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17 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
19 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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41
42&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
43 &lt;tr&gt;
44 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
45 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
46 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
47 &lt;/tr&gt;
48 &lt;tr&gt;
49 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
50 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
51 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
52 &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot;
53 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
54 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
55 &lt;/tr&gt;
56 &lt;tr&gt;
57 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
58 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
59 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
60 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-coronation.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The 'Coronation Portrait' of Elizabeth I; late 16th copy of a lost original&quot; width=&quot;294&quot; height=&quot;427&quot;&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
61 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
62 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
63 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
64 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan
65 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with
66 commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A
67 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
68 Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen
69 Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
70 Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
71 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
72 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit &lt;A
73 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne
74 Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
75 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary,
76 queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's
77 cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A
78 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
79 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
80 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
81 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
82 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen
83 fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
84 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
85 &lt;/td&gt;
86 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
87 &lt;/tr&gt;
88&lt;/table&gt;
89
90&lt;blockquote&gt;
91 &lt;blockquote&gt;
92 &lt;blockquote&gt;
93 &lt;hr&gt;
94 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
95 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
96 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Some have fallen from being Princes of this land to be
97 prisoners in this place; I am raised from being prisoner in this place to be
98 Prince of this land.&amp;nbsp; That dejection was a work of God's justice; this
99 advancement is a work of His mercy.' &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth
100 I at the Tower of London, during her coronation ceremonies,
101 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
102 &lt;blockquote&gt;
103 &lt;blockquote&gt;
104 &lt;hr&gt;
105
106 &lt;P&gt;There is an apocryphal story about Elizabeth's accession.&amp;nbsp; In it,
107 she was out in the meadows surrounding Hatfield when the courtiers
108 approached.&amp;nbsp; They bowed before her, and presented Mary's signet
109 ring.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth supposedly fell upon her knees and exclaimed, most
110 aptly, 'A Domino factum est illud et est mirabile in oculis nostris.'
111 ('This is the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous in Our eyes.')&amp;nbsp; The
112 citizens of London undoubtedly felt the same; upon receiving word of
113 Mary's death, bonfires were lit and tables were set in the streets for a
114 grand celebratory feast.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
115 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;A glorious accession, then, and much celebrated.&amp;nbsp; A
116 contemporary observer, however, commented wryly upon the state of affairs
117 in England in 1558: 'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility
118 poor and decayed; want of good captains and soldiers; the people out of
119 order; justice not executed; justices of peace unmeet for office; all
120 things dear; excess of meat and drink, and apparel; division among
121 ourselves; war with France and Scotland; the French King, having one foot
122 in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enmity, but no steadfast
