 by his lord to fight in Dudley's army, refused to go.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's own
957 army was - understandably - racked with dissension; no one wanted to be
958 on the losing side.&amp;nbsp; Once the news had reached London that the
959 ships had deserted Dudley, the councilors decided to save
960 themselves.&amp;nbsp; They attempted to leave the Tower, where they had been
961 stationed since Dudley's departure.&amp;nbsp; On the 16th of July, at about
962 7 o'clock in the evening, the main gates of the Tower were locked; they
963 keys were delivered to Jane.&amp;nbsp; Jane suspected one of the lords
964 (possibly Winchester, the lord treasurer) of trying to leave the
965 city.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
966 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, she was continuing her rule - sending
967 out letters signed 'Jane the Quene' which instructed her loyal subjects
968 to suppress Mary's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; But she must have realized the
969 futility of it all.&amp;nbsp; She was just a teenage girl, inexperienced and
970 frightened.&amp;nbsp; It was simply a question of waiting for the end.&amp;nbsp;
971 On the 18th of July, most of her councilors had left the Tower on the
972 pretext of visiting the French ambassador.&amp;nbsp; In reality, they were
973 planning a visit to the Imperial embassy.&amp;nbsp; Once there, they assured
974 Charles V's envoys that they had always been loyal to Mary; they had
975 been kept prisoner by Dudley, forced to declare Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; But
976 now they were free and determined to proclaim Mary queen of
977 England.&amp;nbsp; They did so around 5 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday,
978 the 19th of July.&amp;nbsp; London erupted into a joyous celebration.&amp;nbsp;
979 The foreign ambassadors were astonished, with the French envoy writing:
980 'The atmosphere of this country and the nature of its people are so
981 changeable that I am compelled to make my despatches correspondingly
982 wavering and contradictory.'&amp;nbsp; They all agreed it owed more to
983 Providence than anything else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
984 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was terribly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She had long
985 fought with her parents but, upon becoming Dudley's pawn, had sought
986 support from them, particularly her father.&amp;nbsp; He came to Jane as she
987 ate supper that night and told her she was deposed.&amp;nbsp; Together, they
988 took down the cloth of estate from above her head.&amp;nbsp; He ordered his
989 men to leave their weapons and then went to Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Those near
990 him heard him mutter, 'I am but one man.'&amp;nbsp; He proclaimed Mary queen
991 and then left for his London residence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was left alone in the
992 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Lady Throckmorton, one of her ladies-in-waiting, returned
993 to the Tower for her duties but could not find Jane.&amp;nbsp; She asked for
994 the queen's whereabouts and was told that the &lt;I&gt;Lady&lt;/I&gt; Jane was now a
995 prisoner, detained elsewhere in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
996 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was in the deputy lieutenant's house,
997 awaiting her fate.&amp;nbsp; The indignities began.&amp;nbsp; Her belongings
998 were sorted through, all her money confiscated; within the day, she was
999 accused of stealing valuables from the royal wardrobe.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
1000 riding to London, now accepted as queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was arrested by
1001 his former ally, the earl of Arundel.&amp;nbsp; His entire family was taken
1002 to the Tower; as they were marched through the streets, the crowd pelted
1003 them with filth and insults.&amp;nbsp; Even the Imperial envoy called it
1004 'dreadful' and 'a strange mutation.'&amp;nbsp; For Dudley's fall from power
1005 had been rapid, extraordinarily so - the nine days' progress from ruler
1006 to traitor was a confusing mix of treachery, rumor, and disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
1007 &lt;/P&gt;
1008 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary did release Dudley's wife from the Tower,
1009 almost immediately; the duchess hurried to the queen to beg for her
1010 family's release.&amp;nbsp; Mary ordered her from the city.&amp;nbsp; Her cousin
1011 Frances, however, was more fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She had a private audience
1012 with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Within days, Henry Grey (who had been arrested at
1013 his London home and sent to the Tower on the 28th) was released.&amp;nbsp;
1014 On 3 August, Mary made her state entry into London.&amp;nbsp; As she rode
1015 past cheering crowds, clad in purple velvet and rich jewels, Jane Grey
1016 waited in prison, along with her husband and father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1017 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What would be their fate?&amp;nbsp; All Europe
