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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">W. ZEILLER, Miami Seaquarium, Miami, Florida, USA </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of the potential of small livestock species and to stimulate their introduction into animal research and economic development programs. It is geared particularly towards benefiting developing nations.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Small Farmer's Journal</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The following chapters in this section describe microcattle, microgoats, microsheep, and micropigs. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Outside Indonesia, only a few scientists have studied this animal, but it seems clear that it is particularly useful under tropical conditions. In heat and humidity, it thrives; even when cattle are starving, one rarely sees a skinny banteng. And demand for its meat is never ending.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">More than 90 percent of the world's nearly half billion goats (Capra hircus) are found in developing countries; many weigh less than 35 kg fully grown.` Such "microgoats" are noted for their high reproductive rates, rapid growth, early maturity, tasty meat, and rich milk' as well as for their robust constitution, ease of handling, and tolerance of climatic stress and poor feeds.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Apparently, the hybrids can possess many of these qualities together with a calm disposition. Thus they could be useful in themselves and as conduits for passing such traits on to goats. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Among the hundreds of breeds of sheep (Ovis aries) in the world, those weighing less than 35 kg when mature have been largely ignored. Although these are common, the impression lingers that they are too small to be useful. Yet this virtually untapped gene pool is esnecially well adapted to traditional Third World animal husbandry. Given attention, these "microsheep" could boost meat, milk, skin, wool, and pelt production in many villages and small farms of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Genes from wild sheep are not likely to quickly benefit wool production. Lack of fleece is one reason why these creatures have been neglected but throughout most of Asia and in North Africa, sheep are bred primarily for meat and milk, and there is a growing worldwide interest in the use of hair sheep. All of this brings new possibilities for the use of this old resource.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Experience with Agricultural Development in Tropical Africa </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">At this stage, the project is showing every promise of producing a cheap means of reducing Newcastle disease losses among chickens throughout much of the world. Already inquiries have come from other Asian countries and from Africa, and it is hoped that the vaccine may eventually benefit many countries. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The araucanian has been the subject of much public interest,. clubs dedicated to its preservation have been formed in the United States, Great Britain, and Chile. Its possible exploitation as a backyard microlivestock deserves serious consideration. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Research on economically significant diseases is needed. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">- Studying diseases and cross-infection with other birds. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The guinea fowl that has become an important domesticated bird throughout the civilized world is descended from just one of seven known species in the family. These birds generally occur in flocks in bushy grasslands and open forest in Africa and Madagascar, and some of the others may also have promise as poultry (see sidebar opposite). </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The muscovy's nutritional requirements, range and confined systems of management, and disease vulnerability are poorly understood and need study. Especially needed are ways to increase growth rate. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The need for conservation of genetic variability is perhaps more critical in this species than in almost any other domesticated animal. The unimproved types in Mexico should be collected and assessed, and a program to conserve the stocks should be initiated. An analysis should also be made of the traditional management and performance of these birds. In addition, the four or five recognized turkey subspecies should be evaluated for their potential as seed stock for Third World countries. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Contrary to popular opinion, the domestic rabbit is a substantial part of the world's meat supply. Annual production of rabbit meat is estimated to be one million metric tons, and the total number of rabbits is approximately 708 million.' However, rabbits are now intensively raised for food only in temperate, mostly industrialized, nations. France, Italy, and Spain, for example, have long consumed rabbit meat; West German production was 20,000 tons each year; Hungary raises rabbits in large numbers (two of its commercial rabbitries have more than 10,000 does each); and the United States raises almost 8.5 million rabbits each year for consumption in homes and restaurants.2</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Rodents are the world's most widespread, adaptable, and prolific group of mammals. They reproduce well, grow fast, learn quickly, and adapt to a wide variety of local conditions. Many convert vegetation into meat efficiently, digesting some fiber, even though their stomach, like man's, is a simple one.</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Indeed, the pace may already be becoming a new domesticated species. In the first stage of his experiments, Smythe had to train his captive-born paces to be social and nonaggressive. Subsequent generations, however, need no training adopt the new behavior patterns of the parents, and do not revert to aggressive asocial behavior. By the third generation, they have become as accepting of, and indifferent to, people as cattle or sheep. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Instead of clearing vast areas of rainforest for cattle pasture, as is being done in much of Latin America, people might well "farm" agouties in the forests. Few of the settlers flooding into such regions can afford, let alone raise, beef. Small-scale agouti farming offers a promising and inexpensive alternative that would be gentle on the fragile land. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">- Determine relative causes of mortality (such as diseases specific to capybaras) and predation (especially of the young) by spectacled caiman, crested caracayes, black vultures, and others. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Little research needs to be done. There is massive literature on farming coypu. Nonetheless, the animal's behavior is little studied, and there are few reliable published observations on its social organization. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The giant rat, also known as the pouched rat, is one of Africa's largest rodents.! Two species have been distinguished: Cricetomys gambianus, which lives chiefly in savannas and around the edges of forests and human settlements; and Cricetomys emini, which occurs mainly in rainforests. Both are highly prized as food </P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The potential of this species as a laboratory animal in nutritional, clinical, and pharmacological research also deserves exploration. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Three species of wild cavies (Cavia aperea, C. fulgida, and C. tschudii), close relatives of the guinea pig, are native to South America and are declining drastically. Research to preserve them is urgently needed. C. aperea is a widely used item of food in rural Brazil and other parts of South America. </P>
 
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  Hispaniolan Hutia</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Pacas (Agouti paca)1,2 are large, white-spotted, almost tailless rodents with the potential to become a source of protein for the American tropics. They are found in lowlands from Mexico to northern Argentina. The meat is white and is considered the best of all Latin American game meat. It is common in local markets and restaurants. Tasting like a combination of pork and chicken, it sells at higher prices than beef and is a regular item of diet in some areas. In Costa Rica, pace is served on special occasions such as weddings or baptisms. It has a higher fat content than the lean meat of agoutis, rabbits, and chickens, and has no gamy taste.</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The 10 previous chapters have described some rodent species that show promise as microlivestock. Rodentia, however, is one of the largest families of mammals, and the species highlighted by no means exhaust the possibilities. In this chapter we briefly mention others that deserve consideration and exploratory research. These might prove to be potential resources, at least in localized situations. Several are fast nearing extinction and they deserve protection and immediate attention from animal scientists.</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Several types of tropical deer' and antelope are no bigger than an average-size dog. These "microdeer" and "microantelope"2 are the smallest of all ruminants. Although there is considerable experience with rearing and utilizing the larger species, little is known about these miniature ones.</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Despite the special facilities, however, handling deer takes time and care and experience. The most successful farmers spend much time among the deer so that the animals become accustomed to human presence. This helps to make yard work easier. Also, new arrivals are allowed to wander through the yards on their own to become familiar with them. In addition, special tame deer are used as leads or decoys to encourage the rest of the herd to follow. Using such simple techniques, a formerly intractable species has become almost fully domesticated.</P>
 
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  Lesser Malayan Deer</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">These animals deserve investigation into physiology, reproductive requirements, fertility, nutrition (for example, food preferences, feeding strategies, and food utilization), growth, adaptability and environmental tolerance, diseases, management, social structure, and selection for calm temperament. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The musk deer (Moschus species)1 is so small that (like other ungulates in this section) it is only as large as an average-size dog. A gland in males produces musk, a thick, oily secretion that is one of the most valuable substances in the animal kingdom. Musk is used in Oriental Medicine as well as in Europeans perfumes, and in recent year it has sometimes sold for as much as three times the price of gold.</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Large lizards have been important foods since prehistoric times and are still commonly hunted in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.1 Some (such as the monitor lizards seen in markets in Indochina) are carnivorous species that may be difficult to feed and raise economically. However, the iguanas of the Americas offer promise as microlivestock. They are herbivorous and feed primarily on leaves, flowers, and fruits, including many that are too high in the trees to be gathered by man or by other livestock.</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sustainable exploitation could also benefit tegu conservation. Large populations still exist in some areas in Argentina and Paraguay, but, overall, the species are declining. A welldesigned management project could ensure the maintenance and reestablishment of large populations where numbers have drastically decreased. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Further husbandry research is needed. Costs must be reduced. The effectiveness of artificial nests must be tested in village practice. Survival rates of captive-raised young after release must be studied. And harvesting and recruitment schemes should be developed to secure optimum exploitation of the repopulated forests. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As noted in the preface, this report by no means exhausts all the microlivestock possibilities. Lack of space and time precludes discussion of creatures such as edible insects, snails, worms, frogs, turtles, and bats, which in some regions are highly regarded foods. Similarly, we have not included fish, shrimp, and other aquatic life.</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Bees are one of the most promising microlivestock. They forage on flowers that are otherwise little utilized and produce honey, wax, and other products of high value. They are important as plant pollinators and can greatly increase the production of some crops. Bees can be kept virtually anywhere with little disruption of other activities, and they are easily available. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">- New bee species. Nontraditional species of Apis as well as other members of the bee family (such as Anthophora, Bombus, Megachilae, Nomia, Osmia, Xylocopa, and especially Trigona and Melipona, which are stingless) should be studied to determine their role in pollination and - for some species - their further exploitation for honey. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A small selection follows of books and articles that are not too  difficult to locate and that will help readers explore each topic further. Obscure documents are accompanied by an address from which readers can obtain a reprint or photocopy.</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Townsend, G.F. 1976. Transitional hives for use with the tropical African bee Apis mellifera adansonii. Pages 181-189 in Apiculture in Tropical Climates. E. Crane, ed. Full report of the First Conference. International Bee Research Association, London. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This section includes the names and addresses of individuals and institutions who are familiar with the animal listed. Each person has agreed to answer requests for information and advice. This personal follow-through is the main way this book can stimulate the development of microlivestock.</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Wu Yan-ru, Department of Insect Taxonomy and Faunistics, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 7 Zhongguancun Lu, Haitien, Beijing, People's Republic of China </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">RALPH W. PHILLIPS retired in 1982 from the post of deputy director general of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, a post he held for four years. Among his earlier posts were that of professor and head, Animal Husbandry Department, Utah State University; senior animal husbandman in charge, Genetic Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); chief, Animal Production Branch and deputy director, Agriculture Division, FAO; and executive director, International Organization Affairs, USDA. Among his special assignments were: serving as consultant on animal breeding to the governments of China and India for the U.S. Department of State in 1943-44; and as scientific secretary for agriculture of the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for the Benefit of Developing Countries, in Ceneva, Switzerland, 1962-63. Dr. Phillips holds a B.S. degree in agriculture from Berea College (1930), M.A. (1931) and Ph.D. (1934) degrees from the University of Missouri, and Honorary D.Sc. degrees from Berea College and West Virginia University. He has been awarded the Berea College Distinguished Alumnus Award and the USDA's Distinguished Service Award. He is author or coauthor of some 240 scientific papers, review papers, chapters in books, and books on various aspects of physiology of reproduction, genetics, livestock production, and international agriculture. In his research, writings, and international activities, Dr. Phillips has given particular attention to breeding in relation to the environment and to the identification and conservation of valuable animal genetic resources. He is also the author of a definitive history of FAO entitled FAO: Its Origins, Formation and Evolution, 19451981 and an autobiography, The World Was My Barnyard. </P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">EDWARD S. AYENSU is currently senior advisor to the president of the African Development Bank. He is also president of ESA Associates, Washington, D.C., and former director of the Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. A citizen of Ghana, he received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests cover many areas of tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries, he has also published extensively on tropical plants. Dr. Ayensu chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. </P>
@@ -7485,5 +7483,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">THOMAS M. YUILL is associate dean for research and graduate training of the School of Veterinary Medicine, assistant director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, and professor of pathobiology and of veterinary science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He received his B.S. in wildlife management from Utah State University in 1959 and his Ph.D. jointly in veterinary science and wildlife ecology in 1964 from the University of Wisconsin. His principal research interests are animal health and diseases of wildlife, including those transmissible to domestic animals and to man. He worked in Thailand for two years and has had active research programs in Colombia for 17 years, and Costa Rica for 5 years. He has recently become involved in animal health and production development in the Gambia, West Africa. Dr. Yuill is an executive committee member and immediate past president of the Organization for Tropical Studies and currently serves as president of the Wildlife Disease Association. He completed a five-year term as Chairman of the U.S. Virus Diseases Panel of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Biomedical Sciences Program. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
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 </Section>
@@ -7494,5 +7492,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ALEXANDER SHAKOW, Director, Strategic Planning and Review,</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The World Bank, Washington, D.C., Chairman</P>
Index: main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b18ase/b18ase.htm
===================================================================
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-</B>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation Board on Science and Technology for International Development Office of International Affairs National Research Council </P>
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Washington, D.C. 1983</P>
@@ -247,5 +247,5 @@
  YAK</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -255,5 +255,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This report began as a brief examination of the domesticated banteng, a little studied bovine that is an important livestock resource in eastern Indonesia. But the study expanded to include other possibly useful but obscure bovines of Asia: the madura (a hybrid between banteng and cattle), gaur, mithan, kouprey, anoa, tamaraw, yak, and yakowshybrids formed by crossing yaks with cattle. Four pig species were also included (the bearded pig, the Sulawesi warty pig, the Javan warty pig, and the pygmy hog) that are important traditional resources in parts of Asia, as well as the babirusaa piglike, wild animal of Sulawesi that may have a rudimentary rumen. (Asia also has some interesting, little-known breeds of cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, and the common pig, but in this report we have chosen to highlight unconventional species only.)</P>
 
@@ -278,5 +278,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This is an exploratory volume. It will, perhaps, lead in a few years' time to a more complete book on indigenous Asian animals - and perhaps also to similar books on little-known animals of Africa and Latin America. If you have material to contribute to the future edition, please send it to Noel Vietmeyer, JH213, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20418, USA, who will contact you when any new publication on this subject is planned.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
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 </Section>
@@ -286,5 +286,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Asia has several domesticated animals about which little is known. Among them are the banteng ("Bali cattle") of Indonesia, the yak of Central Asia's high country, and the mithan of the border region of India, Burma, and Bangladesh.( *The promise of another Asian animal, the water buffalo, is described in companion report no 32. ) Some Asian farmers use domesticated bovine hybrids: the madura (banteng-cattle hybrid) in Indonesia and the yakow (yak-cattle hybrid) in Central Asia. In addition, domesticated forms of at least two Asian pig species (the Indonesian wild boar and the Sulawesi warty pig) are important husbandry animals in parts of Indonesia.</P>
 
@@ -326,5 +326,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">With these possibilities on the horizon, it becomes even more important that all countries preserve their indigenous animals. The rest of this report suggests and discusses Asian species for protection and study. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -334,5 +334,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It seems probable that two of our widely used livestock species were domesticated in the Asian tropics: the zebu or humped cattle in India and the water buffalo in the humid marshlands of northeastern India or Southeast Asia. (Both the chicken and some races of pig may also have a tropical Asian origin, but the exact sites of their earliest domestication is unclear.) There are, however, other, much more localized, domesticated bovines in Asia. These are not well studied and deserve greatly increased recognition.</P>
 
@@ -358,5 +358,5 @@
  MITHAN</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -365,5 +365,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The banteng (*Bos javanicus is now the accepted name, but Bos sondaicus, Bibos banteng, and other synonyms have been used in the past. (See Hooijer, 1956.) The name "banteng" has traditionally referred to the wild form of Bos javanicus; the name "Bali cattle" to the domesticated form. This chapter describes the domesticated form, but we retain the name banteng to reinforce the fact that the animal is not a breed of cattle, but a distinct species. Despite a cattle-like appearance, the animals are at least as genetically remote from cattle as is the bison. Both produce sterile males when hybridized with European cattle. Australia. (N.D. Vietmeyer)) is a bovine that resembles a small cow. It is, however, an entirely different species from either European cattle (Bos taurus) or zebus (Bos indicus). </P>
 
@@ -457,5 +457,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -465,5 +465,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Banteng and cattle have the same number of chromosomes, and they will interbreed. Few scientific details on the hybrid progeny are available, but on the Indonesian island of Madura they are a "stabilized crossbreed" because they seem to be genetically uniform. This hybridization took place some 1,500 years ago, when Indian invaders brought zebus of the Sinhala, or Ceylonese, type to Madura and crossed them with the banteng.</P>
 
@@ -566,5 +566,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">· Performance under a wide range of environments.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -574,5 +574,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The mithan (Bos frontalis) is believed to be a domesticated form of gaur (see chapter 6).t (However, it resembles the banteng and some authors have proposed that it is a gaur-cattle cross, others a gaur-banteng cross.) The mithan is a domestic animal indigenous to parts of India, Burma, and Bangladesh. Because of large size and the high butterfat content of its milk it is widely used to crossbreed with cattle in Bhutan. It deserves greater recognition both in Asia and elsewhere.</P>
 
@@ -652,5 +652,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -660,5 +660,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The yak (Bos grunniens), is a grazing animal that is accustomed to traveling great distances in a harsh environment. Nothing is known about when it was first domesticated, but there has probably been a close association between man and yaks ever since the first humans migrated into the high mountains of Asia.</P>
 
@@ -742,5 +742,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -750,5 +750,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Yaks and cattle have the same diploid number of chromosomes (60). And in the regions where yaks are found, they are often interbred with cattle, either the humpless cattle (Bos taurus) of Tibet and Mongolia or the zebu (Bos indicus) of South Asia. As with mules, the hybrid offspring of cattle and yak surpass their parents in strength and vigor. Yakows* grow faster than their parents, and they suffer less from high temperatures than yaks. The hybrid cow reaches sexual maturity earlier and yields larger quantities of milk than the yak cow. The males, however, are sterile.</P>
 