123 friendship abroad.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
124 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was well aware of the dire situation she faced.&amp;nbsp; She
125 herself had been the victim of the religious and political confusion of
126 Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; And&lt;IMG height=412
127 alt=&quot;'The Ditchley Portrait' of Elizabeth I&quot;
128 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-ditchley.jpg&quot; width=281 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; even the weather had been uncooperative for Queen
129 Mary; the droughts which had plagued farmers led to high prices and much
130 poverty.&amp;nbsp; Most of the poor flocked to London where they crowded into
131 ever-expanding slums.&amp;nbsp; Mary's attempts to reform the debased currency
132 of Henry VIII and Edward VI's reign had been somewhat successful, but
133 England was still considered a poor credit risk on the Continent.&amp;nbsp;
134 &lt;/P&gt;
135 &lt;P&gt;And so the new queen, though popular and much-admired, did not inherit
136 a stable and prosperous country - and the quest for stability and
137 prosperity became the guiding force of her reign.&amp;nbsp; To that end, she
138 came to eschew foreign entanglements and religious extremism.&amp;nbsp;
139 Practical and pragmatic, Elizabeth chose as her motto 'Semper Eadem'
140 ('Always the Same'), and it was highly appropriate.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
141 &lt;P&gt;Her succession was assured and untroubled.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth knew
142 that when the celebrations ended, the real work would begin.&amp;nbsp; Almost
143 immediately, she would be forced to consider a rival claim to the throne
144 by her cousin, Mary Stuart.&amp;nbsp; Queen of Scotland since infancy, and now
145 the wife of the French dauphin (and crowned queen of France in 1559), Mary
146 was denied a place in the Tudor succession by Henry VIII's will.&amp;nbsp; But
147 she was a Catholic and had the French monarchy behind her.&amp;nbsp; For her
148 part, she was content to stay in France.&amp;nbsp; But she did - with spirit
149 and not much sense, as was her wont - choose to quarter the royal arms of
150 England, Wales and Ireland upon her heraldry, thus openly laying claim to
151 the throne of England.&amp;nbsp; Even this symbolic act was fraught with
152 political danger for the queenly cousins.&amp;nbsp; From her accession on,
153 Elizabeth knew her Scottish 'sister' was a serious concern; and while Mary
154 was safely in France, it was all for the better.&amp;nbsp; Scotland was
155 already turning Protestant and England could continue to support its
156 religious dissension and political upheaval.&amp;nbsp; If their northern
157 neighbor was kept busy with its own troubles, it was less likely to clash
158 with England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
159 &lt;P&gt;As for her English subjects, even the Catholics were largely against
160 Mary Stuart's claims.&amp;nbsp; In this case, nationalism trumped
161 religion.&amp;nbsp; There were other English claimants, of course; the younger
162 sisters of the unfortunate &lt;A
163 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
164 Grey&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; But of the two, &lt;A
165 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt;
166 was flighty and foolish and Mary was barely four feet tall.&amp;nbsp; Neither
167 was a popular choice to be queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
168 &lt;P&gt;Her smooth accession was further assured by the Lord Chancellor,
169 Nicholas Heath.&amp;nbsp; Parliament had been in session while Mary lay dying
170 and, on 17 November, Heath announced her death to the assembled lords and
171 commons.&amp;nbsp; He then said, 'Which hap as it is most heavy and grievous
172 unto us, so have we no less cause another way to rejoice with praise to
173 Almighty God for that He hath left unto us a true, lawful and right
174 inheritrice to the crown of this realm, which is the Lady Elizabeth, of
175 whose lawful right and title we need not to doubt.&amp;nbsp; Wherefore the
176 lords of this house have determined with your assents and consents, to
177 pass from hence into the palace, and there to proclaim the said Lady
178 Elizabeth Queen of this realm without further tract of time.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
179 &lt;P&gt;There was no dissension at Heath's words.&amp;nbsp; Traditionally,
180 Parliament dissolved upon the death of the reigning monarch - but Heath's
181 prompt actions ensured Elizabeth's lawful recognition as queen before the
182 lords and commons dispersed.&amp;nbsp; And, as a leading Catholic, Heath also
183 secured the loyalty of his religious party for the new queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
184 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth held court at Hatfield for about a week, assembling statesmen
