1 | =head1 NAME
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2 |
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3 | perl5005delta - what's new for perl5.005
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4 |
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5 | =head1 DESCRIPTION
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6 |
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7 | This document describes differences between the 5.004 release and this one.
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8 |
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9 | =head1 About the new versioning system
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10 |
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11 | Perl is now developed on two tracks: a maintenance track that makes
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12 | small, safe updates to released production versions with emphasis on
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13 | compatibility; and a development track that pursues more aggressive
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14 | evolution. Maintenance releases (which should be considered production
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15 | quality) have subversion numbers that run from C<1> to C<49>, and
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16 | development releases (which should be considered "alpha" quality) run
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17 | from C<50> to C<99>.
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18 |
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19 | Perl 5.005 is the combined product of the new dual-track development
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20 | scheme.
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21 |
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22 | =head1 Incompatible Changes
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23 |
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24 | =head2 WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004.
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25 |
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26 | Starting with Perl 5.004_50 there were many deep and far-reaching changes
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27 | to the language internals. If you have dynamically loaded extensions
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28 | that you built under perl 5.003 or 5.004, you can continue to use them
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29 | with 5.004, but you will need to rebuild and reinstall those extensions
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30 | to use them 5.005. See F<INSTALL> for detailed instructions on how to
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31 | upgrade.
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32 |
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33 | =head2 Default installation structure has changed
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34 |
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35 | The new Configure defaults are designed to allow a smooth upgrade from
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36 | 5.004 to 5.005, but you should read F<INSTALL> for a detailed
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37 | discussion of the changes in order to adapt them to your system.
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38 |
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39 | =head2 Perl Source Compatibility
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40 |
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41 | When none of the experimental features are enabled, there should be
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42 | very few user-visible Perl source compatibility issues.
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43 |
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44 | If threads are enabled, then some caveats apply. C<@_> and C<$_> become
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45 | lexical variables. The effect of this should be largely transparent to
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46 | the user, but there are some boundary conditions under which user will
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47 | need to be aware of the issues. For example, C<local(@_)> results in
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48 | a "Can't localize lexical variable @_ ..." message. This may be enabled
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49 | in a future version.
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50 |
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51 | Some new keywords have been introduced. These are generally expected to
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52 | have very little impact on compatibility. See L<New C<INIT> keyword>,
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53 | L<New C<lock> keyword>, and L<New C<qrE<sol>E<sol>> operator>.
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54 |
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55 | Certain barewords are now reserved. Use of these will provoke a warning
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56 | if you have asked for them with the C<-w> switch.
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57 | See L<C<our> is now a reserved word>.
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58 |
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59 | =head2 C Source Compatibility
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60 |
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61 | There have been a large number of changes in the internals to support
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62 | the new features in this release.
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63 |
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64 | =over 4
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65 |
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66 | =item *
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67 |
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68 | Core sources now require ANSI C compiler
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69 |
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70 | An ANSI C compiler is now B<required> to build perl. See F<INSTALL>.
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71 |
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72 | =item *
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73 |
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74 | All Perl global variables must now be referenced with an explicit prefix
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75 |
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76 | All Perl global variables that are visible for use by extensions now
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77 | have a C<PL_> prefix. New extensions should C<not> refer to perl globals
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78 | by their unqualified names. To preserve sanity, we provide limited
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79 | backward compatibility for globals that are being widely used like
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80 | C<sv_undef> and C<na> (which should now be written as C<PL_sv_undef>,
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81 | C<PL_na> etc.)
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82 |
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83 | If you find that your XS extension does not compile anymore because a
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84 | perl global is not visible, try adding a C<PL_> prefix to the global
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85 | and rebuild.
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86 |
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87 | It is strongly recommended that all functions in the Perl API that don't
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88 | begin with C<perl> be referenced with a C<Perl_> prefix. The bare function
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89 | names without the C<Perl_> prefix are supported with macros, but this
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90 | support may cease in a future release.
