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16 <Metadata name="Content">Lady Jane Grey The Nine Days Queen biography portraits primary sources</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Nine Days' Queen 1553</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
19 <Metadata name="Title">Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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26 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Relatives</Metadata>
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46
47&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
48 &lt;tr&gt;
49 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
50 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
51 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
52 &lt;/tr&gt;
53 &lt;tr&gt;
54 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
55 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
56 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;IMG height=47 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey&quot;
57 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey.gif&quot; width=320&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
58 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
59 &lt;/tr&gt;
60 &lt;tr&gt;
61 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
62 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
63 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
64 &lt;IMG height=287
65 alt=&quot;The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche&quot;
66 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey-nga.jpg&quot; width=358 border=2&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
67 &lt;blockquote&gt;
68 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
69 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
70 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read
71 the biography of Lady Jane Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
72 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
73 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
74 of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;, 1553. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
75 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;Jane's letter to
76 Queen Mary from the Tower of London&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
77 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
78 of Jane's execution&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
79 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
80 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;A
81 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
82 Catherine Grey site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's tragic
83 sister.&lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
84 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward
85 VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's cousin who left her the throne.
86 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Grey's life at &lt;A
87 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
88 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
89 &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
90 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
91 Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/A&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A
92 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bitterwisdom.com%2fladyjanegrey&quot;&gt;The Lady Jane Grey Internet
93 Museum&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
94 &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Tudor Dynasty enthusiasts at
95 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor
96 Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
97 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
98 of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
99 England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
100 other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
101 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
102 &lt;/td&gt;
103 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
104 &lt;/tr&gt;
105&lt;/table&gt;
106
107&lt;blockquote&gt;
108 &lt;blockquote&gt;
109 &lt;blockquote&gt;
110 &lt;p&gt;
111 &lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;
112 &lt;B&gt;Jane Grey remains one of the most compelling and tragic figures in
113 Tudor history.&amp;nbsp; She possessed royal blood through her grandmother,
114 Princess Mary Tudor, and this heritage brought her to the scaffold in
115 1554.&amp;nbsp; Jane had been named heiress to the English throne in her
116 great-uncle Henry VIII's will, but only if his son Edward and daughters
117 Mary and Elizabeth died without issue.&amp;nbsp; But Edward ruled for just six
118 years and his ambitious advisor, John Dudley, was determined to remain in
119 power.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he persuaded Edward to write his own will and
120 leave the throne to his pious cousin, Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; Though just fifteen
121 at the time, she was known for her Protestant piety and learning; it was
122 this religious devotion which persuaded Edward to alter the succession.&amp;nbsp;
123 Deeply pious himself, he could not leave the throne to his Catholic
124 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Jane was quickly wed to Dudley's son and crowned queen
125 of England in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; But she ruled for just nine days, trapped
126 and unhappy.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor claimed the throne with great popular
127 support and Jane was imprisoned in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; Her
128 subsequent execution was a political necessity for Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp;
129 Despite her youth, Jane met her end with great dignity and courage.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
130 &lt;hr&gt;
131 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
132 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
133 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I think that at the supper I neither receive flesh nor
134 blood, but bread and wine; which bread when it is broken, and the wine when it
135 is drunken, put me in remembrance how that for my sins the body of Christ was
136 broken, and his blood shed on the cross. ...I ground my faith upon God's word,
137 and not upon the church...&amp;nbsp; The faith of the church must be tried by
138 God's word, and not God's word by the church; neither yet my faith.'&amp;nbsp;
139 &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane Grey to John Feckenham,
140 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
141 &lt;blockquote&gt;
142 &lt;blockquote&gt;
143 &lt;hr&gt;
144 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Ancestry&lt;/B&gt;
145 &lt;BR&gt;Lady Jane Grey was the eldest child of Lord Henry and Lady Frances
146 Grey, the duke and duchess of
147 &lt;IMG height=205
148 alt=&quot;Princess Mary Tudor, grandmother of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
149 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey1.jpg&quot; width=101 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; She was a viable heir to
150 the English throne because of her maternal grandmother, &lt;A
151 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
152 Mary Tudor&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; After the death of her first husband, King Louis
153 XII of France in 1515, Mary secretly wed her true love, &lt;A
154 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Charles
155 Brandon&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was her brother &lt;A
156 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry
157 VIII&lt;/A&gt;'s best friend; the king's friendship and Brandon's service to
158 the Crown led to his creation as duke of Suffolk in 1514.&amp;nbsp; He and
159 Mary had a son, Henry, who died as teenager.&amp;nbsp; Their next eldest
160 child was a daughter, Frances.&amp;nbsp; Under the terms of the Third Act of
161 Succession (1544) and Henry VIII's last will and testament (1547), the
162 Suffolk line would inherit the throne after Henry VIII's children died
163 childless.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the throne would pass to Henry's son &lt;A
164 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward&lt;/A&gt;;
165 if Edward died childless, it passed to Henry's eldest daughter &lt;A
166 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/A&gt;;
167 if she died childless, it passed to Henry's youngest daughter &lt;A
168 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
169 If Elizabeth died childless, the throne passed to Lady Frances.&amp;nbsp;
170 This plan completely disregarded the children of Henry's elder sister &lt;A
171 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;Margaret&lt;/A&gt;,
172 the former queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not care for Margaret and,
173 more importantly, did not want the English throne in Scottish hands. &lt;/p&gt;
174 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So it was through Princess Mary that Jane Grey was
175 bequeathed her deadly heritage.&amp;nbsp; Still, no one in the 1540s
176 expected the Suffolk line to rule.&amp;nbsp; After all, Henry VIII had left
177 three heirs and it was unlikely all three would die childless.&amp;nbsp; Of
178 course, we know that this did occur and the Tudor dynasty died with
179 Elizabeth I in 1603.&amp;nbsp; It was only in 1552, with Edward VI's health
180 rapidly failing, that people realized there would be a succession
181 crisis.&amp;nbsp; According to parliament and Henry VIII's will, Mary was
182 Edward's heir - but she was Catholic, in her late thirties, and never
183 robust.&amp;nbsp; More importantly, Edward was a devout Protestant and did
184 not want Roman Catholicism restored in England.&amp;nbsp; Urged on by
185 self-interested advisors, he removed Mary from the succession on the
186 grounds of her illegitimacy (she was declared so by parliament in
187 1532.)&amp;nbsp; But if he removed Mary, he also had to remove Elizabeth
188 even though she was a Protestant; Elizabeth had also been declared a
189 bastard by parliament in 1536.&amp;nbsp; In his &lt;I&gt;Device for the
190 Succession&lt;/I&gt;, written in his own hand, Edward wrote that they were
191 both &quot;illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
192 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward's course of action removed the succession
193 from the heirs of Henry VIII and gave it to the heirs of Henry's younger
194 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was a tumultuous course for many reasons.&amp;nbsp;
195 For example, the king of France, Henry II, was raising &lt;A
196 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
197 Stuart&lt;/A&gt;, Margaret Tudor's granddaughter; he planned to marry this
198 ten-year-old &lt;A
199 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;queen
200 of Scots&lt;/A&gt; to his son and heir, Francois.&amp;nbsp; By all the accepted
201 laws of primogeniture, she had a better claim to the English throne than
202 her Suffolk cousins.&amp;nbsp; In fact, most European Catholics believed
203 Mary's claim better than her Tudor cousins, Mary and Elizabeth, since
204 both were illegitimate by acts of constitutional and canon law.&amp;nbsp;
205 However, Mary of Scotland was in France - not England; also, the
206 Suffolks were Protestant and she was not.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI never
207 considered leaving her the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
208 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The above paragraph illustrates the complexity of
209 blood ties within the Tudor family.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary Tudor was
210 half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor, the succession
211 crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the
212 Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the pope hoped to bring England back to his
213 authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI
214 died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would
215 triumph.&amp;nbsp; Mary....&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth....&amp;nbsp; Mary of
216 Scotland....&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey....&amp;nbsp; Which would become queen?&amp;nbsp;
217 &lt;/P&gt;
218 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Europe waited to see how England would
219 welcome a queen as their sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; All of the possible
220 candidates for the throne were women, an unprecedented occurrence.&amp;nbsp;
221 The only woman to attempt to rule England as her father's sole heir had
222 been Matilda in the 12th century; she had been forced out of the country
223 by popular revolt and a male cousin named Stephen of Blois became
224 king.&amp;nbsp; Now it seemed the English had no choice but to accept a
225 woman ruler.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
226 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And because of the secret marriage of Mary Tudor
227 and Charles Brandon, the first woman to rule England in her own right
228 would be Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
229 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Early Life and Education&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
230 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
231 &lt;p&gt;'I will tell you a truth which perchance ye will marvel
232 at.&amp;nbsp; One of the greatest benefits that God ever gave me is that
233 he sent me so sharp and severe parents and so gentle a
234 schoolmaster.&amp;nbsp; For when I am in the presence of Father or Mother,
235 whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry
236 or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do
237 it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as
238 God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly
239 threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and
240 other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them), so
241 without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time
242 comes that I must go to Mr Aylmer, who teacheth me so gently, so
243 pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all
244 the time nothing while I am with him.&amp;nbsp; And when I am called from
245 him, I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but learning is
246 full of grief, trouble, fear and wholly misliking to me.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
247 &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Lady Jane Grey to Roger Ascham,
248 1550&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
249 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
250 &lt;p&gt;Jane Grey was not close to her
251 parents.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was the marquess of Dorset; he became the duke
252 of Suffolk in 1551.&amp;nbsp; He married Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon's
253 eldest daughter Frances when she was sixteen.&amp;nbsp; At the time, Grey
254 was a ward of Brandon's.&amp;nbsp; He was also an appropriate match for a
255 Princess's daughter.&amp;nbsp; The Grey family had an ancient and impressive
256 lineage, originally receiving lands from Richard the Lionheart.&amp;nbsp;
257 Later, they rose to prominence under Edward IV; he had married Elizabeth
258 Woodville, the widow of Sir John Grey and mother of his two sons.&amp;nbsp;
259 When she became queen, she tirelessly promoted the interests of the Grey
260 family.&amp;nbsp; In fact, her eldest Grey son, Thomas, was created marquess
261 of Dorset during Edward IV's reign.&amp;nbsp; His son, also called Thomas,
262 was a companion to Charles Brandon - soldiering with him in France in