1018 pondered this, even as Jane prepared to plead her case.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
1019 &lt;/P&gt;
1020 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'I pray you despatch me quickly'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Grey possessed the
1021 committed idealism of a religious fanatic and the events following her
1022 brief reign allowed her a place in history as a Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp;
1023 Her cousin Mary never questioned her passionate Catholicism; Jane did
1024 question her own Protestantism but the quest for spiritual meaning only
1025 reinforced her
1026 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Princess Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I; also painted by Master John (note the stylistic similarities)&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;already strong convictions.&amp;nbsp; Had she remained queen,
1027 there is every possibility she would have persecuted Catholics with the
1028 same energy Mary persecuted Protestants (thus earning the nickname
1029 'Bloody Mary.')&amp;nbsp; Instead, Jane's fate was to be executed and later
1030 celebrated as a Protestant martyr, the greatest sacrificial lamb of
1031 Mary's misguided policies.&amp;nbsp; The truth is, of course, more
1032 complex.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not execute Jane because of their religious
1033 differences.&amp;nbsp; Rather, she was motivated by political necessity and
1034 her own desire to marry and reinstate the Catholic church in
1035 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1036 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Immediately after her accession, Mary had
1037 imprisoned Jane in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The former queen was
1038 well-treated but undoubtedly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She probably expected
1039 imminent execution for she had long since realized the severity of her
1040 crime.&amp;nbsp; Since it became clear no one would intercede for her, she
1041 wrote to Mary herself.&amp;nbsp; Only an Italian translation of the letter
1042 exists.&amp;nbsp; In it, Jane described events since her marriage to
1043 Guildford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She was wrong for accepting the crown - she
1044 freely admitted this; but she had relied on the advice of others.&amp;nbsp;
1045 She knew the queen's 'goodness and clemency'; Mary must realize that 'I
1046 might have taken upon me that of which I was not worthy, yet no one can
1047 ever say either that I sought it.... or that I was pleased with
1048 it.'&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her cousin, an honest, plain-spoken child, for
1049 all her heretical ways.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;(&lt;A
1050 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary%2fjanemary.html&quot;&gt;Click
1051 here to read Jane's letter to Mary&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
1052 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was in the midst of arranging her marriage to
1053 Philip of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; It was the
1054 culmination of a decades-old dream.&amp;nbsp; She had spent the last few
1055 years in the countryside, surrounded by a Catholic household and
1056 sympathetic nobles.&amp;nbsp; Thus, she never realized the extent of
1057 Protestantism in the vital areas of London and its surrounding
1058 countryside.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed all of England wanted to return to the
1059 early 1520s, the years before Henry VIII had decided to abandon her
1060 beloved mother and break with the church of Rome.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed
1061 that the popular support which had taken the throne from Jane&amp;nbsp;
1062 indicated support not simply for her rule - but for &lt;I&gt;Catholic&lt;/I&gt; rule
1063 in general.&amp;nbsp; In this misguided view, she was initially supported by
1064 her most trusted political advisor - a Spaniard named Simon Renard, the
1065 newly arrived Imperial ambassador.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1066 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles V had instructed Renard to guide Mary
1067 through the crucial first months of her reign.&amp;nbsp; At first, signs
1068 were good - Mary attended Mass with her privy councilors but, on 12
1069 August 1553, told her council that she would not 'compel or constrain
1070 other men's consciences.'&amp;nbsp; She hoped her subjects would open their
1071 hearts to the truth and, shortly thereafter, return to the religion she
1072 supported.&amp;nbsp; Renard was also instructed to urge moderate punishment
1073 upon those who had supported Jane.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not want his cousin
1074 to be too cruel; that would hurt her reputation.&amp;nbsp; He needn't have
1075 worried.&amp;nbsp; Mary was, in fact, too lenient for Renard.&amp;nbsp; 'As to
1076 Jane of Suffolk, whom they tried to make Queen, she [Mary] could not be
1077 induced to consent that she should die.'&amp;nbsp; Mary firmly believed her
1078 cousin was innocent of any intrigue; Jane had never intended to be