185 and studying English affairs more acutely.&amp;nbsp; Nicholas Throckmorton
186 wrote to her immediately; he advised her to be wary and careful, so that
187 neither 'the old or the new should wholly understand what you mean.'&amp;nbsp;
188 She did not need such advice; it was already central to her
189 character.&amp;nbsp; How else had she survived the reigns of Edward and
190 Mary?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
191 &lt;P&gt;
192 &lt;IMG height=206 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's greatest advisor, Sir William Cecil&quot;
193 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/cecil-sm1.jpg&quot; width=140 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;On 20 November, she held her first council meeting and appointed the
194 loyal William Cecil as her Principal Secretary of State.&amp;nbsp; They had
195 been friends for a long while, since his appointment as her accountant
196 many years ago.&amp;nbsp; And, for the next forty years, they were to rule
197 England as a virtually inseparable team.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's words to Cecil
198 have become justly famous: 'I give you this charge, that you shall be of
199 my Privy Council and content to take pains for me and my realm.&amp;nbsp; This
200 judgment I have of you that you will not be corrupted by any manner of
201 gift and that you will be faithful to the state; and that without respect
202 of my private will you will give me that counsel which you think best and
203 if you shall know anything necessary to be declared to me of secrecy, you
204 shall show it to myself only.&amp;nbsp; And assure yourself I will not fail to
205 keep taciturnity therein and therefore herewith I charge you.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
206 &lt;P&gt;All monarchs use such appointments to reward loyalty and friendship;
207 Cecil's was also a reward for ability.&amp;nbsp; On a more personal note,
208 Elizabeth rewarded the faithful servants who had been her companions since
209 childhood, among them Thomas Parry and Kat Ashley.&amp;nbsp; The handsome
210 Robert Dudley was appointed Master of the Horse; he was the son of the
211 late Lord Protector and had been imprisoned in the Tower with Elizabeth
212 during Mary's reign.&amp;nbsp; Not coincidentally, this position required
213 close contact with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Thus from the very beginning, a source
214 of rivalry was established amongst Elizabeth's closest councilors.&amp;nbsp;
215 Cecil and Dudley disliked one another, each man viewing the other as his
216 main rival for the queen's attention.&amp;nbsp; But even this potentially
217 untenable situation benefited the young queen; it meant that she alone
218 dominated her government while two rival factions developed, each centered
219 around Cecil and Dudley.&lt;/P&gt;
220 &lt;hr&gt;
221 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
222 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
223 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Everything depends upon the husband this woman takes.'&amp;nbsp;
224 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1560&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
225 &lt;blockquote&gt;
226 &lt;blockquote&gt;
227 &lt;hr&gt;
228 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
229 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
230 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'If I were a milkmaid with a pail on my
231 arm, whereby my private person might be little set by, I would not forsake
232 that poor and single state to match with the greatest monarch.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
233 &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I
234 to Parliament, regarding marriage&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
235 &lt;blockquote&gt;
236 &lt;blockquote&gt;
237 &lt;hr&gt;
238 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth well understood the importance of public relations and knew
239 her entry into London must be a lavish spectacle; the coronation which
240 would follow must be even more impressive.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was placed in
241 charge of the coronation plans.&amp;nbsp; He was well-suited to the
242 task.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's favorite astronomer, Dr John Dee, was consulted
243 and Sunday, 15 January 1559 was selected as the perfect date.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
244 &lt;P&gt;On 23 November, Elizabeth left Hatfield for London; she stayed at the
245 Charterhouse, and for the next five days she made regular appearances
246 before adoring crowds.&amp;nbsp; On Monday 28 November, she left the
247 Charterhouse to ride through London and to the Tower.&amp;nbsp; She wore a
248 purple velvet gown and had a scarf tied loosely around her neck.&amp;nbsp;
249 Dudley rode closely behind her.&amp;nbsp; When they neared the Tower, both the
250 queen and her Master of the Horse appreciated the irony of the