263 1513 and journeying there a year later to celebrate Princess Mary
264 Tudor's wedding to the French king.&amp;nbsp; In 1530, Thomas Grey died and
265 Brandon became his son's guardian.&amp;nbsp; The marriage between Frances
266 and the heir, Henry Grey, was a satisfactory way to join two noble
267 families together.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
268 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their marriage was celebrated at Suffolk Place in
269 London.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor died some months later.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon
270 remarried, this time to an heiress called Catherine Willoughby.&amp;nbsp;
271 She bore him two sons (his son with Mary Tudor had recently died).&amp;nbsp;
272 When Brandon passed away in 1545, he and Catherine's eldest son, called
273 Henry after his late half-brother, became duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; He and
274 his younger brother died of the dreaded sweating sickness a few years
275 later.&amp;nbsp; This left the dukedom of Suffolk vacant until 1551, when
276 Edward VI would award it to Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
277 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry VIII had left the throne to
278 his children and, if they died without issue, &quot;to the heirs of the body
279 of the lady Frances our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister the
280 French Queen lawfully begotten....&quot;&amp;nbsp; This meant that the Grey
281 children (by this time Frances and Henry had 3 daughters - Jane born in
282 1537, Catherine born in 1540, and Mary born in 1545) had enhanced
283 social status.&amp;nbsp; In 1547, when the will was read, no one seriously
284 expected them to gain more.&amp;nbsp; Edward was small and blond, like his
285 long-dead uncle Arthur, lacking Henry VIII's robust athleticism and good
286 health.&amp;nbsp; But he was expected to live, marry, and provide
287 heirs.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, any immediate interest in the Grey children
288 centered on how Edward would favor them.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, it was
289 thought that he might marry the eldest, his cousin Jane.&amp;nbsp; They were
290 the same age, both precocious, very serious, and fervently
291 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
292 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane had been raised, with her two sisters, at
293 Bradgate.&amp;nbsp; This was the principal family home on the edge of
294 Charnwood Forest.&amp;nbsp; It was a beautiful and luxurious estate, suited
295 to the Grey's semi-regal status.&amp;nbsp; Lady Frances was very conscious
296 of her royal heritage and, as she grew older, became quite like her
297 uncle Henry.&amp;nbsp; She and her husband were well-known for their love of
298 riding, hunting, hawking and gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were not, however, the
299 most interested of parents.&amp;nbsp; In this, they resembled their
300 aristocratic contemporaries. They provided very well for their three
301 daughters.&amp;nbsp; While Frances and Henry spent time in London, their
302 daughters remained at Bradgate, in the hands of capable servants.&amp;nbsp;
303 Jane's nurse was a woman called Mrs Ellen and would remain with her
304 until Jane's execution; her first tutor was probably the house chaplain,
305 Dr Harding.&amp;nbsp; The first ten years of Jane's life, from her birth in
306 October 1537 (the exact date is not known) to her residence in Katharine
307 Parr's household in 1547, are not documented.&amp;nbsp; It is likely she
308 received the typical upper-class girl's education - its primary emphasis
309 would be on instilling good manners and the 'feminine' virtues of
310 obedience and docility.&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly learned needlework and was
311 taught dancing and how to play some musical instruments.&amp;nbsp; But
312 neither of her parents were scholars and no one in the sixteenth century
313 expected women to be well-educated.&amp;nbsp; She may have visited London,
314 accompanying her parents to Dorset Place in Westminster; she may have
315 met her royal cousins.&amp;nbsp; No one knows.&amp;nbsp; But in March 1547, Lady
316 Jane Grey finally emerges into the historical landscape.&amp;nbsp; It was
317 then that she entered the household of the dowager queen &lt;A
318 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
319 Parr&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's sixth and last wife.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
320 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine had retired from court upon Edward VI's
321 accession, though she remained close to London.&amp;nbsp; Her&lt;IMG height=191 alt=&quot;Jane's guardian, Katharine Parr&quot;
322 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; dower manor,
323 Chelsea, was in the suburbs.&amp;nbsp; It was a comfortable brick home with
324 modern amenities.&amp;nbsp; Here, Katharine planned to live with the man she
325 had longed to marry before Henry laid claim to her, Thomas Seymour,
326 Edward VI's uncle.&amp;nbsp; She also brought with her the 13 year old
327 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr was justly celebrated for her
328 warm and open nature; she was a good stepmother to all of Henry's
329 children, particularly the youngest two.&amp;nbsp; A few weeks after
330 Katharine and Elizabeth settled at Chelsea, Jane Grey came to join
331 them.&amp;nbsp; She was sent to acquire polish and learn social graces, a
332 common practice for daughters of the nobility.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
333 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane acquired much more than social skills at
334 Katharine's household.&amp;nbsp; For the first time in her young life, she
335 was truly happy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was a devout Protestant and the most
336 intellectual of Henry's queens.&amp;nbsp; Her home was the center of the
337 Protestant 'New Learning'; there was instruction and frequent
338 debates.&amp;nbsp; Jane, quiet and studious by nature, thrived.&amp;nbsp; And
339 though her parents were Protestant, it was at Katharine Parr's that she
340 became devoutly committed to the faith.&amp;nbsp; The Greys, after all, had
341 become Protestants like many nobles - because it was a matter of
342 political necessity.&amp;nbsp; At Katharine's, Jane became a Protestant
343 because she truly believed in its tenets.&amp;nbsp; This serious and intense
344 study of faith would remain with her throughout her short life.&amp;nbsp;
345 &lt;/P&gt;
346 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During Edward VI's reign, the Lord Protector was
347 Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr had married his
348 younger brother, Sir Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was very ambitious and
349 angered that his brother had so much authority while he had to be
350 content with a baronetcy, a seat on the Privy Council, and the office of
351 Lord Admiral.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Katharine Parr had planned to marry years
352 before but Henry's sudden interest in the twice-widowed heiress delayed
353 their plans.&amp;nbsp; Within months of his death, however, they were wed in
354 a secret ceremony; the exact date is not known but it was probably April
355 1547. Their whirlwind courtship offended some but Edward VI gave them
356 his blessing.&amp;nbsp; Some people remarked that the new Lord Admiral would
357 have preferred marrying Princess Elizabeth, such was his ambition.&amp;nbsp;
358 He certainly lacked the evangelical zeal of his new wife, always
359 remembering important business when it was time for prayers.&amp;nbsp; He
360 possessed great charm, particularly with women and children; and his
361 desire to advance his own career led to some indiscreet behavior -
362 notably bursting into Princess Elizabeth's bedroom in the early morning,
363 still in his bedclothes, to tickle her awake.&amp;nbsp; This was dangerous
364 play for an ambitious man and a thirteen-year-old heiress to the
365 throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
366 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Thomas had wed the dowager queen and
367 she loved him passionately.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, other supporters of his
368 brother Edward, the Lord Protector, were also rewarded for their
369 loyalty.&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, for example, became earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp;
370 Meanwhile, Thomas was also becoming interested in the other young
371 heiress who lived with his wife - Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When news of
372 Henry VIII's will came out, he wasted no time in becoming friends with
373 the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He sent his most trusted friend and servant, John
374 Harington, to talk to Jane's father, Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; Harington was to
375 use 'all the persuasions he could' to gain Jane Grey's wardship and
376 marriage rights.&amp;nbsp; Later, Harington would say he never promised
377 anything explicitly but Henry Grey remembered a guarantee that&amp;nbsp;
378 Jane would marry King Edward.&amp;nbsp; On this basis, Grey sold his
379 daughter to Seymour for the sum of £2000.&amp;nbsp; Seymour paid a few
380 hundred immediately, promising to pay the rest in installments.&amp;nbsp;
381 &lt;/P&gt;
382 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In other words, Thomas Seymour was hedging his
383 bets - if Edward VI died unexpectedly (as Tudor boys often did), he
384 could arrange something with the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; If Edward
385 lived, he could gain influence by marrying his ward, Jane Grey, to the
386 king.&amp;nbsp; Jane, of course, was oblivious to Seymour's plans.&amp;nbsp; She
387 remained in Katharine Parr's household, moving from Chelsea, to Hanworth
388 in Middlesex, or Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Her sensitive and eager
389 mind, long starved for affection and knowledge, was finally engaged on a
390 course of study - Latin, Greek and modern languages as well as religious
391 instruction.&amp;nbsp; As relations between the Seymour brothers
392 deteriorated for a variety of reasons, Katharine Parr became
393 pregnant.&amp;nbsp; About halfway through the pregnancy, she happened upon a
394 very unpleasant sight - her husband and stepdaughter, Princess
395 Elizabeth, locked in a passionate embrace.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's reaction
396 was a testament to her good character.&amp;nbsp; She successfully averted an
397 ugly scandal; a few weeks later, Elizabeth and her household staff were
398 sent to Cheshunt on a visit to old family friends.&amp;nbsp; She parted from
399 Katharine with real affection and sadness; Elizabeth undoubtedly felt
400 embarrassed and guilty.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
401 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey remained with Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There is
402 no evidence she was ever particularly close to Elizabeth; the gulf
403 between nine and thirteen is great.&amp;nbsp; Though they lived in the same
404 homes for over a year, there are no surviving letters or
405 reminisces.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane was grateful for Elizabeth's departure;
406 the princess was described as proud and disdainful, not good company for
407 a shy child.&amp;nbsp; On 13 June 1548 Jane accompanied Katharine and Thomas
408 to their Gloucestershire estate, Sudeley Castle.&amp;nbsp; On 30 August
409 Katharine gave birth to a baby daughter, Mary; within a week, the
410 dowager queen was dead, buried in the chapel at Sudeley.&amp;nbsp; She was
411 yet another victim of puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, small for her
412 age, freckled and with red hair, acted as chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
413 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents were becoming
414 restless.&amp;nbsp; More than a year had passed since Seymour purchased
415 their daughter's wardship.&amp;nbsp; In that time, no match had been made
416 with Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; Also, they wondered if it would be better to marry
417 Jane to the Lord Protector's son.&amp;nbsp; They wrote to Thomas Seymour,
418 consoling him on the loss of his wife and remarking that, since
419 Katharine was dead, her household would be dispersed - therefore, Jane
420 should be sent home; Seymour was not to be outfoxed.&amp;nbsp; He wrote that
421 his own mother was coming to Sudeley, to take charge of Katharine's
422 household (none of which would be dispersed); she would be 'as dear unto
423 Jane as though she were her own daughter.'&amp;nbsp; He did let Jane go home
424 briefly in September.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly an unpleasant journey for
425 the young girl.&amp;nbsp; However, Seymour was able to regain her parents'
426 favor.&amp;nbsp; He stressed his determination to wed her to Edward (the
427 greatest prize) and agreed to pay another £500 on his bond.&amp;nbsp; The
428 Greys were chronically short of cash and wanted this grand
429 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Jane returned to the Seymour household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
430 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the noose was tightening around Thomas
431 Seymour's neck.&amp;nbsp; He had been boasting about his intent to destroy
432 his overbearing brother and he had encouraged gossip that he would marry
433 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; This gossip was perhaps the most damaging,
434 particularly to the eyes of the young king.&amp;nbsp; Was Seymour attempting
435 to seize the throne?&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, earl of Warwick, had long waited
436 for the opportunity to destroy the Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to
437 be Lord Protector himself and was quite prepared to turn on his old
438 friend, Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He used the arrogant and ambitious Thomas
439 to destroy them both.&amp;nbsp; On 17 January 1549, Thomas Seymour was
440 arrested at Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey was immediately
441 brought home by her alarmed parents.&amp;nbsp; Because Parliament was in
442 session, it was decided that Thomas would not have a trial - instead a
443 bill of attainder was drawn up and passed through both houses in early
444 March.&amp;nbsp; All that was needed was for the Lord Protector to sign the
445 bill.&amp;nbsp; For about a week, Edward Seymour did nothing.&amp;nbsp; He was
446 understandably hesitant to execute his brother.&amp;nbsp; Seizing his
447 chance, Dudley urged the council to appeal to the king - flattering his
448 authority, they asked for him to sign the bill so they could proceed
449 without further troubling the Protector.&amp;nbsp; Edward cared little for
450 either of his uncles (the Protector kept him short of pocket money and
451 assigned him cold-hearted tutors.)&amp;nbsp; He signed the bill.&amp;nbsp; On 20
452 March 1549, Thomas Seymour was executed on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
453 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Dudley moved to take control of the
454 government.&amp;nbsp; The year 1549 was marked by discontent - rising
455 prices, high unemployment, bad harvests; also, people resented the
456 radical religious changes passed since Henry VIII's death.&amp;nbsp; There
457 were two serious revolts, in the West Country and Norfolk, both of which
458 alarmed the land-owning gentry.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had once been popular with
459 the common people but his execution of his own brother struck many as
