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16 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
19 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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26 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
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39
40&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
41 &lt;tr&gt;
42 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
43 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
44 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
45 &lt;/tr&gt;
46 &lt;tr&gt;
47 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
48 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
49 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
50 &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot;
51 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
52 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
53 &lt;/tr&gt;
54 &lt;tr&gt;
55 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
56 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
57 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
58 &lt;IMG height=476
59 alt=&quot;'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys&quot;
60 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-metsys.jpg&quot; width=350 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
61 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
62 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
63 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
64 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan
65 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with
66 commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A
67 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
68 Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
69 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
70 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen
71 Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
72 Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
73 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne
74 Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
75 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary,
76 queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's
77 cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A
78 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
79 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
80 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
81 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
82 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen
83 fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
84 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
85 &lt;/td&gt;
86 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
87 &lt;/tr&gt;
88&lt;/table&gt;
89
90&lt;blockquote&gt;
91 &lt;blockquote&gt;
92 &lt;blockquote&gt;
93 &lt;hr&gt;
94 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
95 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
96 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my
97 Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be
98 ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
99 Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I to
100 Parliament, 1559&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
101 &lt;blockquote&gt;
102 &lt;blockquote&gt;
103 &lt;hr&gt;
104
105 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered
106 religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&amp;nbsp;
107 Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her
108 subjects' need for peace.&amp;nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. &lt;/P&gt;
109 &lt;P&gt;Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of
110 Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Henry's religious policies had
111 been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of
112 heresy.&amp;nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded,
113 and that changed from year to year.&amp;nbsp; Edward had been a devout
114 Protestant, as had his councilors.&amp;nbsp; The six years of his rule
115 witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern
116 England.&amp;nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and
117 Catholic.&amp;nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with
118 genuine religious fervor.&amp;nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to
119 England after a twenty-year absence.&amp;nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the
120 throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the
121 treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
122 &lt;P&gt;Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&amp;nbsp; Her Protestant
123 councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if
124 their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&amp;nbsp; They warned Elizabeth
125 that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and
126 strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&amp;nbsp; But for the
127 queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&amp;nbsp; If
128 they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private
129 worship.&amp;nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as
130 they wished at home.&amp;nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content
131 not to pry. &lt;/P&gt;
132 &lt;P&gt;This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was
133 considered a weakness by many.&amp;nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the
134 queen's promises. &lt;/P&gt;
135 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&amp;nbsp; The
136 new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&amp;nbsp;
137 This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let
138 the past go.&amp;nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to
139 court, though with a caustic wit.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
140 &lt;P&gt;Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&amp;nbsp; The
141 royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England
142 - was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&amp;nbsp; In the House
143 of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced
144 by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp;
145 Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she
146 felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent
147 Catholics.&amp;nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it
148 was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive
149 to Catholics.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was
150 passed.&amp;nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious
151 dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of
152 doctrine.&amp;nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as
153 Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly
154 outlined.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from
155 positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&amp;nbsp; In
156 total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
157 &lt;P&gt;Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on
158 both sides felt it inadequate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the
159 church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political
160 power in her person.&lt;/P&gt;
161 &lt;hr&gt;
162 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
163 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
164 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'From the very beginning&amp;nbsp; of her reign she has treated all
165 religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she
166 seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not
167 entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... &lt;BR&gt;In my
168 opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both
169 creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of
170 her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
171 size=-1&gt;the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
172 &lt;blockquote&gt;
173 &lt;blockquote&gt;
174 &lt;hr&gt;
175 &lt;P&gt;This balance was maintained successfully through most of her
176 reign.&amp;nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&amp;nbsp;
177 The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&amp;nbsp; This
178 extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal
179 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by
180 continental Presbyterians.&amp;nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule
181 only, that of Holy Scripture.&amp;nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of
182 ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the
183 supervision of a group of elders.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the parishes would
184 usurp the power of the queen. &lt;/P&gt;
185 &lt;P&gt;For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of
186 England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&amp;nbsp;
187&lt;/P&gt;
188 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement
189 underground.&amp;nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in
190 1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed
191 reforms.&amp;nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I
192 had created Protestant ones.&amp;nbsp; He was also more interested in
193 establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&amp;nbsp; A few
194 Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of
195 the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&amp;nbsp; It
196 remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&amp;nbsp;
197 Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however
198 unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; Puritan attempts
199 to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation.