251 moment.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth said simply, and wittily: 'Some have fallen from
252 being Princes of this land to be prisoners in this place; I am raised from
253 being prisoner in this place to be Prince of this land.&amp;nbsp; That
254 dejection was a work of God's justice; this advancement is a work of His
255 mercy.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
256 &lt;P&gt;She spent the next ten days at the Tower, holding council meetings and
257 slowly but steadily learning how to rule.&amp;nbsp; She had been welcomed to
258 the throne with great celebration, but few monarchs have inherited such a
259 dire predicament.&amp;nbsp; Religious turmoil was inevitable; though
260 the Protestants regarded Elizabeth as their savior, many Marian exiles
261 believed she would maintain her sister's religious changes.&amp;nbsp; She had
262 to tread carefully - and fortunately for both Elizabeth and her nation,
263 she was uniquely suited to do so.&amp;nbsp; She made it clear to her
264 councilors that she wanted no windows into men's souls.&amp;nbsp; Also, she
265 would not be dominated by one religious party at the expense of
266 another.&amp;nbsp; For Elizabeth, her citizens were Englishmen first; their
267 religious loyalties - whether Catholic or Protestant - were to remain
268 subservient to their loyalty to her as queen of England.&amp;nbsp; This
269 explains her later disregard for Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; She characteristically
270 remarked that she preferred loyal Catholics to Puritans; this may have
271 confused some of her subjects since she was a Protestant queen, and the
272 Puritans were simply Protestant extremists.&amp;nbsp; However, Elizabeth
273 recognized that, by the end of her reign, most of her Catholic subjects
274 were loyal to her instead of the pope (despite her excommunication) and
275 accepted royal prerogative.&amp;nbsp; Her Puritan subjects, however, did not
276 recognize the sanctity of the crown, and their presence in Parliament
277 ensured a steady erosion of royal power.&amp;nbsp; The end result of this
278 conflict occurred during the reign of Charles I, when a powerful Puritan
279 populace revolted against their Catholic king and beheaded him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
280 &lt;P&gt;Luckily, most of Elizabeth's councilors were of the same mind as the
281 queen.&amp;nbsp; Their first priority was the stability of the realm, and they
282 wanted to negotiate a truce of sorts between the two factions.&amp;nbsp; Of
283 course, the more extreme members of both parties could not be
284 satisfied.&amp;nbsp; Also, Philip II of Spain and Henri II of France had
285 recently ended their near-constant warfare, and now England remained
286 outside Continental affairs; perhaps it would become the prey of both
287 powers.&amp;nbsp; When Elizabeth's court moved to Whitehall for Christmas, the
288 Spanish ambassador De Feria tried to secure a possible marriage between
289 Elizabeth and one of Philip's innumerable relatives.&amp;nbsp; Already her
290 expected marriage dominated European politics.&amp;nbsp; No one expected her
291 to rule alone.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
292 &lt;P&gt;The Christmas festivities at Whitehall were quite extravagant.&amp;nbsp;
293 The English court had not had cause for much celebration in years; Mary's
294 reign had been increasingly insular and solemn.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth, young
295 and beautiful, was determined to celebrate her near-miraculous
296 triumph.&amp;nbsp; And yet Christmas would pale in comparison to her
297 coronation festivities.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
298 &lt;P&gt;On the 12th of January, she set out once again to the Tower, traveling
299 by river from Whitehall.&amp;nbsp; Two days later, at two o'clock in the
300 afternoon, she rode in an open litter for her recognition procession
301 throughout London.&amp;nbsp; She wore a gown of crimson velvet and cloth of
302 gold with an ermine cape for warmth, and was surrounded by richly-dressed
303 lords and ladies.&amp;nbsp; Crowds of Londoners thronged the streets, to the
304 queen's open delight.&amp;nbsp; It was a cold and wet Saturday with snow
305 flurries settling upon the brocade canopy of the queen's litter, but the
306 weather could not distract from the spectacle.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
307 &lt;P&gt;The entire route through the city was marked by pageants, plays, and
308 orations; even Anne Boleyn appeared in a tableau beside Henry VIII.&amp;nbsp;
309 Elizabeth's replies to each presentation were memorable and kind; to the
310 Recorder of London, she memorably said, 'Whereas your request is that I
311 should continue your good lady and Queen, be ye assured that I will be as
312 good unto you as ever Queen was to her people.&amp;nbsp; No will in me can
313 lack, neither do I trust shall there lack any power.&amp;nbsp; And persuade
