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4 | <Section>
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5 | <Description>
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6 | <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
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14 | <Metadata name="Title">Mary Boleyn: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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16 | <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
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18 | <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Citizens</Metadata>
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27 | </Description>
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28 | <Content>
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29 |
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30 | <table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="100%" height="667">
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31 | <tr>
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32 | <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
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33 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="29">&nbsp;</td>
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34 | <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
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35 | </tr>
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36 | <tr>
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37 | <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
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38 | <td width="50%" height="3"><font size="3"></font></td>
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39 | <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
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40 | </tr>
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41 | <tr>
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42 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
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43 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="610">
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44 | <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>
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45 | <p align="center">
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46 | <img border="0" src="_httpdocimg_/maryboleyn.gif" alt="Mary Boleyn" width="493" height="144"></p>
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47 | <p align="center">
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48 | <img border="2" src="_httpdocimg_/maryboleynunknown.jpg" width="359" height="480" alt="portrait of Mary Boleyn by an unknown artist"></p>
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49 | <blockquote>
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50 | <p align="left"><br><font face="Arial" size="4">Mary Boleyn was the sister of
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51 | King Henry VIII's second wife, the infamous Anne Boleyn.&nbsp; But she was
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52 | also the king's mistress before her sister's ascendancy.&nbsp; She may also have given birth
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53 | to Henry's son.</font></p>
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54 | <hr>
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55 | </blockquote>
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56 | <blockquote>
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57 | <p align="left">&nbsp;</p>
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58 | </blockquote>
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59 | </td>
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60 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
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61 | </tr>
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62 | </table>
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63 | <blockquote>
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64 | <blockquote>
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65 |
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66 |
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67 |
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68 | <p>Information about the life of Mary Boleyn is sketchy at best.&nbsp;
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69 |
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70 | Before her sister's ascendancy, Mary was the most famous member of her
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71 |
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72 | family, a dubious honor since it was based upon her adulterous affair with
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73 |
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74 | King Henry VIII.&nbsp; There has been great debate over the exact year
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75 |
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76 | of her birth, with many researchers unable to agree on which Boleyn sister
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77 |
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78 | was older.&nbsp; Some speculate Anne was born in 1501 or 1502; others place
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79 |
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80 | it at 1507.&nbsp; The most recent scholarship supports 1507 as the year
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81 |
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82 | of Anne's birth.&nbsp; Mary was born a year later, in 1508.&nbsp; Their
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83 |
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84 | only surviving sibling was an older brother George, born in 1503.
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85 |
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86 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary was born at Hever Castle, the family seat.&nbsp;
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87 |
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88 | She was named after Princess Mary Tudor, the youngest child of Henry VII
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89 |
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90 | and Elizabeth of York.&nbsp; Her family was loyal to the Tudor dynasty
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91 |
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92 | but had Yorkist connections.&nbsp; Her mother was Elizabeth Howard, daughter
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93 |
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94 | of Thomas, earl of Surrey.&nbsp; His father, the 1st duke of Norfolk, had
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95 |
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96 | died fighting for Richard III against Henry VII.&nbsp; Mary's father, Thomas
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97 |
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98 | Boleyn, could trace his ancestry only to the 13th century.&nbsp; His family
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99 |
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100 | was originally from Norfolk where they lived as tenant farmers.&nbsp; In
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101 |
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102 | 1457, a Sir Geoffrey Boleyn was serving as Lord Mayor of London.&nbsp;
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103 |
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104 | He wed Anne, heiress of Lord Hoo and Hastings, and - through her - acquired
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105 |
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106 | Hever Castle in Kent and Blickling Hall in Norfolk.&nbsp; His son became
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107 |
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108 | a knight under Richard III and a baron under Henry VII.&nbsp; He married
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109 |
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110 | a great heiress as well; she was Margaret, daughter of Thomas Butler, 7th
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111 |
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112 | earl of Ormond.&nbsp; He was incredibly wealthy and bequeathed Margaret
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113 |
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114 | 36 manors.&nbsp; Their eldest child was Thomas Boleyn, Mary's father.&nbsp;
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115 |
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116 | Thomas had married Elizabeth Howard by 1501.&nbsp; Their three surviving
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117 |
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118 | children were born within the next 10 years.
