Context Navigation

source: other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Web-Tudor/archives/HASH4449.dir/doc.xml@ 28812

Last change on this file since 28812 was 28812, checked in by ak19, 10 years ago
AUTOCOMMIT by gen-model-colls.sh script. Message: Clean rebuild of model collections 1/2. Clearing out deprecated archives and index.
File size: 30.8 KB

Line
1	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
2	<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
3	<Archive>
4	<Section>
5	<Description>
6	<Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
7	<Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
8	<Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
9	<Metadata name="FileSize">24390</Metadata>
10	<Metadata name="Source">wolsey.html</Metadata>
11	<Metadata name="SourceFile">wolsey.html</Metadata>
12	<Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
13	<Metadata name="Encoding">utf8</Metadata>
14	<Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
15	<Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
16	<Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
17	<Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
18	<Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html</Metadata>
19	<Metadata name="weblink"><a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html"></Metadata>
20	<Metadata name="webicon">_iconworld_</Metadata>
21	<Metadata name="/weblink"></a></Metadata>
22	<Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period\|Citizens</Metadata>
23	<Metadata name="Identifier">HASH444986a5947f1f93dd4461</Metadata>
24	<Metadata name="lastmodified">1391133421</Metadata>
25	<Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140131</Metadata>
26	<Metadata name="oailastmodified">1391133763</Metadata>
27	<Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140131</Metadata>
28	<Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH4449.dir</Metadata>
29	<Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
30	<Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">wolsey-small.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
31	</Description>
32	<Content>
33
34	<center><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif" ALT="Thomas Wolsey" height=67 width=286>
35	<br>born c. 1465 in Ipswich
36	<br>died 29 November 1530 in Leicester</center>
37
38	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
39	He was a man
40	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
41	Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
42	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
43	Himself with princes...
44	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
45	His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
46	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
47	But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
48	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
49	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII</i>.</font>
50	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
51	Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.</font>
52	<blockquote>&nbsp;</blockquote>
53	&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
54	O Cromwell, Cromwell!
55	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
56	Had I but served my God with half the zeal
57	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
58	I served my king, he would not in mine age
59	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
60	Have left me naked to mine enemies.
61	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
62	<i>All Is True</i>. Wolsey's speech in act IV.</font>
63	<br>&nbsp;
64	<br>&nbsp;
65	<p><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg" ALT="Cardinal Wolsey" BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
66	The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
67	VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
68	and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&nbsp; He was
69	born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&nbsp;
70	But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
71	Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&nbsp; Five years later, he
72	became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
73	Sir Richard Nanfan.&nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
74	Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&nbsp;
75	Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
76	was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
77	death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&nbsp; Upon Henry's
78	death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
79	found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
80	to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
81	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
82	as one could be to a king.&nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
83	mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
84	diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
85	and English-arbitrated European peace.&nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
86	though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&nbsp; He
87	was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
88	but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
89	international affairs.&nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
90	spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
91	English life.
92	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
93	and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
94	delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&nbsp; The early years of Henry's
95	reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
96	in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&nbsp; And
97	while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
98	on Wolsey's assistance.&nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
99	changed by the French expedition of 1513.&nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
100	to prove English strength in battle against this old
101	<br>enemy.&nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
102	young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&nbsp; When Henry VII
103	died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&nbsp;
104	Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
105	but not lively.&nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
106	dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
107	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
108	a successful military strike against France.&nbsp; After one failure, he
109	went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&nbsp;
110	Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
111	Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&nbsp; Of course, the English
112	couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
113	peace.&nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&nbsp;
114	At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&nbsp;
115	The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
116	her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
117	Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&nbsp; Mary and Brandon
118	were the grandparents of <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html">Lady
119	Jane Grey</a>.
120	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
121	was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&nbsp; England would be taken
122	seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
123	and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&nbsp; Henry
124	was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
125	Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
126	months later, archbishop of York.&nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&nbsp;
127	The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
128	of England.
129	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
130	taken into Henry's complete confidence.&nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
131	and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&nbsp;
132	Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
133	Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
134	dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
135	his marriage.&nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
136	to it.&nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
137	servant, Wolsey, for help.
138	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
139	himself as second only to Henry in power.&nbsp; This naturally angered
140	the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&nbsp;
141	They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
142	the king.&nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
143	as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
144	the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&nbsp; In the natural order, he
145	was their inferior.&nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
146	particularly the powerful dukes.
147	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&nbsp;
148	That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
149	arrogance?&nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
150	his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&nbsp; Wolsey was his
151	creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
152	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
153	Henry.&nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
154	that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&nbsp; (The complexity
155	of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
156	here.&nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's <i>Henry VIII: The Mask of
157	Royalty</i>, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
158	century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
159	Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
160	his own inadequacies.&nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&nbsp;
161	In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&nbsp;
162	With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
163	to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&nbsp; At Hampton
164	Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
165	richly embroidered livery.&nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
166	knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&nbsp; But his ties
167	to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&nbsp;
168	He could not serve two masters.
169	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
170	Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&nbsp; As stated
171	before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&nbsp;
172	At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
173	the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&nbsp; The situation became even
174	more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
175	Roman Emperor in 1519.&nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
176	with the Imperial power.&nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
