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16 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Mary I of England half-sister of Elizabeth I 'Bloody Mary' : Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
19 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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26 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
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40
41&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
42 &lt;tr&gt;
43 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
44 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
45&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In thee, O lord, is my trust, let me never be
46 confounded: if God be for us, who can be against us?' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
47 size=-1&gt;Mary Tudor's constant exclamation as queen of England&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
48 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
49 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
50 &lt;/tr&gt;
51 &lt;tr&gt;
52 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
53 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
54 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
55 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1cardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Queen Mary I&quot; width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
56 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
57 &lt;/tr&gt;
58 &lt;tr&gt;
59 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
60 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
61 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
62 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I, by a follower of Anthonis Mor, c.1555-58&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
63 &lt;blockquote&gt;
64 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
65 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
66 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
67 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Queen Mary I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
68 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
69 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmarygovt.html&quot;&gt;Marian
70 government policies and religious legislation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
71 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read
72 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;the letter Mary
73 wrote to Henry VIII, acknowledging her illegitimacy,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;A
74 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;her speech at the
75 Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;A
76 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary
77 description of the queen&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A
78 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;a letter from
79 Katharine of Aragon to her daughter&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
80 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
81 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit
82 the &lt;A
83 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of
84 Aragon site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Mary's mother. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
85 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
86 Grey&lt;/A&gt; site to learn more about Mary's cousin.&lt;br&gt;Visit the
87 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
88 Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; site to learn more about Mary's half-sister.&lt;/p&gt;
89 &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
90 &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Queen Mary's life at &lt;A
91 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
92 &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
93 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
94 A comprehensive exploration of Mary's life, featuring a lengthy
95 biography and numerous portraits.&amp;nbsp; It also has ancillary studies of
96 music, portraiture, genealogy, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
97 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
98 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
99 &lt;/td&gt;
100 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
101 &lt;/tr&gt;
102&lt;/table&gt;
103
104&lt;blockquote&gt;
105 &lt;blockquote&gt;
106 &lt;blockquote&gt;
107 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
108 &lt;hr&gt;
109 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have four certain and open enemies: the heretics
110 and schismatics, the rebels and adherents of the duke of Northumberland,
111 the king of France and Scotland, and the Lady Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
112 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;the Imperial ambassador Renard to Queen Mary, 1553&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
113 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
114 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
115&lt;/blockquote&gt;
116&lt;blockquote&gt;
117 &lt;blockquote&gt;
118 &lt;blockquote&gt;
119 &lt;hr&gt;
120 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
121 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The sad life of England's first female
122 ruler is rendered even more tragic in comparison with her half-sister