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119 |
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120 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In 1512, Thomas was one of three envoys assigned
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121 |
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122 | to the regent of Netherlands court.&nbsp; His skill in speaking French
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123 |
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124 | and his family connections secured the appointment.&nbsp; Once there, he
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125 |
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126 | was a great success with the regent, Margaret, archduchess of Austria.&nbsp;
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127 |
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128 | He used this friendship to secure a prestigious appointment for his eldest
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129 |
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130 | daughter, Anne; she was to reside with the regent's wards, sharing their
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131 |
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132 | royal education.&nbsp; This is the primary evidence that Anne was the elder
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133 |
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134 | sister.&nbsp; In such cases, the elder sister would receive the opportunity
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135 |
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136 | first.
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137 |
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138 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; However, Mary was married before Anne - an unusual
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139 |
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140 | occurrence and one which led many to believe Mary was older.&nbsp; However,
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141 |
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142 | it is completely plausible that Anne was not married first because she
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143 |
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144 | was still in Europe, gaining a royal education and hoping to wed a foreign
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145 |
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146 | nobleman.&nbsp; Mary, on the other hand, wed a man named William Carey,
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147 |
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148 | a gentleman of the royal privy chamber on 4 February 1520.&nbsp; Though
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149 |
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150 | he was not a titled lord, his duties meant he had intimate contact with
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151 |
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152 | the king on a daily basis.&nbsp; He would be a valuable connection for
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153 |
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154 | the Boleyns.&nbsp; Henry used his attendants, with whom he spent his leisure
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155 |
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156 | hours, to carry out government work.&nbsp; Carey was 24 years old and Mary
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157 |
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158 | not quite twelve, young even for 16th century marriage.&nbsp; The consummation
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159 |
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160 | of the marriage was probably delayed for a few years.
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161 |
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162 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary's wedding was held a few weeks before her father
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163 |
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164 | returned from a mission abroad.&nbsp; This indicates that Thomas Boleyn
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165 |
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166 | had planned the marriage well in advance.&nbsp; The king gave the newlyweds
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167 |
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168 | a cash present - 6s.8d.; this was undoubtedly welcome since William Carey
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169 |
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170 | was a younger son and lacked money and lands.&nbsp; Henry's favor (and,
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171 |
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172 | more particularly, Mary's affair with Henry) helped in this respect - before
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173 |
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174 | his death in 1528, William had received two keeperships, a stewardship,
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175 |
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176 | an annuity, and manors in two counties.&nbsp; As to William's ancestry,
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177 |
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178 | he could trace his descent from Edward III; his mother was a cousin of
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179 |
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180 | Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII's mother.&nbsp; His aunt Catherine Spencer
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181 |
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182 | was married to Henry, fifth earl of Northumberland.
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183 |
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184 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As William's wife, Mary had lodgings at court, information
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185 |
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186 | about royal policies, and the great opportunity to participate in all court
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187 |
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188 | events.&nbsp; Their first child, Catherine, was born about 1524 when Mary
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189 |
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190 | was just sixteen.&nbsp; Meanwhile, her family continued its ascendancy
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191 |
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192 | during these years.&nbsp; Personally, she and her sister Anne were two
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193 |
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194 | of eight women who participated in a celebration at York Place, Cardinal
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195 |
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196 | Wolsey's home.&nbsp; Anne played Perseverance and Mary was Kindness; they
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197 |
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198 | were clothed in white satin with bejeweled headdresses.&nbsp; This was
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199 |
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200 | in 1522; Mary was just fourteen.&nbsp; By the time she was seventeen, Mary
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201 |
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202 | was a first-time mother and Henry VIII's mistress.&nbsp; There is much
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203 |
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204 | circumstantial evidence to support this:
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205 |
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206 | <blockquote>
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207 | <p>* in 1527, Henry was planning to marry Anne Boleyn.&nbsp; He
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208 |
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209 | sought and received a papal dispensation to marry the sister of a woman
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210 |
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211 | with whom he had engaged in illicit/unlawful intercourse.&nbsp; Anne had
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212 |
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213 | only one sister - Mary. </p>
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214 |
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215 | <p>* Reginald Pole reported the following - in 1528, a member of Parliament
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216 |
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217 | insulted the king's morals by accusing Henry of sleeping with Anne's mother
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218 |
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219 | <i>and</i>
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220 |
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221 | sister.&nbsp; Undoubtedly flustered, the king replied:&nbsp; "Never with
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222 |
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223 | her mother."