314 yourselves, that for the safety and quietness of you all, I will not spare
315 if need be to spare my blood.'&amp;nbsp; These words were not merely facile
316 endearments.&amp;nbsp; Long ago, during the dark days of Mary's reign, she had
317 realized the importance of public relations and popular support.&amp;nbsp;
318&lt;/P&gt;
319 &lt;P&gt;The next day she was crowned queen of England.&amp;nbsp; She entered
320 Westminster on foot, walking upon a long blue carpet which the crowd
321 promptly cut up for souvenirs.&amp;nbsp; The great Abbey was crowded full of
322 both rural and urban dignitaries, and their ladies.&amp;nbsp; They watched as
323 the queen marched slowly forward, the long red velvet train of her gown
324 carried by the duchess of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Hundreds of candles and lamps
325 burned, and the boys' choir sang beautifully while a medley of pipes,
326 drums, and the church organ played.)&amp;nbsp; She was crowned by Owen
327 Oglethorpe, the bishop of Carlisle.&amp;nbsp; The&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1woodcrop.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I on wood; c1565&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; height=&quot;285&quot;&gt; archbishop of Canterbury,
328 Reginald Pole, had died the same day as Queen Mary; the archbishop of York
329 asked to be excused on grounds of conscience; the bishop of Durham said he
330 was too old to perform the ceremony.&amp;nbsp; And so it fell to Dr
331 Oglethorpe, who was as good as anyone else in Elizabeth's eyes.&amp;nbsp; The
332 ceremony itself was a mish-mash of Catholic and Protestant rituals - the
333 Mass was said in Latin but the celebrant did not elevate the Host; the
334 epistle and gospel were read in Latin and English; and the coronation oath
335 itself was read from an English Bible.&amp;nbsp; In other words, it was a
336 ceremony which accurately reflected the religious confusion of mid-16th
337 century England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
338 &lt;P&gt;Oglethorpe placed the heavy Crown of St Edward on her head, but it was
339 quickly removed after the oath was administered.&amp;nbsp; Then, wearing a
340 lighter crown, the new queen was presented to the congregation.&amp;nbsp;
341 There was an explosion of noise (the Venetian ambassador said it sounded
342 like the end of the world) as bells were rung, trumpets were blown, and
343 every other musical instrument played with such force that spectators
344 winced.&amp;nbsp; The coronation banquet was held at Westminster Hall at three
345 o'clock and lasted until one o'clock Monday morning.&amp;nbsp; The new queen,
346 who now wore a becoming gown of purple velvet, sat beneath the great
347 window on a raised dais.&amp;nbsp; There were eight hundred guests, and the
348 queen was served by the Lord Chamberlain and the Chief Steward.&amp;nbsp; She
349 spoke little during the banquet, and was so tired when it ended that a
350 tournament planned for Monday afternoon was canceled.&amp;nbsp; She had also
351 caught a cold; the opening of Parliament was thus delayed from the 23rd of
352 January to the 25th.&amp;nbsp; Her arrival at Parliament, however, was another
353 moment of triumph for Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She wore a crimson gown and a cap
354 decorated with pearls and was quite lovely and energetic despite her
355 recent cold.&amp;nbsp; When the crowd called out, 'God save and maintain
356 thee!', she responded with enthusiasm, 'God a' mercy, good people!'&amp;nbsp;
357 &lt;/P&gt;
358 &lt;P&gt;All things considered, these first two months on the throne had gone
359 very smoothly.&amp;nbsp; But most European powers were convinced she wouldn't
360 last a year as queen.&amp;nbsp; If she did, it would only be due to a
361 quick marriage.&amp;nbsp; And so, over the next several years, the dominant
362 issue of her reign would be one which she personally detested - who would
363 the queen marry, and when?&amp;nbsp; For Elizabeth, treading carefully and
364 conscious of the novelty of her position, the issue was a personal and
365 political threat - and one which she handled with exquisite care.&lt;/P&gt;
366 &lt;hr&gt;
367 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
368 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
369 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She [Elizabeth] is incomparably more feared than her
370 sister, and gives her orders and has her way as absolutely as her father did.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
371 &lt;/font&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria,
372 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
373 &lt;blockquote&gt;
374 &lt;blockquote&gt;
375 &lt;hr&gt;
376 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's seeming obliviousness to marriage, her refusal to discuss
377 it, or her occasional witty but vague comments - all these infuriated her
