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7 | content="16th century England Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor England">
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8 | <title>Tudor England FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about Tudor
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9 | England</title>
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10 | <meta content="Marilee Mongello" name="author">
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21 | <tbody>
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23 | <td width="14%" height="2"><br>
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24 | </td>
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25 | <td valign="top" width="71%" height="2">
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26 | <p align="center"></p>
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27 | <br>
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28 | </td>
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30 | </td>
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36 | </td>
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37 | <td width="15%" height="21"><br>
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38 | </td>
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39 | </tr>
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40 | <tr>
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41 | <td width="14%" height="610"><br>
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42 | </td>
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43 | <td valign="top" width="71%" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="610">
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44 | <p align="center">
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45 | <br>
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46 | <img border="0"
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47 | src="faqnew.gif" width="621"
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48 | height="129" alt="Tudor England FAQ Frequently Asked Questions"></p>
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49 | <p align="center"><b><font face="Arial" size="2">Simply click on
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50 | a question and you will be taken to the answer.</font></b></p>
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51 | <p align="center"> </p>
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52 | <p>
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53 | <img border="2" src="imagesbw.jpg" align="left" alt="black-and-white version of the van de Passe etching of Queen Elizabeth I" width="200" height="313"><a name="Top"></a><b><font face="Arial" size="+1">General
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54 | Questions</font></b><br>
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55 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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56 | href="faq.html#One">Who were the
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57 | Tudors?</a></font></b><br>
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58 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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59 | href="faq.html#Two">When did they rule
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60 | England?</a></font></b><br>
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61 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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62 | href="faq.html#Three">Why are they so
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63 | famous?</a></font></b><br>
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64 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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65 | href="faq.html#Four">What did they
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66 | accomplish?</a></font></b><br>
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67 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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68 | href="faq.html#Five">Can you give me a
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69 | brief history of Tudor England?</a></font></b></p>
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70 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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71 | href="faq.html#Tree">Where can I view
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72 | the Tudor family tree?</a></font></b><br>
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73 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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74 | href="faq.html#Six">Where can I look
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75 | at portraits of the Tudors?</a></font></b><br>
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76 | <a href="faq.html#Rose"><b><font
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77 | face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">What is the 'Tudor Rose'?</font></b></a></p>
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78 | <p>
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79 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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80 | href="faq.html#Fourty-nine">Does this
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81 | website have a search engine?</a></font></b><br>
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82 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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83 | href="faq.html#Fifty">I am quoting
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84 | from this website for my paper / report. How do I correctly cite
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85 | the source?<br>
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86 | </a><a href="faq.html#Update">When
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87 | was the site last updated?<br>
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88 | </a></font></b></p>
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89 | <p><font face="Arial"><b><font size="+1"><br>Specific Questions</font></b></font><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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90 | href="faq.html#Seven"><br>
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91 | Was Henry VII really a miser?</a><a
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92 | href="faq.html#Eight"><br>
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93 | Did Elizabeth of York really hate Henry VII?</a><a
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94 | href="faq.html#Nine"><br>
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95 | Did Prince Arthur and Katharine of Aragon consummate their marriage?</a></font></b>
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96 | </p>
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97 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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98 | href="faq.html#Ten">Why did Henry VIII
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99 | have six wives?</a></font></b> <br>
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100 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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101 | href="faq.html#Ten-a">Who were the six
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102 | wives?</a></font></b> <br>
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103 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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104 | href="faq.html#Eleven">Did Henry VIII
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105 | really murder all his wives?</a></font></b> <br>
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106 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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107 | href="faq.html#Eleven-a">What was the
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108 | 'King's Great Matter'?</a></font></b> <br>
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109 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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110 | href="faq.html#Eleven-b">What was the
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111 | Reformation?</a></font></b> <br>
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112 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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113 | href="faq.html#Twelve">How did Henry
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114 | VIII die?</a></font></b> </p>
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115 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> <a
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116 | href="faq.html#Thirteen">How did
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117 | Katharine of Aragon die?</a><br>
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118 | </font><font face="Arial"> <a
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119 | href="faq.html#Thirteena">Why do you
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120 | spell Katharine's name as you do?</a> (And why do you spell
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121 | Catherine Howard and Katharine Parr's differently?)</font></b></p>
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122 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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123 | href="faq.html#Fourteen">Was Anne
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124 | Boleyn really a witch? Did she have an extra finger? Did
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125 | she really commit adultery and have an incestuous affair with her
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126 | brother? How many times was she pregnant as Queen?</a></font></b>
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127 | <br>
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128 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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129 | href="faq.html#Fifteen">Where is Anne
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130 | Boleyn buried?</a></font></b> </p>
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131 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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132 | href="faq.html#Sixteen">Did Jane
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133 | Seymour die of complications from a Caesarean section?</a></font></b> </p>
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134 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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135 | href="faq.html#Seventeen">Was Anne of
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136 | Cleves really that ugly?</a></font></b> <br>
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137 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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138 | href="faq.html#Eighteen">What happened
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139 | to Anne of Cleves after Henry divorced her?</a></font></b> </p>
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140 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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141 | href="faq.html#Nineteen">Did Catherine
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142 | Howard commit adultery while Queen of England?</a></font></b> <br>
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143 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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144 | href="faq.html#Twenty">Where is
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145 | Catherine Howard buried?</a></font></b> </p>
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146 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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147 | href="faq.html#Twenty-one">How many
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148 | times was Katharine Parr married?</a></font></b> <br>
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149 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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150 | href="faq.html#Twenty-two">Was
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151 | Katharine Parr imprisoned by Henry VIII?</a></font></b> </p>
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152 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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153 | href="faq.html#Twenty-three">What
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154 | happened to Henry VIII's sisters, Margaret and Mary Tudor?</a></font></b>
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155 | </p>
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156 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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157 | href="faq.html#Twenty-four">Did Henry
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158 | VIII execute a lot of people?</a></font></b> </p>
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159 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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160 | href="faq.html#Twenty-five">Did Henry
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161 | VIII have a legitimate reason to divorce Katharine of Aragon?</a></font></b>
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162 | </p>
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163 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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164 | href="faq.html#Twenty-six">How did
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165 | Edward VI die?</a></font></b> </p>
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166 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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167 | href="faq.html#Six-a">Who is the 'Nine
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168 | Days Queen'?</a></font></b> <br>
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169 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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170 | href="faq.html#Twenty-seven">Did Lady
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171 | Jane Grey want to be Queen of England?</a></font></b> <br>
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172 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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173 | href="faq.html#Twenty-eight">Did Lady
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174 | Jane Grey love her husband?</a></font></b> <br>
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175 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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176 | href="faq.html#Twenty-nine">Where is
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177 | Lady Jane Grey buried?</a></font></b> </p>
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178 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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179 | href="faq.html#Thirty">Why is Mary I
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180 | called 'Bloody Mary'?</a></font></b> <br>
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181 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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182 | href="faq.html#Thirty-a">Are there two
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183 | Mary Tudors at this site?</a></font></b> <br>
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184 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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185 | href="faq.html#Thirty-one">Did Mary I
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186 | really hate her half-sister, Elizabeth?</a></font></b> <br>
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187 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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188 | href="faq.html#Thirty-two">Was Mary I
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189 | ever pregnant during her marriage to Philip of Spain?</a></font></b> <br>
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190 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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191 | href="faq.html#Thirty-three">What were
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192 | Mary I's last words?</a></font></b> <br>
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193 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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194 | href="faq.html#Thirty-four">Where is
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195 | Mary I buried?</a></font></b> </p>
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196 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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197 | href="faq.html#Thirty-five">Was
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198 | Elizabeth I truly a great queen - or did her ministers do all the work?</a></font></b>
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199 | <br>
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200 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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201 | href="faq.html#Thirty-six">How smart
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202 | was Elizabeth I?</a></font></b> <br>
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203 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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204 | href="faq.html#Thirty-seven">Did
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205 | Elizabeth ever plan to marry anyone?</a></font></b> <br>
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206 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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207 | href="faq.html#Thirty-eight">Was
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208 | Elizabeth really a 'Virgin Queen'? Did she have secret lovers
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209 | and/or children?</a></font></b> <br>
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210 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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211 | href="faq.html#Thirty-nine">Why is the
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212 | 1588 battle with the Spanish Armada so famous?</a></font></b> <br>
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213 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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214 | href="faq.html#Fourty">Why are there
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215 | so many portraits of Elizabeth I?</a></font></b> <br>
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216 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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217 | href="faq.html#Fourty-one">Where is
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218 | Elizabeth I buried?</a></font></b> </p>
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219 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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220 | href="faq.html#Fourty-two">Why was
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221 | Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?</a></font></b> <br>
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222 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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223 | href="faq.html#Fourty-two-a">How long
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224 | was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?</a></font></b> <br>
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225 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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226 | href="faq.html#Fourty-three">Are Mary,
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227 | queen of Scots and Mary Tudor the same person?</a></font></b> <br>
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228 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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229 | href="faq.html#Fourty-four">Why did
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230 | Elizabeth I have Mary, queen of Scots killed?</a></font></b> <br>
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231 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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232 | href="faq.html#Fourty-five">Was Mary,
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233 | queen of Scots guilty of the crimes for which she was executed?</a></font></b>
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234 | <br>
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235 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> <a
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236 | href="faq.html#Fourty-six">Where is
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237 | Mary, queen of Scots buried?</a><br>
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238 | <a href="faq.html#Fourty-sixa">Why
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239 | is Mary, queen of Scots's last name sometimes spelled 'Stewart' and
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240 | other times 'Stuart'?</a></font></b><a
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241 | href="faq.html#Fourty-sixa"> </a> </p>
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242 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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243 | href="faq.html#Fourty-seven">Why did
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244 | Elizabeth I leave her throne to James I of Scotland?</a></font></b> <br>
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245 | <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
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246 | href="faq.html#Fourty-eight">What
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247 | dynasty followed the Tudors?</a></font></b></p>
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248 | <blockquote>
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249 | <hr width="100%"> </blockquote>
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250 | <p><br>
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251 | <a name="One"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Who were the
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252 | Tudors?</font></b> <br>
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253 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Tudors were a Welsh-English
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254 | family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603. Henry Tudor was the
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255 | son of Margaret Beaufort, who was descended from King Edward III
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256 | through an illegitimate line, and Edmund Tudor, the son of Princess
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257 | Catherine of Valois and her second husband, Owen Tudor. Through
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258 | Catherine of Valois, Jasper was the half-brother of the last
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259 | Lancastrian king, Henry VI. The Yorkist branch of the Plantagenet
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260 | dynasty would eventually seize the throne from the incompetent Henry
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261 | VI, but their reign ended when Richard III was killed at the battle of
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262 | Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Henry Tudor then claimed the
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263 | throne as King Henry VII. He promptly married Elizabeth of York,
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264 | daughter of the only successful Yorkist king, Edward IV, and niece of
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265 | Richard III.</font> <br>
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266 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Henry VII and Elizabeth of York's
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267 | second son, three of their grandchildren and one of their
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268 | great-grandchildren, would rule England as part of the Tudor
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269 | dynasty. When their rule ended, the throne passed to the Scottish
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270 | branch of their family - James I was the great-grandson of their
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271 | daughter, Margaret Tudor.</font></p>
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272 | <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Visit <a
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273 | href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor/genealog.html">Tudor Genealogy</a>
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274 | for more information.</font> <br>
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275 | <font size="-2"><a
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276 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
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277 | </p>
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278 | <p><a name="Two"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">When did
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279 | they rule England?</font></b> <br>
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280 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Tudors ruled England from 1485
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281 | to 1603.</font> <br>
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282 | <font size="-2"><a
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283 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
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284 | </p>
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285 | <p><a name="Three"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Why are
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286 | they so famous?</font></b> <br>
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287 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Tudors are famous because their
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288 | dynasty was full of colorful characters and big events. Henry
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289 | VIII and his six wives.... the English reformation.... the tragic tale
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290 | of Lady Jane Grey.... the great intelligence of Elizabeth I and the
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291 | artistic accomplishments of her reign.... During the sixteenth
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292 | century, England emerged from the medieval world. It was a time
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293 | of great change, most notably it marked the end of the Catholic church
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294 | in England. There was an attendant rise in nationalism, a new
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295 | spirit of confidence and patriotism swept the country. Great
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296 | naval exploits began the great English seafaring tradition.
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297 | Whether as pirates or officers or explorers, Elizabethan sailors
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298 | controlled the seas. And besides the political and religious
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299 | changes, the Tudors themselves were interesting and complex people.</font>
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300 | <br>
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301 | <font size="-2"><a
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302 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
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303 | </p>
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304 | <p><a name="Four"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">What did
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305 | they accomplish?</font></b> <br>
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306 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Tudors were able to establish
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307 | England as a world power. They did so by positioning their
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308 | country as a peace-maker between the dueling powers of France and
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309 | Spain/the Holy Roman Empire. They also gave England a century of
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310 | dynastic stability. With the exception of Lady Jane Grey's brief
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311 | reign and Catholic attempts to place Mary, queen of Scots on Elizabeth
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312 | I's throne, most Tudor monarchs came to the throne - and remained on
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313 | the throne - unchallenged. This lengthy period of peace allowed
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314 | England a much-needed respite from the Lancastrian-Yorkist wars.
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315 | Government ran more efficiently; royal power replaced that of
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316 | aristocrats and there was a uniform system of justice and taxation
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317 | throughout the country. And, as always in times of peace, the
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318 | arts flourished.</font> <br>
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319 | <font size="-2"><a
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320 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
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321 | </p>
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322 | <p><a name="Five"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Can you
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323 | give me a brief history of Tudor England?</font></b> <br>
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324 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Tudor England began when Henry VII
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325 | became king in 1485. There were five Tudor monarchs, not counting
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326 | Lady Jane Grey who ruled for just nine days. The monarchs were,
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327 | in order, Henry VII (ruled from 1485 to 1509), his son Henry VIII
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328 | (ruled from 1509 to 1547), Edward VI, son of Henry VIII (ruled from
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329 | 1547 to 1553), Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII (ruled from 1553 to
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330 | 1558), and Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII (ruled from 1558 to
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331 | 1603.) The most powerful Tudor monarchs were Henry VIII and
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332 | Elizabeth I, though she was far more beloved of the English
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333 | people. Both were powerful personalities who were able to control
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334 | their squabbling councilors and answer the demands of an increasingly
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335 | vocal Parliament. Under Henry VII, the English government came to
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336 | be more stabilized and centralized. Under Henry VIII, English
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337 | authority was tested on the Continent, though even military victories
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338 | were too costly to maintain. A great victory over Scotland early
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339 | in his reign (1513) was most notable; the attendant confusion of its
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340 | northern neighbor was beneficial for England. Henry VIII's
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341 | desperate quest for a legitimate heir led to <a
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342 | href="faq.html#Eleven-b">the
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343 | Reformation</a>; this was the end of the Catholic church's authority in
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344 | England. The king, unable to obtain an annulment, declared
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345 | himself Supreme Head of a new English church. He also sold or
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346 | destroyed most church property in England. His son, Edward VI,
|
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347 | was just a child when he inherited the throne but already known for his
|
---|
348 | piety and serious nature. His councilors continued to strengthen
|
---|
349 | the Protestant state, but their plans were dashed when Edward died at
|
---|
350 | 16 years of age. An attempt to place his Protestant cousin, Lady
|
---|
351 | Jane Grey, on the throne instead of the Catholic Princess Mary
|
---|
352 | failed. Mary was declared queen to great acclaim; she was
|
---|
353 | originally very popular even with the Protestants. But a policy
|
---|
354 | of religious persecution, a hated marriage with Philip of Spain, and
|
---|
355 | bad agricultural conditions (as well as the debt she had inherited from
|
---|
356 | her father and brother) soon made Mary broken-hearted and
|
---|
357 | disliked. She was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth, who
|
---|
358 | was a religious pragmatist and passionately devoted to her
|
---|
359 | country. Elizabeth's policy of toleration was extended to both
|
---|
360 | the religious and political spheres. Above all else, she avoided
|
---|
361 | extremism at all costs. She often prevaricated over major
|
---|
362 | decisions, unwilling to commit to an action before all diplomatic
|
---|
363 | attempts failed. This infuriated many of her advisors, but it
|
---|
364 | also gave her country the religious and political peace it needed to
|
---|
365 | thrive. Her reign was marked by the great victory over the
|
---|
366 | Spanish Armada in 1588, the artistic achievements of men such as
|
---|
367 | Shakespeare and Bacon, and English exploration and colonization of
|
---|
368 | North America.</font><br>
|
---|
369 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
370 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
371 | <br>
|
---|
372 | </p>
|
---|
373 | <p><b><font face="Arial"><a name="Tree"></a>Where can I view the
|
---|
374 | Tudor family tree?</font></b><br>
|
---|
375 | <font face="Arial">Visit the <a
|
---|
376 | href="genealogy.html">Tudor Genealogy</a>
|
---|
377 | site. It has a graphic image of the family tree and a more
|
---|
378 | detailed text genealogy.<br>
|
---|
379 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
380 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font></p>
|
---|
381 | <p><br>
|
---|
382 | </p>
|
---|
383 | <p><a name="Six"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Where can I
|
---|
384 | look at portraits of the Tudors?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
385 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">You can visit the <a
|
---|
386 | href="http://www.marileecody.com/images.html">Images</a> section of my
|
---|
387 | site. You can also visit <a href="http://tudorhistory.org/">Tudorhistory.org</a>
|
---|
388 | and <a href="http://www.tudor-portraits.com/">Tudor-portraits.com</a>.</font> <br>
|
---|
389 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
390 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> </p>
|
---|
391 | <p><br>
|
---|
392 | <b><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><a name="Rose"></a>What
|
---|
393 | is the 'Tudor Rose'?<br>
|
---|
394 | </font></b><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">The Tudor
|
---|
395 | Rose is the most famous symbol of the Tudor dynasty. You can see
|
---|
396 | a beautiful example of it on <a
|
---|
397 | href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html">the main page</a>.
|
---|
398 | It shows the petals of a red rose enfolding the petals of a white
|
---|
399 | rose. The red rose was the symbol of the House of Lancaster and
|
---|
400 | the white rose was the symbol of the House of York. Henry VII was
|
---|
401 | the first Tudor king and a Lancastrian. He married Princess
|
---|
402 | Elizabeth of York. Their marriage was the literal union of both
|
---|
403 | houses, symbolized by the new 'Tudor Rose'. Also, the Wars of the
|
---|
404 | Roses were thus called because they represented the 15th century
|
---|
405 | struggle between Lancaster and York for the throne of England. <br>
|
---|
406 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
407 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font><br>
|
---|
408 | </p>
|
---|
409 | <p align="center"> <img height="225"
|
---|
410 | alt="sketch of Henry Tudor while he was exiled in France"
|
---|
411 | src="henry7faq.jpg" width="165"
|
---|
412 | border="1"></p>
|
---|
413 | <p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="1">sketch of the
|
---|
414 | future King Henry VII while he was exiled in France<br>
|
---|
415 | </font></p>
|
---|
416 | <p><a name="Seven"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Was Henry
|
---|
417 | VII really a miser?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
418 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Henry VII, the first Tudor king, was
|
---|
419 | tight-fisted with money. His tax inspectors were notorious and
|
---|
420 | despised. However, the English treasury was nearly empty after
|
---|
421 | years of wars. Henry was determined to create a stable government
|
---|
422 | and all governments need money to run. It became something of an
|
---|
423 | obsession with him, particularly in his later years. But to his
|
---|
424 | credit, he left a healthy treasury to his son and heir, Henry VIII -
|
---|
425 | which the latter promptly spent.</font> </p>
|
---|
426 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Henry VII, <a
|
---|
427 | href="monarchs/henry7.html">visit his
|
---|
428 | website</a>.<br>
|
---|
429 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
430 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
431 | </p>
|
---|
432 | <p><a name="Eight"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Did
|
---|
433 | Elizabeth of York really hate Henry VII?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
434 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Many authors have argued that
|
---|
435 | Elizabeth hated Henry because he took the throne from her family and
|
---|
436 | she was forced to marry him. But all the contemporary accounts I
|
---|
437 | have read indicate they had a pleasant enough marriage. Henry VII
|
---|
438 | never had an affair and he genuinely mourned her death in 1503.
|
---|
439 | Elizabeth's life as queen was primarily domestic. Her motto
|
---|
440 | 'Humble and Reverent' sums up her character.</font> <br>
|
---|
441 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
442 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
443 | </p>
|
---|
444 | <p><a name="Nine"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Did Prince
|
---|
445 | Arthur and Katharine of Aragon consummate their marriage?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
446 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">This question was very important
|
---|
447 | during Henry VIII's reign. He said his marriage to Katharine
|
---|
448 | should be annulled because she had been his brother's wife. He
|
---|
449 | disregarded the papal dispensation which had given them permission to
|
---|
450 | wed in 1509 by arguing that the Pope could not disregard the Bible
|
---|
451 | itself. There are passages in Leviticus which specifically forbid
|
---|
452 | a man taking his brother's wife as his own. Katharine swore that
|
---|
453 | she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage, as did her duenna.</font>
|
---|
454 | <br>
|
---|
455 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">I have to support Katharine of
|
---|
456 | Aragon on this one; her marriage to Arthur probably wasn't
|
---|
457 | consummated. They were both young and Arthur was already very
|
---|
458 | ill. Also, Katharine was deeply pious; it is difficult to believe
|
---|
459 | she would lie to a papal legate about such a thing.</font> <br>
|
---|
460 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
461 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> </p>
|
---|
462 | <p align="center"> <img height="204"
|
---|
463 | alt="portrait of King Henry VIII, c1542"
|
---|
464 | src="henry8faq1.jpg" width="165"
|
---|
465 | border="2"></p>
|
---|
466 | <p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="1">portrait of King
|
---|
467 | Henry VIII, c1542<br>
|
---|
468 | </font> </p>
|
---|
469 | <p><a name="Ten"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Why did
|
---|
470 | Henry VIII have six wives?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
471 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Henry had six wives because....</font>
|
---|
472 | <br>
|
---|
473 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">He had the first wife because he was
|
---|
474 | betrothed to her by his father. He had the second wife because he
|
---|
475 | fell in love and also needed a legitimate male heir. He had the
|
---|
476 | third wife because he still needed a male heir. He had the fourth
|
---|
477 | wife because of diplomatic reasons. He had the fifth wife because
|
---|
478 | he fell in love again. He had the sixth wife because he was old
|
---|
479 | and sick and grouchy and needed a companion and nurse who wouldn't give
|
---|
480 | him too much trouble.</font></p>
|
---|
481 | <p><font face="Arial"><a
|
---|
482 | href="monarchs/wives.html">To learn
|
---|
483 | more about Henry VIII's six wives, visit their website.</a><br>
|
---|
484 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
485 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
486 | </p>
|
---|
487 | <p><a name="Ten-a"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Who were
|
---|
488 | the six wives?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
489 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">They were (in order) Katharine of
|
---|
490 | Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and
|
---|
491 | Katharine Parr.</font> <br>
|
---|
492 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
493 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
494 | </p>
|
---|
495 | <p><a name="Eleven"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Did Henry
|
---|
496 | VIII really murder all his wives?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
497 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">No, only two of the six wives were
|
---|
498 | executed - the second wife, Anne Boleyn, and the fifth wife, Catherine
|
---|
499 | Howard. His first wife died of natural causes. His third
|
---|
500 | wife died from childbirth complications. His fourth wife was
|
---|
501 | divorced and outlived him. And the sixth wife outlived him as
|
---|
502 | well.</font> <br>
|
---|
503 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
504 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
505 | </p>
|
---|
506 | <p><a name="Eleven-a"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">What
|
---|
507 | was the 'King's Great Matter'?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
508 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">This refers to Henry VIII's attempts
|
---|
509 | to annul his marriage Katharine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn.
|
---|
510 | It consumed several years of his reign. </font><small><small><small><small><small><big><big><big><font
|
---|
511 | face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><br>
|
---|
512 | <font size="3">It also involved the dissolution of all Catholic
|
---|
513 | monasteries in England.</font></font></big></big></big></small></small></small></small></small><br>
|
---|
514 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
515 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
516 | </p>
|
---|
517 | <p><a name="Eleven-b"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">What
|
---|
518 | was the Reformation?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
519 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Reformation refers to a period
|
---|
520 | in the early 16th century in which the Roman Catholic Church was
|
---|
521 | challenged by a new form of Christianity collectively known as
|
---|
522 | Protestantism. The Catholic Church was both a religious and
|
---|
523 | political institution; by the 16th century, corruption was widespread
|
---|
524 | and many Christians were disappointed in the excesses and abuses of
|
---|
525 | church leaders.</font> <br>
|
---|
526 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Reformation began in 1517 when a
|
---|
527 | German priest named Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the
|
---|
528 | door of a royal church in Wittenberg. Luther did not want to
|
---|
529 | start a new religion; he merely wanted to reform the papacy.
|
---|
530 | However, a few years later, Pope Leo X excommunicated him.
|
---|
531 | Luther's main philosophical idea was 'justification by faith', the idea
|
---|
532 | that salvation is granted as a gift through God's grace and not through
|
---|
533 | a priestly intermediary. He also advocated marriage for the
|
---|
534 | clergy. His ideas were revolutionary and scandalous, but also
|
---|
535 | very popular. They represented an attempt to bring religious
|
---|
536 | faith back to the people and end long-standing corruption within the
|
---|
537 | church. But the doctrine of 'justification by faith' also sharply
|
---|
538 | curtailed the church's power over spirituality, making it a matter of
|
---|
539 | personal debate and belief. As Lady Jane Grey, the Nine Days'
|
---|
540 | Queen of England, wrote of her Protestant faith in 1554, 'I ground my
|
---|
541 | faith upon God's word, and not upon the church.... The faith of
|
---|
542 | the church must be tried by God's word, and not God's word by the
|
---|
543 | church; neither yet my faith.'</font> <br>
|
---|
544 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">In England, the Reformation was
|
---|
545 | mainly associated with Henry VIII's attempts to annul his marriage to
|
---|
546 | Katharine of Aragon. When the papacy refused to annul their union
|
---|
547 | due to the political pressure of Katharine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor
|
---|
548 | Charles V, Henry was outraged. He spent several years attempting
|
---|
549 | to persuade the pope to change his mind. In the end, he simply
|
---|
550 | declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England and confiscated
|
---|
551 | all church lands and money in his country. This is known to
|
---|
552 | history as 'the dissolution of the monasteries.' However, Henry
|
---|
553 | VIII remained a spiritual Catholic; he disliked Luther's ideas and was
|
---|
554 | never a Protestant himself. He simply rejected Roman Catholic
|
---|
555 | influence in England. But he had unwittingly opened up the door
|
---|
556 | to dramatic changes. From 1533 onwards, the influence of the
|
---|
557 | Roman Catholic Church in England declined while the new ideas of the
|
---|
558 | Reformation began to slowly gain adherents. The resulting
|
---|
559 | religious convulsions would consume most of Europe for the entire
|
---|
560 | century. In Tudor England, the conflict between the old faith and
|
---|
561 | the new consumed its rulers. Henry VIII was a lapsed Catholic;
|
---|
562 | his successor Edward VI was a devout Protestant; his successor Mary I
|
---|
563 | was a devout Catholic; her successor Elizabeth I was, understandably
|
---|
564 | enough, a religious pragmatist. However, she came into conflict
|
---|
565 | with her Catholic cousin, Mary, queen of Scots.</font> <br>
|
---|
566 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
567 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
568 | </p>
|
---|
569 | <p><a name="Twelve"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">How did
|
---|
570 | Henry VIII die?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
571 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Henry had been in ill health for
|
---|
572 | some time. He was obese and this led to many complications in his
|
---|
573 | health, such as fevers, headaches and ulcers. He died on 28
|
---|
574 | January 1547 after suffering through a bad fever; he was bled during
|
---|
575 | his illness, which undoubtedly contributed to his death.</font></p>
|
---|
576 | <p><font face="Arial"><a
|
---|
577 | href="monarchs/henry8.html">To learn
|
---|
578 | more about Henry VIII's life, visit his website.</a><br>
|
---|
579 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
580 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
581 | </p>
|
---|
582 | <p><a name="Thirteen"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">How did
|
---|
583 | Katharine of Aragon die?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
584 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Contrary to rumor, Katharine was not
|
---|
585 | poisoned by Henry VIII. If he had been that ruthless, he would
|
---|
586 | have killed her years before and saved himself the whole trouble of his
|
---|
587 | 'Great Matter'. Most historians believe she died of cancer.</font></p>
|
---|
588 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Katharine of Aragon, <a
|
---|
589 | href="monarchs/aragon.html">visit her
|
---|
590 | website</a>.<br>
|
---|
591 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
592 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
593 | </p>
|
---|
594 | <p><a name="Thirteena"></a><b><font face="Arial"> Why do you spell
|
---|
595 | Katharine's name as you do? (And why do you spell Catherine
|
---|
596 | Howard and Katharine Parr's differently?)</font></b><font face="Arial"><br>
|
---|
597 | I spell Katharine of Aragon's name as it is spelled on her tomb at
|
---|
598 | Peterborough. I chose to spell Catherine Howard's with a 'C'
|
---|
599 | because it's spelled thus by LB Smith in his biography of Henry VIII's
|
---|
600 | fifth queen. Katharine Parr's name is spelled that way to differentiate
|
---|
601 | her from the wife who preceded her.</font><font
|
---|
602 | size="-2"><a href="faq.html#Top"><br>
|
---|
603 | TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
604 | </p>
|
---|
605 | <p><a name="Fourteen"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Was
|
---|
606 | Anne Boleyn really a witch? Did she have an extra finger?
|
---|
607 | Did she really commit adultery and have an incestuous affair with her
|
---|
608 | brother? How many times was she pregnant as Queen?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
609 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">No, Anne Boleyn was not a
|
---|
610 | witch. Yes, she did have a small growth on one hand which some
|
---|
611 | have called an extra finger. No, she did not commit adultery or
|
---|
612 | have an incestuous affair with her brother. Even her enemies
|
---|
613 | admitted the charges were false, simply used as excuses to execute
|
---|
614 | her. She was pregnant at least three times, but only gave birth
|
---|
615 | to one living child - a baby girl who would grow up to be Elizabeth I.</font></p>
|
---|
616 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Anne Boleyn, <a
|
---|
617 | href="monarchs/boleyn.html">visit her
|
---|
618 | website</a>.<br>
|
---|
619 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
620 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
621 | </p>
|
---|
622 | <p><a name="Fifteen"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Where is
|
---|
623 | Anne Boleyn buried?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
624 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Anne Boleyn is buried at the chapel
|
---|
625 | of St Peter ad Vincula at the Tower of London. She is not buried
|
---|
626 | in a regular coffin, however, since one was not provided; instead, her
|
---|
627 | body was forced into an old arrow chest.</font> <br>
|
---|
628 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
629 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font></p>
|
---|
630 | <p align="center"> <img height="165"
|
---|
631 | alt="miniature portrait of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout"
|
---|
632 | src="seymourfaq.jpg" width="166"
|
---|
633 | border="0"></p>
|
---|
634 | <p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="1">miniature portrait
|
---|
635 | of Jane Seymour by Lucas Horenbout<br>
|
---|
636 | </font> </p>
|
---|
637 | <p><a name="Sixteen"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Did Jane
|
---|
638 | Seymour die of complications from a Caesarean section?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
639 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">This rumor has been around for a
|
---|
640 | long time, but it's not true. Jane actually lived several days
|
---|
641 | after the birth of her son, Edward, and was able to greet
|
---|
642 | well-wishers. But she soon succumbed to a violent fever and
|
---|
643 | died. Most historians believe she died from puerperal sepsis, an
|
---|
644 | infection which killed many new mothers. Keep in mind that, even
|
---|
645 | today, childbirth is a dangerous and bloody business. In the 16th
|
---|
646 | century, standards of hygiene were very lax. Puerperal sepsis
|
---|
647 | caused severe fevers and delusions; it was almost always fatal.</font> <br>
|
---|
648 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Henry VIII's sixth wife, Katharine
|
---|
649 | Parr, would also die from it.</font> </p>
|
---|
650 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Jane Seymour, <a
|
---|
651 | href="monarchs/seymour.html">visit her
|
---|
652 | website</a>.<br>
|
---|
653 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
654 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
655 | </p>
|
---|
656 | <p><a name="Seventeen"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Was
|
---|
657 | Anne of Cleves really that ugly?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
658 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">It's ironic to me that, of all of
|
---|
659 | Henry's six wives, the one who is most attractive to modern eyes is the
|
---|
660 | one he divorced for being a 'Flanders mare'. You can <a
|
---|
661 | href="http://www.marileecody.com/images.htmll">look at portraits of
|
---|
662 | Anne</a> (one is below this answer) and decide for yourself. It
|
---|
663 | was probably a simple case of 'chemistry', or a lack thereof. You
|
---|
664 | want to kiss some people and you don't want to kiss others - why?
|
---|
665 | Henry VIII simply wasn't attracted to her but that doesn't mean she was
|
---|
666 | ugly; it simply means she wasn't his type.</font></p>
|
---|
667 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Anne of Cleves, <a
|
---|
668 | href="monarchs/cleves.html">visit her
|
---|
669 | website</a>.<br>
|
---|
670 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
671 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font></p>
|
---|
672 | <p align="center"> <img height="163"
|
---|
673 | alt="miniature portrait of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein"
|
---|
674 | src="clevesfaq.jpg" width="166"
|
---|
675 | border="0"></p>
|
---|
676 | <p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="1">miniature portrait
|
---|
677 | of Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein</font> </p>
|
---|
678 | <p><a name="Eighteen"><br>
|
---|
679 | </a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">What happened to Anne of
|
---|
680 | Cleves after Henry divorced her?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
681 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Anne remained in England, where she
|
---|
682 | was treated with great respect and honor. Henry called her his
|
---|
683 | 'sister' and she was given lots of money and lands in their divorce
|
---|
684 | settlement. She came to court regularly and enjoyed the life of
|
---|
685 | an independent, wealthy woman. She also became quite fond of
|
---|
686 | English beer. I think we can agree that she was probably the
|
---|
687 | happiest of the six wives.</font> <br>
|
---|
688 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
689 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
690 | </p>
|
---|
691 | <p><a name="Nineteen"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Did
|
---|
692 | Catherine Howard commit adultery while Queen of England?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
693 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Probably. You can read her
|
---|
694 | letter to Thomas Culpeper <a
|
---|
695 | href="letter13.html">here</a>.</font> </p>
|
---|
696 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Catherine Howard, <a
|
---|
697 | href="monarchs/howard.html">visit her
|
---|
698 | website</a>.<br>
|
---|
699 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
700 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
701 | </p>
|
---|
702 | <p><a name="Twenty"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Where is
|
---|
703 | Catherine Howard buried?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
704 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">She is buried at the chapel of St
|
---|
705 | Peter ad Vincula, along with her cousin Anne Boleyn and other victims
|
---|
706 | of Henry VIII.</font><br>
|
---|
707 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
708 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
709 | </p>
|
---|
710 | <p><a name="Twenty-one"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">How
|
---|
711 | many times was Katharine Parr married?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
712 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Katharine was married four
|
---|
713 | times. Henry VIII was her third husband. She had one child
|
---|
714 | with her fourth husband, and died of puerperal sepsis shortly
|
---|
715 | afterwards.</font> </p>
|
---|
716 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Katharine Parr, <a
|
---|
717 | href="monarchs/parr.html">visit her
|
---|
718 | website</a>.<br>
|
---|
719 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
720 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
721 | </p>
|
---|
722 | <p><a name="Twenty-two"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Was
|
---|
723 | Katharine Parr imprisoned by Henry VIII?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
724 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Almost, but her quick wit and
|
---|
725 | instinct for survival saved her. Religious conservatives at
|
---|
726 | Henry's court attempted to persuade the king his wife was a
|
---|
727 | heretic. After being lectured one too many times on religious
|
---|
728 | matters by Katharine, Henry was inclined to agree. Katharine was
|
---|
729 | warned of the plot and, without letting on to the king, told him she
|
---|
730 | was grateful to talk about such matters with him so he could guide her
|
---|
731 | in the correct direction. His ego soothed, the king again favored
|
---|
732 | her. When guards came to arrest Katharine, Henry personally
|
---|
733 | berated them and protected her.</font> <br>
|
---|
734 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
735 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
736 | </p>
|
---|
737 | <p><a name="Twenty-three"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">What
|
---|
738 | happened to Henry VIII's sisters, Margaret and Mary Tudor?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
739 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Margaret married the king of
|
---|
740 | Scotland, James IV, and upon his death, she married the earl of
|
---|
741 | Angus. Mary wed the king of France and, upon his death, she wed
|
---|
742 | the duke of Suffolk.</font></p>
|
---|
743 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Mary Tudor, <a
|
---|
744 | href="citizens/brandon.html">visit her
|
---|
745 | website</a>. To learn more about Margaret Tudor, <a
|
---|
746 | href="relative/margaret.html">visit
|
---|
747 | her website</a>.<br>
|
---|
748 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
749 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
750 | </p>
|
---|
751 | <p><a name="Twenty-four"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Did
|
---|
752 | Henry VIII execute a lot of people?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
753 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">He executed a lot of people on
|
---|
754 | trumped-up charges, or what is commonly termed 'judicial murder'.
|
---|
755 | He was very capricious and tyrannical, particularly as he grew
|
---|
756 | older. He was also sensitive to other claims on the Tudor throne;
|
---|
757 | for that reason, he imprisoned or executed most of his Plantagenet
|
---|
758 | relatives.</font> <br>
|
---|
759 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
760 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
761 | </p>
|
---|
762 | <p><a name="Twenty-five"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Did
|
---|
763 | Henry VIII have a legitimate reason to divorce Katharine of Aragon?</font></b>
|
---|
764 | <br>
|
---|
765 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Yes. Other queens were
|
---|
766 | divorced for a lot less. The annulment would have been granted if
|
---|
767 | Katharine's nephew had not been Holy Roman Emperor. His position
|
---|
768 | gave him great influence over papal policy.</font> <br>
|
---|
769 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
770 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
771 | </p>
|
---|
772 | <p><a name="Twenty-six"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">How
|
---|
773 | did Edward VI die?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
774 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Edward died of tuberculosis.
|
---|
775 | Recently, historians and doctors suggested that it may have been
|
---|
776 | complicated by measles.</font></p>
|
---|
777 | <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">To learn more about Edward VI, <a
|
---|
778 | href="monarchs/edward6.html">visit his
|
---|
779 | website</a>.</font><br>
|
---|
780 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
781 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
782 | </p>
|
---|
783 | <p><a name="Six-a"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Who is the
|
---|
784 | 'Nine Days Queen'?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
785 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">The description refers to Lady Jane
|
---|
786 | Grey, the Tudor cousin who ruled England for just nine days in
|
---|
787 | 1553. She was later executed by Mary I.</font></p>
|
---|
788 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Lady Jane Grey, <a
|
---|
789 | href="relative/janegrey.html">visit
|
---|
790 | her website</a>.<br>
|
---|
791 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
792 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
793 | </p>
|
---|
794 | <p><a name="Twenty-eight"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Did
|
---|
795 | Lady Jane Grey want to be Queen of England?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
796 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">No, she did not.</font> <br>
|
---|
797 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
798 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
799 | </p>
|
---|
800 | <p><a name="Twenty-nine"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Did
|
---|
801 | Lady Jane Grey love her husband?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
802 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">No, quite the contrary. By all
|
---|
803 | accounts, she disliked Guildford and refused to have him crowned king,
|
---|
804 | though she appreciated his newfound maturity and composure upon their
|
---|
805 | imprisonment.</font> <br>
|
---|
806 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
807 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
808 | </p>
|
---|
809 | <p align="left"><a name="Twenty-nine"></a><b><font
|
---|
810 | face="Arial,Helvetica">Where is Lady Jane Grey buried?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
811 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">At the chapel of St Peter ad
|
---|
812 | Vincula, alongside Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard. As at Anne's
|
---|
813 | execution, there was no coffin provided for Jane's corpse. Her
|
---|
814 | body lay beside the block for several hours before someone finally
|
---|
815 | found a coffin.</font> <br>
|
---|
816 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
817 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> </p>
|
---|
818 | <p align="center"><br>
|
---|
819 | <img height="213"
|
---|
820 | alt="Mary Tudor as princess of England, by Master John, 1544"
|
---|
821 | src="mary1faq.jpg" width="165"
|
---|
822 | border="2"></p>
|
---|
823 | <p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="1">portrait of
|
---|
824 | Princess Mary Tudor in 1544, by Master John</font></p>
|
---|
825 | <p></p>
|
---|
826 | <p><a name="Thirty"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Why is
|
---|
827 | Mary I called 'Bloody Mary'?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
828 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Several hundred Protestants were
|
---|
829 | burned as heretics during her reign. Hence, she is called 'Bloody
|
---|
830 | Mary'.</font></p>
|
---|
831 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Mary I, <a
|
---|
832 | href="monarchs/mary1.html">visit her
|
---|
833 | website</a>.<br>
|
---|
834 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
835 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
836 | </p>
|
---|
837 | <p><a name="Thirty-a"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Are
|
---|
838 | there two Mary Tudors at this site?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
839 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Yes, one is Mary Tudor, sister of
|
---|
840 | Henry VIII. The other is Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII.</font>
|
---|
841 | <br>
|
---|
842 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
843 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
844 | </p>
|
---|
845 | <p><a name="Thirty-one"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Did
|
---|
846 | Mary I really hate her half-sister, Elizabeth?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
847 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Yes.</font> <br>
|
---|
848 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
849 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
850 | </p>
|
---|
851 | <p><a name="Thirty-two"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Was
|
---|
852 | Mary I ever pregnant during her marriage to Philip of Spain?</font></b>
|
---|
853 | <br>
|
---|
854 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">No.</font> <font
|
---|
855 | face="Arial,Helvetica">She thought she was pregnant - she hoped she
|
---|
856 | was - but it was probably an 'hysterical pregnancy'. Her
|
---|
857 | menstrual cycle was always irregular and she had a distended stomach,
|
---|
858 | possibly from a tumor.</font> <br>
|
---|
859 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
860 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
861 | </p>
|
---|
862 | <p><a name="Thirty-three"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">What
|
---|
863 | were Mary's last words?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
864 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">It is rumored she said that if her
|
---|
865 | body was cut open, the words 'Calais' and 'Philip' would be found
|
---|
866 | engraved upon her heart. It is an apocryphal story. Calais
|
---|
867 | was the last English outpost on the continent, lost during her reign,
|
---|
868 | and Philip was the beloved husband who had abandoned her.</font> <br>
|
---|
869 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
870 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
871 | </p>
|
---|
872 | <p><a name="Thirty-four"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Where
|
---|
873 | is Mary I buried?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
874 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">In Westminster Abbey, beside her
|
---|
875 | half-sister, Elizabeth I.</font> <br>
|
---|
876 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
877 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
878 | </p>
|
---|
879 | <p><a name="Thirty-five"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Was
|
---|
880 | Elizabeth I truly a great queen - or did her ministers do all the work?</font></b>
|
---|
881 | <br>
|
---|
882 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">She was truly a great queen.
|
---|
883 | Though she had good ministers, chief among them William Cecil,
|
---|
884 | Elizabeth - like her father - was always in charge.</font></p>
|
---|
885 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Elizabeth I, <a
|
---|
886 | href="monarchs/eliz.html">visit her
|
---|
887 | website</a>.<br>
|
---|
888 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
889 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font></p>
|
---|
890 | <p align="center"> <img height="217"
|
---|
891 | alt="the Armada Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I, by George Gower"
|
---|
892 | src="eliz2faq.jpg" width="165"
|
---|
893 | border="2"></p>
|
---|
894 | <p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="1">The Armada Portrait
|
---|
895 | of Queen Elizabeth I, by George Gower<br>
|
---|
896 | </font> </p>
|
---|
897 | <p><a name="Thirty-six"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">How
|
---|
898 | smart was Elizabeth I?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
899 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Very smart. She was
|
---|
900 | undoubtedly one of the most (if not the most) intelligent monarchs to
|
---|
901 | rule England. She was always a dedicated scholar and genuinely
|
---|
902 | loved to study and learn. Her tutor Roger Ascham, and indeed
|
---|
903 | everyone who met her, recognized and commented upon her
|
---|
904 | intelligence. Of course, this was believed to be a 'masculine'
|
---|
905 | trait and only acceptable because of her special position as queen.</font>
|
---|
906 | <br>
|
---|
907 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
908 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
909 | </p>
|
---|
910 | <p><a name="Thirty-seven"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Did
|
---|
911 | Elizabeth ever plan to marry anyone?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
912 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Probably not. She used
|
---|
913 | marriage negotiations as political tools, and she personally loved
|
---|
914 | Robert Dudley. But she was never enthusiastic about the prospect
|
---|
915 | of marriage. And who can blame her? After the disastrous
|
---|
916 | examples of her father and half-sister, Elizabeth had no reason to
|
---|
917 | equate marriage with personal happiness. She also realized that
|
---|
918 | any marriage would end her authority as queen in her own right.</font> <br>
|
---|
919 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
920 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
921 | </p>
|
---|
922 | <p><a name="Thirty-eight"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Was
|
---|
923 | Elizabeth really a 'Virgin Queen'? Did she have secret lovers
|
---|
924 | and/or children?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
925 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">She was probably a virgin.
|
---|
926 | It's difficult to imagine any secret affair remaining secret for
|
---|
927 | long. And birth control was tricky and untrustworthy in the 16th
|
---|
928 | century. She knew that any affair would risk a pregnancy - and
|
---|
929 | that would destroy her life. Furthermore, it is worth noting
|
---|
930 | Elizabeth's own strict and methodical character, and the disdain she
|
---|
931 | showed for women who could not control their feelings or appreciate the
|
---|
932 | consequences of their actions. Consider her opinions of her two
|
---|
933 | cousins, Mary, queen of Scots and Catherine Grey. Both rushed
|
---|
934 | into hasty, inappropriate and passionate unions and both had disastrous
|
---|
935 | results. Elizabeth looked down upon them both, remarking that
|
---|
936 | they would do well to remember their high positions in life and its
|
---|
937 | attendant responsibilities.</font> <br>
|
---|
938 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">She lamented her lost opportunities
|
---|
939 | for love and a family of her own. But she was queen and it was an
|
---|
940 | exalted and lonely position.</font> <br>
|
---|
941 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">No, she never had children.
|
---|
942 | It's fun to read theories that she was the mother of Bacon - or
|
---|
943 | Shakespeare - or was even Shakespeare himself.... but could she really
|
---|
944 | keep a pregnancy secret? Foreign ambassadors paid her servants to
|
---|
945 | learn every intimate detail of her life. Upon hearing some gossip
|
---|
946 | about her relationship with Dudley, Elizabeth observed that a thousand
|
---|
947 | eyes were always upon her so how could she do anything scandalous?</font>
|
---|
948 | <br>
|
---|
949 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
950 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
951 | </p>
|
---|
952 | <p><a name="Thirty-nine"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Why
|
---|
953 | is the 1588 battle with the Spanish Armada so famous?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
954 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Because England was a small nation
|
---|
955 | with a little navy and they were facing the greatest power in the
|
---|
956 | world. And they defeated it, with help from Mother Nature.
|
---|
957 | It marked the beginning of England's mastery of the seas. The
|
---|
958 | great history of the English navy began, as did serious English
|
---|
959 | exploration and colonization.</font> <br>
|
---|
960 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
961 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
962 | </p>
|
---|
963 | <p><a name="Fourty"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Why are
|
---|
964 | there so many portraits of Elizabeth I?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
965 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Because she ruled for such a long
|
---|
966 | time (45 years) and because she understood the value of
|
---|
967 | propaganda. Her portraits were iconographic; they represented the
|
---|
968 | queen in all her majesty, triumphant and beautiful. They
|
---|
969 | symbolized the confidence and pride of her nation. It was also a
|
---|
970 | sign of loyalty to have portraits of the queen in your house.
|
---|
971 | Many nobles commissioned portraits, or copies of official portraits.</font></p>
|
---|
972 | <p><font face="Arial">To view portraits of Elizabeth I, with
|
---|
973 | commentary, <a href="http://www.marileecody.com/eliz1-images.html">visit
|
---|
974 | the Elizabethan Images webpage</a>.<br>
|
---|
975 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
976 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
977 | </p>
|
---|
978 | <p><a name="Fourty-one"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Where
|
---|
979 | is Elizabeth I buried?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
980 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">In Westminster Abbey, beside her
|
---|
981 | half-sister Mary I.</font> <br>
|
---|
982 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
983 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
984 | </p>
|
---|
985 | <p><a name="Fourty-two"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Why
|
---|
986 | was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
987 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Mary fled to England after losing a
|
---|
988 | battle against her Scottish foes. She was seeking Elizabeth's aid
|
---|
989 | in restoring her to the throne of Scotland.</font></p>
|
---|
990 | <p><font face="Arial">To learn more about Mary, queen of Scots, <a
|
---|
991 | href="relative/maryqos.html">visit her
|
---|
992 | website</a>.<br>
|
---|
993 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
994 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
995 | </p>
|
---|
996 | <p><a name="Fourty-two-a"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">How
|
---|
997 | long was Mary, queen of Scots a prisoner in England?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
998 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Mary was imprisoned from 1568 to
|
---|
999 | 1587. She was just 25 years old when she arrived in England and
|
---|
1000 | 44 years old when she was executed.</font> <br>
|
---|
1001 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
1002 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font></p>
|
---|
1003 | <p align="center"> <img height="244"
|
---|
1004 | alt="portrait of Mary, queen of Scots, c1558"
|
---|
1005 | src="maryqosfaq.jpg" width="165"
|
---|
1006 | border="2"></p>
|
---|
1007 | <p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="1">portrait of Mary,
|
---|
1008 | queen of Scots, c1558<br>
|
---|
1009 | </font> </p>
|
---|
1010 | <p><a name="Fourty-two"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Are
|
---|
1011 | Mary, queen of Scots and Mary Tudor the same person?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
1012 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">No. Mary Tudor was Henry
|
---|
1013 | VIII's sister. Mary, queen of Scots was the granddaughter of
|
---|
1014 | Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII's sister.</font> <br>
|
---|
1015 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
1016 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
1017 | </p>
|
---|
1018 | <p><a name="Fourty-three"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Why
|
---|
1019 | did Elizabeth I have Mary, queen of Scots killed?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
1020 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Because she was conniving to have
|
---|
1021 | Elizabeth assassinated and herself made queen of England. In
|
---|
1022 | fairness to Mary, she only began plotting after being imprisoned for
|
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1023 | several years and it was clear she would never be released.</font> <br>
|
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1024 | <font size="-2"><a
|
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1025 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
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1026 | </p>
|
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1027 | <p><a name="Fourty-four"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Was
|
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1028 | Mary, queen of Scots guilty of the crimes for which she was executed?</font></b>
|
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1029 | <br>
|
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1030 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Yes, probably. She even
|
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1031 | admitted to plotting against Elizabeth, but said it was only to gain
|
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1032 | her freedom.</font> <br>
|
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1033 | <font size="-2"><a
|
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1034 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
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1035 | </p>
|
---|
1036 | <p><a name="Fourty-six"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Where
|
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1037 | is Mary, queen of Scots buried?</font></b> <br>
|
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1038 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">In Westminster Abbey. Her body
|
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1039 | was moved there by her son, James, who became king of England in 1603.</font>
|
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1040 | <br>
|
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1041 | <font size="-2"><a
|
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1042 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font></p>
|
---|
1043 | <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><br>
|
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1044 | <a name="Fourty-sixa"></a>Why is Mary, queen of Scots's last name
|
---|
1045 | sometimes spelled 'Stewart' and other times 'Stuart'?<br>
|
---|
1046 | </font></b> <font face="Arial">In Scotland, her family name was
|
---|
1047 | spelled 'Stewart'. However, Mary was half-French and spent her
|
---|
1048 | formative years in France. Therefore, she adopted the French
|
---|
1049 | spelling of Stewart, which was 'Stuart'. (She also signed her
|
---|
1050 | name 'Marie', which was the French spelling of her first name.)</font><br>
|
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1051 | <font size="-2"><a
|
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1052 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font></p>
|
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1053 | <p><br><a name="Fourty-seven"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Why
|
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1054 | did Elizabeth I leave her throne to James I of Scotland?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
1055 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">James was Elizabeth's closest male
|
---|
1056 | relative. He was part Tudor as well, being the great-grandson of
|
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1057 | Margaret Tudor, eldest daughter of the first Tudor king, Henry VII.</font>
|
---|
1058 | <br>
|
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1059 | <font size="-2"><a
|
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1060 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
1061 | </p>
|
---|
1062 | <p><a name="Fourty-eight"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">What
|
---|
1063 | dynasty followed the Tudors?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
1064 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Stuart dynasty followed the
|
---|
1065 | Tudors, so called because their family name was Stuart/Stewart.</font> <br>
|
---|
1066 | <font size="-2"><a
|
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1067 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
1068 | </p>
|
---|
1069 | <p><a name="Fourty-nine"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Does
|
---|
1070 | this website have a search engine?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
1071 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Yes, it does. <a
|
---|
1072 | href="search.html">Click here</a> to
|
---|
1073 | visit the Tudor England search engine.</font> <br>
|
---|
1074 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
1075 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
1076 | </p>
|
---|
1077 | <p><a name="Fifty"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">I am
|
---|
1078 | quoting from this website for my paper / report. How do I
|
---|
1079 | correctly cite the source?</font></b> <br>
|
---|
1080 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">The correct format is based upon
|
---|
1081 | both the Turabian/Chicago and MLA styles.</font> <br>
|
---|
1082 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Here is an example:</font> <br>
|
---|
1083 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica">Hanson, Marilee. "Contemporary
|
---|
1084 | Descriptions of Anne Boleyn." <i>EnglishHistory.net.</i> 2004.
|
---|
1085 | http://englishhistory.net/tudor/annedesc.html (11 April 2004).</font> <br>
|
---|
1086 | <font face="Arial,Helvetica" size="-1">Please note: you must use
|
---|
1087 | the year and date you read the source.</font> <br>
|
---|
1088 | <font size="-2"><a
|
---|
1089 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font> <br>
|
---|
1090 | <br>
|
---|
1091 | </p>
|
---|
1092 | <p><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><b><a name="Update"></a>When
|
---|
1093 | was the site last updated?</b><br>
|
---|
1094 | Please visit the <a href="news.html">Site
|
---|
1095 | News</a> page for the last update. I don't post routine
|
---|
1096 | maintenance there, only significant additions to the website.<br>
|
---|
1097 | </font><font size="-2"><a
|
---|
1098 | href="faq.html#Top">TOP</a></font></p>
|
---|
1099 | <p><br>
|
---|
1100 | </p>
|
---|
1101 | <blockquote>
|
---|
1102 | <hr width="100%" size="2">
|
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1103 | <center>
|
---|
1104 | <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica" size="-1"><a
|
---|
1105 | href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html">to Tudor England</a></font></p>
|
---|
1106 | </center>
|
---|
1107 | </blockquote>
|
---|
1108 | </td>
|
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1109 | <td width="15%" height="610"><br>
|
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1110 | </td>
|
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1111 | </tr>
|
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1112 | </tbody>
|
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1113 | </table>
|
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1114 | </body>
|
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