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224 |
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225 | <p>* the affair was known of in diplomatic circles - in 1532, Francis I
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226 |
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227 | of France met Mary face-to-face when she accompanied Henry and Anne to
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228 |
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229 | Calais.&nbsp; He mentioned her infamous behavior with her sister's spouse
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230 |
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231 | <i>before</i>
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232 |
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233 | the marriage to Anne.</blockquote>
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234 |
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235 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The affair was brief, ending in mid-1525 (probably July.)&nbsp;
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236 |
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237 | On 4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son, called Henry.&nbsp; He was widely
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238 |
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239 | assumed to be the king's son.&nbsp; He physically resembled the king, a&nbsp;
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240 |
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241 | fact often remarked upon.&nbsp; In 1535, for example, a man called 'young
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242 |
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243 | Master Carey' the king's son. </p>
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244 |
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245 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Perhaps more telling, Henry granted the Careys actual
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246 |
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247 | manors and estates during the affair and immediately before the child's
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248 |
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249 | birth.&nbsp; Before, the Careys had been granted rather minor offices.&nbsp;
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250 |
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251 | (You may recall that Henry publicly acknowledged another illegitimate son,
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252 |
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253 | born in 1519.&nbsp; This boy was called <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html">Henry
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254 |
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255 | Fitzroy</a> - the surname traditionally given to royal bastards - and was
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256 |
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257 | ennobled, given the title duke of Richmond.&nbsp; If Henry Carey was also
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258 |
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259 | his son, why didn't Henry do the same for him?&nbsp; The answer lies in
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260 |
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261 | his determination to divorce Katharine of Aragon and marry <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html">Anne
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262 |
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263 | Boleyn</a>, the child's aunt.&nbsp; It is likely that even Henry VIII would
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264 |
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265 | have been too embarrassed to recognize his bastard son by his fiancee's
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266 |
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267 | younger sister.)&nbsp; Henry Carey was eventually ennobled as Lord Hunsdon by
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268 | Elizabeth I, the queen who may have been his half-sister and was undoubtedly his
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269 | cousin.&nbsp; Though he served her ably, Elizabeth only offered Hunsdon a title
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270 | upon his deathbed.&nbsp; To this dubious honor, the old man aptly replied that
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271 | if the queen hadn't thought him worth it while he was in health, he would not
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272 | accept it while ill.<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary Boleyn was referenced in <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html">Henry's
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273 |
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274 | love letters to Anne</a> in 1528, the year her husband died.&nbsp; William
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275 |
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276 | had asked Mary to seek her sister's influence with the king; his elder
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277 |
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278 | sister, Eleanor, wanted the position of abbess at St Edith's Nunnery.&nbsp;
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279 |
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280 | The nuns wanted their prioress elevated to the position instead.&nbsp;
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281 |
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282 | Anne asked the king to intervene.&nbsp; In the end, Eleanor's dubious moral
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283 |
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284 | destroyed her chances.&nbsp; But the episode demonstrates Anne's willingness
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285 |
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286 | to help Mary; also, Mary clearly expected to benefit from her sister's
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287 |
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288 | closeness to the king.
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289 |
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290 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; William Carey died on 23 June 1528 and Henry VIII
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291 |
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292 | promptly granted Anne Boleyn the wardship of her nephew (and possibly his
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293 |
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294 | son), two-year-old Henry Carey.&nbsp; In another letter to Anne, Henry
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295 |
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296 | remarked upon Mary's easy virtue.&nbsp; He and Anne were concerned that,
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297 |
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298 | after William's death, Mary's behavior would degenerate; in other words,
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299 |
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300 | she would be an embarrassment to the king and his intended wife.