@@ -813,5 +813,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Research to determine the most productive hybrids by crossing different yak and cattle "breeds" in areas with different environmental conditions could be extremely useful. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -822,5 +822,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In various parts of Southeast Asia there exist little-known relatives of cattle and water buffaloes. Many of these wild animals are close to extinction, and attention is drawn to them in hope their populations will be preserved. All of them survive in tropical regions subject to environmental extremes - flooding annual rains, searing droughts, and swarming pests and parasites. These are conditions to which conventional livestock are poorly adapted.</P>
 
@@ -846,5 +846,5 @@
  GAUR</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -853,5 +853,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The wild banteng (Bos javanicus)* are the most cowlike of all the wild bovines and are the parent stock of the 1.5 million domesticated banteng in Indonesia (see chapter 1). They have a scattered distribution throughout Southeast Asia, and three subspecies are recognized:</P>
 
@@ -945,5 +945,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -953,5 +953,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The gaur (Bos gaurus) would seem to be an ideal meat-producing animal. It is a large bovine with massive muscular development, and it has already been domesticated (see mithan, chapter 3). Gaurs, which are threatened with extinction, deserve much greater attention.</P>
 
@@ -1055,5 +1055,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1063,5 +1063,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The kouprey (Bos sauveli) is the most primitive of living cattle. Its features are typical of some forms that existed in the Pleistocene era, 600,000 years ago. Discovered by Western scientists only in 1937, the kouprey was the last large mammal to enter the biology books. It is perhaps the most primitive of living cattle and is closely allied to Bos namadicus, the wild ancestor of zebu cattle. In 1964 it was declared Cambodia's national animal. It is now perilously close to extinction, and for a decade no koupreys have been observed close enough for a positive identification by a specialist. In 1982, however, five of the animals were believed sighted in Thailand, near the border with Kampuchea. Thus there are hopes that the kouprey still exists.</P>
 
@@ -1147,5 +1147,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1155,5 +1155,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis) is related to the water buffalo, one of Asia's most important animal resources, but it has never been domesticated or studied and is threatened with extinction.</P>
 
@@ -1217,5 +1217,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1225,5 +1225,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and the mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi)* are small bovines that are related to the water buffalo but that are scarcely bigger than goats.</P>
 
@@ -1296,5 +1296,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1305,5 +1305,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In parts of Asia wild and feral pigs are often the most abundant source of meat. These animals are predominantly variants of the domestic pig, Sus scrofa, or of its ancestor, the Eurasian wild boar. Also contributing to the pig population are five Asian species:</P>
 
@@ -1329,5 +1329,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -1336,5 +1336,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Although it apparently has never been domesticated, the bearded pig (Sus barbatus) has a long history as an important resource in Southeast Asia. Human remains from the Niah Caves in Sarawak are accompanied by large numbers of its bones and teeth, indicating that 40,000 years ago it was the most commonly eaten large animal. Today in Sarawak and some other areas the bearded pig is still probably the most sought after source of wild meat.</P>
 
@@ -1401,5 +1401,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">To assess the bearded pig's potential for contributing hybrid vigor, crossbreeding with other pig species should be attempted under controlled conditions.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1409,5 +1409,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Sulawesi warty pig (Sus celebensis) is one of the world's few domesticated animals. It is maintained as a village or household animal in a few areas of Southeast Asia, such as on the Indonesian island of Roti. The common pigs of New Guinea and parts of the Moluccas group are hybrids between this species and the common pig.</P>
 
@@ -1481,5 +1481,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1489,5 +1489,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Javan warty pig (Sus verrucosus) apparently has never been domesticated, but it has been a resource for hunting peoples for centuries. Now, however, the human population in its native region is predominantly Moslem, and all pigs are widely regarded as agricultural pests. Increasing numbers of them are poisoned each year.</P>
 
@@ -1554,5 +1554,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1562,5 +1562,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The pigmy hog (Sus salvanius), a shy and very small pig of northeastern India, is close to extinction because of hunters and the destruction of its habitat.</P>
 
@@ -1625,5 +1625,5 @@
  Adult male of the common pig (wild boar Sus scrofa) and pigmy hog drawn to the same scale. (W.L.R. Oliver) </P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1633,5 +1633,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) is a piglike animal whose closest relative appears to be an ancestral animal that lived in Europe 35 million years ago. It is easily tamed, and in its native area there is an ancient tradition of raising young babirusa for meat and for the males' unique tusks. The animal appears to reproduce well in captivity, and with good management techniques it might gain wide use in the tropics.</P>
 
@@ -1713,5 +1713,5 @@
  FIGURE</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1722,5 +1722,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Asian animals described in this report are a natural resource whose  potential is barely glimpsed. They are virtually unknown to established  livestock interests and there has been little thought to developing them as  livestock. As a result, the research and trials that could lead to further use of  these animals is scattered, small scale, and conducted outside the mainstream  of livestock science, mainly by wildlife conservationists.</P>
 
@@ -1836,5 +1836,5 @@
  KOUPREY</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
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   </Description>
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-<B><P></P>
+
+<B></B><P></P>
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 <Section>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General</P>
@@ -2207,5 +2207,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Selmier, V. J. 1978. Only in Indonesia: the babirusa. Unpublished report to Directorate of Nature Conservation (P.P.A.), Bogor, Indonesia. 40 pp. </P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
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 </Section>
@@ -2215,5 +2215,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Because Asia contains many livestock breeds about which little is known, an expert committee on Animal Genetic Resources has been recently formed by the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Researchers in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO). Its chairman is Professor J. S. F. Barker of the University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.</P>
 
@@ -2809,5 +2809,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Surabaya, Indonesia, (Kebun Binatang Surabaya)</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2818,5 +2818,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman </P>
 
@@ -2838,5 +2838,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
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 </Section>
@@ -2846,5 +2846,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">GEORGE BUGElARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman </P>
 
Index: main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b20cre/b20cre.htm
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</P>
@@ -120,5 +120,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This publication is dedicated to the memory of panel member Howard W. "Duke" Campbell who devoted most of his professional life to the conservation of crocodilians. Dr. Campbell was Chairman of the Crocodilian Specialist Group of the Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources at the time of his death in 1981.</P>
 
-<B>
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 <Section>
@@ -127,5 +127,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The panel that produced this report met in Papua New Guinea in May 1981. Its purpose was to consider the principles of the Papua New Guinea crocodile farming program and their implications for economic development and for the management and survival of crocodilians elsewhere.</P>
 
@@ -142,5 +142,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">These activities are supported largely by the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID). Program costs for this study were sponsored by AID'S Bureau for Asia, and staff costs by AID'S Office of the Science Advisor, which also made possible the free distribution of this report. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
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 </Section>
@@ -150,5 +150,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials ( Present-day crocodilians are grouped into three families: crocodiles, alligators and caimans, and gavials (gharials). The animals differ from one another only in minor characters such as shape of snout, arrangement of scutes, and dental features. This report focuses mainly on crocodile species, but its conclusions are generally applicable to alligators, caimans, and gavials.) have existed for some 200 million years - much longer than mammals - but they are now disappearing at alarming rates. Of the 21 or so species of crocodilians distributed in the warm waters of the world, at least 18 are threatened with extinction in most of the countries where they are found.</P>
 
@@ -217,5 +217,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Although the principles developed in Papua New Guinea deserve international attention, the recipe will not be a cure-all for problems of rural development or crocodile conservation. Instead, the Papua New Guinea experience suggests that local social, political, economic, and conservation goals can become the impetus for a successful blend of village improvement and wildlife protection.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
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 </Section>
@@ -225,5 +225,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As recently as the l950s, crocodiles were abundant in Papua New Guinea. Hunting was a major occupation and was unrestricted. Some Australians and Europeans made fortunes by shooting thousands of crocodiles a year to make shoes and handbags in Europe and North America.</P>
 
@@ -285,5 +285,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But skins are not the only product. A crocodile with a skin big enough to market can provide 20 kg of meat. The meat is white and is low in fat. Papua New Guinea is a net importer of meat, and crocodile farming is now augmenting local supplies. The large farm at Lae already sells frozen crocodile meat (including front and hind legs, tail steaks, ribs, and chops) both locally and on foreign markets. Some orders have come in from dealers in Paris who supply expensive French restaurants.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -293,5 +293,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Benefits of Crocodile Farming</P>
 
@@ -340,5 +340,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Papua New Guinea's program offers one of the best hopes for saving all endangered crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gavials. The methods developed there serve as a model for other nations. By providing an alternative, Papua New Guinea gives villagers the incentive to protect wild crocodiles that are breeding nearby so as to assure themselves of future supplies. The people themselves become the conservators of the local animals and habitats. In turn, watersheds, soils, and conventional agricultural development (including natural and forest products) can all benefit. The habitat is also preserved for many other wildlife species that share it, and genetic diversity can be maintained. Conversely, without a special incentive to conserve them, all these resources are normally degraded as a region develops.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -348,5 +348,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Papua New Guinea experience provides a model for other nations, but to implement such a program requires a foundation of legislation, government support, and legal safeguards. Prerequisites of any crocodile farming program are an overhaul of legislation, strict law enforcement, and reciprocal laws with neighboring countries.</P>
 
@@ -398,5 +398,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Clearly, research to improve farming techniques will be a wise investment for both commercial operators and the countries concerned. Surveys to determine population numbers and size as well as the structure of breeding stocks and recruitment rates are essential. Such surveys may indicate the need to establish sanctuaries to protect breeding stock and nesting grounds, or perhaps to ban hunting to allow populations to recover. A rearing program and restocking of suitable habitats might be necessary.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
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 </Section>
@@ -406,6 +406,6 @@
   </Description>
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+
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -414,5 +414,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Experiences with crocodile farming in Papua New Guinea, the main subject of this report, are described in chapter 2. Here we summarize the status of similar efforts in other countries.</P>
 
@@ -575,5 +575,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">During the past two years, other Central and South American nations that have indicated their intention to set up farms for crocodiles or caimans are Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, and Uruguay. </P>
 
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This appendix is adapted from a paper by A. Pooley that detailed the lessons learned from farming crocodiles to restock depleted habitats in Natal, South Africa. The information is presented here not as a blueprint for setting up a farm, but to show prospective farmers some of the points that they must first consider before attempting to rear crocodiles.</P>
 
@@ -708,5 +708,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A pretanned hide is called a crust. It is green-gray (chrome tanned) or tan (vegetable tanned) and is stiff. The hide is dyed and glazed to its final finish. To increase the workability and to remove as many of the osteoderms as possible (if they are present), the underside of the hide is shaved to an even thickness. The shaving is done by craftsmen. If they shaved too much, the hide will be thin and weak, especially over the suture between the scales.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -716,5 +716,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information on the management and status of crocodiles can be found in the following:</P>
 
@@ -779,5 +779,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Whitaker, R., and M. Kemp. 1981. The crocodile industry in Papua New Guinea: Commercial Aspects. Field Document No. 2. FO:DP/PNC/74/029. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 35 pp. </P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -787,5 +787,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The following individuals are involved in crocodilian research. Most are biologists concerned with the conservation or natural history of the animals.</P>
 
@@ -1002,5 +1002,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Kevin van Jaarsveldt, Crocodile Farmers Association of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 2569, Harare </P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1010,5 +1010,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director of the Office of Biological Secretary General Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., is currently the Secretary General of the International Union of Biological Sciences. He received his B.A. in 1961 from Miami University in Ohio, M.Sc. from The George Washington University in 1963, and his Ph.D. in 1966 from the University of London. His research interests are in comparative anatomy and phylogeny of flowering plants, commercial timbers, histology of monocotyledons, economic botany, and tropical biology. An internationally recognized expert on tropical plants, he has published extensively in these areas and on topics relating to science, technology, and development, especially in developing countries. Dr. Ayensu was co-chairman of the Panel on Underexploited Tropical Plants of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation and chairs and serves as a member of many international bodies. </P>
 
@@ -1029,5 +1029,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">NOEL D. VIETMEYER, staff officer for this study, is Professional Associate of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. A New Zealander with a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, he now works on innovations in science that are important for developing countries. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1038,5 +1038,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman </P>
 
@@ -1059,5 +1059,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">THEODORE SUDIA, Deputy Science Advisor to the Secretary of Interior, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1067,5 +1067,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman </P>
 
Index: main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b21wae/b21wae.htm
===================================================================
--- main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b21wae/b21wae.htm	(revision 24413)
+++ main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b21wae/b21wae.htm	(revision 24803)
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@
 <BODY>
 
-<B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2><P></P>
+<B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P>
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 <Section>
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Original editon 1981</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Second printing 1984</P>
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">National Research Council</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -31,5 +31,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of  Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA, Chairman </P>
 
@@ -88,5 +88,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">MARY JANE ENGQUIST, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Staff Associate </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -96,5 +96,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo is an animal resource whose potential seems to have been barely recognized or examined outside of Asia. Throughout the world there are proponents and enthusiasts for the various breeds of cattle; the water buffalo, however, is not a cow and it has been neglected. Nevertheless, this symbol of Asian life and endurance has performed notably well in recent trials in such diverse places as the United States, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Trinidad, Costa Rica, Venezuela, and Brazil. In Italy and Egypt as well as Bulgaria and other Balkan states the water buffalo has been an important part of animal husbandry for centuries. In each of these places certain herds of water buffalo appear to have equaled or surpassed the local cattle in growth, environmental tolerance, health, and the production of meat and calves.</P>
 
@@ -117,5 +117,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The final draft of this report was edited and prepared for publication by F. R. Ruskin. Bibliographic editing was by Wendy D. White. Cover art was by Deborah Hanson.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -125,5 +125,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The domesticated water buffalo Bubalus bubalis numbers at least 130 million-one-ninth the number of cattle in the world. It is estimated that between 1961 and 1981 the world's buffalo population increased by 11 percent, keeping pace with the percentage increase in the cattle population.</P>
 
@@ -337,5 +337,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Wahid, A. 1973. Pakistani buffaloes. World Animal Review 7:22~28. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -345,5 +345,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo offers promise as a major source of meat, and the production of buffaloes solely for meat is now expanding.  </P>
 
@@ -424,5 +424,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Wilson, P. N. 1961. Palatability of water buffalo meat. Journal of the Agricultural Society of Trinidad 61:457, 459-460. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -432,5 +432,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">More than 5 percent of the world's milk comes from water buffaloes. Buffalo milk is  used in much the same way as cow's milk. It is high in fat and total solids, which  gives it a rich flavor. Many people prefer it to cow's milk and are willing to pay more  for it. In Egypt, for example, the severe mortality rate among buffalo calves is due in  part to the sale of buffalo milk, which is in high demand, thus depriving calves of  proper nourishment. This also occurs in India, where in the Bombay area alone an  estimated 10,000 newborn calves starve to death each year through lack of milk.  The demand for buffalo milk in India (about 60 percent of the milk consumed; over  80 percent in some states) is reflected in the prices paid for a liter of milk: about  130 paisa for cow's milk compared with about 200 paisa for buffalo milk.  </P>
 
@@ -551,5 +551,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Williamson, G., and Payne, W. J. A. 1965. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. Longman, London, United Kingdom. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -559,5 +559,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo is the classic work animal of Asia, an integral part of that  continent's traditional village farming structure. Probably the most adaptable and  versatile of all work animals, it is widely used to plow; level land; plant crops; puddle  rice fields; cultivate field crops; pump water; haul carts, sleds, and shallow-draft  boats; carry people; thresh grain; press sugar cane; haul logs; and much more.  Even today, water buffaloes provide 20-30 percent of the farm power in South  China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indochina(Figures provided by A. J. de veer. In India water buffaloes contribute much less to  farm power (6-12 percent); bullocks are more commonly used. In Pakistan  buffaloes are little used for farm power (1-2 percent) but provide much of the road  haulage. Papua New Guinea has no tradition of using any work animal, but villagers  are increasingly using buffaloes for farm work and the government is employing  Fillipinos to train them) . Millions of  peasants in the Far East, Middle East, and Near East have a draft buffalo. For them  it is often the only method of farming food crops.  </P>
 
@@ -615,5 +615,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Ward, G. M., Sutherland, T. M., and Sutherland, J. M. 1980. Animals as an energy source in Third World agriculture. Science 208:570. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -623,5 +623,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Heat Tolerance</P>
 
@@ -678,5 +678,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Robey, C. A., Jr. 1976. Physiological Responses of Water Buffalo to the Florida Environment. M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.  </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -686,5 +686,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Most buffaloes are located in countries where land, cultivated forage crops, and pastures  are limited. Livestock must feed on poor-quality forages, sometimes supplemented with  a little green fodder or byproducts from food, grain, and oil seed processing. Usually  feedstuffs are in such short supply that few animals have a balanced diet, but the buffalo  seems to perform fairly well under such adverse conditions.  </P>
 
@@ -850,5 +850,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Verma, M. L., Singh, N., Sidhu, G. S., Kochar, A. S., and Bhatia, I. S. 1970. The in vitro cellulose digestion and VFA production from some of the common Indian feeds using rumen inocula from Zebu cattle and buffalo. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 23:155 -160. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -858,5 +858,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When compared with other domestic livestock, the water buffalo generally is a healthy animal. This is particularly impressive because most of them live in hot, humid regions that are conducive to disease, and the buffalo is a bovine susceptible to most diseases and parasites that afflict cattle. Although the reasons are not specifically known, the effect of disease on the buffalo and its productivity is often less deleterious than on cattle.  </P>
 
