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16	<Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
17	<Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
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32
33	<center><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif" ALT="Thomas Wolsey" height=67 width=286>
34	<br>born c. 1465 in Ipswich
35	<br>died 29 November 1530 in Leicester</center>
36
37	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
38	He was a man
39	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
40	Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
41	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
42	Himself with princes...
43	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
44	His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
45	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
46	But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
47	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
48	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII</i>.</font>
49	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
50	Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.</font>
51	<blockquote>&nbsp;</blockquote>
52	&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
53	O Cromwell, Cromwell!
54	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
55	Had I but served my God with half the zeal
56	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
57	I served my king, he would not in mine age
58	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
59	Have left me naked to mine enemies.
60	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
61	<i>All Is True</i>. Wolsey's speech in act IV.</font>
62	<br>&nbsp;
63	<br>&nbsp;
64	<p><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg" ALT="Cardinal Wolsey" BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
65	The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
66	VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
67	and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&nbsp; He was
68	born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&nbsp;
69	But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
70	Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&nbsp; Five years later, he
71	became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
72	Sir Richard Nanfan.&nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
73	Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&nbsp;
74	Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
75	was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
76	death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&nbsp; Upon Henry's
77	death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
78	found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
79	to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
80	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
81	as one could be to a king.&nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
82	mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
83	diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
84	and English-arbitrated European peace.&nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
85	though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&nbsp; He
86	was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
87	but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
88	international affairs.&nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
89	spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
90	English life.
91	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
92	and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
93	delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&nbsp; The early years of Henry's
94	reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
95	in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&nbsp; And
96	while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
97	on Wolsey's assistance.&nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
98	changed by the French expedition of 1513.&nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
99	to prove English strength in battle against this old
100	<br>enemy.&nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
101	young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&nbsp; When Henry VII
102	died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&nbsp;
103	Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
104	but not lively.&nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
105	dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
106	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
107	a successful military strike against France.&nbsp; After one failure, he
108	went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&nbsp;
109	Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
110	Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&nbsp; Of course, the English
111	couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
112	peace.&nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&nbsp;
113	At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&nbsp;
114	The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
115	her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
116	Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&nbsp; Mary and Brandon
117	were the grandparents of <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html">Lady
118	Jane Grey</a>.
119	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
120	was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&nbsp; England would be taken
121	seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
122	and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&nbsp; Henry
123	was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
124	Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
125	months later, archbishop of York.&nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&nbsp;
126	The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
127	of England.
128	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
129	taken into Henry's complete confidence.&nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
130	and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&nbsp;
131	Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
132	Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
133	dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
134	his marriage.&nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
135	to it.&nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
136	servant, Wolsey, for help.
137	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
138	himself as second only to Henry in power.&nbsp; This naturally angered
139	the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&nbsp;
140	They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
141	the king.&nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
142	as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
143	the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&nbsp; In the natural order, he
144	was their inferior.&nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
145	particularly the powerful dukes.
146	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&nbsp;
147	That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
148	arrogance?&nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
149	his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&nbsp; Wolsey was his
150	creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
151	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
152	Henry.&nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
153	that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&nbsp; (The complexity
154	of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
155	here.&nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's <i>Henry VIII: The Mask of
156	Royalty</i>, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
157	century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
158	Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
159	his own inadequacies.&nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&nbsp;
160	In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&nbsp;
161	With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
162	to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&nbsp; At Hampton
163	Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
164	richly embroidered livery.&nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
165	knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&nbsp; But his ties
166	to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&nbsp;
167	He could not serve two masters.
168	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
169	Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&nbsp; As stated
170	before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&nbsp;
171	At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
172	the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&nbsp; The situation became even
173	more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
174	Roman Emperor in 1519.&nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
175	with the Imperial power.&nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
176	with the Lowlands), history (England was
177	<br>rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
178	Katharine's nephew.)&nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
179	and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
180	favor.&nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
181	between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
182	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
183	broke out in 1521.&nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
184	Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&nbsp; But war costs a great deal
185	of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&nbsp;
186	And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&nbsp; This unpleasant
187	task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
188	and, accordingly, take the blame.
189	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
190	taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&nbsp; In 1528, the English
191	were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
192	1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&nbsp; It
193	was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
194	troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&nbsp; The Emperor
195	Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
196	of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
197	sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&nbsp; However, Charles - and
198	the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
199	and the pope.
200	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
201	judicial system.&nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
202	Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&nbsp; He was determined to extend
203	justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&nbsp; Only their
204	code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
205	murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
206	matter entirely.&nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
207	his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
208	the law - at least more equal than before.&nbsp; He also developed
209	<br>committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
210	the Court of Requests in 1529.
211	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
212	successful.&nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
213	to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&nbsp; Also,
214	his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
215	titles.&nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
216	children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
217	ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
218	leadership.&nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
219	some reforms.&nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
220	pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&nbsp;
221	Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&nbsp;
222	Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&nbsp; And, ironically,
223	most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
224	instigation or approval.&nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
225	as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
226	nobles.&nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
227	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
228	opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
229	which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
230	as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
231	own.&nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
232	desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&nbsp;
233	His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&nbsp; Poor Wolsey
234	- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
235	his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
236	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
237	though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&nbsp; He suggested
238	that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
239	wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
240	Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&nbsp;
241	The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
242	a nunnery and marry Anne.&nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
243	of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&nbsp; From 1527 to
244	1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
245	solutions but these were unsuccessful.&nbsp; After all, England did not
246	have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
247	make an independent decision.&nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
248	would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
249	for monarchs throughout Europe.&nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
250	is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&nbsp;
251	He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
252	legally married to Katharine.
253	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
254	virtually any support at the English court.&nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
255	Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
256	he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
257	to her and Henry's marriage.&nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
258	torn between Katharine and Anne.&nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
259	both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&nbsp;
260	This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&nbsp;
261	Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
262	to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
263	English knight's daughter.
264	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
265	an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&nbsp; He was now all too
266	willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
267	so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&nbsp;
268	It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
269	direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
270	papal jurisdiction.&nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
271	authority and so had broken the law himself.&nbsp; This did not matter.&nbsp;
272	Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
273	9
274	<br>October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
275	York.&nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
276	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
277	and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
278	with the French king.&nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
279	still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
280	majesty.&nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
281	and taken from York Palace.&nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
282	at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&nbsp; The group escorting him were
283	concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
284	quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
285	<br>His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
286	<br>&nbsp;
287	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
288	This cardinal,
289	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
290	Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
291	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
292	Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
293	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
294	He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
295	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
296	Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
297	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
298	Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
299	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
300	But to those men that sought him sweet as
301	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
302	summer.
303	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
304	And though he were unsatisfied in getting
305	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
306	Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
307	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
308	He was most princely: ever witness for him
309	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
310	Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
311	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
312	Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
313	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
314	him,
315	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
316	Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
317	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
318	The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
319	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
320	So excellent in art, and still so rising,
321	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
322	That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
323	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
324	His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
325	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
326	For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
327	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
328	And found the blessedness of being little:
329	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
330	And, to add greater honors to his age
331	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
332	Than man could give him, he died fearing
333	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
334	God.
335	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
336	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True</i>.</font>
337	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
338	Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.</font>
339	<center>
340	<p>Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html">Primary
341	Sources</a> section.
342	<br>
343	<hr WIDTH="100%">
344	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html">to
345	Tudor Citizens</a></font>
346	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html">to Tudor
347	England</a></font></center>
348
349
350
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353	</Content>
354	</Section>
355	</Archive>

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