200 &lt;/P&gt;
201 &lt;P&gt;The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very
202 life.&amp;nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic
203 extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
204 &lt;P&gt;The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively
205 quiet and content.&amp;nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of
206 England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&amp;nbsp; They believed
207 Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither
208 Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her
209 title.&amp;nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&amp;nbsp; The two
210 greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were
211 cautious but friendly.&amp;nbsp; England had long been a balance between their
212 competing interests.&amp;nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain
213 had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For her part, the queen took
214 care not to disturb calm waters. &lt;/P&gt;
215 &lt;P&gt;But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&amp;nbsp; In 1568, ten years into
216 her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and
217 choose sides.&lt;/P&gt;
218 &lt;P&gt;Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp; There was a
219 Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip
220 &lt;IMG height=216
221 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565&quot;
222 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz3-maryqos1.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;II sent the duke of
223 Alva to crush it.&amp;nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly
224 across the Channel from England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only
225 wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he
226 then look to England?&amp;nbsp; And that same year, &lt;A
227 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.ne%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
228 Stuart&lt;/A&gt; fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's
229 help.&amp;nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant
230 rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth
231 and her councilors were aghast.&amp;nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England
232 in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&amp;nbsp;
233 And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary
234 of Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable
235 focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots
236 would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And if Elizabeth
237 should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the
238 English throne.&amp;nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified;
239 what should they do with Mary Stuart? &lt;/P&gt;
240 &lt;P&gt;Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by
241 the Englishman William Allen.&amp;nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in
242 reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated
243 followers.&amp;nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan
244 plots and propaganda. &lt;/P&gt;
245 &lt;P&gt;For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully
246 maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&amp;nbsp; She took the
247 precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure
248 castles.&amp;nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an
249 inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&amp;nbsp; She sincerely
250 believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&amp;nbsp; She
251 never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet
252 sister'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that
253 Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&amp;nbsp; Her
254 infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of
255 Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&amp;nbsp; The
256 Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with
257 evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&amp;nbsp; Would
258 the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&amp;nbsp; It was indeed
259 a vexing problem.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to
260 investigate the charges against Mary. &lt;/P&gt;
261 &lt;P&gt;And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
262 &lt;hr&gt;
263 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
264 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
265 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded
266 with the old popish doctrine.' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Sir Ralph Sadler to
267 Sir William Cecil, 1569&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
268 &lt;blockquote&gt;
269 &lt;blockquote&gt;
270 &lt;hr&gt;
271 &lt;P&gt;The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor
272 dynasty.&amp;nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their
273 lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry
274 VII.&amp;nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal
275 authority over the fractious northern earls.&amp;nbsp; His son, Henry VIII,
276 was equally troubled.&amp;nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern
277 rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&amp;nbsp; Henry dealt
278 brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress
279 afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon
280 after their marriage.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the
281 north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&amp;nbsp; She rode north
282 after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned
283 queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&amp;nbsp; She
284 was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the
285 earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her
286 Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; She showed Norfolk some
287 degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal
288 relatives.&amp;nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious
289 differences.&amp;nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England
290 and thus had great influence.&amp;nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to
291 the queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
292 &lt;P&gt;The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in
293 1569.&amp;nbsp; What would the queen do?&amp;nbsp; Some of her councilors,
294 including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier
295 peer in England.&amp;nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin
296 Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his
297 opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&amp;nbsp; Two problems could
298 possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled
299 in England and the succession would be assured.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth recognized
300 this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she
301 live after the marriage?&amp;nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and
302 torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; As
303 future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&amp;nbsp; And what
304 support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to
305 sustain her?&amp;nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant
306 and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
307 &lt;P&gt;The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her
308 displeasure.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for
309 his country estate Kenninghall.&amp;nbsp; He refused a summons to appear
310 before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; Her anger was further
311 roused.&amp;nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and
312 his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&amp;nbsp; The northern
313 earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not
314 plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&amp;nbsp; He and Westmorland and
315 Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but
316 also including the erosion of their local authority.&amp;nbsp; As hereditary
317 nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&amp;nbsp;
318 This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as
319 well.&lt;/P&gt;
320 &lt;P&gt;But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland
321 and distrusted her character.&amp;nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for
322 Norfolk to be king.&amp;nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act
323 of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&amp;nbsp; As
324 their proclamation asserted: &lt;/P&gt;
325 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
326 &lt;p&gt;Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of
327 Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her
328 highness's people sendeth greeting:&amp;nbsp; Whereas divers new set up
329 nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to
330 overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also
331 misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve
332 years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy
333 contrary to God's word.&amp;nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof
334 divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will
335 be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same
336 .....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for
337 the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort
338 unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any
339 of you have.&lt;/p&gt;
340 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
341 &lt;p&gt;And throughout the north, they found ready
342 adherents for their cause.&amp;nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth
343 that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her
344 subjects.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex,
345 sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
346 &lt;P&gt;It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&amp;nbsp;
347 Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for
348 the possibility of&lt;IMG height=345 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I&quot;
349 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfan.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; becoming king?&amp;nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of
350 Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&amp;nbsp; The rebels
351 themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their
352 church.&amp;nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&amp;nbsp;
353 The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their
354 property to the crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
355 &lt;P&gt;The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended
356 satisfactorily enough.&amp;nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England
357 must be more carefully watched and controlled.&amp;nbsp; And as a result of
358 the rebellion, &lt;I&gt;Regnans in excelsis&lt;/I&gt; was issued by the papacy in
359 March 1570.&amp;nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth
360 I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all
361 loyalty and obedience to her office.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe
362 were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&amp;nbsp; She was a
363 heretic and enemy of the true faith.&amp;nbsp; This moment had been long
364 expected in England.&amp;nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant
365 councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. &lt;/P&gt;
366 &lt;P&gt;A papal bull could be a powerful document.&amp;nbsp; It could be used by
367 any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her
368 former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&amp;nbsp; In 1571,
369 parliament took action.&amp;nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a
370 heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; The fines for recusants,
371 those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased
372 dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&amp;nbsp; Many noble
373 Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines;
374 they were driven into poverty.&amp;nbsp; In later years, it would become
375 treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to
376 leave England.&amp;nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against
377 Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&amp;nbsp; Many of these plots were led
378 by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to
379 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
380 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&amp;nbsp;
381 Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and
382 Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&amp;nbsp; English Catholics were
383 deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from
384 European allies was slowly being cut off.&amp;nbsp; This support was
385 particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert
386 Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political
387 treason.&amp;nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and
388 it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise
389 in Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects'
390 ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only
391 of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. &lt;/P&gt;
392 &lt;P&gt;Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the
393 queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&amp;nbsp; They were
394 condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
395 &lt;P&gt;The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she
396 was forced into continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; This was not of her
397 choosing.&amp;nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal
398 actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the
399 role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of
400 Protestantism in Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
401 &lt;P&gt;At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with
402 France.&amp;nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by
403 considering a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of
404 accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&amp;nbsp; But then
405 Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to
406 systematically attack its Protestant population.&amp;nbsp; They in turn sought
407 Elizabeth's aid.&amp;nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under
408 attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of
409 1572. &lt;/P&gt;
410 &lt;P&gt;Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished
411 with the Netherlands?&amp;nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying
412 English trade or invasion.&amp;nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned
413 by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged
414 caution.&amp;nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she
415 faced wars with France and Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would save her precious
416 treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence
417 loathed to part with money.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
418 &lt;P&gt;She prevaricated as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; She allowed English ships
419 under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from
420 the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she
421 gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&amp;nbsp; She sent small contingents
422 of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily
423 over the next several years.&amp;nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting
424 insurrection in Ireland. &lt;/P&gt;
425 &lt;P&gt;This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots
426 continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.&lt;/P&gt;
427 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
428 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A
429 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE
430 READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
431 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
432 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
433 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
434 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen
435 Elizabeth I, part two&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
436 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
437 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
438&lt;/blockquote&gt;
439
440
441
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444</Content>
445</Section>
446</Archive>
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