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91 |
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92 | See L<perlapi>.
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93 |
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94 | =item *
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95 |
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96 | Enabling threads has source compatibility issues
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97 |
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98 | Perl built with threading enabled requires extensions to use the new
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99 | C<dTHR> macro to initialize the handle to access per-thread data.
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100 | If you see a compiler error that talks about the variable C<thr> not
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101 | being declared (when building a module that has XS code), you need
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102 | to add C<dTHR;> at the beginning of the block that elicited the error.
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103 |
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104 | The API function C<perl_get_sv("@",FALSE)> should be used instead of
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105 | directly accessing perl globals as C<GvSV(errgv)>. The API call is
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106 | backward compatible with existing perls and provides source compatibility
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107 | with threading is enabled.
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108 |
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109 | See L<"C Source Compatibility"> for more information.
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110 |
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111 | =back
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112 |
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113 | =head2 Binary Compatibility
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114 |
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115 | This version is NOT binary compatible with older versions. All extensions
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116 | will need to be recompiled. Further binaries built with threads enabled
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117 | are incompatible with binaries built without. This should largely be
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118 | transparent to the user, as all binary incompatible configurations have
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119 | their own unique architecture name, and extension binaries get installed at
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120 | unique locations. This allows coexistence of several configurations in
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121 | the same directory hierarchy. See F<INSTALL>.
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122 |
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123 | =head2 Security fixes may affect compatibility
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124 |
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125 | A few taint leaks and taint omissions have been corrected. This may lead
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126 | to "failure" of scripts that used to work with older versions. Compiling
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127 | with -DINCOMPLETE_TAINTS provides a perl with minimal amounts of changes
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128 | to the tainting behavior. But note that the resulting perl will have
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129 | known insecurities.
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130 |
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131 | Oneliners with the C<-e> switch do not create temporary files anymore.
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132 |
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133 | =head2 Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004
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134 |
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135 | Many new warnings that were introduced in 5.004 have been made
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136 | optional. Some of these warnings are still present, but perl's new
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137 | features make them less often a problem. See L<New Diagnostics>.
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138 |
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139 | =head2 Licensing
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140 |
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141 | Perl has a new Social Contract for contributors. See F<Porting/Contract>.
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142 |
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143 | The license included in much of the Perl documentation has changed.
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144 | Most of the Perl documentation was previously under the implicit GNU
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145 | General Public License or the Artistic License (at the user's choice).
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146 | Now much of the documentation unambiguously states the terms under which
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147 | it may be distributed. Those terms are in general much less restrictive
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148 | than the GNU GPL. See L<perl> and the individual perl manpages listed
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149 | therein.
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150 |
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151 | =head1 Core Changes
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152 |
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153 |
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154 | =head2 Threads
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155 |
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156 | WARNING: Threading is considered an B<experimental> feature. Details of the
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157 | implementation may change without notice. There are known limitations
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158 | and some bugs. These are expected to be fixed in future versions.
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159 |
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160 | See F<README.threads>.
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161 |
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162 | =head2 Compiler
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163 |
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164 | WARNING: The Compiler and related tools are considered B<experimental>.
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165 | Features may change without notice, and there are known limitations
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166 | and bugs. Since the compiler is fully external to perl, the default
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167 | configuration will build and install it.
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168 |
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169 | The Compiler produces three different types of transformations of a
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170 | perl program. The C backend generates C code that captures perl's state
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171 | just before execution begins. It eliminates the compile-time overheads
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172 | of the regular perl interpreter, but the run-time performance remains
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173 | comparatively the same. The CC backend generates optimized C code
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174 | equivalent to the code path at run-time. The CC backend has greater
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175 | potential for big optimizations, but only a few optimizations are
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176 | implemented currently. The Bytecode backend generates a platform
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177 | independent bytecode representation of the interpreter's state
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178 | just before execution. Thus, the Bytecode back end also eliminates
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179 | much of the compilation overhead of the interpreter.