@@ -951,5 +951,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Young, P. L. 1979. Infection of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with bovine ephemeral fever virus. Australian Veterinary Journal 55(7):349-350. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -959,5 +959,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The water buffalo has a reputation for being a sluggish breeder, but the average animal is so poorly fed that its reproductive performance is unrepresentative of its capabilities. Without reasonable nutrition the animals cannot reach puberty as early in life or reproduce as regularly as their physiology or genetic capability would normally allow.  </P>
 
@@ -1029,5 +1029,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tulloch, D. G. 1979. The water buffalo in Australia: reproductive and parent-offspring behaviour of buffalo. Australian Wildlife Research 6:265-287. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1037,5 +1037,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Water buffaloes are adaptable and are managed in many ways. In general, they are raised like cattle. But in some operations they must be handled differently. This chapter highlights these differences.  </P>
 
@@ -1095,5 +1095,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tulloch, D. G. 1979. Redomestication of water buffaloes in the Northern Territory of  Australia. Animal Regulation Studies 2(1):5-20.  </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1103,5 +1103,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The grazing and wallowing habits of water buffaloes may have unexpected consequences when the animals are introduced to new, perhaps fragile environments. The presence of several thousand feral buffaloes on the coastal plains of northern Australia, for example, has become a very emotional issue among Australian environmentalists, some of whom foretell the complete destruction of the environment if the uncontrolled feral herds are not destroyed( It is not at all clear, however, that the buffaloes (which have existed in the area for 150 years) are causing the observed environmental degradation. Other possibilities include: fire, climatic stress, overgrazing, and a variety of farming, hunting, and other human activities, especially the use of four-wheel-drive vehicles. Thousands of wild pigs also share the area, along with crayfish that burrow into and weaken the levees that keep out the sea, something for which the buffaloes have been blamed). </P>
 
@@ -1150,5 +1150,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tulloch, D. G. 1977. Some aspects of the ecology of the water buffalo in the Northern Territory. In: The Australian buffalo-a collection of papers, edited by B. D. Ford and D. G. Tulloch. Technical Bulletin No. 18, Department of the Northern Territory, Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch, Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, Australia. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1158,5 +1158,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This report has outlined the water buffalo's apparent merits, but most of the statements made about the animal are based on empirical observations. Many of its most exciting and potentially valuable features have not been subjected to the careful scrutiny needed to confirm their validity.  </P>
 
@@ -1354,5 +1354,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In addition, other methods for disseminating water buffalo information are to be encouraged. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1362,6 +1362,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<B><P></P>
+
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -1370,5 +1370,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Water Buffalo in Africa</P>
 
@@ -1411,5 +1411,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The results of the introduction of buffalo to Tanzania are considered "quite encouraging and the future of buffaloes in Tanzania will be bright." (Oloufa, M. M. 1981. The future of water buffaloes in Tanzania Paper presented at the Tanzania Society of Animal Production Eighth Scientific Conference, Arusha, Tanzania May 26-29, 1981.) Future plans call for increasing the herd to about 200 animals with a view toward establishing another buffalo herd. In addition, 5 buffalo sires have been selected in Egypt for shipment to Tanzania.  </P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1419,5 +1419,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Research Contacts</P>
 
@@ -1723,5 +1723,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Abelardo Ferrer D., Quinta Nueva Exparta, Avenida Jose Felix Rivas, San Bernardino, Caracas</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1731,5 +1731,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation</P>
 
Index: main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b22bue/b22bue.htm
===================================================================
--- main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b22bue/b22bue.htm	(revision 24413)
+++ main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/b22bue/b22bue.htm	(revision 24803)
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@
 <BODY>
 
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+<B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P>
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@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Managing Tropical Animal Resources</P>
 
@@ -21,5 +21,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff">
-</FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2><P ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Acknowledgements"></A></P>
+</FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2><P ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Acknowledgements"></A></P></B>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation </P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Board on Science and Technology for International Development </P>
@@ -50,5 +50,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Panel_on_Butterfly_Farming_in_P"></A></P>
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+</FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -58,5 +58,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ROBERT M. PYLE, Chairman, Lepidoptera Specialist Group, International  Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland,  Switzerland, Chairman </P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">EDWARD S. AYENSU, Director, Office of Biological Conservation, Smithsonian  Institution, Washington, D.C. </P>
@@ -69,5 +69,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Contributors_"></A></P>
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+</FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B>
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 </Section>
@@ -77,5 +77,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Papua New Guinea </P>
 
@@ -111,5 +111,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Preface_"></A></P>
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+</FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -119,5 +119,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Butterfly farming is a growing new industry in Papua New Guinea, and by  turning irdwings, mauve swallowtails, and other insects into a cash crop  villagers are both earning money and practicing sound wildlife conservation.  In this unique program butterfly farming is being used to complement the  preservation of species and of habitats. In balancing the utilization of  common butterflies with the protection of the most threatened species, Papua  New Guinea is providing a model for other countries, particularly those in the  tropics. The program demonstrates how village development can become an  integral part of conservation.</P>
 
@@ -136,5 +136,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff">
-</FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2><P ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="BM1_Introduction_and_Summary_"></A></P>
+</FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2><P ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="BM1_Introduction_and_Summary_"></A></P></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -144,5 +144,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The international demand for tropical butterflies is much greater than is  generally recognized. Each year millions of them are caught and sold  throughout the world. Many buyers are scientists engaged in research on  aspects of systematics, ecology, ethology, evolution, and conservation.  Others are individuals who like expensive curios that incorporate butterflies,  such as display cases, coffee tables, wall hangings, or other objects. But  increasingly, the fragile, iridescent creatures, mounted in plastic or glass, are  used to decorate less-expensive items such as purses, trays, platters, screens,  and other common objects in Europe, North America, and Japan. In addition,  amateur butterfly collecting, which reached a peak in Victorian times, is again becoming popular.</P>
 
@@ -222,5 +222,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="BM2_Butterfly_Status_and_Conserva"></A></P>
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 </Section>
@@ -230,5 +230,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">About 100,000-150,000 species of butterflies have been described; perhaps half that number remain to be discovered. Although there are important concentrations in the Arctic and temperate regions, most species are found in the tropics. There, the diversity of colors and forms is dazzling; every imaginable combination of hue and color is displayed. And many tropical butterflies are enriched with "structural" colors, which cause the wings to flash iridescently in the sun as they bend the light they reflect.</P>
 
@@ -273,5 +273,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="BM3_History_and_Government_Policy"></A></P>
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 </Section>
@@ -281,5 +281,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Soon after Europeans discovered New Guinea's remarkable insect fauna around the turn of the century, collectors began arriving, and they have been coming ever since. Many were reputable professional or amateur scientists, gathering modest numbers of specimens for study and for museums, including Papua New Guinea's own national collection. Others, however, were plunderers who carried away large numbers of rare butterflies, giving little or no compensation to the local people and showing no concern for survival of the species.</P>
 
@@ -331,5 +331,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="BM4_Operating_a_Butterfly_Farm"></A></P>
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 </Section>
@@ -339,5 +339,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Planting the Farm</P>
 
@@ -396,5 +396,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="BM5_Application_to_Other_Nations"></A></P>
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+</FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B>
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 </Section>
@@ -404,5 +404,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As noted, the essence of the Papua New Guinea approach is the cultivation of food plants that the butterflies need to complete their life cycles. This is a process that could be replicated elsewhere, and the potential for butterfly farming exists in many countries. In fact, although Papua New Guinea is rich in butterfly species - some 700 of them - it is not unusually so. Other countries also have large numbers of species. There are, for instance 2,500 species known in Costa Rica.</P>
 
@@ -448,5 +448,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Appendix_A"></A></P>
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-</B>
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+
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -464,5 +464,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Carvalho, J. C. M., and O. H. H. Mielke. 1972. The trade of butterfly wings in Brazil and its effect upon survival of the species. Proceedings 19th International Congress of Entomology (Moscow) 1 :486-488.</P>
 
@@ -484,5 +484,5 @@
 
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@@ -492,5 +492,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Research Contacts</P>
 
@@ -518,5 +518,5 @@
 
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 <!--
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@@ -526,5 +526,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Biographical Sketches of Panel Members</P>
 
@@ -551,5 +551,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Advisory_Committee_on_Technolog"></A></P>
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@@ -560,5 +560,5 @@
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HUGH POPENOE, Director, International Programs in Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, Chairman </P>
 
@@ -582,5 +582,5 @@
 
 </FONT><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2 COLOR="#0000ff"><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><A NAME="Board_on_Science_and_Technology"></A></P>
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@@ -590,5 +590,5 @@
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, President, Polytechnic Institute of New York, Brooklyn, New York, Chairman </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN UNION</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Cape Verde produces just 10% of what it consumes and its exports are one fifteenth of its imports. The one bright spot is in services, where it enjoys a positive trade balance. This sector (in particular, international transport and tourism), together with the country's cultural industries, offer the best hope for future development.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - The EU is a perfect partner and has never exerted any pressure. With the Union, we are able to do things that would not be possible with individual Member-State government because the latter conduct foreign policy in defence of certain interests. Each country has its own cultural history linguistic links or links arising out of former colonial times which prevent it financing RSF's studies unconditionally. As far as our missions are concerned, RSF decides what it wants to do and we send our reports to the EU. They have also granted us a budget enabling us to give immediate aid to people in difficulty. This is the most positive action possible If the EU were not there, there would unfortunately be no-one else to finance an organisation like ours. 60% of our budget comes from the Union, 20%from various companies. We generate the remaining 20% ourselves through sales of books and contributions. Because the EU is a grouping of governments, the Commission has some room for manoeuvre. This is the only possible kind of support for organisations like RSF and, if it were not there, it would be the end for the people whom RSF supports.  interview by Dorothy Morrissey</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is an astonishing sight to behold during the rainy season. As you drive along the road from Yaound&eacute; to Bamenda, you come to a point where human habitation starts - and it then continues unbroken for more than 100 kiLom&eacute;tres. Just before Bafoussam, and as far as the eye can see, every patch of land is cultivated. Bananas, oranges, mangoes, sugarcane, cassava, palm trees, groundnuts and maize grow luxuriantly in open fields and in the front and back gardens of many houses. This route, of course, takes you mainly through the western part of Cameroon, home to the Bamilelr&eacute;s, recognised as one of the country's most enterprising and industrious ethnic groups. The population density here is 200 per km2 as opposed to 1 per km2 in the East.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Augustin Oyowe </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Alex Kremer</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) was inaugurated 11 years ago in Ede, Prince Claus of the Netherlands - whose interest in development issues is well-known - attestded as guest of honour. On 19 April, he returned to take part in the official opening of the CTA's new building in neigh bouring Wageningen in the Dutch province of Gelderland. The siting of the purpose built premises is significant. The town of Wageningen has long been an important European centre for agricultural research and the Dutch, of course, are renowned for their commitment to cooperation with developing countries.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(The address of the Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural cooperation can be found in the CTA section towards the end of the white pages in   this issue.) </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">By Martin Dihm</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The most recent meeting of the EC`s Development Council was one of the first to be hit by the non-cooperation policy adopted by the UK in protest at the export ban on British beef. The Overseas Development Minister, Linda Chalker, announced at the outset to her fellow ministers: 'I will not be able to agree today to the adoption of those texts... on which unanimity is required'. Britain is seeking agreement 'for a step-by-step lifting of the export ban', which was imposed after scientific evidence suggested a link between Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) - and its human 'equivalent', Creuzfeld Jakob Disease. Cases of BSE have been recorded across Europe, but the vast majority have been in the UK.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.P.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Cape Verde has been shaped by the harmattan, the hot dry wind which blows from Africa, strong ocean currents and five hundred years of Portuguese colonialisation. Portugal has been a constant presence in the archipelago's history since the fifteenth century, when it granted the colonists who were to settle on the islands of Cape Verde a monopoly over the slave trade. The country became an interface between Africa, Europe and the Americas, at the centre of the triangle of trade in slaves, hardware and gold. The intermingling of black populations of every origin who  passed through the islands meant that the country was unable to present a united face against the colonialist culture. The colonists were therefore able to impose their own culture, with their fervent and proselytzing Catholicism becoming the principal ingredientin the mixture that is Cape Verde. Strong, scorching winds from the desert have shaped the islands' landscape and inhospitable ocean currents mean that approaches to the islands are difficult, their rocky cliff faces plunging into the sea.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">H&eacute;gel Goutier</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The arrival in Praia on 30 April of a throng of IMF officials cannot have failed to cause the government some concern, despite its air of calm. Ministers repeated publicly that Cape Verde had already carried out its own programme of structural adjustments, that they were on the same wavelength as the Bretton Woods institutions, and that they could not, therefore, see any reason why any further adjustments  should be imposed upon them. Nevertheless, the fact that the Cape Verde escudo has had rather a bumpy ride since last year's elections, trading sometimes by as much as 15% under its official rate on the parallel market, caused a certain degree of anxiety within financial circles, with the banks taking action by freezing certain credit facilities.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">H.G. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A wealth of culture and a realistic approach to diplomacy: Cape Verde's two major assets</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - Cape Verde has always been regarded as a star pupil because, here, our society is fairly homogeneous and there are no major social or ethnic imbalances. However, in my opinion, the future depends on changes at a structural level and such changes cannot take place unless we have a functioning parliament and a strong private press. I cannot deny that the government has had some successes, but I also believe that the people will have an opportunity to judge how it keeps its promises.  interview by Hegei Gouger</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It suffices for an unruly little bird to escape</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">For, suddenly, Fire to spark, Night to dissolve</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">H&eacute;gel Goutier</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sponsors are delighted at the full use of aid</P>
 
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  Figure</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Poll results and new brochure launched in Brussels</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Months of heated debate in the EU over the maximum allowable content of vegetable fats in chocolate have culminated in a Commission proposal for a revised Directive which, claim officials, should be to the taste of most interested parties.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In no country in Europe are ethnic minorities more organised than in the United Kingdom - though they are still not adequately organised, in the opinion of many, to pool their considerable resources together and overcome stereotypes, racism and unenployment. But this may  change if the morale engendered by a recent exhibition of minority businesses in the UK is anything to go by.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Augustin Oyowe</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival)</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Confronting the age-old problem</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.M. &amp; S.H.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Frances d'Souza</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Mark Leysen</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Geoff Mungham</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">B. Hicks 'North of the Limpopo', Cable and Satellite Europe, April 1996. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The European Parliament may seem an unlikely launch pad for a radio station, but two members of this elected body, who are committed to a free and fair press as one of the cornerstones of democracy, have set up Radio Espoir (Radio Hope) in Burundi with backing of the European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO).</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - EU assistance for free and a fair elections - and a free media sector in ACP countries - should be increased. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Antonio Pacheco</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Mand Rya&iuml;ra Ngarara</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Africa Express experiment</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Renaud de la Brosse</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The European Union, UNESCO and the ACCT, American foundations (Ford, Rockefeller) or German foundations, and bilateral cooperation agreements (Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Germany, France) support the actions of the Panos Institute. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Florence Win&eacute;ry</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Richard Lawson T&egrave;vi</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The new administration will have to tackle the more general question of aid to the press in order to give a fresh boost to the private sector. This has been facing a real struggle since the devaluation of the CFA franc. The effect of the devaluation was to increase the cost of all the inputs needed for publishing newspapers. A new initiative of the part of the authorities would make it possible to offer more work to journalists and to improve considerably the quality of work they produce. To quote the publisher of a private newspaper: 'The influence of money must be curbed. To do this, the state must grant genuine aid to the press so that the profession can be genuinely free and objective and thereby fulfil the important role it has to play in the consolidation of democracy'. R.L.T. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Dr Marjan de Bruin</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Aggrey Brown (1995). Caribbean Cultures and Mass Communication Technology: Re-examining the Cultural/ Dependency Thesis, in 'Globalization, Communications and Caribbean Identity'. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">With modern computer technology, it is now very easy for publishers (and film-makers) to dabble with reality. Whereas in the past, you could be reasonably sure that what you saw was a fair representation of what actually happened, today there is no such guarantee.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">S.H.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In issue 156 of The Courier, we announced the launch of a programme by the European Centre for Development Policy Management on the future of KU-ACP relations beyond Lom&eacute; IV. Here, we publish an abridged text supplied by the ECDPM reporting on progress.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Jos Jonckers</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Dieter Frisch</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> D.F. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Phllippe Dejace</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Agostino Ambrogetti</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Also adopted were resolutions on preventive diplomacy, cooperation with Cuba, the Euro-Mediterranean partnership and the 'deterioration' of the situation in the Great Lakes region of Africa. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Godfrey Karoro</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> G.K.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One of the most important exhibitions of African art, the Biennial Festival of Conternporary African Art, opened its doors to the public in Dakar, Senegal, on 8 May 1996. The 'Pan-African Art Exhibition', as it is still called, was being staged for the third time although it almost failed to take place at all, having been postponed several times over the last four years. All those who participated - from the artists who exhibited to the directors of art galleries and cultural  institions - were pleasantly surprised. The next edition of me Courier will include a more comprehensive account of the exhibition.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hege'Goueier</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> by Alain Nicolas</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A.N. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Claude Smets</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is clear from the foregoing that Mr. Yearwood's art is primarily visual. The onlooker is bombarded with strong colours - which are used, together with abstraction and symbolism, to express both optimistic and pessimistic feelings. The artist uses his multicultural background to great effect, drawing on influences from Trinidad, Africa and Europe, to create different modes of expression. These are the essential factors which make his paintings interesting and refreshing to look at.  c.s. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Sarah Reynolds</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">S.R. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">WCL seeks a wider  expression views</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Pierre Mariotte Consultant, Paris, France </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Jean Monnet - 1888-1979  </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Having given the historical background, the author examines the country's future prospects. He believes that the 'siege mentality' of the new government does nothing to induce the return of the 2 million refugees who shuffle back and forth across the border and who find themselves stuck between a 'rock and a hard place'. Finally, the author poses a straightforward question - but one which has yet to be answered: How can we rebuild a country that has witnessed genocide on such a scale ? </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In brief</P>
 