460 cold-blooded and evil.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had counted on this reaction.&amp;nbsp;
461 He also counted on the support of the gentry; he was a capable soldier
462 and put down the rebellion in the West Country.&amp;nbsp; This pleased the
463 landowners and the king.&amp;nbsp; Also, it allowed Dudley to gather a
464 well-armed and experienced group of soldiers about him.&amp;nbsp; On 10
465 October, he and his supporters captured the fleeing Edward Seymour at
466 Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; He was arrested and taken under guard to the
467 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Dudley became one of the six prime attendants on the King
468 but - very intelligently - did not take the title of Lord
469 Protector.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
470 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley was on the list of sixteen executors Henry
471 VIII had appointed in his will.&amp;nbsp; In 1543 he had been appointed Lord
472 High Admiral, a post he relinquished reluctantly to the unqualified
473 Thomas Seymour; in 1549, he regained that title.&amp;nbsp; He was also a
474 family man with several sons.&amp;nbsp; But Dudley had learned from his
475 dealings with Henry VIII; he knew to treat Edward not as one of his own
476 sons but as a king.&amp;nbsp; He flattered the king, allowed him greater
477 access to money, more physical freedom.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Dudley, his
478 coup coincided with Edward's own physical maturity.&amp;nbsp; He became a
479 sportsman, which Dudley encouraged, and began to travel a bit outside of
480 London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
481 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His cousin Jane was not so fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She
482 had returned to a home devoid of affection which also included physical
483 abuse normal in the sixteenth-century (smacks, pinches, and the
484 like).&amp;nbsp; The Greys were discovering that their daughter had matured
485 into a thoughtful, intelligent, and self-righteously pious young
486 woman.&amp;nbsp; She openly disapproved of their lack of piety, their
487 devotion to material gain and social advancement, as well as their
488 gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were happy to hire a tutor, John Aylmer, to
489 continue her education - and take her off their hands.&amp;nbsp; Aylmer was
490 a friend of Roger Ascham, the former tutor of Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
491 On a visit to Aylmer, Ascham met Jane Grey; she impressed him
492 greatly.&amp;nbsp; He preserved their meeting in his educational treatise,
493 &lt;I&gt;The Schoolmaster&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
494 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Were the Greys really such terrible parents?&amp;nbsp;
495 There is no doubt that Jane and her parents were not affectionate to one
496 another.&amp;nbsp; Yet this was normal in an age which expected children to
497 be dutiful and obedient and that discipline built character.&amp;nbsp; In
498 fairness to them, Jane was openly critical of their pleasure-loving
499 lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She encouraged the chaplain to deliver sermons against
500 gambling, told visitors that she found her parents foolish and
501 irritating, and she was very self-righteous.&amp;nbsp; What parent would
502 enjoy the company of such a devout thirteen-year-old?&amp;nbsp; At home,
503 Jane met John ab Ulmer, a Swiss Protestant and student of Henry
504 Bullinger, chief pastor of the Protestant church in Zurich.&amp;nbsp; They
505 were both friends of Aylmer and Ascham.&amp;nbsp; The four men corresponded
506 about the education of this most pious young girl.&amp;nbsp; There are many
507 surviving letters - Jane thanking Bullinger for sending a copy of his
508 treatise on Christian Perfection - and some reveal her as more than a
509 pious Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; In one, Aylmer is concerned that she is
510 taking too much of an interest in music and her appearance.&amp;nbsp; He was
511 distressed - but what good news for the student of Jane's life!&amp;nbsp;
512 She is human, after all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
513 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the European reformers were hopeful
514 that Edward VI would marry this most proper cousin.&amp;nbsp; Their union
515 would make England a most blessed Protestant realm.&amp;nbsp; But Jane
516 turned fourteen and was still not betrothed to anyone while Edward was
517 in serious talks to wed the French princess Elisabeth.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
518 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Charles Brandon's two sons with
519 Catherine Willoughby had died.&amp;nbsp; This meant that their half-sister
520 Frances Grey was sole surviving heir to the Brandon estates.&amp;nbsp; On 4
521 October 1551, the title of duke of Suffolk was given to her husband in
522 right of his wife.&amp;nbsp; And on 11 October, just a week later, Dudley
523 was made duke of Northumberland; two years of Edward's favor had
524 sufficiently emboldened him to petition the king.&amp;nbsp; He was the first
525 man to receive a ducal title who had no ties of marriage or blood to the
526 reigning royal family.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
527 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane Grey, that week in 1551 was to have
528 terrible consequences. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
529 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Marriage&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The political situation in England during
530 Edward's reign is fully explored in the Edward VI pages.&amp;nbsp; Suffice
531 to say, the duke of Northumberland, John Dudley, had replaced Edward
532 Seymour as the true power behind the throne.&amp;nbsp; In spring 1552, his
533 young master fell ill.&amp;nbsp; No one was especially concerned; Edward VI
534 had been ill before and recovered well enough.&amp;nbsp; But this time he
535 did not fully recover.&amp;nbsp; It seemed as if his physical resemblance to
536 the long-dead Prince Arthur went beyond their fair coloring and delicate
537 physique - they were both consumptive as well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
538 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This naturally terrified the Protestant lords who
539 had prospered during his six-year reign.&amp;nbsp; The Princesses Mary and
540 Elizabeth were rarely seen at the king's court, Mary in
541 particular.&amp;nbsp; She could no longer persuade herself that Edward was
542 simply a misguided Protestant pawn.&amp;nbsp; He had, like Henry before him,
543 ordered her to change her religion; he was king and expected
544 obedience.&amp;nbsp; He was closer to Elizabeth (only 4 years older than
545 him) and she was suitably Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she, too, was rarely at
546 court.&amp;nbsp; His Grey family, however, was increasingly present.&amp;nbsp;
547 &lt;/P&gt;
548 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary of Guise, mother of Mary queen of Scots
549 and regent of Scotland, visited England in November 1551, Mary and
550 Elizabeth were not invited.&amp;nbsp; But Frances and Henry Grey were there,
551 bringing their fourteen-year-old daughter Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary of Guise's
552 two-day visit to Hampton Court was Jane's official debut on the English
553 political scene.&amp;nbsp; In early February, Jane contracted an unspecified
554 illness.&amp;nbsp; It was serious enough to warrant mention from Aylmer (in
555 a letter to Ascham.)&amp;nbsp; After her recovery, Jane's parents persuaded
556 her to devote less time to study and more to social concerns.&amp;nbsp; Of
557 course, an educated and pious daughter was an asset but they also wanted
558 a daughter who could attract a king in marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
559 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 April 1552, Edward became ill with the
560 measles.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, he recovered somewhat - enough to&lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin, King Edward VI&quot;
561 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6-crop.jpg&quot; width=137 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; attend St
562 George's Day services at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; He also jousted,
563 played on the tennis courts, and went hunting.&amp;nbsp; And on 27 June, he
564 began his most extensive progress through the south and west of his
565 kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed himself (he had never traveled so far
566 outside London) but the pace was exhausting; combined with the illness
567 in April and his strenuous athletics, it wore him down.&amp;nbsp; Passer-by
568 thought he was ill; he was pale, losing weight, and lost his
569 appetite.&amp;nbsp; He returned to Windsor in mid-September.&amp;nbsp; By then,
570 the tuberculosis which killed him had begun in earnest.&amp;nbsp; By
571 Christmas 1552, his condition was obvious.&amp;nbsp; The holiday
572 celebrations were unusually festive, perhaps to take notice from the
573 king's health.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary came to visit in February but his
574 illness prevented their meeting for three days.&amp;nbsp; Still, the king's
575 illness meant an increased respect for Mary, his heir under Henry VIII's
576 will.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
577 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The exact nature and course of Edward's illness is
578 discussed at the Edward VI page.&amp;nbsp; It was tuberculosis, or
579 consumption as it was then called.&amp;nbsp; On 11 April 1553, Edward moved
580 his household to his favorite residence, Greenwich Palace.&amp;nbsp; He had
581 managed to open parliament in March but those who hadn't seen him since
582 the holidays were shocked at his appearance; he was terribly thin and,
583 oddly, his left shoulder seemed higher than his right.&amp;nbsp; It was
584 obvious Edward was suffering terribly.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland, his closest
585 advisor, was torn - he talked of retiring from political life but this
586 was a passing dream.&amp;nbsp; He had made too many enemies - particularly
587 the Catholic nobles and churchmen who would rally around Mary.&amp;nbsp; In
588 truth, if Mary succeeded, the best Dudley could hope for was complete
589 financial and political ruin.&amp;nbsp; More than likely, he would lose his
590 head.&amp;nbsp; He could, of course, attempt to marry Princess Elizabeth to
591 his one remaining unmarried son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; Why didn't he?&amp;nbsp;
592 It certainly seems less convoluted than attempting to place Jane Grey on
593 the throne.&amp;nbsp; The truth was that Elizabeth Tudor, nearly twenty
594 years old, had seasoned political acumen - she would never be Dudley's
595 pawn.&amp;nbsp; Dudley knew her well enough to guess as much.&amp;nbsp;
596 Therefore, only Jane Grey (fourth in line, after her mother Frances)
597 remained.&amp;nbsp; She would be amenable enough, the duke thought.&amp;nbsp;
598 &lt;/P&gt;
599 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Frances and Henry were happy enough to
600 encourage Dudley.&amp;nbsp; With Edward dying, there was no possibility of
601 Jane marrying him.&amp;nbsp; They may have been put off by Dudley's
602 ambition; he first attempted to marry Guildford to Eleanor Brandon's
603 only child, Margaret Clifford (Eleanor was Frances's younger
604 sister.)&amp;nbsp; But, swayed by the prospect of wealth and power, they
605 agreed to marry Jane to Guildford.&amp;nbsp; In late April or&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; alt=&quot;Cary Elwes and Helena Bonham Carter as Guildford and Jane in the 1986 film 'Lady Jane'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; early May, the
606 betrothal was announced.&amp;nbsp; Jane had protested the union but was
607 persuaded by 'the urgency of her mother and the violence of her father';
608 in other words, persuaded by verbal and physical abuse.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
609 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Many have argued that Jane protested because she
610 didn't like Guildford.&amp;nbsp; That is unlikely.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome
611 enough (like most of the Dudley men), fair-haired and about her
612 age.&amp;nbsp; He was arrogant and spoilt; his mother openly favored
613 him.&amp;nbsp; But he had no other documented flaws.&amp;nbsp; When considered
614 against other men of the age, he was a good match.&amp;nbsp; Jane's
615 reservations centered on his father.&amp;nbsp; She disliked and feared
616 Dudley, as most people did.&amp;nbsp; But the duke had a weapon against Jane
617 which he would wield effectively - religion.&amp;nbsp; She was a devout and
618 committed Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She didn't want Mary as queen any more than
619 he did.&amp;nbsp; And, unlike Dudley, Jane's desire was based on real
620 principle, not simple greed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
621 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So on 25 May 1553, Jane married Guildford at the
622 Dudley's London residence, Durham House.&amp;nbsp; It was one of the great
623 homes of Tudor England; her sister &lt;A
624 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt;
625 was also married that day, to the earl of Pembroke's heir.&amp;nbsp; Orders,
626 signed by the king, had been sent to the Master of the Wardrobe so that
627 the grandest clothing and jewels could be used.&amp;nbsp; Edward was
628 supposed to attend but was far too ill.&amp;nbsp; He did not watch as his
629 cousin marched down the aisle, richly appareled in cloth of gold and
630 silver, her red hair braided with pearls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
631 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For many, Jane and Guildford's marriage marks the
632 beginning of the attempt to change the line of succession.&amp;nbsp; In
633 reality, Edward VI had been pondering the problem for months.&amp;nbsp; Ever
634 since he became ill, he had wondered how to prevent his Catholic sister
635 from becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; His reasoning was purely religious.&amp;nbsp;
636 Edward was a devout Protestant; he wanted his nation, for its own sake,
637 to remain Protestant.&amp;nbsp; Just as Mary believed Catholicism was the
638 path to righteousness, Edward believed in Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; He was
639 king, charge by God with responsibility for his people's religious
640 welfare.&amp;nbsp; It was a sacred duty.&amp;nbsp; For the sake of his immortal
641 soul, Mary had to be prevented from leading England on the path to
642 damnation.&amp;nbsp; This necessity overcame all else.&amp;nbsp; What was Henry
643 VIII's will when compared to divine retribution?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
644 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So in late 1552/early 1553, he first began his
645 Device for the Succession.&amp;nbsp; At first he left the throne to Lady
646 Frances Grey and her male heirs, then to Jane Grey and her male
647 heirs.&amp;nbsp; But it was evident that Frances Grey would have no more
648 children and none of her daughters would bear children in time.&amp;nbsp; So
649 he made a change - simple and explosive - he left the throne to 'the
650 Lady Jane and her heirs male.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
651 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was the beginning of the end for Jane Grey.