378 councilors.&amp;nbsp; They seemed incapable of appreciating the impact
379 marriage would have upon her life, while its impact was distressingly
380 clear to Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; The councilors wanted a king, and an heir, a
381 natural enough desire since her throne could not be completely secure without
382 them.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth knew herself to be intellectually superior to
383 most men and she relished her independence.&amp;nbsp; And, of course, her
384 father's marital history - as well as her sister's - made her question
385 both the personal and political cost of marriage.&amp;nbsp; The new queen always
386 had a low opinion of marital happiness, and saw little reason to change
387 her mind.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
388 &lt;P&gt;Even in her own lifetime, rumors abounded that Elizabeth was physically
389 deformed, incapable of pleasing a husband or bearing a child.&amp;nbsp; It was
390 also whispered that she was a sexual deviant whose appetites could not be
391 satisfied by marriage.&amp;nbsp; However, it is clear enough that Elizabeth's
392 character - pragmatic, rational, and calculating - was not overly
393 romantic; she was openly fond of many courtiers, particularly Robert
394 Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But she never wed Dudley, and a healthy flirtation does not
395 indicate sexual deviancy.&amp;nbsp; Rather, it shows Elizabeth to be a normal
396 young woman who enjoyed the company of a handsome man.&amp;nbsp; If she had
397 not flirted with Dudley, or her other courtiers, then speculation about
398 her character would be understandable.&amp;nbsp; In truth, she was no less
399 flirtatious than her father, but the simple, unavoidable fact of her
400 gender made her flirtations far more politically charged.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
401 &lt;P&gt;Furthermore, any sexual activity would have been immediately
402 reported.&amp;nbsp; 'I do not live in a corner,' the queen once commented. 'A
403 thousand eyes see all I do, and calumny will not fasten on me for
404 ever.'&amp;nbsp; A foreign ambassador was caught paying one of her laundresses
405 for proof of the queen's regular menstrual cycle; everyone at court
406 gossiped about her relationships with the handsome courtiers who soon
407 flocked to London.&amp;nbsp; The queen herself preferred to rise above such
408 discussion.&amp;nbsp; If she fulfilled her royal duties with care and
409 diligence, and if she brought prosperity and peace to her country, then
410 she was successful.&amp;nbsp; And since she had great faith in her own
411 talents, she saw no reason to share her throne with a husband.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
412 &lt;P&gt;And so, out of love of independence and power, and a native distrust of
413 marriage, Elizabeth was determined to remain single.&amp;nbsp; Her councilors,
414 for their part, pretended to believe otherwise for quite a long
415 time.&amp;nbsp; Despite her repeated vows to 'live and die a virgin', they
416 embarked upon countless rounds of diplomatic negotiations searching for a
417 husband.&amp;nbsp; They visited her in private, they
418 openly begged her; they eventually forced a parliamentary showdown upon
419 her.&amp;nbsp; William Cecil prayed that 'God would send our mistress a
420 husband, and by time a son, that we may hope our posterity shall have a
421 masculine succession.'&amp;nbsp; Despite their close friendship, and mutual
422 respect, even Cecil succumbed to the sexism of their age - he rebuked a
423 messenger for talking to the queen of something that 'was too much for
424 woman's knowledge.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
425 &lt;P&gt;But over the years, her councilor's discomfort lessened.&amp;nbsp; Mary
426 Stuart bore a son, James, in 1566 and was imprisoned in England shortly
427 afterwards.&amp;nbsp; James was raised as a Protestant and was soon the only
428 Tudor relative with a viable claim.&amp;nbsp; His religion allowed most
429 Englishmen to look favorably upon him as Elizabeth's eventual heir.&amp;nbsp;
430 The queen wisely dangled its possibility before him and thus ensured
431 Scottish political cooperation throughout the later years of her
432 reign.&amp;nbsp; Also, as the years passed, so did the possibility that
433 Elizabeth would bear a child.&amp;nbsp; And why marry, if not for an
434 heir?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
435 &lt;P&gt;It is also worth noting the endless difficulties in selecting a
436 suitable husband.&amp;nbsp; A foreign match would have dragged England into
437 the morass of European politics, with possibly the same disastrous results
438 of Mary's marriage.&amp;nbsp; But marriage to an Englishman would have given
439 too much power to one political faction or the other.&amp;nbsp; And so
440 Elizabeth's personal dislike of marriage turned out to be a shrewd
441 political decision, though it confounded everyone for several years.&amp;nbsp;