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  The Commission has recently taken decisions to finance food aid as set out in the chart which follows: </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Courier</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union</P>
Index: main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/ec159e/ec159e.htm
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">AFRICA-CARIBBEAN-PACIFIC - EUROPEAN-UNION</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">To say that investing in people makes economic sense is to state the obvious. But to what extent are the implications of this statement fully understood in the developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, in these days of constantly shifting development theories? We look at this subject in our Dossier. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Courier</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union</P>
@@ -94,5 +94,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">John and Penny Hubley</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">South Pacific Forum: 'responding to the needs of the Member States'</P>
 
@@ -199,5 +199,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Secretariat must pursue its mission in accordance with the directives of the Forum and within its mandated areas of operation. it undertakes political and economic activities, regional in nature and complementary to the activities of the member governments. Its role requires it to act as the secretariat to the Forum and to disseminate the Forum's views, to coordinate activities with other regional institutions in particular through the SPOCC process, and to represent the Forum's interests intemationally, as required. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Investment symposium</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) symposium was held in Montreal from 22-24 May. It brought together some 40 African mining ministers, most of the important donor agencies and representatives of around 25 mining companies. MIGA, which is a specialised agency of the World Bank, promotes the flow of private investment to developing countries. It provides insurance against political risks and assists member countries in attracting foreign investment.</P>
 
@@ -248,5 +248,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">F. B.-H.</P>
 
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-</B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Hans van de Veen</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Hans van de Veen</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Can the EU-ACP relationship be used to strengthen the dialogue between Europe and the main victims of climate change ? And can the Lom&eacute; Convention be one of the tools to promote climate protection measures, as well as the implementation of the Climate</P>
@@ -307,5 +307,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">H.v.d.V.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">There were no real surprises or unexpected developments at the ACP-EU Council meeting which took place in Apia, Western Samoa, on 27 and 28 June, 1996. The session was preceded by an ACP Council, which saw the adoption of three important decisions. The first of these was the appointment of a new ACP Secretary-6eneral, Mr Ng'andu P. Magande of Zambia. The post had been vacant for some time, following deadlock within the ACP Group over a successor to Berhane Ghebray (see issue 155 of The Courier, p.6). The ministers also agreed to hold a summit of ACP heads of government in Libreville, Gabon, during the second half of 1997. This meeting is expected to focus heavily on the future of ACPEU relations once the present Lom&eacute; Convention has expired.</P>
 
@@ -336,5 +336,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">From working in the field, he moved into government administration, rising to the position of Permanent Secretary-a post which he held in a number of ministries. Since the mid-1980s, he has had key jobs in a number of Zambian enterprises (including Managing Director of the Zambia National Commercial Bank) His most recent work has been on a project to develop private sector participation in agricultural input and produce marketing.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Elisabeth Pape</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">E.P. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Some countries have a strong folk memory. Despite its size, Mali appears hemmed in by its frontiers. For more than a thousand years, this state was a splendid empire, constantly spreading outward and reflecting the history of the African continent with its conquests and alliances, reversals of fortune and moments of glory. At its height, it extended from the Atlantic to the Sudanese border, from the south of Morocco to the north of Nigeria. Mali's history rests in the minds of its people rather than in any structures inherited from the past. This acts as an antidote to the 'amnesia' often brought on by colonisation, which has the effect of paralysing the future. Although poor, the country has a well-established sense of its place in the world.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hegel Goueier</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is just something you have to get used to-in French-speaking Africa, virtually all countries have imitated France in assigning a number to each republic formed under a new constitution. At the time of its independence on 20 June 1960, Mali was a federation of two states; Senegal and the former 'French Sudan'. It was an alliance which failed after only a few weeks'existence end 'French Sudan' then adopted one of its most prestigious former names- Mali. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">H.G.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In Mali, the army has learnt if from the past</P>
 
@@ -551,5 +551,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">-I would say that it is more of a weakness, an inability to abandon a passion, even for supposedly good reasons. l am an 'internalist' and I have a passion for mechanisms. If you cure an infection and it returns, you have to look elsewhere to solve the problem. There are those in authority who spend money on trying to tackle problems without troubling to locate the cause. I would like to think that the analytical rigour of clinical science might also be put to good use in promoting understanding in politics. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Human Development Index rating: 0.223 (171st out of 174)</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Macro-economic indicators tell you nothing about the distribution of the country's resources'</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Interview by H.G.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In West Africa, there is a dry, desert-like region which a river tried to bring under its sway. Instead of flowing seawards, the river's path went in the opposite direction to find this region, impulsively tracing a majestic loop of 2000 kiLom&eacute;tres before heading seawards. The Niger may not have provided an ideal site for Mali's major towns and villages, but it was considerate enough to form a major waterway between them which is navigable over almost its entire course. Its network of tributaries has resulted in the formation of large landlocked lakes whose waters are full of fish-a reminder of the times when the Sahara was one huge expanse of water. It has also resulted in the extraordinary Niger basin, a central delta area the size of Belgium, criss-crossed by lesser tributaries which reach into the smallest valleys. The river has created a diverse landscape which entices the visitor back. The land is steeped in history and if one wishes to learn its secrets, one has no choice but to study the empires of the past, forged it is said, by mythological deities and heros.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hegel Goutier</P>
 
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-</I><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Roads and adjustment</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Roads and adjustment</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Theo Hoorntje</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">T.H. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Catherine Beauraind and her five colleagues in the small team of foreigners and Malians, woke early. It had been a short night: our fault, since we had arrived at Bandiagara on the edge of the Niger valley much later than expected having taken the Sevare route. This is the gateway to the rocky Dogon region and travellers on the road occacionaliy fall victim to bandits-which probably made our hosts somewhat apprehensive about our late arrival. The people we had come to see are road builders, working without sophisticated equipment in a region of rocks and cliffs. They seem very youth froml, particularly those who have come from afar.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hegel Goutier </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Small countries with a limited resource base are frequently buffeted by economic forces over which they have no control. If you live in Western Samoa, however, you are likely to be preoccupied by forces of a different kind. For while most of the time, Mother Nature presents a benign face in this attractive and fertile Pacific state, every once in a while, she loses her temper.</P>
 
@@ -889,5 +889,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">And what about those intrepid voyagers who fancy greeting the year 2000 in Tonga and then 'seeing out' the old millennium 24 hours later in Samoa. If i were an airline manager, I would be examining the possibility of extra flights from Nuku'alofa on the big day. (Let's hope it's not a Sunday I)</P>
 
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-</I><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Economic future in tourism end manufacturing'</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Economic future in tourism end manufacturing'</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Courier visited Western Samoa at the end of June while the country was hosting the ACP-EU Council of Ministers meeting. At the time, veteran Prime Minister, Tofilau Eti Alesana, was recovering from an operation, and his duties were being carried out by his deputy, Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, who is also the Minister of Finance. Despite a hectic schedule, the Deputy Prime Minister kindly managed to find a slot for a keynote interview with The Courier.</P>
@@ -955,5 +955,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In this respect, I believe we are quite different from Fiji and Tonga. In Tonga, the dividing line is quite clear. If you are born a noble, you remain a noble and if you are born a commoner, you will always be a commoner. It is the same in Fiji. There, you are automatically a ratu K your father was one. By contrast, here in Samoa, my son cannot automatically succeed to my title. So to become a matai, a person has to earn it, and to put his case at the family meeting which is convened to choose a successor. Usually, the person chosen is the one who displays the best leadership qualities. I think I should also point out that becoming a matai is not that difficult. If you want to be one, you inform the family and if they think you have matured sufficiently, you will generally get the position and then become eligible to be a parliamentary candidate. It is typical that when a family sees a fellow has matured, he becomes a matai.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information</P>
 
@@ -1013,5 +1013,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Human Development Index rating: 0.700 (88th out of 174) </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Folasaito Joe Annandale and his wife Tui are the brains behind Western Samoa's latest tourist facility- the Sinalei Reef Resort, which has just opened on the beautiful south coast of Upolu island. They are among a growing number of Samoan entrepreneurs who are injecting new dynamism into the country's economy although they are somewhat unusual in the tourist trade. With the notable exception of the famous 'Aggie Grey's Hotel' in Apia, tourist accommodation in Western Samoa has tended to be the preserve of foreign investors, including some of the major international hotel chains.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">S.H.</P>
 
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-</I><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Revive the agricultural base'</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Revive the agricultural base'</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tupua Tamasese Efi a former Prime Minister of Western Samoa, is leader of the opposition Samoa National Development Party which won 11 of the 49 seats in the parliamentary elections held in April 1996. In this interview, he outlines his own and his party's views on some of the key political and economic issues in his country.</P>
@@ -1091,5 +1091,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When you enter a common endeavour, there is always the pull of your own particular interests. And there can be a suspicion that the 'bigger boys' will use the others to promote their own interests. A lot of this may be perception rather than reality. Also, traditional rivalries can intrude. Sometimes you need to fall flat on your face before you Let me give you an example from the world of rugby. It took Rupert Murdoch to get Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa to realise that our fates are intertwined. He has come in with a commercial package that has taken over the entire rugby scene in the region- with a heavy emphasis on Australia and New Zealand-and this has hit us in a big way. For example, we find ourselves being cut out of traditional rugby tours. There is no point in us trying to claim that we are self-sufficient in this area. The big lesson is that we need to cooperate a lot more with the Tongans and Fijians in order to make an impact on the wider rugby scene._ </P>
 
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-</I><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Focus on utilities</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Focus on utilities</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Mylanwy van de Velde</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">S.H.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(Dossier coordinated by Augustine Oyowe)</P>
 
@@ -1208,5 +1208,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is insufficient, however, to have an educated workforce. Sub Saharan Africa must acquire the institutional and managerial capacity to make the right decisions, both in the public and private sectors. This is essential in the quest to eliminate poverty, achieve sustained and sustainable economic growth and ensure a realistic integration of the region into the global economy. </P>
 
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-</B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Giovanni Andrea Cornia </P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Giovanni Andrea Cornia </P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Over the past two decades, a clear consensus, supported by a growing amount of empirical evidence, has emerged on the growth and distributive effects of appropriate health care, nutrition and education, and on the rationality of investing in human resources to promote development in low-income economies, and in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. It is now clear that public and private rates of return on investment in primary and secondary education are substantially greater than those in most industrial sectors. Similarly, it is now well demonstrated that nutritional interventions in favour of workers at low levels of food intake has a very large impact on labour productivity. Also, provision of simple but adequate nutrition and health care at an early age has been shown to spare substantially greater health outlays over the longer term. While the number of these examples can be multiplied, the lesson is overwhelmingly clear: investing in people is a sound development policy.</P>
@@ -1308,5 +1308,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">While private providers, including church missions, have always been important in Africa, much of the market oriented literature tends to be very optimistic about the scope for expanding private services in order to replace government ones. Although a multiplicity of providers is desirable (and frequently unavoidable), there are several reasons why such optimism should be tempered. First, private sector services in Africa are typically concentrated in urban areas, and because of their cost, cater for upper-income groups. Although non-governmental providers (especially missions) are often located in rural areas, and they generally provide valuable services, they are seldom able to guarantee extensive coverage and in some cases may duplicate government services. Second, private providers are not without costs to governments; they often receive subsidies or preferential treatment in the allocation of foreign exchange and typically offer higher salaries and better working conditions which draw manpower away from the public sector. In Zambia, for instance, a teacher in a primary school run by the Consolidated Copper Mines can earn more than a lecturer at the University of Zambia. In countries with extremely limited numbers of doctors, certified nurses, qualified teachers and so on, greater privatisation would exacerbate the 'brain drain' from the public to the private sector and the undersupply of 'quasi public goods' for the majority, leading to harmful social differentiation. Third, quality is not necessarily an important incentive in the private sector in developing countries. The view that private institutions in health care and education are more efficient tends to be based largely on analyses in developed countries. Fourth, the growing pressure for pluralism in social service provision often gives scant attention to the problems of central coordination and planning and the development of an adequate 'regulatory framework' for private sector activities. While playing an important complementary role, the private sector and, to a lesser extent, the NGO sector, are thus affected by important objective limitations. Indeed, ironically, their proper functioning and social utility depends crucially on the existence of a stronger, not weaker, state able to regulate, coordinate and ensure that basic social services are provided - possibly through a multitude of public, NGO and private providers-to all citizens of a nation. G.A.C</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Franklyn Lisk</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">F.L. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Increasing demands and diminishing resources in higher education</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.C.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When a highly qualified professional chooses to leave his own country for another, he does so for one or several legitimate political or economic reasons: peace and security for himself and his family, job satisfaction, better pay and conditions. a higher standard of living, etc. Throughout history, countries and centres of academic excellence which offer these attractions have received the largest numbers of professional migrants and these have, in turn, made substantial contributions, not only to the economic growth of their host countries, but also to the scientific and technological advancement of humanity. The wave of German scientists who moved to the United States after the Second World war, and their discoveries and inventions, come readily to mind. On a global level, therefore, the free movement and interaction of highly skilled people is a positive thing. But the costs to the home countries of losing their professionals is incalculable-in terms of both development opportunities and loss of investment.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A.O.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">On the scale of the brain drain problem facing the developing countries, the UNDP's Transfer of Knowledge Through Expatriate Nationals (TOKTEN) project may not amount to much, but it has proved, in its 19 years of existence, to be a cost-effective way of getting highly qualified expatriates from the developing countries to contribute to the development of their countries of origin.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A.O </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The role of the Commonwealth in the economic and social progress of its member states is neither widely known nor widely publicised. Yet for over 25 years, the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC) has made significant contributions to the efforts of its developing member countries to accelerate the pace of their economic development.</P>
 
@@ -1579,5 +1579,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Women are helped, under the programme, to adapt their handicrafts for export, improve their manufacturing techniques and undertake sales missions abroad. Training is also given in export marketing, product development, costing and pricing. If necessary, changes to government policy are recommended. In 1994, the assistance given to Ghanaian women to develop markets for their basket ware and handicrafts is estimated to have helped generate sales worth US$3.1 million (ECU 2.4m). </P>
 
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-</B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Digby Swift</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Digby Swift</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The European Community's investments in human resource development-health, nutrition and education-in ACP states have regularly been covered in the pages of this magazine whether in the context of dosiers or of country resorts. Here we present a brief description of how the EU's policy in education and training evolved under the Yaounde and Lom&eacute; Convemntions.</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.S.</P>
 
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-</B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Kenneth Karl</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Kenneth Karl</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1989 saw the end of the Yalta inspired twin-superpower dominance. Nations had to examine their priorities in their desire for integration in an international environment in which geostrategic and economic realignment would be unavoidable. The philosophy which had served as a basis and reference point for North/South relations throughout the Cold War period is now being called into question and necessary adjustments in ideas have been triggered.</P>
@@ -1738,5 +1738,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The response so far has been encouraging, but it has come mainly from the European side. We are keen to receive contributions from ACP readers as well. If you have you own ideas or opinions about what should happen after Lom&eacute; IV expires, why not put them on paper and send them to us. Our address is on the inside front cover of the magazine. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This was the subject of a conference which took place in Maastricht from 12-14 June, under the auspices of the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM). It brought together participants from ACP countries and Europe, including representatives of civil society (NGOs, the private sector, etc.). Four major topics were addressed:</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Dominique David</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">On 6 and 7 June, the Belgian Par/iament hosted a UN seminar on 'me future of international development cooperation: new communication challenges' 'Democratising Democracy' was the succinct, journalistic way in which one of the speakers at the meeting summed up his solution to the problem of underdevelop meet. He was Jean-Bertrand Aristide, former President of Haiti, who observed that democracy, as advocated by the developed world, and increasingly accepted by developing countries, does not prevent the latter's slide into even greater poverty. The Courier had the opportunity to interview Mr Aristide. We began by asking him whether his statement implied that democracy is failing in a world striving to 'globalise' it J-B.A.-The word democracy comes from the Greek words 'demos', meaning people and 'kratein', meaning to govern. In other words, it signifies government of the people, for the people by the people-but if we take a look at the world today, the impression we get is that not all so-called democratic governments are in fact what they purport to be. Hence the need to 'democratise democracy', so as to create a situation in which all citizens can help set governments on a course towards such a model.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Interview by Hegel Goutier</P>
 
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-</B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Jean-Pierre Tilquin and Miguel Amado</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Jean-Pierre Tilquin and Miguel Amado</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This tiny country tucked away at the heart of Africa has, as is well known, been convulsed over the last three years by an acute socio-political crisis. The tragic consequences have included loss of human life, damage to the economic and social infrastructure, and a movement of refugees to neighbouring countries. Burundi, already one of the most densely populated nations in Africa, also has high population growth. It could be argued that it is only thanks to the hard work and perseverance of the farmers (admittedly, 90% of the population) that the country manages to keep going at all.</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">J-P.T. &amp; M.A.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A view from UNESCO.</P>
 
@@ -1969,5 +1969,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">C.A.A. </P>
 