652 &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
653 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jane the Quene'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Edward's &lt;I&gt;Device for the Succession&lt;/I&gt;
654 was eventually issued with the title &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
655 Limitation of the Crown&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It disinherited Mary and Elizabeth
656 because they were 'illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.'&amp;nbsp;
657 Furthermore, they were only half-sisters of the king, not entitled to
658 succeed him, and might marry foreign husbands who would 'tend to the
659 utter subversion of the commonwealth of this our realm.'&amp;nbsp; But
660 Edward's device would have no legal validity as long as Henry VIII's
661 1544 Act of Succession was still acknowledged by parliament.&amp;nbsp; But
662 there was no time to wipe that law from the statute book.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
663 Dudley planned to gain support from government and then carry out a coup
664 so quickly that its legality would not matter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
665 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To gain government support, he spent June 1553
666 persuading the Privy Council, judiciary, and various churchmen to
667 endorse Edward's device.&amp;nbsp; The Lord Chief Justice, Sir Edward
668 Montague, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were uneasy;
669 but Dudley was desperate and called them traitors.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
670 the king ordered them to obey.&amp;nbsp; So the &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
671 Limitation of the Crown &lt;/I&gt;was endorsed with the Great Seal on 21
672 June.&amp;nbsp; It was recognized by the Lord Chancellor, the Privy
673 Councilors, twenty-two peers of the realm, the Lord Mayor of London,
674 various aldermen and sheriffs, the secretaries of state (including
675 William Cecil, Elizabeth I's great statesman), and various judges and
676 churchmen.&amp;nbsp; King Edward VI did not live long after this
677 triumph.&amp;nbsp; After months of agony, he died in the early evening of
678 Thursday 6 July.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
679 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, meanwhile, had been married to
680 Guildford Dudley for almost six weeks.&amp;nbsp; She disliked her in-laws
681 more than she disliked her parents so, immediately after the marriage,
682 returned to Suffolk Place at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; From there, she moved to
683 her parents' new residence in London, a former Carthusian monastery they
684 were converting into a grand home.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's wife, the duchess of
685 Northumberland and Jane's mother-in-law, was not happy with this
686 arrangement.&amp;nbsp; She informed the Greys that Edward VI was dying and
687 Jane had been made heir to his throne; she must hold herself in
688 readiness (in other words, come to the Dudley home.)&amp;nbsp; Jane later
689 said this was the first she knew of the king's impending death.&amp;nbsp;
690 She didn't believe the duchess and told her as much; she accused the
691 Dudleys of lying so they could steal her away from her parents.&amp;nbsp;
692 The duchess accused the Greys of deliberating keeping Guildford and Jane
693 apart.&amp;nbsp; Such petty conflict indicated rougher waters ahead for all
694 involved.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
695 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the end, there was no reason Jane should not be
696 with her husband.&amp;nbsp; She went to the Dudley's residence, Durham
697 House, and possibly consummated her marriage.&amp;nbsp; But, after only a
698 few days, she became ill and accused the Dudleys of poisoning her.&amp;nbsp;
699 The charge was ludicrous (she was the key to their political salvation)
700 and showed a surprising lack of logic on Jane's part.&amp;nbsp; But the
701 Dudleys were concerned with her physical and mental state.&amp;nbsp; They
702 sent her to Chelsea, Catherine Parr's former home where Jane had been so
703 happy.&amp;nbsp; It was there that, on Sunday 9 July, Dudley's eldest
704 daughter, Mary Sidney, came to visit her; they were to leave Chelsea and
705 go to Syon House, a former convent on the Thames which Dudley
706 controlled.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
707 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At this point, it is right to question Jane's true
708 knowledge of Dudley's plans.&amp;nbsp; Remember, even if she knew Dudley
709 intended to make her queen, there was nothing she could do to prevent
710 it.&amp;nbsp; She was not stupid; the charge of poisoning was probably a
711 result of nervousness and hysteria.&amp;nbsp; She knew her own
712 lineage.&amp;nbsp; She knew that she was fourth in line for the English
713 throne, after Mary, Elizabeth and her own mother Frances.&amp;nbsp; She also
714 knew that, for some reason, the Dudleys and her parents were desperate
715 to marry her to Guildford as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; She also watched
716 her sister wed into another influential noble family on the same
717 day.&amp;nbsp; Something was afoot and she undoubtedly suspected Dudley's
718 plan.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her awareness of the plot was undoubtedly a
719 greater strain than ignorance.&amp;nbsp; After all, she could do nothing to
720 escape her family or in-laws.&amp;nbsp; She was, quite literally,
721 trapped.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
722 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When she arrived at Syon House with Mary Sidney,
723 she found her parents, in-laws, and a variety of distinguished nobles -
724 the earls of Arundel, Huntington, and Pembroke, and the marquess of
725 Northampton.&amp;nbsp; They greeted her very pleasantly and then knelt
726 before her in reverence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was naturally embarrassed.&amp;nbsp;
727 Dudley, in his capacity as President of the Council, then announced
728 Edward's death.&amp;nbsp; The young king had led a 'virtuous life' and
729 always cared for his kingdom - cared enough to disinherit his unworthy
730 sisters and appointed his cousin Jane as his successor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
731 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was stunned.&amp;nbsp; She may have suspected as
732 much but the actual moment of declaration was too much for her.&amp;nbsp;
733 She muttered that she was 'insufficient' for the task.&amp;nbsp; The Lords
734 of the Council then took a solemn oath to shed their blood in defense of
735 her claim.&amp;nbsp; Jane murmured a quick prayer - if it was God's will
736 that she be queen, then she would trust in God to help her govern
737 England for His glory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
738 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her reaction was not what those gathered
739 expected.&amp;nbsp; She was not openly thrilled, excited, or even
740 pleased.&amp;nbsp; She made no stirring speech to raise their spirits - she
741 simply uttered a prayer to God.&amp;nbsp; Did Jane want to be queen?&amp;nbsp;
742 That is a much-debated question, impossible to answer.&amp;nbsp; But
743 whatever her desire, she was queen and - for nine long days - ruled
744 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
745 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jana Regina'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;On Monday 10 July 1553, the new queen, Jane
746 Grey, was taken in full state from Syon to Westminster (this journey was
747 along the Thames in barges.)&amp;nbsp; They dined at the Dudley home, Durham
748 House, and then journeyed by barge again to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp;
749 It was an ancient custom that all new sovereigns must come tot the Tower
750 and take possession of it at the beginning of their reigns.&amp;nbsp; Jane
751 and her various attendants arrived at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.&amp;nbsp;
752 There was an eyewitness account by a Genoese merchant named Baptista
753 Spinola.&amp;nbsp; He was standing with a group of spectators outside the
754 main Tower gates, waiting to catch a glimpse of this new queen.&amp;nbsp; He
755 wrote:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
756 &lt;UL&gt;
757 &lt;p&gt;She is very short and thin, but prettily shaped and
758 graceful.&amp;nbsp; She has small features and a well-made nose, the mouth
759 flexible and the lips red.&amp;nbsp; The eyebrows are arched and darker
760 than her hair, which is nearly red.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are sparkling and
761 reddish brown in color. &lt;/p&gt;
762 &lt;/UL&gt;
763 &lt;p&gt;Her complexion was good, unmarked by the
764 pox, but freckled; she had sharp white teeth and a lovely smile.&amp;nbsp;
765 Because she was so short, she wore chopines; these were shoes with a
766 special cork sole designed to make her appear taller.&amp;nbsp; Her gown was
767 made of green velvet stamped with gold (the colors undoubtedly flattered
768 her red hair.)&amp;nbsp; Her husband Guildford, Spinola wrote, was 'a very
769 tall strong boy with light hair' and clothed in white and silver
770 velvet.&amp;nbsp; He 'paid her [Jane] much attention.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
771 &lt;P&gt;
772 &lt;IMG height=343 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey or Katharine Parr? by Master John&quot;
773 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=170 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once in the Tower, Jane was installed in the royal
774 apartments (now destroyed.)&amp;nbsp; There, another rift occurred between
775 her and the Dudleys, much more serious than the first.&amp;nbsp; Jane was
776 visited by the Lord Treasurer, the Marquess of Winchester, who brought a
777 selection of the royal jewels for her to try on.&amp;nbsp; Among them was
778 the crown.&amp;nbsp; Jane would later stress that she never asked for the
779 crown - it was brought to her.&amp;nbsp; Winchester asked her to check if it
780 fitted properly.&amp;nbsp; Jane would not.&amp;nbsp; She had played at being
781 queen for nearly twenty-four hours but this, the most sacred symbol of
782 the monarchy, was another reminder of the danger - and importance - of
783 her role.&amp;nbsp; If she put it on, there was no turning back.&amp;nbsp; This
784 was how she viewed it.&amp;nbsp; So she hesitated, would not take it from
785 Winchester.&amp;nbsp; He didn't recognize her uneasiness.&amp;nbsp; He told her
786 to take it, remarking that another would be made to crown her husband
787 king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
788 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was then Jane realized the extent of Dudley's
789 duplicity.&amp;nbsp; He had manipulated Edward, knowing the devout
790 Protestant king wanted the throne to go to his equally devout cousin
791 Jane; but, all along, Dudley simply wanted his own son crowned
792 king.&amp;nbsp; None of the lords cared whether England was a righteous
793 nation; no one cared about Edward's will.&amp;nbsp; Instead, her royal blood
794 was to be used to maintain Dudley's control of England, to make his
795 family into royalty.&amp;nbsp; She was outraged and angry.&amp;nbsp; And Jane
796 was a Tudor herself, as proud of her royal background as she had a right
797 to be.&amp;nbsp; The Dudleys, that arrogant, pretentious family, had no
798 right to exploit her.&amp;nbsp; She told those assembled that she would
799 gladly make Guildford a duke, but he would never be king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
800 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Guildford was present for this declaration.&amp;nbsp;
801 He rushed out and fetched his mother.&amp;nbsp; The duchess, no admirer of
802 Jane's anyway, joined her son in an attack - Jane was an unnatural wife
803 and behaved like a child; in the end, Jane did not give in.&amp;nbsp; The
804 duchess said Guildford would be leaving with her for Syon House.&amp;nbsp;
805 When they had left, Jane called in the earls of Arundel and
806 Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were ordered to prevent Guildford from
807 leaving.&amp;nbsp; Jane did not like her husband - she probably pitied him
808 for he was a pawn as well - but they had to stay together.&amp;nbsp; He was
809 the consort to the monarch and could not act like a spoiled child.&amp;nbsp;
810 &lt;/P&gt;
811 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Later, Jane would tell Mary I's officers this
812 story, adding, 'I was compelled to act as a woman who is obliged to live
813 on good terms with her husband; nevertheless I was not only deluded by
814 the duke and the Council, but maltreated by my husband and his
815 mother.'&amp;nbsp; The battle, however, had been domestic.&amp;nbsp; Jane would
816 soon have much greater problems to confront.&amp;nbsp; For, later that
817 evening, the Sheriff of London and various heralds and trumpeters,
818 marched to the Cross in Cheapside to proclaim Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; The
819 announcement was met with silence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
820 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane's father-in-law, the architect of the