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180 |
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181 | The compiler comes with several valuable utilities.
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182 |
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183 | C<B::Lint> is an experimental module to detect and warn about suspicious
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184 | code, especially the cases that the C<-w> switch does not detect.
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185 |
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186 | C<B::Deparse> can be used to demystify perl code, and understand
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187 | how perl optimizes certain constructs.
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188 |
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189 | C<B::Xref> generates cross reference reports of all definition and use
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190 | of variables, subroutines and formats in a program.
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191 |
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192 | C<B::Showlex> show the lexical variables used by a subroutine or file
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193 | at a glance.
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194 |
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195 | C<perlcc> is a simple frontend for compiling perl.
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196 |
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197 | See C<ext/B/README>, L<B>, and the respective compiler modules.
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198 |
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199 | =head2 Regular Expressions
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200 |
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201 | Perl's regular expression engine has been seriously overhauled, and
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202 | many new constructs are supported. Several bugs have been fixed.
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203 |
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204 | Here is an itemized summary:
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205 |
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206 | =over 4
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207 |
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208 | =item Many new and improved optimizations
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209 |
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210 | Changes in the RE engine:
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211 |
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212 | Unneeded nodes removed;
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213 | Substrings merged together;
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214 | New types of nodes to process (SUBEXPR)* and similar expressions
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215 | quickly, used if the SUBEXPR has no side effects and matches
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216 | strings of the same length;
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217 | Better optimizations by lookup for constant substrings;
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218 | Better search for constants substrings anchored by $ ;
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219 |
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220 | Changes in Perl code using RE engine:
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221 |
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222 | More optimizations to s/longer/short/;
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223 | study() was not working;
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224 | /blah/ may be optimized to an analogue of index() if $& $` $' not seen;
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225 | Unneeded copying of matched-against string removed;
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226 | Only matched part of the string is copying if $` $' were not seen;
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227 |
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228 | =item Many bug fixes
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229 |
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230 | Note that only the major bug fixes are listed here. See F<Changes> for others.
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231 |
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232 | Backtracking might not restore start of $3.
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233 | No feedback if max count for * or + on "complex" subexpression
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234 | was reached, similarly (but at compile time) for {3,34567}
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235 | Primitive restrictions on max count introduced to decrease a
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236 | possibility of a segfault;
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237 | (ZERO-LENGTH)* could segfault;
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238 | (ZERO-LENGTH)* was prohibited;
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239 | Long REs were not allowed;
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240 | /RE/g could skip matches at the same position after a
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241 | zero-length match;
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242 |
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243 | =item New regular expression constructs
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244 |
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245 | The following new syntax elements are supported:
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246 |
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247 | (?<=RE)
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248 | (?<!RE)
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249 | (?{ CODE })
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250 | (?i-x)
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251 | (?i:RE)
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252 | (?(COND)YES_RE|NO_RE)
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253 | (?>RE)
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254 | \z
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255 |
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256 | =item New operator for precompiled regular expressions
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257 |
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258 | See L<New C<qrE<sol>E<sol>> operator>.
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259 |
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260 | =item Other improvements
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261 |
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262 | Better debugging output (possibly with colors),
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263 | even from non-debugging Perl;
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264 | RE engine code now looks like C, not like assembler;
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265 | Behaviour of RE modifiable by `use re' directive;
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266 | Improved documentation;
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267 | Test suite significantly extended;
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268 | Syntax [:^upper:] etc., reserved inside character classes;
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269 |
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270 | =item Incompatible changes
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271 |
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272 | (?i) localized inside enclosing group;
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273 | $( is not interpolated into RE any more;
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274 | /RE/g may match at the same position (with non-zero length)
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275 | after a zero-length match (bug fix).
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276 |
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277 | =back
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278 |
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279 | See L<perlre> and L<perlop>.
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280 |
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281 | =head2 Improved malloc()
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282 |
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283 | See banner at the beginning of C<malloc.c> for details.
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284 |
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285 | =head2 Quicksort is internally implemented
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286 |
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287 | Perl now contains its own highly optimized qsort() routine. The new qsort()
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288 | is resistant to inconsistent comparison functions, so Perl's C<sort()> will
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289 | not provoke coredumps any more when given poorly written sort subroutines.
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290 | (Some C library C<qsort()>s that were being used before used to have this
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291 | problem.) In our testing, the new C<qsort()> required the minimal number
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292 | of pair-wise compares on average, among all known C<qsort()> implementations.
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293 |
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294 | See C<perlfunc/sort>.
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295 |
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296 | =head2 Reliable signals
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297 |
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298 | Perl's signal handling is susceptible to random crashes, because signals
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299 | arrive asynchronously, and the Perl runtime is not reentrant at arbitrary
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300 | times.
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301 |
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302 | However, one experimental implementation of reliable signals is available
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303 | when threads are enabled. See C<Thread::Signal>. Also see F<INSTALL> for
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304 | how to build a Perl capable of threads.
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305 |
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306 | =head2 Reliable stack pointers
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307 |
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308 | The internals now reallocate the perl stack only at predictable times.
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309 | In particular, magic calls never trigger reallocations of the stack,
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310 | because all reentrancy of the runtime is handled using a "stack of stacks".
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311 | This should improve reliability of cached stack pointers in the internals
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312 | and in XSUBs.
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313 |
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314 | =head2 More generous treatment of carriage returns
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315 |
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316 | Perl used to complain if it encountered literal carriage returns in
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317 | scripts. Now they are mostly treated like whitespace within program text.
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318 | Inside string literals and here documents, literal carriage returns are
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319 | ignored if they occur paired with linefeeds, or get interpreted as whitespace
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320 | if they stand alone. This behavior means that literal carriage returns
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321 | in files should be avoided. You can get the older, more compatible (but
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322 | less generous) behavior by defining the preprocessor symbol
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323 | C<PERL_STRICT_CR> when building perl. Of course, all this has nothing
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324 | whatever to do with how escapes like C<\r> are handled within strings.
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325 |
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326 | Note that this doesn't somehow magically allow you to keep all text files
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327 | in DOS format. The generous treatment only applies to files that perl
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328 | itself parses. If your C compiler doesn't allow carriage returns in
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329 | files, you may still be unable to build modules that need a C compiler.
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330 |
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331 | =head2 Memory leaks
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332 |
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333 | C<substr>, C<pos> and C<vec> don't leak memory anymore when used in lvalue
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334 | context. Many small leaks that impacted applications that embed multiple
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335 | interpreters have been fixed.
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336 |
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337 | =head2 Better support for multiple interpreters
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338 |
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339 | The build-time option C<-DMULTIPLICITY> has had many of the details
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340 | reworked. Some previously global variables that should have been
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341 | per-interpreter now are. With care, this allows interpreters to call
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342 | each other. See the C<PerlInterp> extension on CPAN.
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343 |
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344 | =head2 Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined
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345 |
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346 | See L<perlsub/"Temporary Values via local()">.
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347 |
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348 | =head2 C<%!> is transparently tied to the L<Errno> module
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349 |
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350 | See L<perlvar>, and L<Errno>.
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351 |
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352 | =head2 Pseudo-hashes are supported
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353 |
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354 | See L<perlref>.
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355 |
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356 | =head2 C<EXPR foreach EXPR> is supported
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357 |
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358 | See L<perlsyn>.
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359 |
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360 | =head2 Keywords can be globally overridden
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361 |
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362 | See L<perlsub>.
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363 |
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364 | =head2 C<$^E> is meaningful on Win32
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365 |
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366 | See L<perlvar>.