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   </Description>
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-</B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by David Nthengwe</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by David Nthengwe</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Media Institute of Southern Africa</P>
@@ -2015,5 +2015,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.N.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2023,5 +2023,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Thomas M. Neufing</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Thomas M. Neufing</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Volunteers have become a major component in international development efforts. They make up a significant proportion of the total human resources available for development cooperation (up to a fifth of the skilled international personnel serving in developing countries). In the early days, volunteer service was strongly influenced by the idea of oneway technical assistance. Specialists, mainly from the North, served in developing nations where their expertise was desperately needed but not yet found among local citizens. Much has changed since.</P>
@@ -2060,5 +2060,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Study by the World Wide Fund for Nature</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2068,5 +2068,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by David Reed</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by David Reed</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">On 29 May, David Reed of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) was in Brussels to present the results of a study undertaken by the WWF, with the support of the European Commission, the longterm consequences of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) on the environment and the use of nature/ resources. Conclusions were drawn from nine country case studies from Cameroon, Mall Tanzania, Zambia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Venezuela, Vietnam and Pakistan. We publish here an abridged version of Mr Reed's general presentation.</P>
@@ -2096,5 +2096,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D.R. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2105,6 +2105,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<B><P></P>
+
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -2113,5 +2113,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Dak'Art 96</P>
 
@@ -2148,5 +2148,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Hegei Goutier</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2156,5 +2156,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Robert Rowe</P>
+<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Robert Rowe</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Many ways of raising money to fight AlDS have been tried, but one of the most unusual must surely be the approach taken by an official of the European Commission. Robert Rowe, who until last year was an assistant editor on The Courier, put on a oneman show in Brussels and then rook it to the other side of the world to raise money for a voluntary organisation working on AIDS prevention and care in Malaysia. Here is his story of fighting the virus with the power of the theatre.</P>
@@ -2182,5 +2182,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">R.R. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2191,6 +2191,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<B><P></P>
+
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -2199,5 +2199,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Materials, techniques and knowledge at the service of new architectural applications</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Hugo Houben and Hubert Guilland.</P>
@@ -2294,5 +2294,5 @@
  The use of earth</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2302,5 +2302,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Plea for African solidarity</P>
 
@@ -2348,5 +2348,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In the fifth paragraph under the same heading, there was a reference to Helena Torres Couto. This should have read Mr Jose Manuel Torres Couto. </P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2356,5 +2356,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">L'Afrique est-elle protectionniste- Les chemins buissonniers de la liberation exterieure</P>
 
@@ -2391,5 +2391,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Debra Percival</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2399,6 +2399,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<I><P></P>
+
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -2407,5 +2407,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Trafficking of women</P>
 
@@ -2503,5 +2503,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tel. (32) 081-72.49.09</P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2511,5 +2511,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Common foreign and security policy</P>
 
@@ -2596,5 +2596,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The EU reaffirms its willingness to support the realisation of the Arusha objectives with a view to restoring peace and security in Burundi. It remains ready to help Burundi in its economic and social recovery when political and security conditions make it possible to begin its rehabilitation.</P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2604,5 +2604,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The President of Haiti</P>
 
@@ -2619,5 +2619,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This trip to Brussels was the President's first overseas visit in his new capacity, following his election on 30 June. Indeed, he had not yet formally assumed office at the time of his visit. His inauguration was due to take place on 16 August and the President-elect extended an invitation to the Commission to attend the ceremony. Mr Fernandez Reyna's subsequent itinerary included visits to Spain, France and the United States.</P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2627,5 +2627,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Commission has recently approved the financing of the following projects under the budget line 'Human Rights and Democracy in the Developing Countries):</P>
 
@@ -2650,5 +2650,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sri Lanka: ECU 84 314 for a programme of information in the field of promoting equal opportunities and non-discrimination </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2658,5 +2658,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Commission has recently decided to finance the following projects in developing countries affected by serious civil disturbances or natural disasters:</P>
 
@@ -2704,5 +2704,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Haiti: ECU 551980 for a programme to rehabilitate schools and provide support for the education sector. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2712,5 +2712,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Following, where required, favourable opinions from the EDF Committee, the Commission has decided to provide grants and special loans from the 5th, 6th and 7th EDFs to finance the following operations (grants unless otherwise stated). Major projects and programmes are highlighted.</P>
 
@@ -2784,5 +2784,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Zaire: ECU 2 million to support the integration of displaced people in Kasai. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2792,8 +2792,8 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">South Africa: A loan of ECU 56 million for Eskom, the public electricity company, for the modemisation of part of its electricity distribution network.</P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2803,5 +2803,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ACP countries</P>
 
@@ -2842,5 +2842,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Bangladesh: ECU 300 000 to help victims of the tropical storm that struck in the middle of May. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -2850,5 +2850,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Angola: 15 000 tonnes of cereals, 2000 tonnes of oils and 3000 tonnes of beans amounting to a total value of ECU 20.075 million. </P>
 </FONT>
Index: main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/ec160e/ec160e.htm
===================================================================
--- main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/ec160e/ec160e.htm	(revision 24413)
+++ main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/ec160e/ec160e.htm	(revision 24803)
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@
 <BODY>
 
-<B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2><P></P>
+<B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Africa - Caribbean - Pacific - European Union </P>
 
@@ -35,5 +35,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The concept of 'habitat' conjures up different things to different people - from the right to a roof over one's head to the way in which we manage the flora and fauna of the planet. In our dossier, we consider the legacy of the United Nations 'Habitat' Conference held in Istanbul earlier this year. We also highlight some of the initiatives being taken to improve the quality of people's living environment. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -42,5 +42,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Courier: Africa  - Caribbean - Pacific - European union</P>
 
@@ -77,5 +77,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Margriet Mahy-van der Werf (299-30-1 2)</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -85,6 +85,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<B><P></P>
+
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -93,5 +93,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The main development battle must be fought in the towns and cities</P>
 
@@ -152,5 +152,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">To put it in perspective, Senegal's economy is about the same size as that of the city of Bordeaux. So we must use all the available potential. Highly qualified managers should do their job looking after the high-tech sectors. But, at the same time, we should not be driving out the poor people who are just trying to eke out a living. The informal sector creates services for a very small investment, and people also require services. Economic policy must allow society to walk on two legs, not just one. What that means is that we need a great deal of flexibility, and perhaps a complete review of the law. Contraceptive implants have to be licensed so that there are no more back-street abortions. And it must be possible for girls to attend school even if they do not have a proper birth certificate - why should they be excluded from education for want of a piece of paper. It should be possible to trade with a simple one-day ticket which people should be able to buy in post offices or cinemas. What would be wrong with that? And we should have a moratorium on a number of regulations. We need to wage war on the destitution that we are suffering and that means taking decisive measure.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -161,6 +161,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<B><P></P>
+
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -169,5 +169,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Although the agenda was, as usual, heavily laden with a variety of long-standing issues ranging from regional cooperation, fisheries, the cocoa content of chocolate and bananas to the situation in several ACP states (in particular Rwanda and Burundi), the future of ACP-EU relations was at the forefront of discussions at the ACP-EU Joint Assembly, which was held in Luxembourg from 23-26 September 1996.</P>
 
@@ -224,5 +224,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The resolution does not differ very much from the previous one. Mrs Junker, Johanna Maij-Weggen (EPP-NL) and Mrs Kinnock all expressed disappointment that the EU Council had failed to implement this fully. However, by repeating the demand for sanctions, they said, the Assembly was sending a very strong message to the Council that it was determined to see Nigeria return to democracy as quickly as possible. </P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -232,5 +232,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Climate change</P>
 
@@ -257,5 +257,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Several parliamentarians wanted to know what the Commission, in particular, had done and will do to help small ACP island states overcome the effects of climate change. It was soon discovered during the discussion that a number of African countries were equally concerned. A Commission representative referred the Assembly to the provisions in the Convention which covered global warming and the special problems of island states. Although there is no specific reference to climate change, the Commission had dealt and would continue to deal with the issue in the broader context of its environmental action. Studies, projects and programmes are being implemented in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean in particular. Furthermore, DG VIII has drawn up internal briefing papers aimed at making departments aware of the issues of climate change and the environment. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -266,6 +266,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<B><P></P>
+
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -274,6 +274,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<I><P></P>
+
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -282,5 +282,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In most of the ACP states featured in our Country Reports, the vital issues are usually economic and social ones. How is a nation with a poor natural resource base to achieve lasting development ? What can be done to improve the skills of the people? How can a vibrant private sector be created ? Can better health care be delivered and how should it be paid for? Some of these questions might well be valid for Fiji but the visiting journalist soon discovers that they are all secondary issues. For this is a country whose political system itself dominates the agenda. The fundamental issue here is the relationship between the indigenous people of Fiji and the descendants of indentured Indian labourers brought in by the British between 1879 and 1916 to work in the sugar cane fields.</P>
 
@@ -343,5 +343,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The overall picture is of a country with very considerable potential in both human and natural resource terms which needs to overcome a number of challenges to secure a more prosperous future. Some of these challenges - adapting to the world of free markets, tackling bureaucratic impediments, bringing development to rural villages, improving the infrastructure, and so on - are familiar to all developing countries. The single most important constraint, however, is the big ethnic divide, and the political uncertainty which flows from this. And this is something which can only be solved by the people of Fiji themselves. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -351,5 +351,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'The last ten years have been very educational for me'</P>
 
@@ -420,5 +420,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - I think seeking is the wrong word. We will do what we feel is good for Fiji and its people. The people of Fiji are those who are here now but it will include some of those who have moved on looking for greener pastures and who are willing to come back. We were not expelled from the Commonwealth; our membership lapsed. It is up to the Commonwealth to say whether they are prepared to reconsider our member ship. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -428,5 +428,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information</P>
 
@@ -495,5 +495,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sources: Economic Intelligence Unit, UNDP Human Development Report, 1996, EC Commission. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -503,5 +503,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'We need to move to a more racially neutral system'</P>
 
@@ -580,5 +580,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - Well, we hope so. You know we are all very strongly in favour of rejoining. One of the things that I personally feel very strongly about is the unfortunate severance of our link with the Queen. I don't know, constitutionally, whether it can be restored. Obviously, there are difficulties in that area, but I think a large majority of ordinary people in this country would like at least to see Fiji back in the Commonwealth. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -588,5 +588,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When The Courier visited Fiji in July, the report of the Constitutional Review Commission headed by Sir Paul Reeves (former Governor-General of New Zealand) had not yet been completed  -  and what it would contain was a major topic of speculation. As readers will see from the interview we publish with the Prime Minister and Opposition Leader, the impartiality of the three-member Commission was not in question  -  at least within the political mainstream on both the native Fijian and Indian sides. Nonetheless, there were doubts about whether a consensus could be found. For the Indo-Fijians, a scaling down of the 'racial' features in the Constitution was seen as a prerequisite. Yet the ruling SVT, in its own submissions to the Commission, had effectively supported the status quo. In view of this apparently unbridgeable gulf, could the compilers of the Report come up with recommendations capable of forming the basis for a lasting constitutional settlement ? </P>
 
@@ -607,5 +607,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is obvious that a great many more words will be exchanged - and some of them will no doubt be heated  - in the coming months. It is difficult to see how everyone can be 'brought on board' but the hope must be that a compromise can be crafted that is acceptable to the majority on both sides of the communal divide. The people of this Pacific island nation are well aware that prosperity and stability go hand in hand. The single most important achievement in ensuring stability for the longer term would be to secure a satisfactory settlement of the constitutional issue. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -615,5 +615,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This was the key sentiment expressed by Isimeli Bose, Fiji's Trade Minister, when he spoke to The Courier earlier this year. Mr Bose insisted that 'no matter what anybody says, sugar will be the backbone of this country's economy for years to come.'</P>
 
@@ -642,5 +642,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But the Minister nonetheless insisted that it was something 'that can and will happen'. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -650,5 +650,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">How can a businesswomen succeed in Fiji's patriarchal society? Mere Samisoni, the entrepreneur behind the 'Hotbread Kitchen' gave us an appropriate answer when she said 'I roll with it', although the pun was probably unintentional In fact, it is difficult to imagine this dynamic lady being pushed around. Anybody who manages to build up a chain of bakeries from scratch, capturing 35% of the country's urban consumer market in the process, must have a lot of determination. At the same time, Mrs Samisoni displays a strong sense of social commitment. She believes in community values, advocates group decision-making and consensus, and even describes the tax system as 'reasonably fair'. In short, she contradicts the widely-held view propagated by lurid American TV series, that a dogeat-dog attitude is needed for business success.</P>
 
@@ -663,5 +663,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As if running a business wasn't enough, Mere Samisoni is also busy completing a Masters in Business Administration (MBA) at the University of the South Pacific, with a thesis on indigenous business. From what we discovered, speaking to this remarkable Fijian entrepreneur, she should have been helping to teach the course! </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -671,5 +671,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Anyone from overseas who is travelling to the Fijian capital, Suva, will soon discover that the country's largest island is a very diverse place. Roughly circular in shape, Viti Levu provides more than half of Fiji's total land area and is home to about three-quarters of the population.</P>
 
@@ -688,5 +688,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The few people who do occupy the central region live in traditional Fijian villages and have a lifestyle far removed from either the town dwellers or the sugar cane farmers. Its size may be little more than ten thousand square kiLom&eacute;tres but Viti Levu is truly an island of contrasts. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -696,5 +696,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Ernst Kroner</P>
 
@@ -743,5 +743,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Taking the Sugar Protocol into consideration, the EU is by far the most important of Fiji's development partners, followed by Australia. The country also benefits from bilateral cooperation arrangements with EU Member States (UK, France, Germany). </P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -752,6 +752,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<I><P></P>
+
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -760,5 +760,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'None of the most civilised nations have ever exceeded these islanders in the great order and regularity maintained on every occasion, in ready and submissive compliance with the commands of their chiefs, and the perfect harmony that subsists among all ranks.'</P>
 
@@ -809,5 +809,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The foregoing survey of Tonga's economy does not paint a particularly happy picture but it should be stressed that there is very little real poverty in the islands. In many ways, the informal economy is more important, and subsistence agriculture and fishing ensure that people do not go hungry. With their traditional family structures and strong attachment to the Christian faith, the Tongans have not yet encountered many of the social problems associated with more consumption-oriented societies. But to paraphrase a famous saying, 'no nation is an island' nowadays - even if it happens to be surrounded by water! In an era of increasing globalisation, the key question is how to manage change. Let us hope that the people of Tonga can find the right answer. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -817,5 +817,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'Constrained by our geography'</P>
 
@@ -895,5 +895,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">So we will continue to have relations with our partners, but we need to recognise that they are concentrating their efforts now and adapt accordingly. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -903,5 +903,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">General information</P>
 
@@ -940,5 +940,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Sources: Tonga in Profile (on the Internet -  http: 11l www. netstorage. com/kami/ tonga) Economic Intelligence Unit Country Report 1996. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -948,5 +948,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">'There is much more political awareness'</P>
 
@@ -997,5 +997,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> -  You only need to look around you to see that we have a youthful population here: a lot of young people who need to be catered for. We are investing heavily in education which I think is good but we need to do more to adapt to the changing world. We were peaceful in the past because most Tongans were on roughly the same level in terms of wealth. Now the poor are getting poorer while the rich get richer. This could lead to an increase in social tensions. With a more democratic system, we should be able to close the gap and work for a peaceful and more prosperous future. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1005,5 +1005,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">New Minister outlines economic strategy</P>
 
@@ -1026,5 +1026,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This led us into a discussion about Tonga's attitude to foreign investors who might also be in a position to supply capital and know-how. The authorities had recently threatened that a number of residence permits would not be renewed. Was this not a disincentive to potential overseas investors ? Dr Masasso was keen to offer clarification. 'The media makes it look as if Tonga doesn't like investors but they have misinterpeted the situation. He insisted; 'we want the foreign investment here and are encouraging it in those areas where locals cannot get involved.' Defending the actions of the immigration authorities, the Minister stressed that what they were doing was normal practice. 'Those who stay here illegally and do not extend their visa have to be deported.' The action, he argued, was not directed against foreign investors and indeed, the latter should be encouraged by the government's commitment to upholding the law.' </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1034,5 +1034,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Developing the Vava'u islands</P>
 
@@ -1057,5 +1057,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">EIB interventions have contributed to the share capital of the Tonga Development Bank and have increased the Bank's lending capacity to small and medium-sized enterprises. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1065,5 +1065,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Uelingatoni Tevita Vaea (known as 'T' to his friends), proved to be a mine of information for The Courier, when we visited the Vava'u island group in northern Tonga recently. 'T' is a Tongan engineer who returned to his native land from Australia to work as assistant project manager in the Vava'u Development Unit. His help was particularly useful during the highlight of our visit - a traditional celebratory feast laid on by the villagers of Nuapapu. This is one of Vava'u's inhabited outer islands and the celebration was staged to mark the installation of solar powered lighting, courtesy of Lom&eacute; Convention funds.</P>
 
@@ -1102,5 +1102,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The guests (including the staff of the Vava'u Development Unit who have guided the project through its various stages) then took their leave of this hospitable community and set off by boat on the return journey to Neiafu. As the vessel drew away from the shore, we were able to look up and see, for the first time, the twinkling lights of Nuapapu. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1112,6 +1112,6 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
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   </Description>
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-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(Dossier coordinated by Debra Percival and  Claude Smets)</P>
 
@@ -1167,5 +1167,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But in some rural areas, the inhabitants have found themselves in dispute with conservationists. The latter seek to protect wildlife and the rural habitat by setting up national parks - a solution which is not necessarily in the interests of local people struggling to maintain their livelihood. We take a look at such dilemmas and the possible solutions being developed so that rural dwellers can continue to make the most of their habitat. This rural struggle, where solutions are also being called for at a local level, is not unlike the battle being waged for a better quality of life in the cities. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
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   </Description>
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-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Deputy mayor of the city of Louga, Daby Diagne is also President of the Finance Committee of Senegal's National Assembly, General Secretary of the Association of Mayors of Senegal and President of the World Federation of United Cities. He is the ACP-EU Joint Assembly's General Rapporteur on urban development and The Courier had the opportunity to interview him in September at the Assembly's meeting in Luxembourg.</P>
 
@@ -1214,5 +1214,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">We could, for example, carry out a comparative study of legislation in a particular area, thereby gaining access to other types of experience. Internationally, aid can be given to associations to help them buy equipment and attain a degree of freedom of manoeuvre vis-&agrave;-vis the authorities. In the field of decentralised cooperation, the international community can help elected representatives to implement their projects through partnerships, conducting studies, and providing personnel. Cooperation is possible in all spheres -  implementation, management, financing and so on. I believe that a new type of cooperation will gradually come into being. It is not a question of creating 'white elephants', but rather small and medium-scale projects which are of genuine use to the population. And I am not talking here about acts of charity, such as the donation of medicines, but sustainable projects. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
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   </Description>
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-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Christian Cure'</P>
 
@@ -1277,5 +1277,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Some people predicted that Habitat 11 would be 'the revenge of the cities'. To quote P. Maragall, chairman of the Committee of the Regions, the conference at least provided the opportunity to build, and to give a wider audience to 'the voice of the United Cities within the United Nations'. That itself is a major step forward. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
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 </Section>
@@ -1285,5 +1285,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Tackling violence against women</P>
 
@@ -1316,5 +1316,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Violence in the home is also a growing problem. Mmatshilo Motsei, Director of Agisanang Domestic Abuse Prevention and Training, an NGO based in Alexandria, South Africa, says the problem is so pervasive, 'it must be raised as a national concern.' Habitat II turned a deaf ear on these women's concerns. This was not their forum. Shawna Tropp of the NGO Women's Caucus criticised those attending the conference who claimed that it was not about women but cities. 'Women live in cities,' she says and adds: 'By and large, human settlements are still very much seen in terms of bricks and mortar'. She calls for greater understanding of the role played by women, usually in an unpaid capacity, in the management of communities. 'Everything begins with having a house in a secure neighbourhood where the dignity of women is protected.'</P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -1324,5 +1324,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The megacity personifies human misery for many in developing nations. As agglomerations proliferate in the twenty-first century, the United Nations Population Fund's 1996 report - The State of the World Population  -  considers how one might go about remedying the ills of city dwelling.</P>
 
@@ -1359,5 +1359,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">And global urbanisation will require that the international community  -  governments, NGOs and international institutions - act to exploit the potential of cities to improve the lives of the world's people and to establish the foundations of sustainable development in the 21st century.'</P>
 
-<I><P></P>
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   </Description>
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-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Paul Okunlola</P>
 
@@ -1414,5 +1414,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">On the positive side, adversity has proved a catalyst for greater community-based and NGO activity in environmental and human settlement issues over the last decade. This is a fresh approach, based on 'bottom-up' strategies, which should open up muchneeded new avenues to urban management in Nigeria more generally and in Lagos in particular. </P>
 
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   </Description>
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-</I>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Gilles Fontaine</P>
 
@@ -1459,5 +1459,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One has to recognise that the mere adoption of a text, however significant it may be, cannot be regarded as a magic formula which will change the face of the world overnight. To the impatient among us who want everything straight away, and to unrepentant sceptics, I would say this. In environmental matters there are two major periods in our recent history - the period before Rio and the period after Rio. The Rio meeting, and each subsequent conference, have been milestones in a long, coherent process of collective reflection and growing awareness. Istanbul did, in fact, keep its promises: the right to adequate shelter is now recognised internationally as the fundamental right of every human being.</P>
 
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-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Stephane Yerasimos</P>
 
@@ -1500,5 +1500,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In the present circumstances, however, any scheme to redevelop Istanbul effectively would seem doomed to failure. The only intervention which might succeed would be at the 'cleaning-up' stage - coming in after the construction of the dwellings under the conditions described above. It is only once the new inhabitants' dream of having a roof over their heads is realised that they come face to face with the harsh daily realities of living in a self-built city of nearly ten million people. They may then be prepared to make some sacrifices in order to improve their living conditions. The moment when harsh reality replaces emotion, is the only time the urban planner has the slightest chance of being listened to. </P>
 
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-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Misia Coghlan</P>
 
@@ -1559,5 +1559,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Invisible Hand of the Housing Market, Dragana Avramov, FEANTSA, Brussels 1996</P>
 
-<I><P></P>
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-</I>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Francis Cass</P>
 
@@ -1602,5 +1602,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Last but not least, a concerted effort - especially a concerted financial effort - should be made by decision-makers at the local, national and international levels. We need to recognise that environmental damage is a phenomenon which rarely confines itself to the local level. Sooner or later, it becomes a problem for all of us. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
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   </Description>
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-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Hendrik Smets</P>
 
@@ -1649,5 +1649,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">If, in a third phase, an awareness and eco-development programme could be successfully implemented, the Zakouma National Park should be able to look forward to a brighter future. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
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   </Description>
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-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In April, on the eve of the International Conference on Human Settlements, the first West-African eco-centre ('Ecopole`) was opened in Dakar. It was set up by Enda, one of the few international non-governmental organisations of significant size based in a developing country. The 'eco' refers to two things - the economic life of the ordinary people and the ecological aspect of the centre. One of the most memorable images of the opening ceremonies was the sight of two Presidents  -  Abdou Diouf of Senegal and his Malian counterpart, Alpha Oumar Konare  -  striding through the dust in a working-class district of the Senegalese capital. For supporters of the 'Ecopole', the event epitomised the fight back of the popular urban economy. </P>
 
@@ -1690,5 +1690,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Some years ago, a former sailor, who always dreamed of being a teacher, set up his own school in the main street which runs through the district. He worked on the pavement and in the car park in front of a furniture store, teaching children in the morning before the offices opened and adults in the evening after they had closed. Enda recently offered him a few pieces of furniture, but for many years, he received no help other than a few pieces of chalk, worn-down pencils and the remains of exercise books from his 'colleagues' in regular education. This is a man who has to supply his pupils not just with teaching materials but also sometimes with food. This year, with his voice catching in his throat, he told us that one of his former 'street pupils' is going to college. How can the learned economists calculate the value of this devoted 'academic'? </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Professor Willie Esterhuyse</P>
 
@@ -1727,5 +1727,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">But spectacular progress should not be expected. Development, reconstruction, and growth of the kind that South Africa needs, will take time. However, the lessons and achievements of the past two years have put South Africa in an excellent position to change the country's socio-economic environment. </P>
 
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-</I>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Christine Thompson</P>
 
@@ -1758,5 +1758,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The overall objective of the programme is to improve living conditions through a policy that strengthens the delivery system for infrastructure and housing. The programme anticipates providing the community with primary and secondary schools, sports fields, community halls, libraries and a community health centre. Access to housing finance will be improved and opportunities for income generation provided through a vocational training centre and small-scale industry workshops. In addition, provision is being made to improve management and general policy-making capabilities. By continuing to fund such projects, the EU is working with the South African government to improve the living conditions of the urban and rural poor. </P>
 
-<I><P></P>
+<I></I><P></P>
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 </Section>
@@ -1766,5 +1766,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</I>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Theatre for Africa, a performing group from Southern Africa, went on tour this autumn to put across the message that the exploitation of Africa's fauna should remain in the hands of rural communities. They did this with a powerful mix of words, dance, mime and song, in a play entitled Guardians of Eden '. The Courier met the author and cast on the Brussels leg of their tour. </P>
 
@@ -1789,5 +1789,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The play is in English and the languages of Southern Africa, but Nicolas Ellenbogen believes it can be readily understood by his multinational audiences. For him, the message - that local people must have the power to manage their own wildlife on their own land - needs no translating. </P>
 
-<B>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Stelios Christopoulos</P>
 
@@ -1858,5 +1858,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Nothing can take the place of the shared experience and confidence which arises spontaneously in full knowledge of the facts. In this regard, we feel, there is still much to be done. In both Europe and the ACP countries, one way to succeed is to increase the number of networks representing industrial, economic and financial interests at various levels, and to assist them in identifying opportunities more effectively. This would help to create a new dynamism and renewed vigour in Europe. </P>
 
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+
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In the Courier's issue of July-August 1994, we published a country report on Eritrea. This country became independent in 1993 after almost 30 years of fighting which had bled the county white. Loss of human life, displaced persons, socio-economic disruption and environmental damage have been Eritrea's sad fate in recent times. However, there has now been peace for three years and the Eritrean people are attempting to pick up the threads. Alfonso Artico, a freelance journalist who recently travelled to Eritrea, now offers us a few on-the-spot impressions of his trip, focusing on some current projects which offer hope to this sorely afflicted people</P>
 
@@ -1944,5 +1944,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Under Mohamed's gaze, the walls of the workshop have been brightened up with posters which provide a splash of colour. Although the noise from the presses often drowns out conversation, you cannot escape the feeling of hope here. It is like a breath of fresh air, and one leaves with the strong impression of a country that is rising from the ashes. </P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
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+
+<B></B><P></P>
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@@ -1961,5 +1961,5 @@
   </Description>
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Eva Kaluzynska</P>
 
@@ -1992,5 +1992,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ECHO's Jean-Claude Heyraud sums up the new policy: 'As far as preventing, mitigating and preparing for catastrophes goes, the new proactive approach reflects the importance ECHO attaches to this type of action. The DIPECHO programme meets the growing need to evaluate risks in order to reduce loss of life and damage to property. If and when emergency aid is needed, preparation and prevention can help to reduce the scale and cost of such actions.' </P>
 
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+<B></B>
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+
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   </Description>
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+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">by Seydou Sarr</P>
 
@@ -2046,5 +2046,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The credit for this, in the view of many of the participants, lies with Pape Mbaye Sene, one of the guiding lights of the event, who has also been dubbed the 'high priest' of African cinema. It has, in fact, been suggested tongue-in-cheek that 'in Brussels, they award a Pape, not an Oscar'. </P>
 
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+<B></B><P></P>
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@@ -2054,5 +2054,5 @@
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-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The future of African cinema seen through the eyes of the Malian film maker, </P>
 
@@ -2095,5 +2095,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> - After independence, in the years from 1960 to 1968, there was a time when young people would get together and become involved in various biennial art festivals. We had a series of events which encouraged a kind of a 'cultural vision' nationwide. They were so successful that other countries were soon following our example. After the coup in 1968, however, everything fell apart. In the following 23 years there was a total cultural vacuum, in which young people felt completely disorientated, despite superficial attempts to relaunch the festivals. We are now only just trying to rediscover our cultural roots after a long period of upheaval. What we in Mali do have working in our favour, is the fact that our country is a harmonious patchwork of different peoples, all living together without the slightest trace of bitterness or hatred. We are lucky here because our rulers rarely tried to manipulate our ethnic loyalties to set one group against another. A Malian, irrespective of his roots, will always rejoice in the success of his fellow countrymen, whatever tribe they happen to belong to. We owe our good fortune to a heritage in which our peoples have always respected one another - even when they have faced each other as enemies. It is only as a result of this historic mutual respect that we can now speak of a Malian culture where each individual group of people has its own idiosyncrasies, its own customs, is sensitive towards other cultures and actually rejoices in their differences. </P>
 
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+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One of CTA's tasks is to provide information on request to researchers, extension workers, planners, farmers' organisations, trainers and information specialists involved in agricultural development in ACP states. In addition to requested publications, CTA also distributes publications on its own initiative to its target groups. These publications, some 550 titles, are also supplied free of charge and consist of books published by CTA, co-published, or purchased specially because of their relevance. In 1995, almost 65 000 books were posted to ACP countries.</P>
 
@@ -2181,5 +2181,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Since CTA started distributing books on agriculture and rural development, publishing and bookselling activities in many ACP countries have multiplied and the context has changed somewhat. As noted at CTA's Montpellier conference in 1995, there is now much information and many documents going from North to South, suited to the planners, research workers and extension agents who process the information and pass it down to the small-scale farmers. Rather, a two-way information route would be more efficient, between farmers who have information to offer as well as information needs and information providers. The growth in requests to CTA for publications from co-operatives and farmer associations and from non-academic libraries and documentation units is evidence that the publications distribution service is fulfilling a need. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Earthen architecture</P>
 
@@ -2227,5 +2227,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A number of readers have raised this point with us since we have rearranged the cover pages and transferred the ACP and Europe 'regional' maps to the inside back cover. In future, we will endeavour to ensure that there is a cross-reference to this page in the Country Report profile. </P>
 
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+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Publications received</P>
 
@@ -2322,5 +2322,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In this book, 10 African, US and European experts attempt to look beyond the immediate horizon and identify strategies which could be implemented to give renewed vigour to the African economy. They analyse the choices which should be made in key areas such as agriculture, trade and industry, the role of the state and the social sectors. </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">World congress against the sexual exploitation of children</P>
 
@@ -2449,5 +2449,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">E-mail: International. Seminar@britcoun.org </P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY</P>
 
Index: main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/fb33fe/fb33fe.htm
===================================================================
--- main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/fb33fe/fb33fe.htm	(revision 24413)
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Rome 1986</P>
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&copy; FAO 1986</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1. Did you know that many kinds of snails are good to eat?</P>
 
@@ -58,5 +58,5 @@
  You need to grow more snails if your family is big</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">You will need</P>
 <DIR>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">10. If you have or can get all of these things, you can raise snails.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">11. To farm snails is not hard; however, it is quite different from keeping chickens or ducks or from growing crops such as maize, rice, cassava or groundnuts.</P>
 
@@ -121,5 +121,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">17. In the next part of this booklet, you will begin to learn some things that you need to know to farm snails.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">18. The kind of snails that you can farm are snails that live on land, and there are many kinds of land snails that are good to eat.</P>
 
@@ -204,5 +204,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">27. If snails are eaten where you live, you can farm one of these. Then you will be sure that it is good to eat.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">28. When you are ready to get snails, perhaps you can get them by gathering wild snails that live near you.</P>
 
@@ -231,5 +231,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Never term snails that you buy at the market. Snails at the market may have been washed, kept too cold or hurt and they may die soon.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">31. A good place for a snail farm is one where there already are snails. If there already are snails, you will know that the soil and the water in the soil are right for snails to live and grow.</P>
 
@@ -246,5 +246,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">33. If you have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water, you can bring good snails from another place to start your snail farm.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">34. Soil is important for snails. Part of the time they live on the soil and part of the time they live in the soil, and to live well, snails need good soil.</P>
 
@@ -298,5 +298,5 @@
  Baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">42. Snails need plants for both food and sheller. Most kinds of snails use several kinds for food and several other kinds for shelter.</P>
 
@@ -342,5 +342,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">51. In addition to the food plants, there are many other kinds of foods that you can put into a pen for your snails to eat. You will learn about these foods and when you should use them in the next booklet in this series.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">52. Dew at night in the growing season helps the plants to grow and makes the leaves and the ground wet so that snails can move about.</P>
 
@@ -368,5 +368,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">58. In the next booklet, you will be told how to wet the leaves of plants and moisten the ground when it is too dry.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">59. Land that is very wet, low land that does not drain well or land that floods in the rainy season is not good for snail farming.</P>
 
@@ -382,5 +382,5 @@
  Low, wet land is bad for snails</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">60. Wind during the growing season is bad because it dries the dew and dries out the snails.</P>
 
@@ -401,5 +401,5 @@
  Snails should be farmed in a place protected from the wind</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">62. If you decide to farm snails you must keep them in a pen. Snails kept in a well- built pen will not get away easily and you can watch them and take care of them well.</P>
 
@@ -443,5 +443,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">69. A good size for a pen is 5 x 5 metres. Later in this booklet you will learn how to build a small pen of this size.</P>
 
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 </Section>
@@ -451,5 +451,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">70. If you are using small snails like those you have seen on pages 8 and 9 in this booklet, you will need more snails to begin.</P>
 
@@ -464,5 +464,5 @@
  150 small snails; 25 large snails</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -472,5 +472,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">73. The amount of snail meat that you will get from small snails will be about the same as what you would get from large snails. This is because you will use many more small snails than large snails and the meat will be about equal.</P>
 
@@ -480,5 +480,5 @@
  12 to 13 kilograms each year; 24 to 26 kilograms each year</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -488,5 +488,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">75. In the first part of this booklet you have learned many things about snails and farming snails. You have learned</P>
 <DIR>
@@ -508,5 +508,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">79. If you would like to begin you will learn exactly what to do in the rest of this booklet and in the next booklet.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -525,5 +525,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">80. Try to choose a place that is close to your house. That way you will be able to watch your snails, protect them from their enemies and take care of them easily</P>
 
@@ -550,5 +550,5 @@
  two or three 5 x 5 metre pens</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -558,5 +558,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">86. Clean the site and prepare the ground a little before the growing season so that you can build the pen in time to plant the food and shelter plants.</P>
 
@@ -605,5 +605,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">96. However, do not use any fertilizer, animal manure or compost as you might with a vegetable garden. Fertilizers may burn the snails and animal manure or compost may bring in insects and weed seeds.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -614,5 +614,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">97. Build a pen for your snails as soon as you can after you have burned the plant material. This is to keep other insects, mice, rats or shrews from getting into your pen.</P>
 
@@ -727,5 +727,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">9 then attach the top flap</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -735,5 +735,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">112. You have already been told that you should clean and prepare the site and build your snail pen in time for the planting season.</P>
 