1079 queen, but had been the unwilling dupe of Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She could not
1080 put this innocent young woman to death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1081 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard admitted that Jane was 'morally' innocent
1082 but, nevertheless, she had worn the crown of England.&amp;nbsp; In times of
1083 trouble, those nine days may be used as a precedent for deposing Mary
1084 and restoring Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary was commended for her trusting nature but
1085 she must remember that kindness could be destroyed by duplicity.&amp;nbsp;
1086 Renard was somewhat mollified when, on 18 August, Dudley was sentenced
1087 to die.&amp;nbsp; He was convicted along with his eldest son and William
1088 Parr, marquess of Northampton.&amp;nbsp; The following day a group of lesser
1089 nobles were convicted.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's execution was set for Monday 21
1090 August but, at the last minute, Dudley announced he wanted to reconciled
1091 to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Did he hope to avert his own death,
1092 appealing to Mary's religion?&amp;nbsp; Or did he genuinely wish to
1093 convert?&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, his execution was delayed for one day
1094 while he made his peace with God.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock the next morning,
1095 he was escorted - with his son and Parr - to St Peter ad Vincula, the
1096 church within the Tower of London grounds.&amp;nbsp; There, he attended mass
1097 and, upon receiving the sacrament, Dudley addressed the crowd:&amp;nbsp;
1098&lt;/P&gt;
1099 &lt;UL&gt;
1100 &lt;p&gt;My masters, I let you all to understand that I do most faithfully
1101 believe this is the very right and true way, out of the which true
1102 religion you and I have been seduced these sixteen years past, by the
1103 false and erroneous preaching of the new preachers....&amp;nbsp; And I do
1104 believe the holy sacrament here most assuredly to be our Saviour and
1105 Redeemer Jesus Christ and this I pray you all to testify and pray for
1106 me. &lt;/p&gt;
1107 &lt;/UL&gt;
1108 &lt;p&gt;He died the next morning, before a great crowd of
1109 spectators.&amp;nbsp; He repeated his speech at the mass; it had a great
1110 effect on the crowd.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1111 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this point, Jane Grey knew she was safe from
1112 imminent death.&amp;nbsp; She was still in the Tower but treated with
1113 increasing respect.&amp;nbsp; A week after Dudley's execution, Rowland Lea
1114 (an official of the royal mint who lived in the Tower and was the author
1115 of the &lt;I&gt;Chronicle of Queen Jane&lt;/I&gt;) ate with her.&amp;nbsp; She had a
1116 staff of four (two attendant ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob, one
1117 manservant, and her nurse and lifelong companion, Mrs Ellen.)&amp;nbsp; The
1118 government paid them each 20 shillings a week; Jane was allowed a
1119 generous allowance of 90 shillings a week.&amp;nbsp; She was allowed books
1120 and spent most of her time reading and studying.&amp;nbsp; When she wished
1121 it, she walked in the Queen's garden.&amp;nbsp; She no longer had to deal
1122 with her parents or her in-laws, undoubtedly a welcome relief.&amp;nbsp; The
1123 gentleman gaoler, called Partridge, and his wife were kind and
1124 respectful.&amp;nbsp; Lea recorded Jane's comments on Dudley:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1125 &lt;UL&gt;
1126 &lt;p&gt;'Woe worth him! he hath brought me and our stock in most miserable
1127 calamity and misery by his exceeding ambition.&amp;nbsp; But for the
1128 answering that he hoped for life by his turning, though other men be
1129 of that opinion, I utterly am not; for what man is there living, I
1130 pray you, although he had been innocent, that would hope of life in
1131 that case; being in the field against the Queen in person as general,
1132 and after his taking so hated and evil spoken of by the commons? and
1133 at his coming into prison so wondered at [reviled] as the like was
1134 never heard by any man's time.&amp;nbsp; Who was judge that he should hope
1135 for pardon, whose life was odious to all men?&amp;nbsp; But what will ye
1136 more?&amp;nbsp; Like as his life was wicked and full of dissimulation, so
1137 was his end thereafter.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, I, nor no friend of mine,
1138 die so.&amp;nbsp; Should I, who am young and in my few years, forsake my
1139 faith for the love of life?&amp;nbsp; Nay, God forbid!&amp;nbsp; Much more he
1140 should not, whose fatal course, although he had lived his just number
1141 of years, could not have long continued.&amp;nbsp; But life was sweet, it
1142 appeared; so he might have lived, you will say, he did not care
1143 how.&amp;nbsp; Indeed the reason is good; for he that would have lived in
1144 chains to have had his life, by like would leave no other mean
1145 [un]attempted.&amp;nbsp; But God be merciful to us, for he sayeth, Whoso
1146 denieth him before me, he will not know him in his Father's Kingdom.'