123 and successor's reign.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary Tudor, destined - like her
124 half-brother and predecessor - to languish between those two giants of
125 English history, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Yet there is much to
126 warrant even a brief examination of her life and reign.&amp;nbsp; Though her
127 hated half-sister would outshine her in virtually every sphere -
128 physical, political, intellectual, artistic - Mary also had a formidable
129 impact upon English history.&amp;nbsp; Throughout the first thirty-seven
130 years of her life, she was tossed about by the whims of her father and,
131 later and perhaps more galling, her Protestant brother and his
132 council.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps inevitable that when she first tasted real
133 power, the experience would be both intoxicating and unfortunate.&lt;/FONT&gt;
134 &lt;/p&gt;
135
136 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;When Mary came to the throne, she
137 was thirty-seven years old.&amp;nbsp; She had never been married though, in
138 her youth, several matches had been suggested and abandoned.&amp;nbsp;
139 Contrary to later beliefs, Henry VIII was pleased with her birth in
140 1516, proudly displaying the infant Mary to visiting ambassadors and&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=387 alt=&quot;Princess Mary, age 28, painted by Master John&quot;
141 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryage28.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
142 noblemen.&amp;nbsp; It was only years later, with Mary as his sole
143 legitimate offspring, that Henry began his desperate search for a
144 son.&amp;nbsp; This search would forever brand him as a misogynist and cruel
145 tyrant who discarded, divorced, and beheaded the women who did not bear
146 him sons.&amp;nbsp; But one must be fair to Henry and judge him by the
147 standards of his time, which certainly his contemporaries did.&amp;nbsp; He
148 was only the second Tudor monarch and, as such, he understood the
149 necessity of stabilizing the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, his father
150 had only won the crown in 1485, barely thirty years before Mary's
151 birth.&amp;nbsp; And if Henry VII, born the unprepossessing earl of
152 Richmond, could steal the crown then his son's actions can be
153 understood.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, Henry VIII was determined the crown
154 would remain in Tudor hands.&amp;nbsp; Mary, like her half-sister Elizabeth,
155 was always recognized as his daughter.&amp;nbsp; But England had never had a
156 woman ruler, one who ruled in her own right without a male consort or as
157 regent for an infant son.&amp;nbsp; The only possible precedent was Matilda,
158 Henry I's heir, and the precedent was not good - Matilda was expelled by
159 the English barons and her cousin Stephen of Blois was made king.&amp;nbsp;
160 Though this had happened four centuries before, its lesson was still
161 valid.&lt;/FONT&gt;
162 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With this in mind, Henry's
163 treatment of Mary's mother becomes - if not palatable - at least
164 understandable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the petty cruelties and humiliations he
165 forced upon her were his own doing but the overall aim was to ensure the
166 Tudor succession.&amp;nbsp; But all this happened years after Mary's
167 birth.&amp;nbsp; From 1516 to about 1530, Mary led a happy, sheltered
168 life.&amp;nbsp; She was considered one of the most important European
169 princesses and Henry used her as every king used his daughter - as a
170 pawn in political negotiations.&amp;nbsp; She was also well-educated with a
171 fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic skill.&amp;nbsp; Her
172 mother, Katharine of Aragon, was deeply devoted to Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was
173 a reflection of Katharine's strongly domestic nature as well as the
174 numerous miscarriages she suffered.&amp;nbsp; Any mother would naturally
175 love a child but Katharine had lost enough children to make her
176 especially devoted to the one who survived.&amp;nbsp; When Henry proposed
177 the idea of divorce, Katharine fought it passionately, not least because
178 divorce would destroy her daughter's future.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was the
179 youngest daughter of those great Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragon
180 and Isabella of Castile, the 'Catholic Kings' who united Spain
181 geographically and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Through her mother, she could
182 trace her lineage to John of Gaunt, that legendary figure in English
183 history.&amp;nbsp; She grew up as an Infanta of Spain; and, unlike Henry,
184 her claim to royalty was not a mere few decades old.&amp;nbsp; As such, she
185 was naturally proud and dignified.&amp;nbsp; Mary inherited this pride as
186 well as her mother's enduring affection for Spain.&amp;nbsp; When she became
187 queen, this affection was to have terrible consequences.&lt;/FONT&gt;
188 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Educated by her mother and a ducal
189 governess, Mary was at last betrothed to her cousin, the Holy Roman
190 Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain.)&amp;nbsp; Charles made the
191 unfortunate demand that she come to Spain immediately, accompanied by a
192 huge cash dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry ignored the request and Charles jilted
193 Mary, concluding a match with a more accommodating princess.&amp;nbsp;
194 Meanwhile, Henry invested his daughter as Princess of Wales in 1525 and
195 she held court at Ludlow Castle.&amp;nbsp; With this decision, Henry meant
196 to soothe Katharine's fears that Mary's position as the only legitimate
197 Tudor heir was being undermined.&amp;nbsp; Only a few weeks before the
198 investiture, Mary had attended a ceremony in which her father ennobled
199 his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as duke of Richmond (among various
200 other titles.)&amp;nbsp; And though he sharply rebuked Katharine for
201 criticizing his open affection for Fitzroy, and the accompanying titles
202 and wealth he gave the boy, Henry did not neglect his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In
203 fact, Mary was the first princess of Wales, and the first female royal
204 to hold court at Ludlow.&amp;nbsp; But of course, sending Mary to Wales was
205 not the same as sending a son and heir; Henry never intended her to rule
206 England, at least not as its sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; Her role in Wales would
207 be primarily symbolic, and she would be replaced as soon as he had a
208 legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; This elusive son - Henry's most fervent wish
209 - occupied his mind even as he continued to scour Europe for a suitable
210 husband for Mary.&lt;/FONT&gt;
211 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Yet even as new betrothal plans
212 were being made, the king's attention was increasingly elsewhere.&amp;nbsp;
213 Henry had met Anne Boleyn, daughter of a simple knight and sister of a
214 former mistress.&amp;nbsp; His passionate attraction to Anne, coupled with
215 the increased need for a male heir, made Henry restless.&amp;nbsp; He looked
216 at Katharine, nine years his senior and as domestic as Anne was exotic,
217 with new eyes.&amp;nbsp; At first he sought a quiet, amicable annulment of
218 their long
219 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Certainly such a decision was not revolutionary; Henry
220 could cite numerous examples in European history where kings had
221 annulled marriages to barren queens.&amp;nbsp; Since he and Katharine had a
222 mutual respect and affection for one another, Henry anticipated her
223 cooperation.&amp;nbsp; Certainly he would tread with delicacy but - in the
224 end - his will would be done.&lt;/FONT&gt;
225 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;But Henry had not anticipated his
226 wife's immediate and intense anger.&amp;nbsp; For he had based his argument
227 upon theology - in short, Henry argued that because Katharine had been
228 briefly married to his brother, Arthur, her marriage to Henry was
229 incestuous.&amp;nbsp; Katharine responded that this matter was already
230 resolved.&amp;nbsp; Before she wed Henry, the Pope had granted a
231 dispensation.&amp;nbsp; He did so under political pressure from Henry VII
232 and Ferdinand - but also because Katharine swore she and Arthur had
233 never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a virgin when
234 she wed Henry, a fact Henry would be certain to know.&amp;nbsp; Cynics could
235 not help but mock the King's sudden attack of conscience, occurring some
236 twenty years into the marriage and in the midst of his affair with Anne
237 Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt;
238 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
239 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to argue
240 that Anne had no role in his decision.&amp;nbsp; In his mid-thirties, Henry
241 had entered into the most passionate romantic attachment of his
242 life.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, after her death, he would complain that Anne had
243 'bewitched' him.&amp;nbsp; It was true that Henry displayed an intensity of
244 feeling toward her which shocked their contemporaries.&amp;nbsp; Today we
245 can read his love letters to her; across the span of four centuries,
246 they retain their power.&amp;nbsp; Anne was not beautiful but she possessed
247 greater gifts - she was witty, graceful, and stylish.&amp;nbsp; She had been
248 educated at the glittering French court so she sang and danced
249 beautifully, skills which Henry admired.&amp;nbsp; She was also very
250 intelligent and confident.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her older sister Mary, Anne
251 Boleyn had no desire to be the king's temporary mistress.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
252 she had intended to wed Henry Percy, heir to the earl of Northumberland,
253 until the king - already enchanted - put a stop to the match.&amp;nbsp; He
254 wrote to Percy's father, arguing against the unsuitable match.&amp;nbsp; A
255 knight's daughter wed to one of the most important peers of the
256 realm?&amp;nbsp; Percy's angry father immediately sent for his son, ending
257 the romance but not the attachment.&amp;nbsp; Percy wrote poetry about Anne
258 and, at her trial, he had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the
259 other peers, he could not bear to sit in judgment of her.&amp;nbsp; For
260 Anne, the loss of Percy was undoubtedly galling.&amp;nbsp; After all, had
261 the king ended the engagement simply to make her his mistress?&amp;nbsp;
262 Henry's disregard for her personal feelings, his interference in her
263 personal life, was not endearing.&amp;nbsp; But it convinced Anne of the