@@ -831,5 +831,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Asparagus lives for many years and it is a good shelter plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, it is not good for older snails because they are too heavy for asparagus plants.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -838,5 +838,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">118. The food plants must be big enough to feed your snails and the shelter plants tall enough to cover them and to protect them from the sun.</P>
 
Index: main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/fb34fe/fb34fe.htm
===================================================================
--- main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/fb34fe/fb34fe.htm	(revision 24413)
+++ main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/fb34fe/fb34fe.htm	(revision 24803)
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@
 <BODY>
 
-<B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2><P></P>
+<B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS</P>
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Rome 1986</P>
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&copy; FAO 1986</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The first twenty- six volumes in FAO's Better Farming Series were based on the Cours d'apprentissage agricole prepared in C&ocirc;te d'Ivoire by the Institut africain de d&eacute;veloppement &eacute;conomique et social for use by extension workers. Later volumes, beginning with No. 27, have been prepared by FAO for use in agricultural development at the farm and family level. The approach has deliberately been a general one, the intention being to constitute basic prototype outlines to be modified or expanded in each area according to local conditions of agriculture.</P>
 
@@ -39,5 +39,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Requests for permission to issue this manual in other languages and to adapt it according to local climatic and ecological conditions are welcomed. They should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -48,5 +48,5 @@
 -->
 
-<P></P>
+
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -55,5 +55,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">123. All of the snails that you choose for your pen must be of the same kind.</P>
 
@@ -99,5 +99,5 @@
  Handle your snails carefully</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -107,5 +107,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">137. Just before you put your snails in the pen, take out all the grass, the creeping grass and the weeds that may have grown while the food and shelter plants were growing.</P>
 
@@ -156,5 +156,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">147. However, it is a good idea, even after the first two weeks, to check from time to time and put back any of the snails that may have got out of the pen.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -164,5 +164,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">148. When you see a lot of baby snails in your pen, you will no longer need to keep the fully grown snails.</P>
 
@@ -176,5 +176,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">151. Later in this booklet, you will be told when the baby snails are big enough to harvest and how to harvest them.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -185,5 +185,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">152. After you have put your snails in their pen, watch them carefully to see that they are eating well.</P>
 
@@ -197,5 +197,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> take away the weeds and the creeping grass</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -204,5 +204,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">155. You have already been told that the leaves of the food and shelter plants must be wet and clean and that the ground must be moist (see Items 52 to 58 in the last booklet).</P>
 
@@ -238,5 +238,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">You have already been told that if you live in a place that has a dry season when the plants do not grow, snails dig into the ground to rest. Never water at this time or your snails may come out of the ground when they should not.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -246,5 +246,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">166. Watch all of your plants to see that they are growing well and that they do not get too tall or too thick.</P>
 
@@ -256,5 +256,5 @@
  Cut back the plants</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -264,5 +264,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">169. After your snails are in their pen you must be sure to take away all weeds and especially creeping grass as soon as you see them.</P>
 
@@ -280,5 +280,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">174. If the path is clean, insects will be less likely to cross it to get into the pen and you will be able to see signs of mice, rats and shrews.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -288,5 +288,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">175. There are a number of reasons for giving your snails other kinds of food. Here are a few</P>
 <DIR>
@@ -316,5 +316,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">179. If you see that your snails like the new food plants better, you can use these plants when you build the second pen.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -325,5 +325,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">180. In the last booklet you were told that to farm snails you will need at least two pens.</P>
 
@@ -339,5 +339,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">184. You can also plant new food plants when the old ones have been eaten. When you are moving the snails, you can get rid of any of them that have not grown well.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -346,5 +346,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">185. Build your second pen a little before the growing season and exactly one year after you built the first pen.</P>
 
@@ -359,5 +359,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">189. Now you are ready to build the second 5 x 5 metre pen and to plant the food and shelter plants (see Items 97 to 117 in the last booklet).</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -367,5 +367,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">190. When the plants in your second pen have grown big enough to provide food and shelter, you can put in the snails.</P>
 
@@ -395,5 +395,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Do not forget to take out all of the fully grown snails that you have put in after you see a lot of baby snails in your second pen (see Items 148 to 151 in this booklet).</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -405,5 +405,4 @@
 -->
 
-<P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -412,5 +411,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">199. If your snails have grown well, some of them will be big enough to harvest about one year after you have first put snails in the pen.</P>
 
@@ -426,5 +425,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">203. However, harvest all of the snails by the end of the second year so that you can plant the pen in time for the next growing season.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -434,5 +433,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">204. Harvesting snails is done by hand. It is often hard work to find them because they may be hiding.</P>
 
@@ -452,5 +451,5 @@
  Put snails in a container</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -460,5 +459,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">208. If you are going to sell the snails, you can carry them to the market in containers like the ones above. However, you must be very careful not to hurt them or break their shells.</P>
 
@@ -490,5 +489,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Note: be sure that the top layer of snails is covered</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -499,5 +498,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">212. Before snails can be used you must be sure that there is no food in them. They must be clean inside.</P>
 
@@ -542,5 +541,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Snail meat can be cooked like any meat or it can be cut into pieces and added to a stew or vegetables. If snails are eaten where you live, there will be many ways to cook them.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -550,5 +549,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">224. After you have been farming snails using two pens for some time, you may find that you and your family could eat or sell more snails if you had them.</P>
 
@@ -557,5 +556,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">226. You can also raise more snails by taking better care of the snails that you have. If you take better care of your snails, year after year they will become bigger, healthier and stronger and produce more baby snails.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -564,5 +563,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">227. Perhaps the most important thing that you can do to improve your snail farm is to build a third pen.</P>
 
@@ -590,5 +589,5 @@
  Diagram</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -598,5 +597,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">235. You may want to build a still bigger pen for your third pen so you can grow many more snails.</P>
 
@@ -622,5 +621,5 @@
  Building a bigger pen</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -630,5 +629,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">240. The better you understand the snails that you are farming, the better you can take care of them. So, you should always watch them and learn as much as you can.</P>
 
Index: main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/wb34te/wb34te.htm
===================================================================
--- main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/wb34te/wb34te.htm	(revision 24413)
+++ main/trunk/greenstone2/collect/demo/import/wb34te/wb34te.htm	(revision 24803)
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@
 <BODY>
 
-<B><FONT SIZE=2><P></P>
+<B><FONT SIZE=2></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The Role of Public Policy</P>
 
@@ -49,5 +49,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">TWENTY years ago in Mexico the First World Conference on Women inspired a movement that has helped to reduce gender inequality worldwide. Illiteracy among women is declining, maternal mortality and total fertility rates are beginning to fall. and more women are participating in the labor force than ever before. However. much remains to be done.</P>
 
@@ -64,5 +64,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Armeane M. Choksi Vice President Human Capital Development and Operations Policy The World Bank</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -72,5 +72,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">THIS REPORT was prepared by a team led by Kei Kawabata and comprising Alison Evans, Zafiris Tzannatos. Tara Vishwanath, and Rekha Menon. The work was carried out under the direction of Minh Chau Nguyen and the overall guidance of K. Y. Amoako. Valuable contributions were made by Joyce Cacho, Lionel Demery, Shahid Khandker, and Kalanidhi Subbarao.</P>
 
@@ -83,5 +83,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The production of the report was made possible by the assistance of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which has given unwavering support to the protnotion of gender equality.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -91,6 +91,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<B><P></P>
+
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -99,5 +99,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Expected number of years of formal schooling The total number of years of schooling that a child of a certain age can expect to receive if current enrollment patterns remain unchanged.</P>
 
@@ -108,5 +108,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Maternal mortality ratio. The number of women who die in pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births: A measure of the risk that women face of dying from pregnancy-related causes.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -116,5 +116,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Unless otherwise specified, dollar amounts are current U.S. dollars. A billion is a thousand million.</P>
 
@@ -135,5 +135,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">South Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India. Myantnar, Nepal, Pakistan. and Sri Lanka.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -143,5 +143,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">THREE messages echo throughout this document:</P>
 
@@ -152,5 +152,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> Women themselves are agents for change because they play a key role in shaping the welfare of future generations. Public policies cannot be effective without the participation of the target group-in this case. women, who make up more than half the world's people. Their views need to be incorporated into policy formulation.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -160,5 +160,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Over the past two decades considerable progress has been made in reducing the gender gap world wide.</P>
 
@@ -177,5 +177,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"> Whether in private sector employment or public sector decisionmaking, women are less likely to be in positions of responsibility than are men.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -185,5 +185,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The causes of the persistent inequality between men and women are only partially understood. In recent years attention has focused on inequalities in the allocation of resources at the household level. as seen in the higher share of education, health. and food expenditures boys receive in comparison with girls. The decisionmaking process within households is complex and is influenced by social and cultural norms market opportunities, and institutional factors. There is considerable proof that the intrahousehold allocation of resources is a key factor in determining the levels of schooling. health. and nutrition accorded household members.</P>
 
@@ -210,5 +210,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Lack of access to financial services, to land, and to intonation and technology compounds the unequal treatment of women. Requirements for collateral, high transaction costs, and limited mobility and education contribute to women s inability to obtain credit. When women do have access to credit, the effect on household and individual well-being is striking. Bon-owing by women is linked to increased holdings of non-land assets, to improve in the health status of female children, and to an increased probability that girls will enroll in school. Independent access to land is associated with higher productivity and. in some cases, with greater investments by women in land conservation.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -218,5 +218,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">If the benefits from investing in girls and women are so great and can be quantified. why do households and employers underinvest in women? The main reason is that. as discussed above. markets fail to capture the full benefit to society of' investing in women and girls. Where the market fails or is absent. government must take the lead Public policy can contribute directly and indirectly. to reducing gender inequalities by, for example:</P>
 
@@ -234,5 +234,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Finally general policy interventions may not be enough. and programs that specifically target women and girls may be required. Targeting is justified. Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women gable on two grounds. First. because women are disproportionately represented among the poor. targeting women can be an effective strategy for reducing poverty (broadly defined to include limited access to services. re sources, and other capability-enhancing factors). Second. where gender differences are wide, targeting-for example. the provision of stipends so that girls can attend school-they be needed to capture social gains and increase  internal efficiency</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -243,8 +243,8 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on the high private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality. policymakers not only promote equality but also lay the groundwork for slower population growth, greater labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, and stronger economic growth However, none of these developments can be sustained without the participial of women themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen more carefully to the voices of individual women. including policymakers. and to women's groups. By working with others to identity and implement policies that promote gender equality, governments can make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -254,6 +254,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<B><P></P>
+
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ALTHOUGH the gap between opportunities for men and women is narrowing. inequalities persist, especially in certain regions. This report examines four major development indicators: educational attainment, maternal mortality. life expectancy. and economic participation outside the household. All four are closely related to each other and in turn are closely correlated with individual well-being. These indicators provide a broad picture of trends in gender inequality and their impact on the relative well-being of women and of men.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -273,5 +273,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Despite the progress in raising educational enrollment rates for both males and females across all regions in the past three decades, growth in educational opportunities at all levels for females lags behind that for males (figure 1.1). In 1990 an average six-year-old girl in a developing country could expect to attend school for 8.4 years. The figure had increased from 7.3 years in 1980-but an average boy of the same age in a developing country could expect to attend school for 9.7 years The gender gap in expected years of schooling is widest in some countries in South Asia, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa (see figure 1.2). Gender differences in access to education are usually worse in minority populations such as refugees and internally displaced persons. of which only a few children go to school.</P>
 
@@ -288,5 +288,5 @@
  Expected years of schooling </P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -296,5 +296,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Over the past two decades life expectancy at birth has increased for both men and women in all regions of the world. In industrial countries women tend to outlive men by six to eight years on average: in low-income countries gender differences are much narrower (two to three years). Despite women's biological advantage, female mortality and morbidity rates frequently exceed those of men, particularly during early childhood and the reproductive years.</P>
 
@@ -318,5 +318,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Genital mutilation, prevalent in twenty-eight countries, is performed on 2 million young girls yearly. The practice leads to long-term morbidity, complications during childbirth, mental trauma, and even death. Table 1.1 summarizes the best available statistics on this practice for selected countries.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -326,5 +326,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The time women spend on paid and unpaid work is typically greater than the time men spend in the labor market (see table 1.2 for an example). Unpaid family work is rarely recorded in official statistics. It manifests itself only indirectly in the labor market in the form of gender differences in labor force participation rates. sector of employment, hours of work, and wage level.</P>
 
@@ -519,5 +519,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The data in this chapter illustrate some aggregate trends but they cannot tell US anything about the processes behind the persistence of gender inequality. For a more detailed look at these processes. We turn in the next chapter to a growing body of empirical evidence generated at the household and enterprise level. These studies provide a telling insight into the way in which gender inequalities are being challenged particularly by women At the same time these inequalities are reinforced by economic, legal. and cultural incentive systems that discriminate against women Discrimination continues despite compelling evidence showing that less inequality especially within the household. is associated with heftier welfare outcomes for children and better economic outcomes for the household as a v hole.</P>
 
-<B>
+<B></B>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -528,6 +528,6 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
-<B><P></P>
+
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 <Section>
@@ -536,10 +536,10 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Inequality women and men limits productivity ultimately slows economic growth. early empirical studies (for example, Kuznets 1955) suggested that income inequality would increase with economic growth during the initial phases of development. This chapter, however. starts with the hypothesis that there is not necessarily a tradeoff between inequality and growth and. indeed that high inequality especially as it affects human capital. hampers growth (Fields 1992: Birdsall and Sabot 1994).</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Both theory and empirical evidence point to the importance of human capital in creating the necessary conditions for productivity growth and in reducing aggregate inequality in the future. In addition. women s human capital generates benefits for society in the form of lower child mortality.  higher educational attainment improved nutrition. and reduced population growth. Inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital at-e related to lower economic and social well-being for all.</P>
 
-<B><P></P>
+<B></B><P></P>
 <!--
 </Section>
@@ -549,5 +549,5 @@
   </Description>
 -->
-</B>
+
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In recent years, attempts to explain persistent gender inequalities in the accumulation and use of human capital have focused on the key role of household decisionmaking and tile process of resource allocation within household Households do not make decisions in isolation. however: their decision are linked to market prices and incentives and are influenced by cultural legal and state institutions. These institutions indirectly affect not only the returns on household investment but also access to productive resources and employment outside the house hold.</P>
 
@@ -571,5 +571,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">There are strong complementaires between education. health. and nutrition on the one hand, and increased well-being, labor productivity, and growth. On the other. Inequalities in resource allocation that limit household members' educational opportunities. access to health care, or nutrition are costly to individuals, households, and the economy as a whole.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">At the household level. gender differences in access to education are closely related to inequalities in the shares of household education expenditures allocated to boys and to girls This finding stands even though private returns to girls' schooling are similar to or marginally higher than. those to boys' schooling (figure 2.1; see also Schultz 1988: Mwabu 1994). In this case. parental choice reflects the relatively greater restrictions on educational opportunities and employment choices for girls. in comparison with boys. and cultural norms on the appropriate role for girls within the household.</P>
 
@@ -662,5 +662,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Material health (which is linked to education) also has important intergenerational effects. Children of mothers who are malnourished or sickly or receive inadequate prenatal and delivery cat-e face a greater risk of disease and premature death. Iodine-deficient mothers run a greater risk of giving birth to infants with severe mental retardation and other congenital abnormalities than do healthy mothers. Reduced fertility and improved health for women can increase individual productivity and improve family well-being. When good health is combined with education and access to jobs. the result is higher rates of economic growth.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The link between the household and the labor market is particularly important. Specialization of labor within the household-whether individually chosen. socially determined. or legally induced-can accentuate gender inequalities in the formal and informal labor markets by leaving most of the unpaid work to women. This situation arises from convention rather than  from comparative advantage Inadequate public and community services.  transport. and housing also often have an uneven effect on the way men and women spend their time and can increase the demand for goods produced at home using unpaid labor (Moser 1994) Thus women may spend its much (or more time on unpaid work as on market work. In some countries this unpaid work contributes as much as one-third to the economy recorded GDP-and even mote to the welfare of poor families.</P>
 
@@ -681,5 +681,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">When a large proportion of women's use of time goes unrecorded the design of projects and policies can yield false evaluations of costs and benefits. For example, women's unpaid work may be assumed to have zero value. As a result, women's response to changing incentives may be predicted as being higher than their time constraints actually allow. Project benefits-such as the time saved by locating piped water close to homes or by expanding rural electrification-may also be undervalued. Conversely, the benefits of treeing up time may be far more significant than might have been thought. A study in Tanzania, for example. shows that relieving certain time constraints in a community of smallholder coffee and banana growers increases household cash incomes by 10 percent, labor productivity by 15 percent, and capital productivity by 44 percent (Tibaijuka 1994).</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Unpaid work and family responsibilities. as well as lack of investment in women's education. are strongly associated with women's relatively low rates of participation and their limited earnings in formal sector labor. Women's participation rates usually dip in the childbearing years, and earnings tend to decline following an interruption in employment. Younger on average, work more hours than older women, and married women with young children tend to work less than childless women and mothers of grown children. The correlation of marriage and childbearing with labor market outcomes can be seen even in industrial countries, where wage differences between married women and men are larger than those between single women and men Similarly, in some developing countries relative earnings decline with age (table 2.2) Children are not the only treason for interruptions in women's labor force participation; caring for ill or aged family members is often a womans responsibility. A study from Hungary estimates that half of all absenteeism by women workers is the direct result of the need to care for sick relatives (Einhorn 1993).</P>
 