1147 &lt;/p&gt;
1148 &lt;/UL&gt;
1149 &lt;p&gt;Jane's intense religious convictions and her hatred of Dudley are
1150 evident in this passage.&amp;nbsp; She further demonstrated her religious
1151 intolerance when writing to Dr Harding, a former chaplain at her
1152 parents' home of Bradgate and her first tutor.&amp;nbsp; Harding had joined
1153 other Protestant chaplains in renouncing his reformed faith and becoming
1154 Catholic once again.&amp;nbsp; Jane was completely disgusted and appalled by
1155 his cowardice:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1156 &lt;UL&gt;
1157 &lt;p&gt;'I cannot but marvel at thee and lament thy case, who seemed
1158 sometime to be the lively member of Christ, but now the deformed imp
1159 of the devil; sometime the beautiful temple of God, but now the
1160 stinking and filthy kennel of Satan; sometime the unspotted spouse of
1161 Christ, but now the unshamefaced paramour of Antichrist; sometime my
1162 faithful brother, but now a stranger and apostate; sometime a stout
1163 Christian soldier, but now a cowardly runaway.&amp;nbsp; Yea, when I
1164 consider these things, I cannot but speak to thee, and cry out upon
1165 thee, thou seed of Satan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;Oh wretched and unhappy man, what
1166 art thou but dust and ashes?&amp;nbsp; And wilt thou resist thy Maker that
1167 fashioned thee and framed thee?&amp;nbsp; ....Wilt thou refuse the true
1168 God, and worship the invention of man, the golden calf, the whore of
1169 Babylon, the Romish religion, the abominable idol, the most wicked
1170 mass?' &lt;/p&gt;
1171 &lt;/UL&gt;
1172 &lt;p&gt;Such rhetoric reveals insight into Jane's character.&amp;nbsp;
1173 She was pious, devout, and kind - but she was also self-righteous and
1174 intolerant.&amp;nbsp; She and Mary were more alike than many realized.&amp;nbsp;
1175 Both were plain-spoken, transparently honest, and passionately believed
1176 their religion was the sole path to salvation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1177 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While Mary prepared for her coronation, Jane
1178 remained in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The Dudley brothers were now allowed to
1179 exercise on the roof of their prison, Beauchamp Tower, though there is
1180 no evidence that Jane and Guildford saw one another.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not
1181 speak of her imprisoned cousin.&amp;nbsp; Her time was taken up with her
1182 coronation and impending marriage, as well as the conflict her marriage
1183 was causing.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen did not want Mary to wed a Spaniard,
1184 for the same reasons Edward VI had excluded her from the succession -
1185 she was past middle-aged and would probably bear no children.&amp;nbsp;
1186 Therefore, she would leave the throne to a Catholic husband and England
1187 would become yet another state of the Imperial empire.&amp;nbsp; But as the
1188 weeks passed, Mary's leniency began to be questioned.&amp;nbsp; So Mary gave
1189 in to pressure and ordered Jane and the four Dudley sons to stand trial;
1190 the order had been prepared in mid-September but Mary did not allow the
1191 trial to take place until two months later.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1192 &lt;P&gt;
1193 &lt;IMG height=184 alt=&quot;engraving of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
1194 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey2.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As they were led out of the Tower to be arraigned
1195 at Guildhall, the executioner walked before them.&amp;nbsp; He carried an
1196 axe, as was the custom.&amp;nbsp; Jane dressed soberly for the occasion, as
1197 befitted a proper young lady of the reformed church.&amp;nbsp; She was clad
1198 all in black; she wore a black cloth gown, black cape trimmed with
1199 velvet, and a black French hood trimmed with velvet.&amp;nbsp; At her girdle
1200 hung a prayer book also bound in black velvet.&amp;nbsp; She held a book of
1201 prayers open in her hands as she walked behind Guildford.&amp;nbsp; She was
1202 attended by her two ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob.&amp;nbsp; The
1203 proceedings were a mere formality.&amp;nbsp; Jane and the four Dudleys pled
1204 guilty to the charge of high treason.&amp;nbsp; Sentence was passed against
1205 them; the men would be hung, drawn, and quartered and Jane would be
1206 burnt or beheaded at the Queen's pleasure.&amp;nbsp; They returned to the
1207 Tower, this time with the edge of the axe turned towards them.&amp;nbsp; In
1208 this way, spectators knew they were condemned.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1209 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the passing of the sentence was simply a
1210 formality.&amp;nbsp; As Renard reported in his subsequent dispatches, 'It is
1211 believed that Jane will not die' and, a week later, 'As for Jane, I am
1212 told her life is safe.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents had left the
1213 reformed church.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was forced to pay a 20000 pd fine but
1214 given a general pardon.&amp;nbsp; He returned to court.&amp;nbsp; His wife was