821 plan to make her queen, her accession had gone smoothly.&amp;nbsp; He
822 controlled London - with the Tower and armory, the treasury, and navy -
823 and no councilors offered resistance.&amp;nbsp; Jane's only rival for the
824 crown was Mary Tudor, thirty-seven, often ill, with no organized support
825 or wealth.&amp;nbsp; Her situation was so dire that her champion, the
826 Emperor Charles V, urged his ambassador to be friendly with Dudley; he
827 wanted the duke's promise to protect Mary.&amp;nbsp; Every observer
828 considered the throne won by Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But none of these learned men
829 considered the feelings of ordinary Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; And they, unlike
830 their aristocratic lords, would not gain wealth of prestige by
831 supporting Jane or Mary.&amp;nbsp; So their support was based solely on
832 ideas of right and wrong - to them, it was wrong for Jane to be queen
833 and right for Mary to be queen.&amp;nbsp; It was that simple.&amp;nbsp; (&lt;FONT
834 size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;Click here
835 to read an eyewitness account of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
836 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley understood popular opinion.&amp;nbsp; He also
837 recognized the limits of his support - after all, most of the nobles
838 would not stand by him if things turned ugly.&amp;nbsp; But he believed that
839 a quick coup, eliminating all opposition, was the key to success.&amp;nbsp;
840 So he had to get hold of Mary and Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary, the daughter of
841 Katharine of Aragon, was much-loved by the English people.&amp;nbsp; They
842 had always been sympathetic to her mother's plight; most believed Mary
843 was legitimate, that Katharine had been forced aside by the king's lust
844 and Anne Boleyn's ambition.&amp;nbsp; Did Mary understand the importance of
845 this support?&amp;nbsp; She had been receiving regular letters from Dudley
846 about her brother's condition.&amp;nbsp; They were accurate for Dudley
847 wanted to remain in her good graces as long as possible.&amp;nbsp; In early
848 July, he sent summons for Mary to come to Edward's deathbed.&amp;nbsp; She
849 set out from Hunsdon (an old palace in Hertfordshire) but had not
850 traveled far before a message reached her - the summons was a
851 trap.&amp;nbsp; Mary, oddly for her, acted decisively and immediately turned
852 back.&amp;nbsp; With half a dozen attendants, she went to Kenninghall in
853 East Anglia.&amp;nbsp; She had friends there and, if need be, would be near
854 the coast and safety in the Spanish Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
855 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When he realized she had fled, Dudley sent his son
856 Robert after her.&amp;nbsp; But they couldn't capture her and, on 9 July, he
857 was forced to act without her in his power.&amp;nbsp; The Bishop of London,
858 Nicholas Ridley, preached at St Paul's Cross, calling Mary and Elizabeth
859 bastards, and specifically singling out Mary as a papist who would
860 destroy the true religion and make England the pawn of foreign
861 powers.&amp;nbsp; The next day, of course, Jane was proclaimed queen.&amp;nbsp;
862 But it was on that day that the Council received a letter from
863 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It expressed her surprise that they hadn't announced her
864 brother's death to her, his heir; furthermore, they were commanded to
865 proclaim her queen in London.&amp;nbsp; They responded by reminding her of
866 her illegitimacy and inability to inherit 'the Crown Imperial of this
867 realm'; she must demonstrate her obedience to the 'Sovereign Lady Queen
868 Jane' and turn herself over to the authorities.&amp;nbsp; It was hardly
869 reassuring for Mary.&amp;nbsp; Also, her old allies, the Spanish envoys,
870 were not responding to her desperate pleas for help.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
871 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane spent little time with her lords during her
872 nine days as queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent an order to the Master of the
873 Wardrobe for twenty yards of velvet, twenty-five ells of fine Holland
874 linen cloth, thirty-three ells of coarser material for lining; she also
875 collected the royal jewels, a motley assortment of fish-shaped
876 toothpicks and Henry VIII's shaving materials.&amp;nbsp; This reveals an
877 important fact about Jane's nine-day reign.&amp;nbsp; She made no explicit
878 political statements; she was Dudley's puppet.&amp;nbsp; He was the one who
879 met with the council, he was the one who wanted to capture Mary Tudor;
880 he was the one tried to shore up their perilous situation.&amp;nbsp; When
881 they fell from power, Jane never protested or attempted another
882 coup.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine that she felt relieved to be simply Lady
883 Jane Grey again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
884 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley spent the nine days attempting to
885 strengthen their position.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative to capture Mary; when
886 that failed, he needed to at least track her movements.&amp;nbsp; If he
887 could reach her potential supporters first, there was a chance he could
888 sway them to his side.&amp;nbsp; Dudley undoubtedly feared that (like his
889 father during Henry VIII's reign), he would be the sacrificial lamb of
890 Edward's unsuccessful government.&amp;nbsp; But he worked well under
891 pressure, leaving Jane to fight domestic battles with her husband and
892 mother-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
893 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, meanwhile, remained in the
894 country.&amp;nbsp; She was no admirer of her half-sister Mary but knew that
895 if Jane Grey was recognized as queen, her own claim to the crown was
896 forfeit.&amp;nbsp; So she chose the safest course - she remained quiet,
897 neither supporting nor rejecting Jane.&amp;nbsp; Like all of England and
898 most of Europe, she was watching and waiting.&amp;nbsp; It became evident on
899 11 July, just a day after her coronation, that Jane's hold on England
900 was flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had prepared a letter for circulation
901 to all the sheriffs and lieutenants in England; it announced Jane's
902 succession and ordered them to resist any appeal from Mary.&amp;nbsp; But
903 Dudley knew the issue would not be settled so easily.&amp;nbsp; It would be
904 decided on the field of battle.&amp;nbsp; He was an experienced soldier and
905 determined to succeed.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered a muster on 12 July at
906 Tothill Fields, offering 10 pence a day as pay (a very high rate.)&amp;nbsp;
907 Dudley intended to put Jane's father, Henry Grey, in charge of this army
908 and remain in London himself.&amp;nbsp; He realized that most of his hold on
909 the council was based on personal intimidation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
910 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen would not hear of it.&amp;nbsp; When
911 told that her father was going to battle, Jane burst into tears and
912 begged the council to let him remain at home, 'in her company.'&amp;nbsp;
913 The councilors were already preparing to make Dudley a scapegoat for
914 their treason.&amp;nbsp; Since the queen was so distraught, they argued, it
915 would be better for Dudley to command the army.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was
916 a great soldier, renowned for his defeat of the rebels in East Anglia
917 (that triumph had begun his rise to power.)&amp;nbsp; It was up to Dudley,
918 the councilors said, 'to remedy the matter.'&amp;nbsp; And Dudley had no
919 choice but to leave.&amp;nbsp; 'Since ye think it good, I and mine will go,
920 not doubting of your fidelity to the Queen's majesty which I leave in
921 your custody.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
922 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did doubt their fidelity and he had every
923 reason to doubt it.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't turn back now.&amp;nbsp; On 13
924 July he had his personal armor delivered and appointed a retinue to meet
925 him at Durham Place.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards, he addressed the councilors for
926 the last time.&amp;nbsp; They were to send reinforcements to meet him at
927 Newmarket, he said, for he and his companions would need much
928 support.&amp;nbsp; They were leaving their wives and children behind,
929 trusting in the loyalty of the council.&amp;nbsp; And, Dudley warned, if any
930 man thought to betray him or the queen, their punishment would be
931 eternal.&amp;nbsp; Remember, Dudley said, the oath you took 'to this
932 virtuous lady the Queen's highness, who by your and our enticement is
933 rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and
934 request.'&amp;nbsp; The assembled lords assured him of their loyalty; one of
935 them said, 'If we should shrink from you as one that were culpable,
936 which of us can excuse himself as guiltless?&amp;nbsp; Therefore herein your
937 doubt is too far cast.'&amp;nbsp; Dudley's final words?&amp;nbsp; 'I pray God it
938 be so,' he said and left for battle.&amp;nbsp; It was not an auspicious
939 beginning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
940 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did not trust the lords so he sent his
941 cousin Henry Dudley on a secret mission to France that day, promising
942 Calais and Ireland in exchange for immediate military assistance.&amp;nbsp;
943 He did not tell the lords of this; nor did they tell him they were
944 meeting secretly with the Imperial ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; A report arrived
945 that Buckinghamshire had declared Mary to be queen but Mary herself was
946 still unsure.&amp;nbsp; She retreated from Kenninghall to Framlingham
947 Castle, nearer the coast.&amp;nbsp; She sent an urgent message to the
948 Imperial envoys; if her cousin Charles V did not help her, she was
949 doomed.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this confusion and treachery, Dudley had
950 assembled an army of three thousand.&amp;nbsp; Early on Friday, the 14th of
951 July, he left Durham Place for Cambridge.&amp;nbsp; The villagers he passed
952 were silent, staring at the side of the road - 'The people press to see
953 us, but not one sayeth God speed us.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
954 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As Dudley marched on, his situation became more
955 perilous.&amp;nbsp; Norwich, one of the wealthiest towns in England,
956 declared Mary queen, as did Colchester, Devon, and Oxfordshire.&amp;nbsp;
957 Dudley had sent six royal ships to the port near Framlingham to cut off
958 Mary's possible escape; the ships deserted Dudley and, with crews and
959 heavy guns, proclaimed Mary queen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the loyal towns were
960 sending money, men, and supplies.&amp;nbsp; The ordinary Englishman, ordered
961 by his lord to fight in Dudley's army, refused to go.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's own
962 army was - understandably - racked with dissension; no one wanted to be
963 on the losing side.&amp;nbsp; Once the news had reached London that the
964 ships had deserted Dudley, the councilors decided to save
965 themselves.&amp;nbsp; They attempted to leave the Tower, where they had been
966 stationed since Dudley's departure.&amp;nbsp; On the 16th of July, at about
967 7 o'clock in the evening, the main gates of the Tower were locked; they
968 keys were delivered to Jane.&amp;nbsp; Jane suspected one of the lords
969 (possibly Winchester, the lord treasurer) of trying to leave the
970 city.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
971 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, she was continuing her rule - sending
972 out letters signed 'Jane the Quene' which instructed her loyal subjects
973 to suppress Mary's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; But she must have realized the
974 futility of it all.&amp;nbsp; She was just a teenage girl, inexperienced and
975 frightened.&amp;nbsp; It was simply a question of waiting for the end.&amp;nbsp;
976 On the 18th of July, most of her councilors had left the Tower on the
977 pretext of visiting the French ambassador.&amp;nbsp; In reality, they were
978 planning a visit to the Imperial embassy.&amp;nbsp; Once there, they assured
979 Charles V's envoys that they had always been loyal to Mary; they had
980 been kept prisoner by Dudley, forced to declare Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; But
981 now they were free and determined to proclaim Mary queen of
982 England.&amp;nbsp; They did so around 5 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday,
983 the 19th of July.&amp;nbsp; London erupted into a joyous celebration.&amp;nbsp;
984 The foreign ambassadors were astonished, with the French envoy writing:
985 'The atmosphere of this country and the nature of its people are so
986 changeable that I am compelled to make my despatches correspondingly
987 wavering and contradictory.'&amp;nbsp; They all agreed it owed more to
988 Providence than anything else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