442 &lt;/P&gt;
443 &lt;P&gt;From the earliest days of her reign, one of Elizabeth's greatest
444 political attributes was her endless prevarication.&amp;nbsp; Many historians
445 have described it less as an attribute, and more as her greatest failing.&amp;nbsp;
446 They mention her inability to decide upon marriage, or - most famously -
447 her refusal to execute Mary queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; They argue that these
448 incidents prove she was hesitant and indecisive.&amp;nbsp; But it actually
449 reveals a formidable political talent, and one which greatly benefited her
450 nation.&amp;nbsp; The new queen was not one to whole-heartedly plunge into any
451 scheme, personal or political; thus, she refused to become involved in
452 foreign entanglements which would have bankrupted her country and produced
453 strife and discontent.&amp;nbsp; She sent money and a few troops to
454 continental Protestants, but no more.&amp;nbsp; In terms of religion, she
455 sought to strike a balance between two extremes through careful thought
456 and debate.&amp;nbsp; In doing so, she negotiated a truce of sorts which
457 lasted through most of her reign - in contrast to the religious turmoil
458 which marked the reigns before and after her own.&amp;nbsp; One could label
459 her indecisive since she did not strike a definitive stance on either
460 issue.&amp;nbsp; But she preserved the peace and prosperity of her nation; she
461 put England, and the welfare of its citizens, first.&amp;nbsp; Thus, the
462 ability to prevaricate was an essential tool of her political success,
463 however much it frustrated those who wanted her to take sides.&amp;nbsp; In
464 Elizabeth's case, one could argue that she took only the English side.&lt;/P&gt;
465 &lt;hr&gt;
466 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
467 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
468 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'She is a very vain and clever woman.&amp;nbsp; She must have
469 been thoroughly schooled in the manner in which her father conducted his
470 affairs.&amp;nbsp; She is determined to be governed by no one.' &lt;/font&gt;
471 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
472 &lt;blockquote&gt;
473 &lt;blockquote&gt;
474 &lt;hr&gt;
475 &lt;P&gt;
476 &lt;IMG height=307 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's greatest love, Sir Robert Dudley&quot;
477 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliztruelove.jpg&quot; width=300 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;This understandably caused strife within her council.&amp;nbsp; It was
478 clear from the beginning that Robert Dudley was the queen's favorite
479 courtier.&amp;nbsp; They were openly affectionate and Dudley enjoyed flaunting
480 the queen's favor.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was often terrified that Elizabeth would
481 wed Dudley, but that fear at least was soon put to rest.&amp;nbsp; At the
482 start of Elizabeth's reign, Dudley was still married to an heiress called
483 Amy Robsart; she was safely tucked away in the country while her husband
484 flirted at court.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth knew of the match; she had attended the
485 wedding.&amp;nbsp; But the marriage, which had begun happily, was soon torn
486 apart by Dudley's ambition.&amp;nbsp; But whatever he planned for the future,
487 it was soon impossible for him to dream of becoming king.&amp;nbsp; Amy was
488 living in secluded and deprived circumstances at Cumnor Place, the
489 Oxfordshire manor of Anthony Forster, an MP and close friend of
490 Dudley's.&amp;nbsp; She had been ill for some time.&amp;nbsp; On Sunday the 8th of
491 September 1560, roughly nine months after Elizabeth's coronation, she gave
492 her few servants permission to visit a fair.&amp;nbsp; When they returned,
493 they found her lying dead at the bottom of the staircase with a broken
494 neck.&amp;nbsp; There had been other ladies in the home; they reported playing
495 backgammon with Amy until, suddenly and without explanation, she left the
496 room and fell to her death.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was informed of the news while at
497 Windsor Castle with the queen.&amp;nbsp; He immediately ordered a thorough
498 investigation.&amp;nbsp; Why?&amp;nbsp; His close relationship with the queen was
499 already a minor scandal; Amy's suspicious death could make it
500 explosive.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
501 &lt;P&gt;Amy had been ill for some months, with a 'canker in her breast', as the
502 doctors said.&amp;nbsp; They had assured Dudley that his wife would not live
503 much longer.&amp;nbsp; So the immediate supposition after her death - that
504 Dudley had murdered Amy so he could marry the queen - does not make
505 sense.&amp;nbsp; There were only three other conclusions to draw - first, that
506 Amy, knowing her own condition, was depressed and angry at her husband;