1215 Queen Mary's favorite lady and their two daughters, Catherine and Mary,
1216 were her ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Frances Grey was shown great
1217 favor at court, even gaining precedence over Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
1218 Most observers believed Jane would soon be pardoned and released, free
1219 to join her family at court.&amp;nbsp; The rehabilitation of the Greys
1220 seemed complete.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1221 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary's fervent desire to wed Philip of
1222 Spain was soon to have tragic consequences for the sixteen-year-old Jane
1223 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1224 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'So perish all the Queen's enemies'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The complexities of
1225 Mary Tudor's decision to marry the twenty-six widower, Philip of Spain,
1226 are discussed at her &lt;A
1227 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;website&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
1228 They can be outlined briefly here.&amp;nbsp; Mary - and most of her
1229 contemporaries - believed she must marry; she needed a husband for
1230 support and guidance.&amp;nbsp; No woman had ruled England in her own right
1231 before.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen wanted Mary to wed the great-grandson of
1232 Edward IV, Edward Courtenay.&amp;nbsp; He was the last of the Plantagenets,
1233 young, good-looking, and charming; his high birth led him to spend most
1234 of his youth in prison.&amp;nbsp; Mary was kind to him.&amp;nbsp; She released
1235 him from the Tower and restored he and his mother to favor.&amp;nbsp; She
1236 remembered that Edward's parents had supported her mother during the
1237 great divorce.&amp;nbsp; But she also made it clear she would not marry
1238 him.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, whose life had possessed little happiness and peace
1239 after her adolescence, had always turned to her mother's family for
1240 advice and support.&amp;nbsp; And she continued to do so when she became
1241 queen.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Philip of Spain, heir to the Hapsburg empire, was
1242 the most sought-after prince in Europe.&amp;nbsp; But he was also the
1243 grandson of her aunt, which meant a great deal to the sentimental Mary
1244 Tudor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1245 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, she did not immediately plan to marry
1246 him.&amp;nbsp; She was deeply religious and had spent the past twenty years
1247 essentially alone and unloved.&amp;nbsp; She was naturally fearful of
1248 marriage.&amp;nbsp; She asked Renard - was Philip too young for her?&amp;nbsp;
1249 would she be able to satisfy him for she was ignorant of 'that which was
1250 called love' ?&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a deeply devout and chaste maiden
1251 and he was a twenty-six-year-old widower.&amp;nbsp; Would he be happy with
1252 her?&amp;nbsp; Renard assured her that Philip was delighted to wed
1253 Mary.&amp;nbsp; And, he added, they would have children together, providing
1254 England with a Catholic succession.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she had
1255 never considered marriage until God had raised her to the throne but -
1256 now that she was queen - she would lead her subjects down the path of
1257 righteousness.&amp;nbsp; With the might of the Holy Roman Empire behind her,
1258 her faith would be triumphant.&amp;nbsp; So she agreed to marry Philip in
1259 late October 1553; their engagement was made official.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1260 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was faced with a hostile reaction.&amp;nbsp; Both
1261 her subjects and the king of France made their anger known.&amp;nbsp; Many
1262 Englishmen believed Charles V wanted to drag England into war against
1263 France, another costly and ineffectual enterprise.&amp;nbsp; In truth,
1264 Charles really wanted control of that vital sea route between Spain and
1265 the Netherlands; he needed to control the English coast in order for his
1266 trade route to operate at its maximum profitability.&amp;nbsp; But England
1267 has always been an insular nation.&amp;nbsp; With Protestant propagandists
1268 and the French ambassador spreading all sorts of rumors (from Spanish
1269 invasions to immediate wars), the people were in an uproar.&amp;nbsp;
1270 Furthermore, Mary's councilors were an ineffectual bunch and their
1271 policies were roundly criticized.&amp;nbsp; It seemed that, just months into
1272 her reign, Mary was steadily falling from favor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1273 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 January 1554, Charles V's envoys arrived to
1274 iron out the details of the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; To secure his
1275 valuable trade route, Charles was prepared to be generous.&amp;nbsp; In
1276 fact, he included every provision possible to stifle English
1277 fears.&amp;nbsp; But it was no use.&amp;nbsp; The people didn't want the
1278 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, word reached London of uprisings in the