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301 |
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302 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In November 1530, Henry gave Anne 20 pds to redeem
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303 |
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304 | a jewel from Mary; it was probably a gambling debt.&nbsp; Two years later,
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305 |
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306 | Mary was one of thirty ladies who accompanied Henry and Anne on a visit
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307 |
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308 | to France (colorfully known to history as 'The Field of the Cloth of Gold'.)&nbsp;
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309 |
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310 | They stayed in Calais in late October, attending various events with Francis
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311 |
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312 | I; ostensibly, they were celebrating a new peace agreement.&nbsp; But it
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313 |
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314 | was also a chance to present Anne to a foreign king.&nbsp; When Henry wed
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315 |
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316 | Anne in 1533, Mary became a lady-in-waiting to her sister.&nbsp; It was
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317 |
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318 | only in 1534 that she and Anne had a serious conflict.
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319 |
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320 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In 1534, Mary secretly married William Stafford.&nbsp;
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321 |
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322 | He was the younger son of Humphrey Stafford of Blatherwick in Northampton.&nbsp;
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323 |
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324 | This marriage was a disaster for her, excepting her personal happiness.&nbsp;
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325 |
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326 | Mary undoubtedly loved Stafford, a soldier she had met at Calais (he had
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327 |
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328 | been part of Henry VIII's retinue.)&nbsp; But her relatives - all newly
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329 |
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330 | ennobled and very self-conscious about their status - were outraged.&nbsp;
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331 |
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332 | He was a commoner, not fit for the queen's sister.&nbsp; Accordingly, Mary
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333 |
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334 | and her new husband were banished from court.&nbsp; (It is quite possible
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335 |
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336 | that her relatives planned to wed Mary to a nobleman, further cementing
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337 |
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338 | their rise to prominence; instead, her marriage was a step backwards socially.)&nbsp;
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339 |
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340 | In late 1534, while her father and brother received numerous grants, titles,
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341 |
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342 | and other gifts, Mary was reduced to begging Thomas Cromwell for assistance.&nbsp;
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343 |
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344 | Would he speak to Henry on her behalf?&nbsp; Mary hoped Henry would persuade
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345 |
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346 | Anne to forgive her but her former lover was less than helpful.&nbsp; So
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347 |
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348 | Mary asked Cromwell to speak to her father, her uncle, and her brother.
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349 |
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350 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meanwhile, her son was still living with his
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351 |
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352 | aunt, Queen Anne.&nbsp; He was being tutored by the great French poet,
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353 |
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354 | Nicholas Bourbon, clearly benefiting from the wardship.&nbsp; His mother's
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355 |
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356 | life between 1534 and her sister's execution in 1536 is difficult to trace.&nbsp;
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357 |
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358 | She seems to have resided at Rochford, Essex from the time of her disgrace
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359 |
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360 | to her death on 19 July 1543.&nbsp; When her sister fell into disfavor
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361 |
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362 | and Henry sought a divorce, his earlier affair with Mary was mentioned.&nbsp;
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363 |
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364 | Perhaps this would justify an annulment, even as Katharine of Aragon's
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365 |
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366 | marriage to his brother had?&nbsp; But no one seriously considered this
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367 |
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368 | (after all, there had been a papal dispensation) and it was more expedient
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369 |
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370 | to press other charges.&nbsp; Mary did not visit her sister when Anne was
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371 |
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372 | imprisoned in the Tower.&nbsp; Nor did she visit their brother George,
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373 |
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374 | also condemned to death.&nbsp; There is no evidence that she wrote to them,
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375 |
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376 | either.&nbsp; Like their uncle, the duke of Norfolk, she may have thought
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377 |
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378 | it wise to avoid association with her disgraced relatives.