@@ -918,5 +918,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A recent study of the gender wage gap in Russia shows that after controlling for education differences, the ratio of women's to men's average hourly earnings stands at just over 71 percent: it has remained at that level since the 1960s. Part of the reason for women s lower hourly earnings in Russia and many other countries lies in patterns of occupational segmentation by ,gender. Some analysts argue that women-who do most of the household work in Russian households and also have high participation in the formal labor market cope with the burdens imposed on them by taking less demanding work and devoting less time to advancing their careers (Newell and Reilly 1994).</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One difficulty analysts face in interpreting trends in women's labor force participation and employment in developing economies is the large number of women engaged in informal sector activities, many of which overlap with subsistence - orientated household or community-based activities. Informal sector employment in most developing countries. whether in microentreprises or in casual work, is an important source of livelihood for women and their households.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">(fender Inequality in Access to Assets and Services )</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The availability of financial services and access to them are considered important for several reasons. First. savings provide a kind of self-insurance. Second, credit helps households maintain a certain level of consumption at those times when their income fluctuates temporarily. Third, credit can be used to fund investments in capital or other inputs that will yield relatively high returns to production. if households cannot finance such investments from their own savings. A fourth and no less important reason is the role of savings and credit in increasing household members' options outside the home.</P>
 
@@ -1025,5 +1025,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Access to financial services alone cannot reduce gender inequalities in the allocation of household resources. A qualitative study reviewing several targeted credit programs in Bangladesh cautions against overgeneralizing about the benefits of giving women access to credit. The study finds that it is difficult to infer that increased borrowing alone improves women's bargaining power because in many rural Bangladesh households the question of who controls the resources is quite complex (Goetz and Sen Gupta 1994). Nevertheless. the possibility of receiving credit (or similarly of working for wages) may give women greater bargaining power within the household. This bargaining power can be used to improve child health and nutrition and may increase the likelihood that children will attend school.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">The ownership of land and the distributions of land rights influence the productivity of labor and capital resources and the incentive to invest in resource management Private property rights. in particular. are associated with increased access to product and factor markets. especially credit markets. and to public services such as public utilities and agricultural extension. However. relatively little direct evidence exists to link independent owner of land by women with increased access and productivity. One obstacle to empirical work is that women s access to land and property is often mediated trough marriage (A married woman land rights are frequently limited to use rather than ownership.) Future more. complex systems of land tenure make it difficult to generalize about the effects of owner ship on productivity. None some evidence suggests that independent land rights for women could enhance both the efficiency with which resources are used and the well-being of women and their households: (Agarwal 1994).</P>
 
@@ -1061,5 +1061,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Recognizing women's independent claims to land is therefore an important issue in property reform. In poor households. having rights to land could alleviate both women's own poverty and the household's risk of remaining poor. The season is mainly that women s access to economic resources has a positive effect on household welfare (Agarwal 1994). From the point of view of efficiency, secret land tenure increases the incentive to manage resources efficiently and expands access to formal credit markets. Because secure land tenure can mean greater productivity, it may also increase the household's incentives to invest in women's human capital.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Agricultural extension services provide information training and technology to agricultural producers. Extension services have always been regarded as necessary for agricultural modernization. Given the importance of women's labor to agriculture in most regions, providing women with access to agricultural extension services is essential for current and future productivity. Types of agricultural extension services vary, hut in most countries publicly provided services dominate. Evidence suggests that women have not benefited as much as men have from publicly provided extension services.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Analysts must look beyond market outcomes to identity the sources of persistent inequality between women and men. The search must focus on the household and its role in the formation of present and future human capital and on institutions beyond the household that reinforce and perpetuate gender inequalities. Gender inequalities within the household affect market outcomes, and these feed back; into household decisionmaking. This process is reinforced by inequalities in access to assets and services beyond the household. Improving the relative status of women within the household and increasing their access to assets and services will increase the returns to investment in human resources and improve the prospects for sustainable economic growth.</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">We must look for that which we have been trained not to see  Ann Scales, Yale Law Journal 1986</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As CHAPTER 2 has shown underivesting in girls and women is inefficient for society as a whole. Correcting for past underinvestment will require a "genders" approach to public policy. How this can be concretely achieved is the topic of this chapter.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Laws form tile functional framework of the economy and of civil society. Equality in the legal treatment of men and women creates the legitimacy policymakers need to seek change. Legal and regulatory provisions that discriminate against women-that. for example bar married women from seeking employment or prevent women from holding legal title to land-perpetuate gender inequalities and severely restrict women's ability to participate fully in social and economic development.</P>
 
@@ -1253,5 +1253,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Four areas of the law are particularly important for equalizing the opportunities available to men and women: land and property rights; labor market policies and employment law: family law: and financial laws and regulations.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Policymakers should ensure that women and men are treated equally in the public allocation of land. Eligibility for land reform programs, for example. should not discriminate against women's perform claims whether the women are heads of households or members of households headed by men. When communities have been resettled or when a project allocates land to participating producers, women should have the same rights to land as men For refugee and displaced women returning to their homelands. often as de facto heads of households. need fair and equal treatment to allow them to establish a Farming or enterprise base as soon as possible. Whet-e land is in short supply, it may be necessary to recognize the land rights of certain groups, as well as their individual rights. The Indian National Sericulture Project is an example; it has leased land to women's groups and promoted women's access to land under state land-grant schemes (Quisumbilig 1994).</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Some countries have enacted legislation to ensure gender equality in property and contractual rights. Under China's Law of Succession, for example males and females have equal rights to inheritance. Complementary measures are needed to ensure that women know their rights. Such measures include legal programs and campaigns to make judges and administrators sensitive to gender issues in the area of property rights (see box 2.1)</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Discriminatory labor market policies and employment laws are widespread: examples are bans on hiring married women and restrictions on the type of work pregnant women may pet-form. Labor laws may also restrict female participation in jobs and deny women access to work settings. Even legislation that seeks to promote equal opportunity can have outcomes tot women workers. For example, generous maternity and child-care benefits tot women workers may make hiring women relatively mote costly than hiring men. perpetuating the gender wage gap.</P>
 
@@ -1310,5 +1310,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">One way of addressing this issue is for governments to encourage women and men to share the responsibility for childrearing by adopting legislation allowing either parent to qualify for the leave and benefits associated with having a child (Folbre 1994). Such legislation can be supported by changes in the tax system to ensure equal treatment of workers within the household and a margin tax rate on the earnings of additional workers in the household low enough to avoid creating a disincentive to women's participation in the labor force (Mac Donald 1994). These tax changes can be complemented by legislation that encourages absent to pay child support. Such laws are in place in many Latin American and Caribbean countries. but none systematically monitors transfers (Folbre 1994). Greater efforts to enforce the law are needed.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Gender inequality in family law can worsen women's bargaining position within and outside the household and affect household welfare and efficiency. As noted in chapter women's bargaining position in relation to Household resource allocation is often a key factor in determining the wellbeing of household members. particularly children. Reforms of family law can enhance women's economic and social opportunities while still respecting cultural norms. For instance the minim age of marriage for women  should be set high enough so that girls can complete secondary schooling: this would help lower fertility rates. (Allowing for exceptions such as parent consent negates the potential fertility benefit.) Marriage contracts should include stipulations guaranteeing the wife's rights. especially on separation</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Legal and policy measures can have a direct bearing on the health of women. The law and its enforcement are essential for combating domestic violence against women. If the laws on violence against women are to be enforced, women need to be made aware of the legal recourse available to them and the judiciary and police need to be sensitized to the existence and</P>
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Implication of violence against women. Affirmative action policies can increase the number of women police officers lawyers, and judges. Trading police, lawyers, and judges can increase their gender sensitivity. making the legal system more responsive to women's needs. Legal literacy efforts can make women aware of their rights and show them how to use these rights to mobilize for change. Some approaches to dealing with domestic violence are illustrated in box 3.3</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Access to credit is vital for women, allowing them to manage fluctuations in income and expenditures and to expand their businesses. As we saw in the preceding chapters, credit can be an important source of economic empowerment for women within the household. But in many countries. underdeveloped financial markets, controlled interest rates, and overly rigid backings regulations have led to systems of credit that tend to shut out the pool. many of whom are women If financial institutions are to lend to those unable to obtain credit in the current environment. interest rates must be liberalized. Positive interest rates have important effects on informational money markets, which tend to be more exploitative when formal sector credit is rationed.</P>
 
@@ -1366,5 +1366,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is unlikely that legal reform by itself will be sufficient to ensure that women and men ate treated equally. Further public action may be required to guarantee that gentler-neutral laws are enforced at both national and local levels.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Many developing countries are implementing important policy and institutional reforms to address changing economic conditions on both the domestic and international fronts. These reforms are often supported by international financial institutions and bilateral donors. The pace of reform has varied across countries Those countries that have implemented reforms early on, carried them out consistently, and received adequate financial support have generally enjoyed faster and stronger economic growth than count ties that have undertaken reforms too slowly, too intermittently, or not at all. Where implementation has been slow or the government's commitment weak, economic distortions have tended to multiply and economic trowels to slow. limiting the government's ability to invest in physical and human capital for the future.</P>
 
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">It is often the poorest groups in society that stand to lose the most from economic distortions. High and rising inflation places a disproportionate tax burden on the poor including low-paid wage workers and those with fixed incomes. For this and other reasons, inflation tends to hit women harder than men. An overvalued currency is also regressive; it keeps the price of goods artificially low. crowding out many locally produced goods. Women's businesses. which ate often concentrated in the informal sector, can be particularly vulnerable to competitions from cheap snorts. An overvalued currency reduces international competitiveness. limiting the availability of foreign exchange for domestic entrepreneurs and constraining business expansion and employment creation. A firm commitment to policy refortify is therefore essential to economic growth and sustainable initiatives for alleviating poverty.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Such reforms generally include two kinds of necessary policies. The first emphasizes macroeconomic stability and the removal of price distortions: the second promotes labor-demanding growth in agriculture and industry and better. mote accessible basic social services. mightily in education, health care and water supply. Macroeconomic stability can be achieved by reducing large current account and government budget deficits and by curtailing excessive money and credit expansion. Correct pricing of foreign exchange and of domestic goods and services facilitates trade and investment and promotes growth Reforms of trade and price incentives encourage job creation and higher earnings.</P>
 
@@ -1438,5 +1438,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In fiscal 1994 twelve of twenty-three World Bank economic reform pro emphasized the restructuring public expenditure, primarily to and increase spending on education. health care, and other areas important to poverty reduction such as water supply and sanitation. The Burkina Faso reform program is typical; it supports an increase in the total budgeted amounts for primary education and health services, which are particularly beneficial to the poor and to women. Uganda s program seeks to protect and enhance public expenditures for basic social services. including water supply primary health care and primary education. In the long term, the reform of public spending-especially in the social sectors, physical infrastructure and agricultural research and extension-promises significant benefits) trot women.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In principle. public expenditures on social services and infrastructure are allocated on a gender-neutral basis; in practice men and women use these services differently. The resulting inequalities frequently perpetuate gender based differences in the accumulation and distribution of human capital within households. Public policy can address this problem by public expenditure priorities between secrets and within social sectors. Further it can support services and types of infrastructure that provide the highest social returns to public spending and are most heavily used by women  and children.</P>
 
@@ -1473,5 +1473,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Rural electrification can also ease the time constraints on women who must balance household and productive work. Lack of time is often a primary season for women's weak response to economic incentives. especially in rural areas. The case for making public investments in infrastructure would be stronger if gender differences in the use of projects and services, as well as the potential effect of such investment on productivity and social development. were taken into account.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">As we have seen. policies that specifically target women or girls can address the needs or this group more efficiently and with greater cost-effectiveness than general policy measures. Female household members tend to allocate resources more directly to children. while men tend to allocate more resources to adults. In households in which resources are not pooled. targeting programs to the household as a where will not necessarily benefit all members equally.</P>
 
@@ -1525,5 +1525,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">In the financial sector. women entrepreneurs are enabled to borrow at market rates of interest when banking institutions adopt innovate collateral requirements, reduce transaction costs, and offer small loans at repeated intervals The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and Badan Kredit Kecaman in Indonesia do not reserve loans for women specifically: instead. they adopt innovative lending policies the result of which is that women snake up the majority of participants-is 96 percent in a new branch of the Grameen Bank.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Until recently. the absence of input from beneficiaries often let's ignorant about how the costs and benefits of policy changes would be distributed among the population Today the views and needs of potential beneficiaries are being taken into account at both the macroeconomic and sectoral levels. This trend should make it possible to determine who benefits. who does not, and why. A good example of a situation in which a beneficiary's point of view can make a significant difference is in public expenditure reviews. Governments with unsustainable budget deficits must make difficult decisions about the allocation of public resources. Their task can of ten be facilitated by suggestions from the potential beneficiaries themselves, since one of the key questions policymakers face is whether investments as presently allocated are reaching the intended populations efficiently and effectively</P>
 
@@ -1540,5 +1540,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A third approach involves a range of participatory planning and management techniques that reflect a significant transfer of control to the community and local levels. Participatory evaluations use innovative research that allow illiterate and otherwise voiceless groups to express their concerns and priorities. Small grants and credits managed at the local level by NGOs or governments agencies permit a community to choose the projects that best reflect its OWN priorities. Social funds. whereby resources are channeled to demand-driven projects, are one such mechanism While these participatory approaches have been implemented primarily at the local level, they are also beginning to be used to involve the community in regional and national planning. Participatory methods, by helping to create local capacity. ensure the sustainability of projects and programs. They also help establish rational criteria for making public investment choices that incorporate both social and efficiency objectives.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Gender-desegregated data and the capacity to analyze these data provide public policymakers with essential information and enhance the dialogue with agents outside government. One of the most valuable instruments for collecting desegregated data is the household survey. which can provide detailed information that is invaluable in policymaking. Obtaining full gender information in many instances entails only a small increase in costs. since the desegregation itself involves little extra work. However additional resources ate often needed to analyze the data and make it useful to policymakers. Public statistical agencies might analyze gender-desegregated information in partnership with private and academic institutions in order to share the costs.</P>
 
@@ -1561,5 +1561,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Finally, greater priority needs to be given to gender-disaggregated analysis of existing data sets. This analysis should be carried out not only in social sectors such as health and education but also on such issues as the intrahousehold allocation of time and labor and access to and use of productive resources.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Governments' ability to identify and implement policies that promote gender equality is greatly enhanced by the active participation of other players from the development community and civil society. These agents include individual women and men, community-based groups, private-for-profit firms, trade unions, non governmental organizations, and multilateral and bilateral agencies. Interaction between public institutions and other actors provides the basis for a more informed policy dialogue on gender issues. It also lays the foundation for operational collaboration and for broadly based support for public policy measures.</P>
 
@@ -1584,5 +1584,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Governments also seek to collaborate with a range of institutions from the private sector. In the long run the choices made by private sector agents- whether households, firms, or trade unions-are profoundly important for the persistence or seduction of gender inequalities. Joint public-private sector initiatives can be vital in changing peoples perceptions about the benefits of investing in or hiring women. The private sector has a comparative advantage in providing certain kinds of services to women-for example, vocational education and training. Collaboration with the private sector- often means that public resources can be reallocated to those investments that offer the highest rate of social return. such as basic education and health care.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Not all issues that bear on gender equality can be effectively addressed by individual nations. For example, refugee and displaced women and children account for up to 80 percent of the 50 million refugees and displaced persons worldwide. The sheer numbers of refugee and displaced women and children highlight the urgent need to devise international strategies for dealing with this problem.</P>
 
@@ -1603,5 +1603,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Another area that demands an international response is the establishment of legal conventions for the enforcement of social justice and human rights. Equality under the law creates the legitimacy policymakers and private individuals need to seek change that will increase well-being and encourage economic opportunity. In certain instances, legitimacy needs to be established at the international level. For this reason it is vitally important that governments ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. This convention. adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979, provides a framework for action by countries to reduce discrimination against women in political and public life, law and education, employment, health care. commerce. and domestic relations. International conventions of this type provide an important policy lever for women's organizations and other groups in civil society.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This chapter has presented the rationale for public interventions to promote gender equality. Such interventions are needed because of market failures and social externalities that extend beyond the individual household to affect society in general. For resources to be allocated efficiently, public spending should focus on those investments with the highest social returns. Given the evidence of high social and private returns to investments in women's human capital, public expenditures should give priority to the investments that have the largest impact on the welfare of girls and women, especially in basic education and reproductive and other health care services. Policymakers also need to identify areas in which actions can be taken that would have gender neutral outcomes, including sectoral programs addressing transport and infrastructure, water supply. and sanitation</P>
 
@@ -1618,5 +1618,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality, policy makers are promoted not only equality today but also higher labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, slower population growth. and stronger economic growth tomorrows However, none of these goals can be reached without the participation of women  themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen carefully to the voices of individual women, to women s groups, and to woman policymakers By working with others to identify and implement policies for greater gander equality, governments can take actions that will make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people.</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1. Birdsall and Sabot (1994) use earlier findings by Barro (1991) to test the relationship between inequality and growth. They find that in Latin America unequal distribution of education. in terms of both quality and quantity, constrained economic growth in the region by reducing opportunities for increasing labor productivity. In East Asia open and relatively equal access to high-quality basic education led to a virtuous circle of high educational performance that stimulated growth and reduced inequality</P>
 
@@ -1644,5 +1644,5 @@
 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8. The International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREECA) was held in Guatemala City in May 1989 A total of 126 projects in seven countries were introduced. with an overall investment of $365 million Areas with high densities of returnees were targeted. and special attention was given to projects to support displaced women</P>
 
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 <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Agarwal. Bina. 1994. "Gender and Command Over Property: A Critical Gap in Economic Analysis and Policy in South Asia." World/Development 22(10) 22(10): 145578.</P>
 