264 king's attraction and she resolved to be his wife or nothing.&lt;/FONT&gt;
265 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;For Mary, the sudden ascent of
266 Anne Boleyn signaled the end of her world.&amp;nbsp; Her beloved mother,
267 equally loved by the English people, was being forced aside by a former
268 lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Her father was determined to declare her a
269 bastard; in effect, Henry's charge of incest dissolved his marriage and
270 illegitimized his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this, Mary developed a
271 lasting hatred of Anne Boleyn which extended to Anne's daughter,
272 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She never openly blamed her father for his actions,
273 though she considered them unlawful and impious.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she
274 persuaded herself that he had been Anne Boleyn's pawn.&amp;nbsp; Such a
275 reaction was perhaps inevitable.&amp;nbsp; However, it was to have an
276 unfortunate impact upon Elizabeth's life.&lt;/FONT&gt;
277 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The Pope refused to recognize
278 Henry's argument for an annulment or divorce and thus began a power
279 struggle between the Vatican, Spain, and England.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
280 nephew, Charles V, naturally agreed with his aunt for personal and
281 political reasons. He exerted considerable military and political
282 pressure against the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry's numerous petitions were
283 disregarded.&amp;nbsp; Eventually he simply gave up and decided the matter
284 himself.&amp;nbsp; In 1534 Henry took the unprecedented step of breaking
285 with Rome, establishing the Church of England with himself as Supreme
286 Head.&amp;nbsp; The annulment was granted and Katharine and Mary were
287 officially outcasts.&lt;/FONT&gt;
288 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Mary continued
289 her somewhat restricted life.&amp;nbsp; Despite her declared illegitimacy,
290 Henry continued to propose various husbands for her.&amp;nbsp; The searches
291 were not particularly thorough or serious, however, and Mary remained a
292 spinster.&amp;nbsp; She was now in her late twenties, leaving behind her
293 youth and - most importantly for a woman - her safest reproductive
294 years.&lt;/FONT&gt;
295 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Even before the official decree,
296 Henry had stopped living with Katharine and recognizing her as
297 Queen.&amp;nbsp; He took Anne Boleyn with him to France to meet his rival
298 Francis I; this was an important state visit and her appearance was
299 commented upon.&amp;nbsp; Henry, however, had already ordered Katharine to
300 surrender her jewelry; Anne now wore it.&amp;nbsp; He also sent Katharine to
301 one decaying residence after another, dismissing several of her devoted
302 servants.&amp;nbsp; Though deprived of her title, home, jewels, and
303 companionship, Katharine never recognized the divorce.&amp;nbsp; She refused
304 the title of Princess Dowager, offered by Henry as recognition of her
305 marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She continued to assert that
306 she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, above
307 all else, she professed faith in the judgment of the Pope.&amp;nbsp; A
308 devout Catholic, daughter of the monarchs who introduced the Inquisition
309 to Spain, Katharine never acknowledged the Church of England.&amp;nbsp;
310 Since she had raised her daughter to be equally devout, Mary also
311 refused to acknowledge both the Church and her father's position as
312 Supreme Head.&lt;/FONT&gt;
313 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Henry
314 VIII, though ostensibly head of a new church which overthrew the
315 Catholic supremacy, remained a devout Catholic&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; throughout his
316 life.&amp;nbsp; He continued to attend Mass and heartily despised 'heretics'
317 like Martin Luther.&amp;nbsp; But Henry possessed the ability to separate
318 the secular from the spiritual, a quality which Mary completely lacked
319 and Elizabeth honed to fine perfection.&amp;nbsp; Though his son would
320 become a bigoted Protestant determined to stamp out Catholicism and his
321 eldest daughter a bigoted Catholic determined to stamp out
322 Protestantism, Henry was a Catholic who lapsed when it suited him.&amp;nbsp;
323 Of course, he always asserted theological justification for the lapses.&amp;nbsp;
324 However, he would not allow Katharine or Mary to deny his authority.&amp;nbsp;
325 Both paid a stiff penalty for their refusal to submit.&amp;nbsp; Katharine,
326 as noted, was sent from court and deprived of all accustomed luxuries.&amp;nbsp;
327 Mary was equally disgraced.&amp;nbsp; Now a bastard, declared such by
328 Parliament, she was denied any communication with her mother and made
329 lady-in-waiting to Anne and Henry's daughter, Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Unlike
330 Mary, Elizabeth was recognized as a Princess of the realm.&amp;nbsp; For the
331 seventeen-year-old Mary, the complete reversal of her fortune was
332 devastating.&amp;nbsp; She began to suffer from a variety of illnesses,
333 undoubtedly stress-related.&amp;nbsp; These plagued her until her death,
334 causing such symptoms as severe headaches, nausea, insomnia, and
335 infrequent menstruation.&lt;/FONT&gt;
336 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Anne took an equal dislike of