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379 |
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380 | <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mary lived to see her children gain some royal favor.&nbsp;
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381 |
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382 | Her teenage daughter Catherine (born 1524) was appointed a maid of honor
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383 |
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384 | to Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII's fourth wife.&nbsp; Sometime in 1540, she
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385 |
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386 | made a good match, marrying Sir Francis Knollys.&nbsp; He was a member
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387 |
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388 | of Henry VIII's household.&nbsp; She also became one of her cousin Elizabeth
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389 |
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390 | Tudor's closest friends.&nbsp; Her daughter, Lettice Knollys, would later
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391 |
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392 | marry Elizabeth's great love, Robert Dudley; her son, the earl of Essex,
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393 |
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394 | would also be one of Elizabeth's favorites (though eventually executed
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395 |
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396 | for treason.)&nbsp; Henry Carey, whose paternity was the subject of such
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397 |
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398 | speculation, would be ennobled as Lord Hunsdon in Elizabeth's reign.&nbsp;
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399 |
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400 | Elizabeth was kind to her Boleyn relatives, especially Mary's children.&nbsp;
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401 |
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402 | Twenty-two years after Anne Boleyn's execution, a Boleyn was sole ruler
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403 |
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404 | of England.&nbsp; It was a triumph few could have predicted.<p>&nbsp;<hr WIDTH="100%">
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405 |
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406 | <p>
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407 |
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408 | <font size="2">Some other stuff about Mary Boleyn that I've found: </font>
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409 | </p>
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410 |
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411 | <p><font size="2">* Mary was considered more conventionally beautiful than Anne but lacked
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412 |
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413 | her sister's style and wit.
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414 |
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415 | <br>* As a child, Mary was taught French by Mademoiselle Semmonet;&nbsp;
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416 |
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417 | she also studied music (practicing on the lute, harp, viol, and virginals.)
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418 |
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419 | <br>* Mary also spent time in Archduchess Margaret's service; she was removed
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420 |
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421 | in 1518/19 by her father and placed in Katharine of Aragon's service.
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422 |
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423 | <br>* Anne and George Boleyn were very close and reportedly had little
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424 |
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425 | use for their sister, Mary.&nbsp; (This was reported by several foreign
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426 |
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427 | ambassadors.) </font>
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428 |
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429 | <p><font size="2">Note:&nbsp; I have read that Mary Boleyn accompanied Princess Mary Tudor
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430 |
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431 | to France, as a lady-in-waiting.&nbsp; However, the trip occurred in 1515;
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432 |
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433 | Mary would have been just 7 years old - so the assertion seems unlikely. </font>
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434 |
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435 | <p><font size="2">So the following questions remain:
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436 |
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437 | <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * did she accompany Mary to France?
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438 |
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439 | <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * did she use her influence with Mary Tudor to get
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440 |
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441 | Anne a position as lady-in-waiting to Katharine of Aragon (thus allowing
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442 |
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443 | Henry VIII and Anne to meet?)&nbsp; This has been mentioned in several
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444 |
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445 | books but, as I stated, it would mean Mary was a lady-in-waiting at the
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446 |
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447 | age of seven. </font>
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448 |
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449 | <p><font size=-1>I have used the spelling 'Boleyn' instead of 'Bullen'
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450 |
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451 | for one simple reason - it is how the family chose to spell it when they
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452 |
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453 | first rose to prominence.&nbsp; Certainly they thought 'Boleyn' was more
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454 |
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455 | elegant - I'll stay mum on that issue, but since most history texts also
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456 |
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457 | use 'Boleyn', it remains less confusing than switching between two surnames.</font><p align="center"><b>
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458 | <font face="Times New Roman">
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459 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html">Visit the
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460 | Anne Boleyn website</a>.</font></b></p>
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461 |
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462 | <center>
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463 |
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464 | <p><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html">to
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465 |
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466 | Tudor Citizens</a></font><br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html">to Tudor
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467 |
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468 | England</a></font></center>
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469 |
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470 | </blockquote>
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471 | </blockquote>
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472 |
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473 |
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474 |
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475 | <!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --><!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --><script language="JavaScript" src="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js"></script><script language="javascript">geovisit();</script><noscript><img src="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;el=direct&amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082580" alt="setstats" border="0" width="1" height="1"></noscript>
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477 | </Content>
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478 | </Section>
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479 | </Archive>
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