989 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was terribly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She had long
990 fought with her parents but, upon becoming Dudley's pawn, had sought
991 support from them, particularly her father.&amp;nbsp; He came to Jane as she
992 ate supper that night and told her she was deposed.&amp;nbsp; Together, they
993 took down the cloth of estate from above her head.&amp;nbsp; He ordered his
994 men to leave their weapons and then went to Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Those near
995 him heard him mutter, 'I am but one man.'&amp;nbsp; He proclaimed Mary queen
996 and then left for his London residence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was left alone in the
997 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Lady Throckmorton, one of her ladies-in-waiting, returned
998 to the Tower for her duties but could not find Jane.&amp;nbsp; She asked for
999 the queen's whereabouts and was told that the &lt;I&gt;Lady&lt;/I&gt; Jane was now a
1000 prisoner, detained elsewhere in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1001 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was in the deputy lieutenant's house,
1002 awaiting her fate.&amp;nbsp; The indignities began.&amp;nbsp; Her belongings
1003 were sorted through, all her money confiscated; within the day, she was
1004 accused of stealing valuables from the royal wardrobe.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
1005 riding to London, now accepted as queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was arrested by
1006 his former ally, the earl of Arundel.&amp;nbsp; His entire family was taken
1007 to the Tower; as they were marched through the streets, the crowd pelted
1008 them with filth and insults.&amp;nbsp; Even the Imperial envoy called it
1009 'dreadful' and 'a strange mutation.'&amp;nbsp; For Dudley's fall from power
1010 had been rapid, extraordinarily so - the nine days' progress from ruler
1011 to traitor was a confusing mix of treachery, rumor, and disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
1012 &lt;/P&gt;
1013 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary did release Dudley's wife from the Tower,
1014 almost immediately; the duchess hurried to the queen to beg for her
1015 family's release.&amp;nbsp; Mary ordered her from the city.&amp;nbsp; Her cousin
1016 Frances, however, was more fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She had a private audience
1017 with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Within days, Henry Grey (who had been arrested at
1018 his London home and sent to the Tower on the 28th) was released.&amp;nbsp;
1019 On 3 August, Mary made her state entry into London.&amp;nbsp; As she rode
1020 past cheering crowds, clad in purple velvet and rich jewels, Jane Grey
1021 waited in prison, along with her husband and father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1022 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What would be their fate?&amp;nbsp; All Europe
1023 pondered this, even as Jane prepared to plead her case.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
1024 &lt;/P&gt;
1025 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'I pray you despatch me quickly'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Grey possessed the
1026 committed idealism of a religious fanatic and the events following her
1027 brief reign allowed her a place in history as a Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp;
1028 Her cousin Mary never questioned her passionate Catholicism; Jane did
1029 question her own Protestantism but the quest for spiritual meaning only
1030 reinforced her
1031 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Princess Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I; also painted by Master John (note the stylistic similarities)&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;already strong convictions.&amp;nbsp; Had she remained queen,
1032 there is every possibility she would have persecuted Catholics with the
1033 same energy Mary persecuted Protestants (thus earning the nickname
1034 'Bloody Mary.')&amp;nbsp; Instead, Jane's fate was to be executed and later
1035 celebrated as a Protestant martyr, the greatest sacrificial lamb of
1036 Mary's misguided policies.&amp;nbsp; The truth is, of course, more
1037 complex.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not execute Jane because of their religious
1038 differences.&amp;nbsp; Rather, she was motivated by political necessity and
1039 her own desire to marry and reinstate the Catholic church in
1040 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1041 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Immediately after her accession, Mary had
1042 imprisoned Jane in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The former queen was
1043 well-treated but undoubtedly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She probably expected
1044 imminent execution for she had long since realized the severity of her
1045 crime.&amp;nbsp; Since it became clear no one would intercede for her, she
1046 wrote to Mary herself.&amp;nbsp; Only an Italian translation of the letter
1047 exists.&amp;nbsp; In it, Jane described events since her marriage to
1048 Guildford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She was wrong for accepting the crown - she
1049 freely admitted this; but she had relied on the advice of others.&amp;nbsp;
1050 She knew the queen's 'goodness and clemency'; Mary must realize that 'I
1051 might have taken upon me that of which I was not worthy, yet no one can
1052 ever say either that I sought it.... or that I was pleased with
1053 it.'&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her cousin, an honest, plain-spoken child, for
1054 all her heretical ways.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;(&lt;A
1055 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary%2fjanemary.html&quot;&gt;Click
1056 here to read Jane's letter to Mary&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
1057 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was in the midst of arranging her marriage to
1058 Philip of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; It was the
1059 culmination of a decades-old dream.&amp;nbsp; She had spent the last few
1060 years in the countryside, surrounded by a Catholic household and
1061 sympathetic nobles.&amp;nbsp; Thus, she never realized the extent of
1062 Protestantism in the vital areas of London and its surrounding
1063 countryside.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed all of England wanted to return to the
1064 early 1520s, the years before Henry VIII had decided to abandon her
1065 beloved mother and break with the church of Rome.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed
1066 that the popular support which had taken the throne from Jane&amp;nbsp;
1067 indicated support not simply for her rule - but for &lt;I&gt;Catholic&lt;/I&gt; rule
1068 in general.&amp;nbsp; In this misguided view, she was initially supported by
1069 her most trusted political advisor - a Spaniard named Simon Renard, the
1070 newly arrived Imperial ambassador.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1071 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles V had instructed Renard to guide Mary
1072 through the crucial first months of her reign.&amp;nbsp; At first, signs
1073 were good - Mary attended Mass with her privy councilors but, on 12
1074 August 1553, told her council that she would not 'compel or constrain
1075 other men's consciences.'&amp;nbsp; She hoped her subjects would open their
1076 hearts to the truth and, shortly thereafter, return to the religion she
1077 supported.&amp;nbsp; Renard was also instructed to urge moderate punishment
1078 upon those who had supported Jane.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not want his cousin
1079 to be too cruel; that would hurt her reputation.&amp;nbsp; He needn't have
1080 worried.&amp;nbsp; Mary was, in fact, too lenient for Renard.&amp;nbsp; 'As to
1081 Jane of Suffolk, whom they tried to make Queen, she [Mary] could not be
1082 induced to consent that she should die.'&amp;nbsp; Mary firmly believed her
1083 cousin was innocent of any intrigue; Jane had never intended to be
1084 queen, but had been the unwilling dupe of Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She could not
1085 put this innocent young woman to death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1086 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard admitted that Jane was 'morally' innocent
1087 but, nevertheless, she had worn the crown of England.&amp;nbsp; In times of
1088 trouble, those nine days may be used as a precedent for deposing Mary
1089 and restoring Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary was commended for her trusting nature but
1090 she must remember that kindness could be destroyed by duplicity.&amp;nbsp;
1091 Renard was somewhat mollified when, on 18 August, Dudley was sentenced
1092 to die.&amp;nbsp; He was convicted along with his eldest son and William
1093 Parr, marquess of Northampton.&amp;nbsp; The following day a group of lesser
1094 nobles were convicted.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's execution was set for Monday 21
1095 August but, at the last minute, Dudley announced he wanted to reconciled
1096 to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Did he hope to avert his own death,
1097 appealing to Mary's religion?&amp;nbsp; Or did he genuinely wish to
1098 convert?&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, his execution was delayed for one day
1099 while he made his peace with God.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock the next morning,
1100 he was escorted - with his son and Parr - to St Peter ad Vincula, the
1101 church within the Tower of London grounds.&amp;nbsp; There, he attended mass
1102 and, upon receiving the sacrament, Dudley addressed the crowd:&amp;nbsp;
1103&lt;/P&gt;
1104 &lt;UL&gt;
1105 &lt;p&gt;My masters, I let you all to understand that I do most faithfully
1106 believe this is the very right and true way, out of the which true
1107 religion you and I have been seduced these sixteen years past, by the
1108 false and erroneous preaching of the new preachers....&amp;nbsp; And I do
1109 believe the holy sacrament here most assuredly to be our Saviour and
1110 Redeemer Jesus Christ and this I pray you all to testify and pray for
1111 me. &lt;/p&gt;
1112 &lt;/UL&gt;
1113 &lt;p&gt;He died the next morning, before a great crowd of
1114 spectators.&amp;nbsp; He repeated his speech at the mass; it had a great
1115 effect on the crowd.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1116 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this point, Jane Grey knew she was safe from
1117 imminent death.&amp;nbsp; She was still in the Tower but treated with
1118 increasing respect.&amp;nbsp; A week after Dudley's execution, Rowland Lea
1119 (an official of the royal mint who lived in the Tower and was the author
1120 of the &lt;I&gt;Chronicle of Queen Jane&lt;/I&gt;) ate with her.&amp;nbsp; She had a
1121 staff of four (two attendant ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob, one
1122 manservant, and her nurse and lifelong companion, Mrs Ellen.)&amp;nbsp; The
1123 government paid them each 20 shillings a week; Jane was allowed a
1124 generous allowance of 90 shillings a week.&amp;nbsp; She was allowed books
1125 and spent most of her time reading and studying.&amp;nbsp; When she wished
1126 it, she walked in the Queen's garden.&amp;nbsp; She no longer had to deal
1127 with her parents or her in-laws, undoubtedly a welcome relief.&amp;nbsp; The
1128 gentleman gaoler, called Partridge, and his wife were kind and
1129 respectful.&amp;nbsp; Lea recorded Jane's comments on Dudley:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1130 &lt;UL&gt;
1131 &lt;p&gt;'Woe worth him! he hath brought me and our stock in most miserable
1132 calamity and misery by his exceeding ambition.&amp;nbsp; But for the
1133 answering that he hoped for life by his turning, though other men be
1134 of that opinion, I utterly am not; for what man is there living, I
1135 pray you, although he had been innocent, that would hope of life in
1136 that case; being in the field against the Queen in person as general,
1137 and after his taking so hated and evil spoken of by the commons? and
1138 at his coming into prison so wondered at [reviled] as the like was
1139 never heard by any man's time.&amp;nbsp; Who was judge that he should hope
1140 for pardon, whose life was odious to all men?&amp;nbsp; But what will ye
1141 more?&amp;nbsp; Like as his life was wicked and full of dissimulation, so
1142 was his end thereafter.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, I, nor no friend of mine,
1143 die so.&amp;nbsp; Should I, who am young and in my few years, forsake my
1144 faith for the love of life?&amp;nbsp; Nay, God forbid!&amp;nbsp; Much more he
1145 should not, whose fatal course, although he had lived his just number
1146 of years, could not have long continued.&amp;nbsp; But life was sweet, it
1147 appeared; so he might have lived, you will say, he did not care
1148 how.&amp;nbsp; Indeed the reason is good; for he that would have lived in
1149 chains to have had his life, by like would leave no other mean
1150 [un]attempted.&amp;nbsp; But God be merciful to us, for he sayeth, Whoso
1151 denieth him before me, he will not know him in his Father's Kingdom.'