177	with the Lowlands), history (England was
178	<br>rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
179	Katharine's nephew.)&nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
180	and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
181	favor.&nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
182	between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
183	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
184	broke out in 1521.&nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
185	Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&nbsp; But war costs a great deal
186	of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&nbsp;
187	And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&nbsp; This unpleasant
188	task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
189	and, accordingly, take the blame.
190	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
191	taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&nbsp; In 1528, the English
192	were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
193	1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&nbsp; It
194	was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
195	troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&nbsp; The Emperor
196	Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
197	of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
198	sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&nbsp; However, Charles - and
199	the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
200	and the pope.
201	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
202	judicial system.&nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
203	Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&nbsp; He was determined to extend
204	justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&nbsp; Only their
205	code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
206	murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
207	matter entirely.&nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
208	his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
209	the law - at least more equal than before.&nbsp; He also developed
210	<br>committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
211	the Court of Requests in 1529.
212	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
213	successful.&nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
214	to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&nbsp; Also,
215	his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
216	titles.&nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
217	children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
218	ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
219	leadership.&nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
220	some reforms.&nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
221	pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&nbsp;
222	Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&nbsp;
223	Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&nbsp; And, ironically,
224	most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
225	instigation or approval.&nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
226	as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
227	nobles.&nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
228	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
229	opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
230	which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
231	as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
232	own.&nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
233	desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&nbsp;
234	His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&nbsp; Poor Wolsey
235	- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
236	his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
237	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
238	though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&nbsp; He suggested
239	that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
240	wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
241	Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&nbsp;
242	The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
243	a nunnery and marry Anne.&nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
244	of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&nbsp; From 1527 to
245	1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
246	solutions but these were unsuccessful.&nbsp; After all, England did not
247	have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
248	make an independent decision.&nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
249	would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
250	for monarchs throughout Europe.&nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
251	is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&nbsp;
252	He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
253	legally married to Katharine.
254	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
255	virtually any support at the English court.&nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
256	Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
257	he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
258	to her and Henry's marriage.&nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
259	torn between Katharine and Anne.&nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
260	both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&nbsp;
261	This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&nbsp;
262	Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
263	to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
264	English knight's daughter.
265	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
266	an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&nbsp; He was now all too
267	willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
268	so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&nbsp;
269	It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
270	direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
271	papal jurisdiction.&nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
272	authority and so had broken the law himself.&nbsp; This did not matter.&nbsp;
273	Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
274	9
275	<br>October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
276	York.&nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
277	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
278	and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
279	with the French king.&nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
280	still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
281	majesty.&nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
282	and taken from York Palace.&nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
283	at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&nbsp; The group escorting him were
284	concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
285	quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
286	<br>His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
287	<br>&nbsp;
288	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
289	This cardinal,
290	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
291	Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
292	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
293	Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
294	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
295	He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
296	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
297	Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
298	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
299	Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
300	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
301	But to those men that sought him sweet as
302	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
303	summer.
304	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
305	And though he were unsatisfied in getting
306	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
307	Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
308	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
309	He was most princely: ever witness for him
310	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
311	Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
312	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
313	Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
314	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
315	him,
316	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
317	Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
318	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
319	The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
320	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
321	So excellent in art, and still so rising,
322	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
323	That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
324	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
325	His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
326	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
327	For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
328	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
329	And found the blessedness of being little:
330	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
331	And, to add greater honors to his age
332	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
333	Than man could give him, he died fearing
334	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
335	God.
336	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
337	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True</i>.</font>
338	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
339	Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.</font>
340	<center>
341	<p>Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html">Primary
342	Sources</a> section.
343	<br>
344	<hr WIDTH="100%">
345	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html">to
346	Tudor Citizens</a></font>
347	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html">to Tudor
348	England</a></font></center>
349
350
351
352	<!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --><!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --><script language="JavaScript" src="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js"></script><script language="javascript">geovisit();</script><noscript><img src="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;el=direct&amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082581" alt="setstats" border="0" width="1" height="1"></noscript>
353	<IMG SRC="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;el=direct&amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&t=1108082581" ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1>
354	</Content>
355	</Section>
356	</Archive>

Note: See TracBrowser for help on using the repository browser.

Download in other formats: