| 1 | <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
|
|---|
| 2 | <html><head>
|
|---|
| 3 | <meta name="content" content="Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII">
|
|---|
| 4 | <meta name="page_topic" content="Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII mother of Queen Mary I">
|
|---|
| 5 | <meta name="author" content="Marilee Mongello">
|
|---|
| 6 | <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0">
|
|---|
| 7 | <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document">
|
|---|
| 8 | <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
|
|---|
| 9 | <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us"><title>Katharine / Katherine / Catherine of Aragon: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</title>
|
|---|
| 10 |
|
|---|
| 11 | <style fprolloverstyle="">A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold}
|
|---|
| 12 | </style></head>
|
|---|
| 13 |
|
|---|
| 14 | <body alink="#0000ff" link="#0000ff" vlink="#0000ff">
|
|---|
| 15 | <table border="0" cellpadding="3" height="674" width="100%">
|
|---|
| 16 | <tbody>
|
|---|
| 17 | <tr>
|
|---|
| 18 | <td height="39" width="25%"><br>
|
|---|
| 19 | </td>
|
|---|
| 20 | <td height="39" valign="top" width="50%">
|
|---|
| 21 | <p align="center"><font size="4"><br>'In this world I will confess
|
|---|
| 22 | myself to be the king's true wife, and in the next they will know how
|
|---|
| 23 | unreasonably I am afflicted.'</font><b><font size="4"> </font> <br>
|
|---|
| 24 | </b><i><font size="-1">Katharine of Aragon, 1532</font></i> </p>
|
|---|
| 25 | </td>
|
|---|
| 26 | <td height="39" width="25%"><br>
|
|---|
| 27 | </td>
|
|---|
| 28 | </tr>
|
|---|
| 29 | <tr>
|
|---|
| 30 | <td height="1" width="25%"><br>
|
|---|
| 31 | </td>
|
|---|
| 32 | <td height="1" width="50%">
|
|---|
| 33 | <p align="center"></p>
|
|---|
| 34 | </td>
|
|---|
| 35 | <td height="1" width="25%"><br>
|
|---|
| 36 | </td>
|
|---|
| 37 | </tr>
|
|---|
| 38 | <tr>
|
|---|
| 39 | <td height="610" width="25%"><br>
|
|---|
| 40 | </td>
|
|---|
| 41 | <td height="610" valign="top" width="50%">
|
|---|
| 42 | <p align="center">
|
|---|
| 43 | <img src="aragon_files/aragoncardinal.gif" alt="Katharine of Aragon" border="0" height="114" width="443"></p>
|
|---|
| 44 | <p align="center">
|
|---|
| 45 | <img src="aragon_files/aragonsittow1.jpg" alt="portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Michael Sittow, c1502" border="2" height="541" width="351"></p>
|
|---|
| 46 | <p align="center"> <i><font size="2">portrait of Katharine of Aragon by
|
|---|
| 47 | Michael Sittow, c1502</font></i></p>
|
|---|
| 48 | <p align="left"> <b><br>The youngest surviving child of
|
|---|
| 49 | the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Katharine was born on 16 December 1485,
|
|---|
| 50 | the same year that Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty. At
|
|---|
| 51 | the age of three, she was betrothed to his infant son, Prince
|
|---|
| 52 | Arthur. In 1501, shortly before her sixteenth birthday, Katharine
|
|---|
| 53 | sailed to England. But her marriage to Arthur lasted less than
|
|---|
| 54 | six months and was supposedly never consummated. Katharine was
|
|---|
| 55 | then betrothed to Arthur's younger brother, Prince Henry. When he
|
|---|
| 56 | became king in 1509, at the age of eighteen, he promptly married
|
|---|
| 57 | Katharine and they lived together happily for many years. But
|
|---|
| 58 | their marriage produced just one living child, a daughter called Mary,
|
|---|
| 59 | and Henry was desperate for a male heir. He also fell deeply in
|
|---|
| 60 | love with another woman. Cast aside, Katharine fought against
|
|---|
| 61 | great odds to deny Henry an annulment. But the king would not be
|
|---|
| 62 | denied and when the Catholic church would not grant the annulment, he
|
|---|
| 63 | declared himself head of a new English church. Katharine was
|
|---|
| 64 | banished from court and died on 7 January 1536, broken-hearted but
|
|---|
| 65 | still defiant.</b> </p>
|
|---|
| 66 | <p align="left"> </p>
|
|---|
| 67 | <blockquote>
|
|---|
| 68 | <blockquote>
|
|---|
| 69 | <p><a href="../aragon.html#Biography">
|
|---|
| 70 | <font size="4">Read the biography of Katharine of Aragon.</font></a></p>
|
|---|
| 71 | </blockquote>
|
|---|
| 72 | <blockquote>
|
|---|
| 73 | <p><b><br>
|
|---|
| 74 | Primary Sources</b> <br>
|
|---|
| 75 | Read <a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html">letters
|
|---|
| 76 | written by Katharine</a> and <a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/h8crown.html">an account of her
|
|---|
| 77 | coronation</a> at Westminster Abbey. <br>
|
|---|
| 78 | <br>
|
|---|
| 79 | <b>Secondary Sources<br></b>Read JA Froude's 1891 work <i>
|
|---|
| 80 | <a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/secondary.html">The Divorce
|
|---|
| 81 | of Catherine of Aragon</a></i>.</p>
|
|---|
| 82 | <p><br>Visit <a href="http://www.marileecody.com/images.html">Tudor England:
|
|---|
| 83 | Images</a> to view portraits of Katharine.<br>
|
|---|
| 84 | Visit the <a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html">Queen
|
|---|
| 85 | Mary I site</a> to learn more about Katharine's daughter.</p>
|
|---|
| 86 | <p><font size="2"><b><br>
|
|---|
| 87 | Interact<br>
|
|---|
| 88 | </b>Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at <a href="http://ladiesallfanlist.cjb.net/">Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
|
|---|
| 89 | the Six Wives of Henry VIII</a>.<br>
|
|---|
| 90 | <a href="http://tudorhistory.org/lists/list.html"> Tudor Talk
|
|---|
| 91 | </a> This email discussion list is sponsored by
|
|---|
| 92 | Tudorhistory.org.<br>
|
|---|
| 93 | <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Reign_of_the_Tudors_rpg/">Reign of
|
|---|
| 94 | the Tudors</a> This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
|
|---|
| 95 | England. If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
|
|---|
| 96 | other Tudors, click the link to join.</font></p>
|
|---|
| 97 | </blockquote>
|
|---|
| 98 | <p align="left"> </p>
|
|---|
| 99 | </blockquote>
|
|---|
| 100 | </td>
|
|---|
| 101 | <td height="610" width="25%"><br>
|
|---|
| 102 | </td>
|
|---|
| 103 | </tr>
|
|---|
| 104 | </tbody>
|
|---|
| 105 | </table>
|
|---|
| 106 | <blockquote>
|
|---|
| 107 | <blockquote>
|
|---|
| 108 | <blockquote>
|
|---|
| 109 | <blockquote>
|
|---|
| 110 | <p> </p>
|
|---|
| 111 | <p><a name="Biography"><br>
|
|---|
| 112 | </a><font size="4">'My tribulations are so great, my life so
|
|---|
| 113 | disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the king's wicked
|
|---|
| 114 | intention, the surprises which the king gives me, with certain persons
|
|---|
| 115 | of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that
|
|---|
| 116 | it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.' </font><i>
|
|---|
| 117 | <font size="-1">Katharine of Aragon to Charles V, November 1531</font></i></p>
|
|---|
| 118 | <p> </p>
|
|---|
| 119 | </blockquote>
|
|---|
| 120 | </blockquote>
|
|---|
| 121 | <p><b>Biography</b> <br>
|
|---|
| 122 | Katharine was born on 16 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, in the
|
|---|
| 123 | archbishop of Toledo's palace. Her early life promised a future
|
|---|
| 124 | of splendor and success, if not personal happiness. Her parents,
|
|---|
| 125 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, were legends throughout
|
|---|
| 126 | Europe. Their marriage had united the kingdom of Spain and
|
|---|
| 127 | together they had driven the Moors from Granada. Katharine's
|
|---|
| 128 | mother was deeply pious and very intelligent. Her children, even
|
|---|
| 129 | the daughters, received excellent educations. Katharine's brother
|
|---|
| 130 | Juan and sister Joanna were married off into the powerful Hapsburg
|
|---|
| 131 | family and two other sisters, Isabella and Maria, would each marry the
|
|---|
| 132 | king of Portugal. Katharine was promised to England; the
|
|---|
| 133 | betrothal contract was finalized before her fourth birthday. The
|
|---|
| 134 | island nation, so long torn between Plantagenet cousins vying for the
|
|---|
| 135 | throne, was now ruled by Henry Tudor. He had married the daughter
|
|---|
| 136 | of the former Plantagenet king, Edward IV, and in 1486 had a male heir
|
|---|
| 137 | and a desire to establish the stability and validity of his new
|
|---|
| 138 | dynasty. A match with a Spanish princess would give him
|
|---|
| 139 | both. And so Katharine, proud and solemn and accompanied by a
|
|---|
| 140 | vast dowry, came to England in 1501. </p>
|
|---|
| 141 | <p> She
|
|---|
| 142 | wed Prince Arthur within a few weeks of her arrival. It was a
|
|---|
| 143 | grand celebration; all of London rejoiced and there was every
|
|---|
| 144 | expectation of a glorious future for both husband and wife. They
|
|---|
| 145 | left for Ludlow Castle, the government seat of the Prince of Wales, and
|
|---|
| 146 | within six months Arthur was dead. It was the dreaded sweating
|
|---|
| 147 | sickness. The news devastated his parents. Katharine
|
|---|
| 148 | returned to London but was not sent home. Henry VII was already
|
|---|
| 149 | writing to her parents about another marriage. </p>
|
|---|
| 150 | <p>Katharine was now promised to Arthur's younger brother,
|
|---|
| 151 | Henry. Born 28 June 1491, he was almost six years younger than
|
|---|
| 152 | Katharine. But he was robust and healthy, and already regarded as
|
|---|
| 153 | a precocious intellect. Before his brother's death, he had been
|
|---|
| 154 | destined for the church and educated accordingly. But now he was
|
|---|
| 155 | the future king and as such he needed a future wife. Henry VII
|
|---|
| 156 | betrothed young Henry to his brother's widow, a plan which required a
|
|---|
| 157 | papal dispensation. Ferdinand, at odds with France, was anxious
|
|---|
| 158 | to please his English ally; Isabella's piety may have ruined the plan
|
|---|
| 159 | but she was dying and did not protest. Katharine and her duenna,
|
|---|
| 160 | Dona Elvira, both wrote that her marriage to Arthur had never been
|
|---|
| 161 | consummated. Pope Julius II granted the dispensation. </p>
|
|---|
| 162 | <p>The new betrothal may have been spurred by Henry VII's legendary
|
|---|
| 163 | avarice. Katharine had brought half of her dowry with her upon
|
|---|
| 164 | marriage to Arthur; if she returned home, her marriage contract
|
|---|
| 165 | required that the dowry be returned. Also, her inheritance as
|
|---|
| 166 | dowager Princess of Wales was substantial. If she left England,
|
|---|
| 167 | so would that steady income. </p>
|
|---|
| 168 | <p>Katharine herself <a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html">wrote to her father</a>
|
|---|
| 169 | that she had no wish to remain in England but she would obey his
|
|---|
| 170 | decision. Perhaps she had already learned enough of Henry VII's
|
|---|
| 171 | character to know she would be shabbily treated. Despite her
|
|---|
| 172 | royal position, she lived in poverty. The Spanish ambassador was
|
|---|
| 173 | forced to buy her necessities and she was unable to pay her
|
|---|
| 174 | attendants. And soon enough Henry VII was implying that he would
|
|---|
| 175 | break the Spanish betrothal. Katharine spent the next seven years
|
|---|
| 176 | in a state of political limbo. And when he turned fourteen, Henry
|
|---|
| 177 | VII had his son publicly repudiate the betrothal, claiming that the
|
|---|
| 178 | marriage contract was made without his knowledge or consent. Yet
|
|---|
| 179 | Katharine remained in England. </p>
|
|---|
| 180 | <p>In 1509, the situation was resolved with startling speed.
|
|---|
| 181 | Henry VII died and his eighteen year old son became king.
|
|---|
| 182 | Handsome, proud, and imbued with the romantic spirit of chivalry, he
|
|---|
| 183 | promptly married Katharine. Did he marry her out of a sense of
|
|---|
| 184 | obligation? Was it because, as he later claimed, he wished to
|
|---|
| 185 | respect his father's last wish? Were political councilors
|
|---|
| 186 | encouraging the Spanish alliance? Or did he love the dignified
|
|---|
| 187 | and lovely young princess? It is impossible to know. But
|
|---|
| 188 | they certainly acted like a loving and affectionate couple, far beyond
|
|---|
| 189 | typical royal marriages. There were public displays of affection,
|
|---|
| 190 | declarations of love and respect, and for a long while she was also a
|
|---|
| 191 | close political adviser. </p>
|
|---|
| 192 | <p>Henry VIII's court was full of gaiety and celebration. It
|
|---|
| 193 | was a welcome change from the austerity of his father's rule.
|
|---|
| 194 | Katharine proved herself to be the perfect consort, even when politics
|
|---|
| 195 | led her father to humiliate and betray Henry. Katharine
|
|---|
| 196 | recognized that she must choose between unwavering support of her
|
|---|
| 197 | father and loyalty to her husband. She chose Henry, though his
|
|---|
| 198 | Lord Chancellor, <a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/wolsey.html">Cardinal
|
|---|
| 199 | Wolsey</a>, never trusted her and instead favored an Anglo-French
|
|---|
| 200 | alliance. His influence, and Henry's own suspicions, led the king
|
|---|
| 201 | to disregard her political advice. </p>
|
|---|
| 202 | <p>Katharine's primary duty was both personal and political - to
|
|---|
| 203 | bear children, as many as possible and preferably sons. This was
|
|---|
| 204 | especially important in England since Henry VIII was the sole surviving
|
|---|
| 205 | son of his father. Katharine was far from barren and did her
|
|---|
| 206 | best; in the first nine years of their marriage, she conceived at least
|
|---|
| 207 | six times. She miscarried twice, once delivered a stillborn
|
|---|
| 208 | daughter, and two sons died within weeks. The only surviving
|
|---|
| 209 | child was a daughter, Princess Mary, born in 1516. Katharine's
|
|---|
| 210 | last recorded pregnancy was in 1518, when she was thirty-three years
|
|---|
| 211 | old. </p>
|
|---|
| 212 | <p>Henry was not unhappy with the birth of Mary; he assured
|
|---|
| 213 | ambassadors that if it were a daughter this time, a son would surely
|
|---|
| 214 | follow. But it was soon clear there would be no sons. The
|
|---|
| 215 | age difference between he and Katharine was now more noticeable.
|
|---|
| 216 | The queen, struggling with frequent pregnancies and constant stress,
|
|---|
| 217 | looked older than her years. Henry was a far more prudent king
|
|---|
| 218 | than most; he had just two serious affairs during his marriage to
|
|---|
| 219 | Katharine. But one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount, bore him
|
|---|
| 220 | a son. It was clear he could have sons, but the queen could
|
|---|
| 221 | not. </p>
|
|---|
| 222 | <p>By 1527, the question of the succession was the most pressing
|
|---|
| 223 | issue facing the king. Two years before, he had titled his
|
|---|
| 224 | illegitimate son the duke of Richmond and granted him vast estates.
|
|---|
| 225 | Many, Katharine included, believed this was a preliminary step to
|
|---|
| 226 | naming him heir to the throne. This never occurred and Richmond
|
|---|
| 227 | would die in 1536, but - until then - it was a possibility. Henry
|
|---|
| 228 | sent Princess Mary to Ludlow Castle as Princess of Wales and his
|
|---|
| 229 | official heir, but even that did not stop the rumors or her mother's
|
|---|
| 230 | concerns. Katharine confronted Henry; he responded angrily and
|
|---|
| 231 | dismissed several of her beloved Spanish attendants. </p>
|
|---|
| 232 | <p>The king by now had hopes of a legitimate heir. He had
|
|---|
| 233 | fallen in love the year previously with a young Englishwoman, <a href="../boleyn.html">Anne Boleyn</a>.
|
|---|
| 234 | She was the sister of a former mistress and refused to take that
|
|---|
| 235 | position herself. Henry, who was also deeply pious and a student
|
|---|
| 236 | of theology, now took a closer look at his marriage to Katharine.
|
|---|
| 237 | In particular, he looked at the text in Leviticus which seemed to
|
|---|
| 238 | directly reference his own life - 'If a man shall take his brother's
|
|---|
| 239 | wife it is an unclean thing..... they shall be childless.'(Leviticus,
|
|---|
| 240 | XX, 21) </p>
|
|---|
| 241 | <p>Of course, they were not childless but a daughter was not the
|
|---|
| 242 | heir he needed. No woman had attempted to rule England since the
|
|---|
| 243 | disastrous Matilda centuries<img src="aragon_files/aragonhorenbout1.jpg" alt="miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout" align="right" border="0" height="324" width="329"> before. Henry now firmly believed
|
|---|
| 244 | that his incestuous marriage had been doomed from the start. </p>
|
|---|
| 245 | <p>But how could he annul the marriage? He needed to convince
|
|---|
| 246 | the current pope, Clement VII, that the dispensation of his predecessor
|
|---|
| 247 | was inadequate. It directly contradicted the Bible and had no
|
|---|
| 248 | merit. This should have been a simple enough matter. Royal
|
|---|
| 249 | marriages had been annulled for far less. But Katharine's nephew,
|
|---|
| 250 | Charles V, was the Holy Roman Emperor and he had no intention of
|
|---|
| 251 | allowing his aunt to be cast off. This was not out of personal
|
|---|
| 252 | love or loyalty, but a purely political stance. And after the
|
|---|
| 253 | 1527 'sack of Rome', Charles controlled the pope. </p>
|
|---|
| 254 | <p>Henry was soon thwarted, despite extensive work by Wolsey and
|
|---|
| 255 | other advisers. For her part, Katharine was kept in the dark for
|
|---|
| 256 | as long as the king could manage it. But she was no fool.
|
|---|
| 257 | She knew of the romance between her husband and Mistress Boleyn; she
|
|---|
| 258 | knew Henry avoided her company, though he was scrupulous about
|
|---|
| 259 | attending official functions with her. He had always respected
|
|---|
| 260 | her unassailable dignity and eloquence. He did not wish to fight
|
|---|
| 261 | Katharine; he wanted an amicable end to their union and he was prepared
|
|---|
| 262 | to be generous. </p>
|
|---|
| 263 | <p>When news of his intentions became official, she was given
|
|---|
| 264 | counsel but only that chosen by the king. She turned to the
|
|---|
| 265 | Spanish ambassador and close friends at court for support. Anne
|
|---|
| 266 | Boleyn was not popular and Katharine was a respected and beloved
|
|---|
| 267 | queen. The king soon came under popular scorn for his
|
|---|
| 268 | plans. </p>
|
|---|
| 269 | <p>But Henry was as firmly convinced of the righteousness of his
|
|---|
| 270 | cause as Katharine was of hers. He had read the Bible; he had
|
|---|
| 271 | debated the issue with prominent theologians; he even sponsored
|
|---|
| 272 | hearings of the case at European universities. Both king and pope
|
|---|
| 273 | knew there was a valid basis for the annulment, and a pressing national
|
|---|
| 274 | need for it. Clement could have granted it without troubling his
|
|---|
| 275 | conscience. And with the spread of Lutheranism in the German
|
|---|
| 276 | states, Clement had no wish to antagonize the loyal and devoted king of
|
|---|
| 277 | England. </p>
|
|---|
| 278 | <p>But the English king could not be helped at the Holy Roman Emperor's
|
|---|
| 279 | expense. This was soon made abundantly clear.</p>
|
|---|
| 280 | <p>The pope prevaricated; he could do little else. And for
|
|---|
| 281 | several years, the 'King's Great Matter' consumed England and
|
|---|
| 282 | fascinated Europe. </p>
|
|---|
| 283 | <p>Henry inevitably tired of the endless parade of papal legates
|
|---|
| 284 | and repetitious hearings. He was growing older and Anne was
|
|---|
| 285 | growing impatient. Her youth was being wasted to no purpose, she
|
|---|
| 286 | told the king. Meanwhile, Katharine encouraged Mary to be
|
|---|
| 287 | obstinate in protecting her rights as princess. Mary lost her
|
|---|
| 288 | father's favor and was forbidden to visit her mother. </p>
|
|---|
| 289 | <p>Finally, in 1533, Henry did the only thing he could to end the
|
|---|
| 290 | marriage - he rejected the authority of the Holy See and declared
|
|---|
| 291 | himself Supreme Head of a new Church of England. His archbishop
|
|---|
| 292 | of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, issued the long-awaited decree of
|
|---|
| 293 | nullity. Katharine was no longer queen of England but 'Princess
|
|---|
| 294 | dowager of Wales'. Princess Mary was now illegitimate, and rumors
|
|---|
| 295 | spread that Anne Boleyn had finally succumbed to the king and was
|
|---|
| 296 | pregnant. </p>
|
|---|
| 297 | <p> Katharine was exiled from court and to a
|
|---|
| 298 | succession of damp and unpleasant castles. She had but a handful
|
|---|
| 299 | of servants for few would call her queen and she refused to be called
|
|---|
| 300 | princess. It was a mark of her early education that she was meek,
|
|---|
| 301 | deeply pious and believed in obedience to her husband - but she was
|
|---|
| 302 | also a proud and intelligent princess of Spain. She would never
|
|---|
| 303 | allow her dignity, or that of her daughter, to be destroyed. In
|
|---|
| 304 | the end, this stubborn spirit did both her and Mary far more harm than
|
|---|
| 305 | good. Katharine was undoubtedly truthful when she declared her
|
|---|
| 306 | marriage to Arthur unconsummated but the truth was cold comfort in the
|
|---|
| 307 | last years of her life. </p>
|
|---|
| 308 | <p>Her final years were lonely and sad; the Spanish ambassador kept
|
|---|
| 309 | her informed of outside events and smuggled letters to her daughter,
|
|---|
| 310 | but she was often ill and at prayer. The wrongs she had suffered
|
|---|
| 311 | from Henry filled her with sadness rather than anger. Perhaps she
|
|---|
| 312 | was inspired by her motto, Humble and Loyal, for that is how she
|
|---|
| 313 | remained.</p>
|
|---|
| 314 | <p>She died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536, three weeks
|
|---|
| 315 | after her fiftieth birthday. There were rumors that she had been
|
|---|
| 316 | poisoned. But if Henry had been so inclined, he would have
|
|---|
| 317 | attempted it years before and spared himself much trouble. A
|
|---|
| 318 | lingering illness and the psychological effects of her exile were the
|
|---|
| 319 | obvious causes. She was buried at Peterborough Abbey with all the
|
|---|
| 320 | ceremony befitting the widow of the prince of Wales. Henry did
|
|---|
| 321 | not attend the funeral; we do not know if he read Katharine's <a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/letters.html">last letter</a> to
|
|---|
| 322 | him. It was a love letter and she signed it 'Katherine the
|
|---|
| 323 | Queen'. </p>
|
|---|
| 324 | <p>The tragedy of their annulment was that both he and Katharine
|
|---|
| 325 | were equally convinced of their causes. For the modern reader,
|
|---|
| 326 | both arguments are persuasive. It is an ironic footnote to her
|
|---|
| 327 | life story that Katharine, such a devoted and pious Catholic,
|
|---|
| 328 | unintentionally brought the Reformation to England. <br>
|
|---|
| 329 | </p>
|
|---|
| 330 | </blockquote>
|
|---|
| 331 | <center>
|
|---|
| 332 | <p><font size="-1"><a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/wives.html">to the Six
|
|---|
| 333 | Wives main page</a></font> <br>
|
|---|
| 334 | <font size="-1"><a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html">to
|
|---|
| 335 | Tudor England</a></font></p>
|
|---|
| 336 | <p><font size="-1"><a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/primary.html"> to Primary Sources</a></font></p>
|
|---|
| 337 | </center>
|
|---|
| 338 | </blockquote>
|
|---|
| 339 | <!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --><!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --><script language="JavaScript" src="aragon_files/geov2.js"></script><script language="javascript">geovisit();</script><img src="aragon_files/visit.gif" border="0">
|
|---|
| 340 | <noscript><img src="http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1180480931" alt="setstats" border="0" width="1" height="1"></noscript></body></html>
|
|---|