1152 &lt;/p&gt;
1153 &lt;/UL&gt;
1154 &lt;p&gt;Jane's intense religious convictions and her hatred of Dudley are
1155 evident in this passage.&amp;nbsp; She further demonstrated her religious
1156 intolerance when writing to Dr Harding, a former chaplain at her
1157 parents' home of Bradgate and her first tutor.&amp;nbsp; Harding had joined
1158 other Protestant chaplains in renouncing his reformed faith and becoming
1159 Catholic once again.&amp;nbsp; Jane was completely disgusted and appalled by
1160 his cowardice:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1161 &lt;UL&gt;
1162 &lt;p&gt;'I cannot but marvel at thee and lament thy case, who seemed
1163 sometime to be the lively member of Christ, but now the deformed imp
1164 of the devil; sometime the beautiful temple of God, but now the
1165 stinking and filthy kennel of Satan; sometime the unspotted spouse of
1166 Christ, but now the unshamefaced paramour of Antichrist; sometime my
1167 faithful brother, but now a stranger and apostate; sometime a stout
1168 Christian soldier, but now a cowardly runaway.&amp;nbsp; Yea, when I
1169 consider these things, I cannot but speak to thee, and cry out upon
1170 thee, thou seed of Satan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;Oh wretched and unhappy man, what
1171 art thou but dust and ashes?&amp;nbsp; And wilt thou resist thy Maker that
1172 fashioned thee and framed thee?&amp;nbsp; ....Wilt thou refuse the true
1173 God, and worship the invention of man, the golden calf, the whore of
1174 Babylon, the Romish religion, the abominable idol, the most wicked
1175 mass?' &lt;/p&gt;
1176 &lt;/UL&gt;
1177 &lt;p&gt;Such rhetoric reveals insight into Jane's character.&amp;nbsp;
1178 She was pious, devout, and kind - but she was also self-righteous and
1179 intolerant.&amp;nbsp; She and Mary were more alike than many realized.&amp;nbsp;
1180 Both were plain-spoken, transparently honest, and passionately believed
1181 their religion was the sole path to salvation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1182 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While Mary prepared for her coronation, Jane
1183 remained in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The Dudley brothers were now allowed to
1184 exercise on the roof of their prison, Beauchamp Tower, though there is
1185 no evidence that Jane and Guildford saw one another.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not
1186 speak of her imprisoned cousin.&amp;nbsp; Her time was taken up with her
1187 coronation and impending marriage, as well as the conflict her marriage
1188 was causing.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen did not want Mary to wed a Spaniard,
1189 for the same reasons Edward VI had excluded her from the succession -
1190 she was past middle-aged and would probably bear no children.&amp;nbsp;
1191 Therefore, she would leave the throne to a Catholic husband and England
1192 would become yet another state of the Imperial empire.&amp;nbsp; But as the
1193 weeks passed, Mary's leniency began to be questioned.&amp;nbsp; So Mary gave
1194 in to pressure and ordered Jane and the four Dudley sons to stand trial;
1195 the order had been prepared in mid-September but Mary did not allow the
1196 trial to take place until two months later.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1197 &lt;P&gt;
1198 &lt;IMG height=184 alt=&quot;engraving of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
1199 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey2.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As they were led out of the Tower to be arraigned
1200 at Guildhall, the executioner walked before them.&amp;nbsp; He carried an
1201 axe, as was the custom.&amp;nbsp; Jane dressed soberly for the occasion, as
1202 befitted a proper young lady of the reformed church.&amp;nbsp; She was clad
1203 all in black; she wore a black cloth gown, black cape trimmed with
1204 velvet, and a black French hood trimmed with velvet.&amp;nbsp; At her girdle
1205 hung a prayer book also bound in black velvet.&amp;nbsp; She held a book of
1206 prayers open in her hands as she walked behind Guildford.&amp;nbsp; She was
1207 attended by her two ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob.&amp;nbsp; The
1208 proceedings were a mere formality.&amp;nbsp; Jane and the four Dudleys pled
1209 guilty to the charge of high treason.&amp;nbsp; Sentence was passed against
1210 them; the men would be hung, drawn, and quartered and Jane would be
1211 burnt or beheaded at the Queen's pleasure.&amp;nbsp; They returned to the
1212 Tower, this time with the edge of the axe turned towards them.&amp;nbsp; In
1213 this way, spectators knew they were condemned.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1214 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the passing of the sentence was simply a
1215 formality.&amp;nbsp; As Renard reported in his subsequent dispatches, 'It is
1216 believed that Jane will not die' and, a week later, 'As for Jane, I am
1217 told her life is safe.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents had left the
1218 reformed church.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was forced to pay a 20000 pd fine but
1219 given a general pardon.&amp;nbsp; He returned to court.&amp;nbsp; His wife was
1220 Queen Mary's favorite lady and their two daughters, Catherine and Mary,
1221 were her ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Frances Grey was shown great
1222 favor at court, even gaining precedence over Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
1223 Most observers believed Jane would soon be pardoned and released, free
1224 to join her family at court.&amp;nbsp; The rehabilitation of the Greys
1225 seemed complete.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1226 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary's fervent desire to wed Philip of
1227 Spain was soon to have tragic consequences for the sixteen-year-old Jane
1228 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1229 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'So perish all the Queen's enemies'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The complexities of
1230 Mary Tudor's decision to marry the twenty-six widower, Philip of Spain,
1231 are discussed at her &lt;A
1232 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;website&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
1233 They can be outlined briefly here.&amp;nbsp; Mary - and most of her
1234 contemporaries - believed she must marry; she needed a husband for
1235 support and guidance.&amp;nbsp; No woman had ruled England in her own right
1236 before.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen wanted Mary to wed the great-grandson of
1237 Edward IV, Edward Courtenay.&amp;nbsp; He was the last of the Plantagenets,
1238 young, good-looking, and charming; his high birth led him to spend most
1239 of his youth in prison.&amp;nbsp; Mary was kind to him.&amp;nbsp; She released
1240 him from the Tower and restored he and his mother to favor.&amp;nbsp; She
1241 remembered that Edward's parents had supported her mother during the
1242 great divorce.&amp;nbsp; But she also made it clear she would not marry
1243 him.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, whose life had possessed little happiness and peace
1244 after her adolescence, had always turned to her mother's family for
1245 advice and support.&amp;nbsp; And she continued to do so when she became
1246 queen.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Philip of Spain, heir to the Hapsburg empire, was
1247 the most sought-after prince in Europe.&amp;nbsp; But he was also the
1248 grandson of her aunt, which meant a great deal to the sentimental Mary
1249 Tudor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1250 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, she did not immediately plan to marry
1251 him.&amp;nbsp; She was deeply religious and had spent the past twenty years
1252 essentially alone and unloved.&amp;nbsp; She was naturally fearful of
1253 marriage.&amp;nbsp; She asked Renard - was Philip too young for her?&amp;nbsp;
1254 would she be able to satisfy him for she was ignorant of 'that which was
1255 called love' ?&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a deeply devout and chaste maiden
1256 and he was a twenty-six-year-old widower.&amp;nbsp; Would he be happy with
1257 her?&amp;nbsp; Renard assured her that Philip was delighted to wed
1258 Mary.&amp;nbsp; And, he added, they would have children together, providing
1259 England with a Catholic succession.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she had
1260 never considered marriage until God had raised her to the throne but -
1261 now that she was queen - she would lead her subjects down the path of
1262 righteousness.&amp;nbsp; With the might of the Holy Roman Empire behind her,
1263 her faith would be triumphant.&amp;nbsp; So she agreed to marry Philip in
1264 late October 1553; their engagement was made official.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1265 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was faced with a hostile reaction.&amp;nbsp; Both
1266 her subjects and the king of France made their anger known.&amp;nbsp; Many
1267 Englishmen believed Charles V wanted to drag England into war against
1268 France, another costly and ineffectual enterprise.&amp;nbsp; In truth,
1269 Charles really wanted control of that vital sea route between Spain and
1270 the Netherlands; he needed to control the English coast in order for his
1271 trade route to operate at its maximum profitability.&amp;nbsp; But England
1272 has always been an insular nation.&amp;nbsp; With Protestant propagandists
1273 and the French ambassador spreading all sorts of rumors (from Spanish
1274 invasions to immediate wars), the people were in an uproar.&amp;nbsp;
1275 Furthermore, Mary's councilors were an ineffectual bunch and their
1276 policies were roundly criticized.&amp;nbsp; It seemed that, just months into
1277 her reign, Mary was steadily falling from favor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1278 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 January 1554, Charles V's envoys arrived to
1279 iron out the details of the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; To secure his
1280 valuable trade route, Charles was prepared to be generous.&amp;nbsp; In
1281 fact, he included every provision possible to stifle English
1282 fears.&amp;nbsp; But it was no use.&amp;nbsp; The people didn't want the
1283 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, word reached London of uprisings in the
1284 countryside - Carew in Devonshire, Wyatt in Kent, Crofts in
1285 Wales....&amp;nbsp; The councilors were alarmed.&amp;nbsp; And then word reached
1286 them that Henry Grey, the duke of Suffolk, had disappeared from his
1287 country home, Sheen.&amp;nbsp; They had planned the uprising for March when
1288 Philip was due to arrive but Courtenay, timid after years in the Tower,
1289 betrayed them.&amp;nbsp; So the conspirators were forced into action.&amp;nbsp;
1290 Carew could not raise his force without Courtenay's help so he fled to
1291 France and Crofts plans fell through.&amp;nbsp; But, by the end of January,
1292 Wyatt had taken Rochester and the royal ships at the Medway.&amp;nbsp; The
1293 duke of Norfolk left with a force from London but many men
1294 deserted.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt was encouraged and pressed on to London.&amp;nbsp; For
1295 two days, the fate of the Spanish marriage hung in the balance.&amp;nbsp;
1296 Londoners were undecided; Mary decided to sway the balance.&amp;nbsp; She
1297 went to Guildhall and made a rousing speech exhorting the Londoners to
1298 support her.&amp;nbsp; She did so against the advice of her council for they
1299 feared for her safety.&amp;nbsp; They needn't have worried.&amp;nbsp; When Wyatt
1300 reached London, he found the bridge closed to him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1301 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused to let the Tower guns be turned
1302 on the traitors.&amp;nbsp; She feared the innocent citizens of Southwark
1303 would be harmed if they were fired.&amp;nbsp; The rebels eventually
1304 surrendered but Mary had learned a valuable lesson - she discovered the
1305 depth of her subjects' hatred of the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it did
1306 not cause her to change her plans.&amp;nbsp; She was bewildered and angry
1307 but also hurt.&amp;nbsp; She had shown mercy and&lt;IMG height=226 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin Mary Tudor in 1554, by Hans Eworth&quot;
1308 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworthcr.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; forgiveness and was
1309 rewarded by rebellion.&amp;nbsp; She was now particularly susceptible to Renard's advice.&amp;nbsp; Renard immediately questioned Mary's safety as
1310 well as Philip's - would the prince be safe when rebellions were
1311 occurring throughout the nation?&amp;nbsp; The queen was exhorted to ensure
1312 his safety.&amp;nbsp; She must do this by punishing the rebels so none would
1313 dare rebel again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1314 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard's advice was supported by Mary's