337 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple fact that if Anne and Elizabeth's fortunes
338 rose, Mary's would fall.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was legitimate only
339 if Mary was not, and vice versa.&amp;nbsp; Anne would have been foolish to
340 encourage any reconciliation between Henry and Mary, quite possibly she
341 did the opposite.&amp;nbsp; But after her fall from grace, Henry offered to
342 pardon Mary and restore her to favor - but only if Mary acknowledged him
343 as head of the Church of England and admitted the 'incestuous
344 illegality' of his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; To Mary's credit, she
345 refused to do so until her cousin, Charles V, persuaded her
346 otherwise.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A
347 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;She gave in to
348 Henry's demands&lt;/A&gt;, an action she was to always regret.&amp;nbsp;
349 Meanwhile, Katharine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton Castle, loving -
350 and defying - Henry to the last; &lt;A
351 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;her final letter&lt;/A&gt;
352 to him was signed 'Katharine the Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine and Mary had
353 not seen one another for years though they had written one another,
354 against Henry's orders, in great secrecy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's last
355 thoughts were undoubtedly of her daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt;
356 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry, however, was soon
357 reconciled to Mary.&amp;nbsp; Flush with marriage to the meek Jane Seymour
358 and her quick pregnancy, he welcomed Mary home.&amp;nbsp; She was given a
359 household befitting her position as his daughter and included in court
360 festivities; there were even rumors of a possible marriage in her
361 future.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour encouraged Henry's reconciliation with both
362 of his daughters.&amp;nbsp; Mary, in turn, respected and liked the new
363 queen.&amp;nbsp; She was named godmother to Henry and Jane's son, Prince
364 Edward, born in October 1537; and when Jane died shortly after her son's
365 birth, Mary was the chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; Their friendship was not so
366 unlikely.&amp;nbsp; They were relatively close in age and Mary, having lost
367 her mother and longing for her father's affection, was grateful for any
368 kindness.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, she had the satisfaction of knowing
369 Elizabeth, too, was bastardized; Anne Boleyn's execution on charges of
370 incest and treason had illegitimized her daughter.&amp;nbsp; It is revealing
371 to note that, upon her ascension, Mary revoked the Act of Parliament
372 which made her a bastard.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, upon ascension, didn't bother
373 to do so.&lt;/FONT&gt;
374 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;However, Mary and Elizabeth were
375 not forgotten.&amp;nbsp; After Jane's death, Henry determined the line of
376 succession as follows:&amp;nbsp; first, Edward or Edward's heirs; if Edward
377 died without issue, the throne passed to Mary; after Mary, to
378 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry recognized the fragility of his succession,
379 resting as it did upon just one son.&amp;nbsp; He, after all, was a second
380 son.&amp;nbsp; But there was little he could do.&amp;nbsp; His fourth marriage,
381 to Anne of Cleves, had ended disastrously.&amp;nbsp; She was too
382 unnattractive for the king so she was titled 'the king's sister' and
383 given a generous pension.&amp;nbsp; Anne preferred this solution to
384 returning home.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=352
385 alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-cr.jpg&quot; width=270
386 align=right border=2&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Soon
387 enough, Henry's attentions were captured elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; He wed
388 Catherine Howard, cousin to the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; It was a
389 pathetic match.&amp;nbsp; Henry was old enough to be her grandfather,
390 plainly in lust with a young woman who exuded sex appeal.&amp;nbsp; Mary's
391 opinion on the match is not known but it would be safe to assume that
392 even if she disapproved, she would never say so.&amp;nbsp; Mary recognized
393 her father's secular authority as king even as she disapproved of his
394 spiritual authority as head of the English Church.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
395 there was barely time to know Catherine before she, too, was executed on
396 charges of adultery.&amp;nbsp; Whether she was guilty is a matter of
397 conjecture; if she was, one can hardly blame her and, if she wasn't, she
398 was yet another blot upon Henry's conscience.&amp;nbsp; In her defense, she
399 refused the easy path of divorce.&amp;nbsp; Henry offered to recognize a
400 pre-contract with another nobleman.&amp;nbsp; If she, too, recognized it,
401 their marriage would be invalid.&amp;nbsp; Catherine would be divorced but
402 still alive.&amp;nbsp; She refused to admit such an arrangement, however,
403 and met her end at the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
404 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry's last queen was the
405 Protestant Katharine Parr, twice-widowed and chosen for her excellent
406 character and nursing abilities.&amp;nbsp; Like Jane Seymour, Katharine Parr
407 was determined to bring the royal family closer together.&amp;nbsp; To that
408 end, she provided the only true home and maternal guidance Edward and
409 Elizabeth would ever know.&amp;nbsp; She also befriended Mary, a difficult
410 task because of their opposing religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however,
411 did respect Katharine's intellectual accomplishments.&lt;/FONT&gt;
412 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr was the product of
413 the changing climate in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; When he ended Catholic
414 supremacy in England, dissolving the monasteries and granting their
415 lands to various nobles and the crown, Henry had begun a process whose
416 end he never foresaw.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry never became a
417 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But his decision to use Protestantism for his own ends
418 allowed Protestantism to flourish.&amp;nbsp; Toward the end of his reign,
419 there were few councilors who could remember the Catholic
420 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; They had benefited from the break with Rome, both
421 spiritually and materially; Henry, meanwhile, never understood the force
422 he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine made the mistake of arguing about
423 theology with him, she came very close to losing her head.&amp;nbsp; Only a
424 timely intervention and her own impassioned apology saved her.&amp;nbsp; But
425 upon Henry's death and Edward's ascension, the Protestant faction was in
426 control.&amp;nbsp; The new king, just nine years old, had Protestant tutors
427 and a Protestant step-mother.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, Edward VI is revealed in his
428 journal as a priggish, unfeeling boy who noted the executions of his
429 uncles with no trace of compassion.&amp;nbsp; His letters to Katharine Parr,
430 however, are the only examples of feeling and affection which he left
431 behind.&amp;nbsp; To her, he confided his insecurity and
432 vulnerability.&lt;/FONT&gt;
433 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr's influence on
434 Edward VI was to simply strengthen the Protestantism which his tutors
435 and the English court encouraged.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, the situation was
436 disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Edward, swayed by religious fervor and his advisors,
437 made English compulsory for church services.&amp;nbsp; Mary continued to
438 celebrate Mass in the old form and in Latin.&amp;nbsp; During the six years
439 of her brother's reign, she tread the fine line between piety and
440 treason.&amp;nbsp; Edward attempted to reason with her at court yet she
441 refused his advice.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was a woman in her thirties and he
442 was still a child.&amp;nbsp; Edward was also under the control of the Duke
443 of Somerset, Jane Seymour's staunchly Protestant brother.&amp;nbsp; Though
444 Henry VIII's will had specified a specific group of councilors to guide
445 his son's regency, his wishes were disregarded.&amp;nbsp; His fellow
446 councilors, most of whom had profited from the Catholic expulsion,
447 titled Somerset Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; The nine-year-old king had no deep
448 affection for his uncle; Somerset kept Edward short of pocket money and
449 hired harsh tutors who regularly beat the boy.&amp;nbsp; But their religious
450 sympathies were similar.&amp;nbsp; Mary managed to disregard the combined
451 pressure of Somerset and Edward, largely because she stayed away from
452 court.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was firm with her.&amp;nbsp; He told her she was
453 misguided and occasionally threatened her.&amp;nbsp; Mary was intelligent
454 enough to not risk open disobedience, preferring the quiet celebration
455 of Mass in her country home.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, in 1549, Somerset had
456 overstepped his authority and was executed.&amp;nbsp; His fall was largely
457 engineered by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and soon-to-be Duke of
458 Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; From then on, Edward was under Dudley's
459 control.&lt;/FONT&gt;
460 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Edward VI ruled for just seven
461 years.&amp;nbsp; The last year of his life was one of near-constant pain and
462 suffering.&amp;nbsp; Various illnesses have been suggested, &lt;/FONT&gt;
463 &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;consumption
464 being the most likely.&amp;nbsp; He had never been of robust health, unlike
465 his father, and the Protestant councilors did all they could to prolong
466 his life.&amp;nbsp; To that end, Edward was given arsenic and various other
467 poisons which were believed to prolong life even as they increased
468 suffering.&amp;nbsp; For Dudley and his supporters, Edward's death was
469 inevitable but they needed every available moment to prevent Mary from
470 ascending the throne.&amp;nbsp; They were not fools and knew their fate with
471 a Catholic queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley hurriedly married his son Guildford to &lt;A
472 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