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367 |
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368 | =head2 C<foreach (1..1000000)> optimized
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369 |
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370 | C<foreach (1..1000000)> is now optimized into a counting loop. It does
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371 | not try to allocate a 1000000-size list anymore.
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372 |
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373 | =head2 C<Foo::> can be used as implicitly quoted package name
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374 |
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375 | Barewords caused unintuitive behavior when a subroutine with the same
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376 | name as a package happened to be defined. Thus, C<new Foo @args>,
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377 | use the result of the call to C<Foo()> instead of C<Foo> being treated
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378 | as a literal. The recommended way to write barewords in the indirect
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379 | object slot is C<new Foo:: @args>. Note that the method C<new()> is
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380 | called with a first argument of C<Foo>, not C<Foo::> when you do that.
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381 |
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382 | =head2 C<exists $Foo::{Bar::}> tests existence of a package
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383 |
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384 | It was impossible to test for the existence of a package without
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385 | actually creating it before. Now C<exists $Foo::{Bar::}> can be
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386 | used to test if the C<Foo::Bar> namespace has been created.
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387 |
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388 | =head2 Better locale support
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389 |
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390 | See L<perllocale>.
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391 |
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392 | =head2 Experimental support for 64-bit platforms
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393 |
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394 | Perl5 has always had 64-bit support on systems with 64-bit longs.
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395 | Starting with 5.005, the beginnings of experimental support for systems
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396 | with 32-bit long and 64-bit 'long long' integers has been added.
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397 | If you add -DUSE_LONG_LONG to your ccflags in config.sh (or manually
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398 | define it in perl.h) then perl will be built with 'long long' support.
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399 | There will be many compiler warnings, and the resultant perl may not
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400 | work on all systems. There are many other issues related to
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401 | third-party extensions and libraries. This option exists to allow
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402 | people to work on those issues.
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403 |
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404 | =head2 prototype() returns useful results on builtins
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405 |
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406 | See L<perlfunc/prototype>.
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407 |
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408 | =head2 Extended support for exception handling
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409 |
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410 | C<die()> now accepts a reference value, and C<$@> gets set to that
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411 | value in exception traps. This makes it possible to propagate
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412 | exception objects. This is an undocumented B<experimental> feature.
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413 |
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414 | =head2 Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods
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415 |
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416 | See L<perlobj/Destructors>.
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417 |
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418 | =head2 All C<printf> format conversions are handled internally
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419 |
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420 | See L<perlfunc/printf>.
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421 |
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422 | =head2 New C<INIT> keyword
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423 |
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424 | C<INIT> subs are like C<BEGIN> and C<END>, but they get run just before
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425 | the perl runtime begins execution. e.g., the Perl Compiler makes use of
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426 | C<INIT> blocks to initialize and resolve pointers to XSUBs.
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427 |
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428 | =head2 New C<lock> keyword
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429 |
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430 | The C<lock> keyword is the fundamental synchronization primitive
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431 | in threaded perl. When threads are not enabled, it is currently a noop.
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432 |
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433 | To minimize impact on source compatibility this keyword is "weak", i.e., any
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434 | user-defined subroutine of the same name overrides it, unless a C<use Thread>
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435 | has been seen.
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436 |
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437 | =head2 New C<qr//> operator
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438 |
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439 | The C<qr//> operator, which is syntactically similar to the other quote-like
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440 | operators, is used to create precompiled regular expressions. This compiled
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441 | form can now be explicitly passed around in variables, and interpolated in
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442 | other regular expressions. See L<perlop>.