1279 countryside - Carew in Devonshire, Wyatt in Kent, Crofts in
1280 Wales....&amp;nbsp; The councilors were alarmed.&amp;nbsp; And then word reached
1281 them that Henry Grey, the duke of Suffolk, had disappeared from his
1282 country home, Sheen.&amp;nbsp; They had planned the uprising for March when
1283 Philip was due to arrive but Courtenay, timid after years in the Tower,
1284 betrayed them.&amp;nbsp; So the conspirators were forced into action.&amp;nbsp;
1285 Carew could not raise his force without Courtenay's help so he fled to
1286 France and Crofts plans fell through.&amp;nbsp; But, by the end of January,
1287 Wyatt had taken Rochester and the royal ships at the Medway.&amp;nbsp; The
1288 duke of Norfolk left with a force from London but many men
1289 deserted.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt was encouraged and pressed on to London.&amp;nbsp; For
1290 two days, the fate of the Spanish marriage hung in the balance.&amp;nbsp;
1291 Londoners were undecided; Mary decided to sway the balance.&amp;nbsp; She
1292 went to Guildhall and made a rousing speech exhorting the Londoners to
1293 support her.&amp;nbsp; She did so against the advice of her council for they
1294 feared for her safety.&amp;nbsp; They needn't have worried.&amp;nbsp; When Wyatt
1295 reached London, he found the bridge closed to him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1296 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused to let the Tower guns be turned
1297 on the traitors.&amp;nbsp; She feared the innocent citizens of Southwark
1298 would be harmed if they were fired.&amp;nbsp; The rebels eventually
1299 surrendered but Mary had learned a valuable lesson - she discovered the
1300 depth of her subjects' hatred of the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it did
1301 not cause her to change her plans.&amp;nbsp; She was bewildered and angry
1302 but also hurt.&amp;nbsp; She had shown mercy and&lt;IMG height=226 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin Mary Tudor in 1554, by Hans Eworth&quot;
1303 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworthcr.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; forgiveness and was
1304 rewarded by rebellion.&amp;nbsp; She was now particularly susceptible to Renard's advice.&amp;nbsp; Renard immediately questioned Mary's safety as
1305 well as Philip's - would the prince be safe when rebellions were
1306 occurring throughout the nation?&amp;nbsp; The queen was exhorted to ensure
1307 his safety.&amp;nbsp; She must do this by punishing the rebels so none would
1308 dare rebel again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1309 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard's advice was supported by Mary's
1310 council.&amp;nbsp; Inevitably, all her advisors urged Mary to execute Jane
1311 Grey.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt had been supported by the vanished Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp;
1312 When he had disappeared from Sheen, he had gone to raise an army against
1313 the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But he gained little support.&amp;nbsp; Grey
1314 owed his life to Mary's kindness and he responded by seeking to
1315 overthrow her.&amp;nbsp; His intent was to lead men of the midland shires
1316 and join Wyatt near London.&amp;nbsp; His actual course fell far short of
1317 this goal - he fled from one county to another until he reached his
1318 manor of Astley.&amp;nbsp; He apparently hid in a tree trunk or under some
1319 hay; accounts vary.&amp;nbsp; He was promptly arrested by the earl of
1320 Huntingdon.&amp;nbsp; Later, rumors spread that he had proclaimed Jane queen
1321 during his ride through the midlands.&amp;nbsp; This was untrue but it
1322 didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; Jane had once been queen and, as Mary's advisors
1323 put it, she would be the figurehead of any Protestant plot.&amp;nbsp; Once
1324 again, she was &lt;I&gt;morally&lt;/I&gt; innocent but she was still
1325 dangerous.&amp;nbsp; She had to die.&amp;nbsp; To this, Renard added that Philip
1326 could not arrive until the Protestant threat had been destroyed.&amp;nbsp;
1327 All the opposition to her marriage had simply made the obstinate Mary
1328 more determined to marry Philip.&amp;nbsp; So the suspended sentence on Jane
1329 was revoked and she was condemned to die immediately.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1330 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The date of the execution was set for Friday 9
1331 February 1554.&amp;nbsp; Mary, who so hated executing her cousin, tried one
1332 last time to save her soul.&amp;nbsp; She sent John Feckenham, dean of St
1333 Paul's, to Jane.&amp;nbsp; He was given a few days to sway Jane to the
1334 Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Jane, long deprived of intellectual company and
1335 theological debate, was polite.&amp;nbsp; But she rebutted each of
1336 Feckenham's arguments with her own.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she relished this last
1337 chance to elucidate her precious faith.&amp;nbsp; After hours of argument,
1338 she remained Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she had also come to like Feckenham
1339 very much.&amp;nbsp; So she accepted his offer to accompany her to the
1340 scaffold and she promised to 'pray God in the bowels of his mercy to
1341 send you his Holy Spirit; for he hath given you his great gift of
1342 utterance, if it pleased him also to open the eyes of your heart.'&amp;nbsp;
1343 &lt;/P&gt;
1344 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Feckenham's work had delayed the executions until
1345 Monday 12 February.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Jane was also preparing to die with
1346 as much grace and dignity she could summon.&amp;nbsp; She chose her dress,
1347 composed her speech, and appointed the two members of her household who
1348 would accompany her and dispose of her body.&amp;nbsp; She sent a letter to
1349 her sister Catherine and one to her father (brought to the Tower on 10
1350 February.)&amp;nbsp; The latter included a remonstration that his actions
1351 had hastened her death.&amp;nbsp; But she did not write to her mother nor
1352 did Frances attempt to visit her or her husband.&amp;nbsp; There exists a
1353 story that Guildford asked to see Jane before they died and that Mary
1354 granted his request.&amp;nbsp; Jane, however, refused to see him, waiting
1355 until they met 'in a better place.'&amp;nbsp; But there is no evidence the
1356 story is true.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Jane and her husband showed no interest in
1357 seeing one another while in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1358 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane did watch her husband's execution.&amp;nbsp; He
1359 was taken from Beauchamp Tower at 10 o'clock in the morning and led to
1360 the execution area on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Jane stood by her window and
1361 watched as he went to his death.&amp;nbsp; Guildford died with great courage
1362 and dignity and, when the cart rolled past carrying his corpse, Jane
1363 muttered his name and a comment about 'the bitterness of death.'&amp;nbsp;
1364 Perhaps she realized that he had been a victim, too.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
1365 she saw his blood-splattered body, thrown atop equally stained straw,
1366 driven to St Peter-ad-Vincula; his head was wrapped in a cloth beside
1367 the body.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1368 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was now Jane's turn to face death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1369 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;(Click here to read
1370 an eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SMALL&gt;She
1371 wore the &lt;IMG height=360
1372 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey kneeling before the block, from Delaroche's painting&quot;
1373 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janecrop.jpg&quot; width=165 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;same black outfit she had worn at her trial.&amp;nbsp; She carried
1374 her prayer book in her hands; she was escorted by Sir John Brydges, the
1375 lieutenant of the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Her nurse, Mrs Ellen, and her attendant,
1376 Mrs Tylney, also accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; They both cried but Jane was
1377 calm and composed.&amp;nbsp; She had, after all, watched her scaffold being
1378 erected near the White Tower; her rooms provided an excellent view of
1379 its construction.&amp;nbsp; Since she was a princess of royal blood, her
1380 execution was private.&amp;nbsp; Only a small crowd had been invited.&amp;nbsp;
1381 &lt;/P&gt;
1382 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At the steps of the scaffold, he greeted
1383 Feckenham: 'God grant you all your desires and accept my own hearty
1384 thanks for all your attention to me. Although indeed, those attentions
1385 have tried me more than death can now terrify me.' She then ascended the
1386 steps and addressed the crowd.&amp;nbsp; She admitted she had committed
1387 treason when she accepted the crown but 'I do wash my hands in innocency, before God and the face of you, good Christian people this
1388 day.'&amp;nbsp; She wrung her hands and asked that they witness her death,
1389 and affirm that she died a good Christian.&amp;nbsp; She ended with yet
1390 another indication of her strong Protestant faith; she said, 'And now,
1391 good people, while I am alive, I pray you to assist me with your
1392 prayers.'&amp;nbsp; Protestants, unlike Catholics, did not believe in
1393 prayers for the dead.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt and asked Feckenham, 'Shall I
1394 say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; She read the fifty-first psalm in English and he
1395 followed her in Latin.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1396 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the prayer, she told Feckenham, 'God I
1397 beseech Him abundantly reward you for your kindness to me.'&amp;nbsp; She
1398 then rose to her feet and completed her final duties.&amp;nbsp; She handed
1399 her gloves and handkerchief to her attendant, Mrs Tylney and her
1400 prayer-book to the lieutenant's brother, Thomas Brydges.&amp;nbsp; She then
1401 began to untie her gown; as was the tradition, the executioner stepped
1402 forward.&amp;nbsp; It was the custom that the victim's outer garments became