507 she therefore took her own life in an attempt to end her suffering and
508 Dudley's hopes to be king.&amp;nbsp; Second, that one of Dudley's enemies had
509 murdered Amy in an attempt to discredit him and make marriage with the
510 queen impossible.&amp;nbsp; Or third, that nothing so nefarious occurred and
511 her death was completely accidental; she simply fell while walking down
512 the stairs.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
513 &lt;P&gt;But everyone enjoyed gossip and scandal too much to let it pass.&amp;nbsp;
514 And Amy's maid told a jury that her mistress had often 'prayed to God to
515 deliver her from desperation', and many courtiers remembered Dudley's
516 public speculation about divorcing his wife.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was forced to
517 send Dudley from court until the funeral, but he did not attend the
518 service.&amp;nbsp; The queen sent Lady Norton as her representative, and it
519 was known that other ladies had been asked but refused to go because of
520 the scandal.&amp;nbsp; But Elizabeth's affection for Dudley was at its
521 greatest during these early years and could not be denied.&amp;nbsp; Soon
522 enough he was back at court and in as much favor as always.&amp;nbsp; Once,
523 during a boating party on the Thames, he asked the ambassador de Quadra,
524 who was also Bishop of Avila, to marry he and Elizabeth immediately.&amp;nbsp;
525 The ambassador remarked that he would do so as soon as the queen dismissed
526 her Protestant councilors from service.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
527 &lt;P&gt;In light of Amy Robsart's death, it is worth considering Elizabeth's
528 own feelings on the matter.&amp;nbsp; Her closest advisors thought she had
529 good cause to dread the woman's death, though not because of any
530 scandal.&amp;nbsp; The queen, they realized, enjoyed flirting with Dudley and
531 occasionally encouraged his fantasies, but she did not want to be given
532 the opportunity to marry him.&amp;nbsp; When Amy Robsart died, Elizabeth had
533 no ready excuse for denying Dudley's proposals.&lt;/P&gt;
534 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
535 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
536&lt;/blockquote&gt;
537
538&lt;blockquote&gt;
539 &lt;blockquote&gt;
540 &lt;blockquote&gt;
541 &lt;P&gt;But the queen had other, far more appropriate suitors.&amp;nbsp; Cecil's
542 natural inclination was to make peace with England's
543 traditional enemy, France.&amp;nbsp; He urged a match with one of Queen Catherine d'Medici and
544 King Henry II's sons.&amp;nbsp; These Francophile maneuvers began seriously
545 after Mary Stuart's French husband died in 1560 and she returned to
546 Scotland.&amp;nbsp; To thwart Cecil, other councilors pressed a Spanish
547 marriage, perhaps even to her former brother-in-law Philip.&amp;nbsp; The
548 queen expertly considered all options but never committed to any.&amp;nbsp;
549 This routine would continue until advancing age made childbirth
550 impossible.&amp;nbsp; Only then was Elizabeth truly free of parliamentary
551 meddling in her private affairs, a situation which had inspired several
552 famously bitter outbursts in 1566.&amp;nbsp; After insisting that the
553 succession was too weighty an issue for such &amp;quot;a knot of harebrains&amp;quot; as the
554 House of Commons, she later invoked her own arrest during Wyatt's
555 rebellion as the reason for her refusal to name a successor (if she would
556 not marry): &amp;quot;I did differ from her [Mary I] in religion and I was sought
557 for divers ways.&amp;nbsp; And so shall never be my successor.&amp;quot;&amp;nbsp; And, she
558 warned them, &amp;quot;as your Prince and head&amp;quot;, it was up to her to judge such
559 weighty political issues without parliamentary interference, &amp;quot;For it is
560 monstrous that the feet should direct the head.&amp;quot;&lt;/P&gt;
561 &lt;P&gt;In other words, they could discuss and debate and suggest - but only
562 Elizabeth could rule.&lt;/P&gt;
563 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
564 &lt;CENTER&gt;
565 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A
566 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz3.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE
567 READING&lt;/A&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
568 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
569 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
570 Monarchs&lt;BR&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;A
571 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen
572 Elizabeth I, part one&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
573 &lt;/CENTER&gt;
574 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
575 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
576&lt;/blockquote&gt;
577
578
579
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582</Content>
583</Section>
584</Archive>
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