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443 |
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444 | =head2 C<our> is now a reserved word
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445 |
|
---|
446 | Calling a subroutine with the name C<our> will now provoke a warning when
|
---|
447 | using the C<-w> switch.
|
---|
448 |
|
---|
449 | =head2 Tied arrays are now fully supported
|
---|
450 |
|
---|
451 | See L<Tie::Array>.
|
---|
452 |
|
---|
453 | =head2 Tied handles support is better
|
---|
454 |
|
---|
455 | Several missing hooks have been added. There is also a new base class for
|
---|
456 | TIEARRAY implementations. See L<Tie::Array>.
|
---|
457 |
|
---|
458 | =head2 4th argument to substr
|
---|
459 |
|
---|
460 | substr() can now both return and replace in one operation. The optional
|
---|
461 | 4th argument is the replacement string. See L<perlfunc/substr>.
|
---|
462 |
|
---|
463 | =head2 Negative LENGTH argument to splice
|
---|
464 |
|
---|
465 | splice() with a negative LENGTH argument now work similar to what the
|
---|
466 | LENGTH did for substr(). Previously a negative LENGTH was treated as
|
---|
467 | 0. See L<perlfunc/splice>.
|
---|
468 |
|
---|
469 | =head2 Magic lvalues are now more magical
|
---|
470 |
|
---|
471 | When you say something like C<substr($x, 5) = "hi">, the scalar returned
|
---|
472 | by substr() is special, in that any modifications to it affect $x.
|
---|
473 | (This is called a 'magic lvalue' because an 'lvalue' is something on
|
---|
474 | the left side of an assignment.) Normally, this is exactly what you
|
---|
475 | would expect to happen, but Perl uses the same magic if you use substr(),
|
---|
476 | pos(), or vec() in a context where they might be modified, like taking
|
---|
477 | a reference with C<\> or as an argument to a sub that modifies C<@_>.
|
---|
478 | In previous versions, this 'magic' only went one way, but now changes
|
---|
479 | to the scalar the magic refers to ($x in the above example) affect the
|
---|
480 | magic lvalue too. For instance, this code now acts differently:
|
---|
481 |
|
---|
482 | $x = "hello";
|
---|
483 | sub printit {
|
---|
484 | $x = "g'bye";
|
---|
485 | print $_[0], "\n";
|
---|
486 | }
|
---|
487 | printit(substr($x, 0, 5));
|
---|
488 |
|
---|
489 | In previous versions, this would print "hello", but it now prints "g'bye".
|
---|
490 |
|
---|
491 | =head2 <> now reads in records
|
---|
492 |
|
---|
493 | If C<$/> is a reference to an integer, or a scalar that holds an integer,
|
---|
494 | <> will read in records instead of lines. For more info, see
|
---|
495 | L<perlvar/$E<sol>>.
|
---|
496 |
|
---|
497 | =head1 Supported Platforms
|
---|
498 |
|
---|
499 | Configure has many incremental improvements. Site-wide policy for building
|
---|
500 | perl can now be made persistent, via Policy.sh. Configure also records
|
---|
501 | the command-line arguments used in F<config.sh>.
|
---|
502 |
|
---|
503 | =head2 New Platforms
|
---|
504 |
|
---|
505 | BeOS is now supported. See F<README.beos>.
|
---|
506 |
|
---|
507 | DOS is now supported under the DJGPP tools. See F<README.dos> (installed
|
---|
508 | as L<perldos> on some systems).
|
---|
509 |
|
---|
510 | MiNT is now supported. See F<README.mint>.
|
---|
511 |
|
---|
512 | MPE/iX is now supported. See F<README.mpeix>.
|
---|
513 |
|
---|
514 | MVS (aka OS390, aka Open Edition) is now supported. See F<README.os390>
|
---|
515 | (installed as L<perlos390> on some systems).
|
---|
516 |
|
---|
517 | Stratus VOS is now supported. See F<README.vos>.
|
---|
518 |
|
---|
519 | =head2 Changes in existing support
|
---|
520 |
|
---|
521 | Win32 support has been vastly enhanced. Support for Perl Object, a C++
|
---|
522 | encapsulation of Perl. GCC and EGCS are now supported on Win32.
|
---|
523 | See F<README.win32>, aka L<perlwin32>.