473 Grey&lt;/A&gt;, Edward VI's Protestant, scholarly cousin.&amp;nbsp; Like Edward,
474 Jane was a pawn in Dudley's schemes.&amp;nbsp; She was the granddaughter of
475 Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor and, thus, a remote claimant to
476 the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Working together, Edward and Dudley
477 disregarded Henry VIII's will yet again and barred both Mary and
478 Elizabeth from the succession.&amp;nbsp; In turn, Edward willed the throne
479 to Jane and her heirs.&amp;nbsp; When he finally died, Jane was declared
480 Queen by Dudley and the Protestant lords.&lt;/FONT&gt;
481 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Jane Grey's ascension to the
482 throne lasted but nine days.&amp;nbsp; Though the Protestant councilors were
483 not fond of Mary's religious views, many still regarded her as the
484 rightful heir.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, Bluff King Hal's daughter.&amp;nbsp;
485 Like her mother, Mary had enormous sympathy from the English people, a
486 gift she was to squander recklessly.&amp;nbsp; Many viewed her as the poor
487 victim of Anne Boleyn's scheming, a quiet, kindly, and pious woman.&amp;nbsp;
488 It should be noted that &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;the
489 English people cared not so much for her religious views as they did her
490 parentage.&amp;nbsp; She was the old king's child and therefore, she should
491 follow Edward to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This loyalty to Mary's dynastic
492 claims was something she never fully understood.&amp;nbsp; As queen, Mary
493 was capable of both extreme affection and disdain for her English
494 subjects.&lt;/FONT&gt;
495 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With Jane declared queen, Mary
496 fled to Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though her closest friends advised against it,
497 she soon decided to ride to London and stake her own claim to the
498 throne.&amp;nbsp; The people of London welcomed her ecstatically.&amp;nbsp; Mary
499 arrested Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley, though she displayed her
500 typical leniency by not immediately executing them.&amp;nbsp; When Jane's
501 fugitive father attempted to lead an uprising for her, Mary had him
502 executed along with John Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Jane and Guildford, however,
503 remained in the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
504 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
505 &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
506
507 &lt;blockquote&gt;
508
509 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
510 &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
511 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;The PRIMARY
512 SOURCES section contains many documents related to Queen Mary:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
513 &lt;FONT
514 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;-&lt;/B&gt;read a letter to Mary from her mother, Katharine of
515 Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
516 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read the entire text of Mary's letter to her father, in which
517 she acknowledged Henry as head of the church of England, the dissolution
518 of his marriage to Katharine of Aragon &amp;amp; her own illegitimacy (a
519 letter she later disavowed)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
520 &lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a journal entry of
521 Edward VI, in which he recorded a religious dispute with
522 Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
523 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;- read a letter from Catherine Parr to Mary&lt;/FONT&gt;
524 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read Mary's speech
525 at the Guildhall, in which she asked for loyalty in the face of Wyatt's
526 uprising&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
527 &lt;FONT
528 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a letter from Lady Jane Grey to Mary, in which Jane
529 explains the circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine
530 days&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
531 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford
532 Dudley&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
533 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the execution of Archbishop Thomas
534 Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
535 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a contemporary description of Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt;
536 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/FONT&gt;
537
538 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
539
540 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
541 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;/font&gt;
542 &lt;CENTER&gt;
543 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
544 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
545 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
546 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
547 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
548 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
549 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
550&lt;/blockquote&gt;
551
552
553
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556</Content>
557</Section>
558</Archive>
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