1315 council.&amp;nbsp; Inevitably, all her advisors urged Mary to execute Jane
1316 Grey.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt had been supported by the vanished Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp;
1317 When he had disappeared from Sheen, he had gone to raise an army against
1318 the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But he gained little support.&amp;nbsp; Grey
1319 owed his life to Mary's kindness and he responded by seeking to
1320 overthrow her.&amp;nbsp; His intent was to lead men of the midland shires
1321 and join Wyatt near London.&amp;nbsp; His actual course fell far short of
1322 this goal - he fled from one county to another until he reached his
1323 manor of Astley.&amp;nbsp; He apparently hid in a tree trunk or under some
1324 hay; accounts vary.&amp;nbsp; He was promptly arrested by the earl of
1325 Huntingdon.&amp;nbsp; Later, rumors spread that he had proclaimed Jane queen
1326 during his ride through the midlands.&amp;nbsp; This was untrue but it
1327 didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; Jane had once been queen and, as Mary's advisors
1328 put it, she would be the figurehead of any Protestant plot.&amp;nbsp; Once
1329 again, she was &lt;I&gt;morally&lt;/I&gt; innocent but she was still
1330 dangerous.&amp;nbsp; She had to die.&amp;nbsp; To this, Renard added that Philip
1331 could not arrive until the Protestant threat had been destroyed.&amp;nbsp;
1332 All the opposition to her marriage had simply made the obstinate Mary
1333 more determined to marry Philip.&amp;nbsp; So the suspended sentence on Jane
1334 was revoked and she was condemned to die immediately.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1335 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The date of the execution was set for Friday 9
1336 February 1554.&amp;nbsp; Mary, who so hated executing her cousin, tried one
1337 last time to save her soul.&amp;nbsp; She sent John Feckenham, dean of St
1338 Paul's, to Jane.&amp;nbsp; He was given a few days to sway Jane to the
1339 Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Jane, long deprived of intellectual company and
1340 theological debate, was polite.&amp;nbsp; But she rebutted each of
1341 Feckenham's arguments with her own.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she relished this last
1342 chance to elucidate her precious faith.&amp;nbsp; After hours of argument,
1343 she remained Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she had also come to like Feckenham
1344 very much.&amp;nbsp; So she accepted his offer to accompany her to the
1345 scaffold and she promised to 'pray God in the bowels of his mercy to
1346 send you his Holy Spirit; for he hath given you his great gift of
1347 utterance, if it pleased him also to open the eyes of your heart.'&amp;nbsp;
1348 &lt;/P&gt;
1349 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Feckenham's work had delayed the executions until
1350 Monday 12 February.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Jane was also preparing to die with
1351 as much grace and dignity she could summon.&amp;nbsp; She chose her dress,
1352 composed her speech, and appointed the two members of her household who
1353 would accompany her and dispose of her body.&amp;nbsp; She sent a letter to
1354 her sister Catherine and one to her father (brought to the Tower on 10
1355 February.)&amp;nbsp; The latter included a remonstration that his actions
1356 had hastened her death.&amp;nbsp; But she did not write to her mother nor
1357 did Frances attempt to visit her or her husband.&amp;nbsp; There exists a
1358 story that Guildford asked to see Jane before they died and that Mary
1359 granted his request.&amp;nbsp; Jane, however, refused to see him, waiting
1360 until they met 'in a better place.'&amp;nbsp; But there is no evidence the
1361 story is true.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Jane and her husband showed no interest in
1362 seeing one another while in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1363 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane did watch her husband's execution.&amp;nbsp; He
1364 was taken from Beauchamp Tower at 10 o'clock in the morning and led to
1365 the execution area on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Jane stood by her window and
1366 watched as he went to his death.&amp;nbsp; Guildford died with great courage
1367 and dignity and, when the cart rolled past carrying his corpse, Jane
1368 muttered his name and a comment about 'the bitterness of death.'&amp;nbsp;
1369 Perhaps she realized that he had been a victim, too.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
1370 she saw his blood-splattered body, thrown atop equally stained straw,
1371 driven to St Peter-ad-Vincula; his head was wrapped in a cloth beside
1372 the body.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1373 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was now Jane's turn to face death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1374 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;(Click here to read
1375 an eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SMALL&gt;She
1376 wore the &lt;IMG height=360
1377 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey kneeling before the block, from Delaroche's painting&quot;
1378 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janecrop.jpg&quot; width=165 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;same black outfit she had worn at her trial.&amp;nbsp; She carried
1379 her prayer book in her hands; she was escorted by Sir John Brydges, the
1380 lieutenant of the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Her nurse, Mrs Ellen, and her attendant,
1381 Mrs Tylney, also accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; They both cried but Jane was
1382 calm and composed.&amp;nbsp; She had, after all, watched her scaffold being
1383 erected near the White Tower; her rooms provided an excellent view of
1384 its construction.&amp;nbsp; Since she was a princess of royal blood, her
1385 execution was private.&amp;nbsp; Only a small crowd had been invited.&amp;nbsp;
1386 &lt;/P&gt;
1387 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At the steps of the scaffold, he greeted
1388 Feckenham: 'God grant you all your desires and accept my own hearty
1389 thanks for all your attention to me. Although indeed, those attentions
1390 have tried me more than death can now terrify me.' She then ascended the
1391 steps and addressed the crowd.&amp;nbsp; She admitted she had committed
1392 treason when she accepted the crown but 'I do wash my hands in innocency, before God and the face of you, good Christian people this
1393 day.'&amp;nbsp; She wrung her hands and asked that they witness her death,
1394 and affirm that she died a good Christian.&amp;nbsp; She ended with yet
1395 another indication of her strong Protestant faith; she said, 'And now,
1396 good people, while I am alive, I pray you to assist me with your
1397 prayers.'&amp;nbsp; Protestants, unlike Catholics, did not believe in
1398 prayers for the dead.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt and asked Feckenham, 'Shall I
1399 say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; She read the fifty-first psalm in English and he
1400 followed her in Latin.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1401 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the prayer, she told Feckenham, 'God I
1402 beseech Him abundantly reward you for your kindness to me.'&amp;nbsp; She
1403 then rose to her feet and completed her final duties.&amp;nbsp; She handed
1404 her gloves and handkerchief to her attendant, Mrs Tylney and her
1405 prayer-book to the lieutenant's brother, Thomas Brydges.&amp;nbsp; She then
1406 began to untie her gown; as was the tradition, the executioner stepped
1407 forward.&amp;nbsp; It was the custom that the victim's outer garments became
1408 the executioner's property.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane did not know this; or
1409 perhaps she was simply terrified as that masked figure came toward
1410 her.&amp;nbsp; She stepped back and 'desired him to leave her alone.'&amp;nbsp;
1411 Her attendants completed the unlacing.&amp;nbsp; They then gave her a
1412 handkerchief to tie over her eyes.&amp;nbsp; Next, the executioner knelt
1413 before her and begged her forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; This, too, was a custom and
1414 one Jane had expected.&amp;nbsp; She gave her forgiveness 'most
1415 willingly.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1416 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now there was nothing to do but end it all.&amp;nbsp;
1417 The executioner asked her to stand upon the straw.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she saw
1418 the actual block for the first time.&amp;nbsp; Her composure faltered for
1419 just a brief moment.&amp;nbsp; She whispered, 'I pray you despatch me
1420 quickly,' and began to kneel.&amp;nbsp; She hesitated and asked, 'Will you
1421 take it off before I lay me down?', referring to the blindfold.&amp;nbsp;
1422 The executioner replied, 'No, madame' and so she tied the handkerchief
1423 around her eyes.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt but, blindfolded, could not find
1424 the block.&amp;nbsp; Her arms flailed about for several moments and she
1425 cried out, 'What shall I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; Those standing on
1426 the scaffold were hesitant - should they help her?&amp;nbsp; A member of the
1427 crowd climbed the scaffold and helped her.&amp;nbsp; He guided her hands to
1428 the block.&amp;nbsp; She lowered her head and stretched forth her body; her
1429 last words were, 'Lord into thy hands I commend my spirit.'&amp;nbsp; The
1430 executioner swung his axe and severed her head.&amp;nbsp; Blood splattered
1431 across the scaffold and many of the witnesses.&amp;nbsp; The executioner
1432 then lifted her head and said, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies.
1433 Behold, the head of a traitor.'&amp;nbsp; It was the end of Lady Jane
1434 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1435 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Permission had to be granted for her burial at St
1436 Peter-ad-Vincula since the church had recently become Catholic
1437 again.&amp;nbsp; Feckenham was forced to go to court for the
1438 permission.&amp;nbsp; So Jane's body lay exposed and unattended for nearly
1439 four hours, spread obscenely across the blood-soaked straw.&amp;nbsp; The
1440 French ambassador reported seeing it there hours after the
1441 execution.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants kept watch, though they were not allowed
1442 to cover the corpse.&amp;nbsp; Finally, Feckenham returned and Jane's body
1443 was laid to rest between the bodies of two other headless queens -
1444 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne
1445 Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; and
1446 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; During the reign of her Protestant
1447 cousin, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;, Jane was celebrated as a martyr to her faith
1448 and she remains one of the most famous queens of England.&lt;/P&gt;
1449 &lt;hr&gt;
1450 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1451 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1452 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Live still to die, that by death you may purchase eternal life.... As
1453 the preacher sayeth, there is a time to be born and a time to die; and the
1454 day of death is better than the day of our birth.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
1455 size=-1&gt;Jane Grey's message to John Brydges, lieutenant of the Tower of
1456 London, 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
1457 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1458 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1459 &lt;hr&gt;
1460 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1461 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
1462 lovely tribute to Lady Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;; it's a wonderful website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1463 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1464 &lt;CENTER&gt;
1465 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1466 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1467 Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1468 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1469 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1470 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favorite
1471 biographies of Lady Jane Grey are by Hester Chapman and Alison Plowden.&amp;nbsp;
1472 Thanks for reading / exploring this website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1473 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1474 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1475&lt;/blockquote&gt;
1476
1477
1478
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1481</Content>
1482</Section>
1483</Archive>
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