1403 the executioner's property.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane did not know this; or
1404 perhaps she was simply terrified as that masked figure came toward
1405 her.&amp;nbsp; She stepped back and 'desired him to leave her alone.'&amp;nbsp;
1406 Her attendants completed the unlacing.&amp;nbsp; They then gave her a
1407 handkerchief to tie over her eyes.&amp;nbsp; Next, the executioner knelt
1408 before her and begged her forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; This, too, was a custom and
1409 one Jane had expected.&amp;nbsp; She gave her forgiveness 'most
1410 willingly.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1411 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now there was nothing to do but end it all.&amp;nbsp;
1412 The executioner asked her to stand upon the straw.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she saw
1413 the actual block for the first time.&amp;nbsp; Her composure faltered for
1414 just a brief moment.&amp;nbsp; She whispered, 'I pray you despatch me
1415 quickly,' and began to kneel.&amp;nbsp; She hesitated and asked, 'Will you
1416 take it off before I lay me down?', referring to the blindfold.&amp;nbsp;
1417 The executioner replied, 'No, madame' and so she tied the handkerchief
1418 around her eyes.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt but, blindfolded, could not find
1419 the block.&amp;nbsp; Her arms flailed about for several moments and she
1420 cried out, 'What shall I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; Those standing on
1421 the scaffold were hesitant - should they help her?&amp;nbsp; A member of the
1422 crowd climbed the scaffold and helped her.&amp;nbsp; He guided her hands to
1423 the block.&amp;nbsp; She lowered her head and stretched forth her body; her
1424 last words were, 'Lord into thy hands I commend my spirit.'&amp;nbsp; The
1425 executioner swung his axe and severed her head.&amp;nbsp; Blood splattered
1426 across the scaffold and many of the witnesses.&amp;nbsp; The executioner
1427 then lifted her head and said, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies.
1428 Behold, the head of a traitor.'&amp;nbsp; It was the end of Lady Jane
1429 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1430 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Permission had to be granted for her burial at St
1431 Peter-ad-Vincula since the church had recently become Catholic
1432 again.&amp;nbsp; Feckenham was forced to go to court for the
1433 permission.&amp;nbsp; So Jane's body lay exposed and unattended for nearly
1434 four hours, spread obscenely across the blood-soaked straw.&amp;nbsp; The
1435 French ambassador reported seeing it there hours after the
1436 execution.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants kept watch, though they were not allowed
1437 to cover the corpse.&amp;nbsp; Finally, Feckenham returned and Jane's body
1438 was laid to rest between the bodies of two other headless queens -
1439 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne
1440 Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; and
1441 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; During the reign of her Protestant
1442 cousin, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;, Jane was celebrated as a martyr to her faith
1443 and she remains one of the most famous queens of England.&lt;/P&gt;
1444 &lt;hr&gt;
1445 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1446 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1447 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Live still to die, that by death you may purchase eternal life.... As
1448 the preacher sayeth, there is a time to be born and a time to die; and the
1449 day of death is better than the day of our birth.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
1450 size=-1&gt;Jane Grey's message to John Brydges, lieutenant of the Tower of
1451 London, 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
1452 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1453 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1454 &lt;hr&gt;
1455 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1456 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
1457 lovely tribute to Lady Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;; it's a wonderful website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1458 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1459 &lt;CENTER&gt;
1460 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1461 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1462 Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1463 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1464 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1465 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favorite
1466 biographies of Lady Jane Grey are by Hester Chapman and Alison Plowden.&amp;nbsp;
1467 Thanks for reading / exploring this website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1468 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1469 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1470&lt;/blockquote&gt;
1471
1472
1473
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1476</Content>
1477</Section>
1478</Archive>
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