|
---|
524 |
|
---|
525 | VMS configuration system has been rewritten. See F<README.vms> (installed
|
---|
526 | as L<README_vms> on some systems).
|
---|
527 |
|
---|
528 | The hints files for most Unix platforms have seen incremental improvements.
|
---|
529 |
|
---|
530 | =head1 Modules and Pragmata
|
---|
531 |
|
---|
532 | =head2 New Modules
|
---|
533 |
|
---|
534 | =over 4
|
---|
535 |
|
---|
536 | =item B
|
---|
537 |
|
---|
538 | Perl compiler and tools. See L<B>.
|
---|
539 |
|
---|
540 | =item Data::Dumper
|
---|
541 |
|
---|
542 | A module to pretty print Perl data. See L<Data::Dumper>.
|
---|
543 |
|
---|
544 | =item Dumpvalue
|
---|
545 |
|
---|
546 | A module to dump perl values to the screen. See L<Dumpvalue>.
|
---|
547 |
|
---|
548 | =item Errno
|
---|
549 |
|
---|
550 | A module to look up errors more conveniently. See L<Errno>.
|
---|
551 |
|
---|
552 | =item File::Spec
|
---|
553 |
|
---|
554 | A portable API for file operations.
|
---|
555 |
|
---|
556 | =item ExtUtils::Installed
|
---|
557 |
|
---|
558 | Query and manage installed modules.
|
---|
559 |
|
---|
560 | =item ExtUtils::Packlist
|
---|
561 |
|
---|
562 | Manipulate .packlist files.
|
---|
563 |
|
---|
564 | =item Fatal
|
---|
565 |
|
---|
566 | Make functions/builtins succeed or die.
|
---|
567 |
|
---|
568 | =item IPC::SysV
|
---|
569 |
|
---|
570 | Constants and other support infrastructure for System V IPC operations
|
---|
571 | in perl.
|
---|
572 |
|
---|
573 | =item Test
|
---|
574 |
|
---|
575 | A framework for writing testsuites.
|
---|
576 |
|
---|
577 | =item Tie::Array
|
---|
578 |
|
---|
579 | Base class for tied arrays.
|
---|
580 |
|
---|
581 | =item Tie::Handle
|
---|
582 |
|
---|
583 | Base class for tied handles.
|
---|
584 |
|
---|
585 | =item Thread
|
---|
586 |
|
---|
587 | Perl thread creation, manipulation, and support.
|
---|
588 |
|
---|
589 | =item attrs
|
---|
590 |
|
---|
591 | Set subroutine attributes.
|
---|
592 |
|
---|
593 | =item fields
|
---|
594 |
|
---|
595 | Compile-time class fields.
|
---|
596 |
|
---|
597 | =item re
|
---|
598 |
|
---|
599 | Various pragmata to control behavior of regular expressions.
|
---|
600 |
|
---|
601 | =back
|
---|
602 |
|
---|
603 | =head2 Changes in existing modules
|
---|
604 |
|
---|
605 | =over 4
|
---|
606 |
|
---|
607 | =item Benchmark
|
---|
608 |
|
---|
609 | You can now run tests for I<x> seconds instead of guessing the right
|
---|
610 | number of tests to run.
|
---|
611 |
|
---|
612 | Keeps better time.
|
---|
613 |
|
---|
614 | =item Carp
|
---|
615 |
|
---|
616 | Carp has a new function cluck(). cluck() warns, like carp(), but also adds
|
---|
617 | a stack backtrace to the error message, like confess().
|
---|
618 |
|
---|
619 | =item CGI
|
---|
620 |
|
---|
621 | CGI has been updated to version 2.42.
|
---|
622 |
|
---|
623 | =item Fcntl
|
---|
624 |
|
---|
625 | More Fcntl constants added: F_SETLK64, F_SETLKW64, O_LARGEFILE for
|
---|
626 | large (more than 4G) file access (the 64-bit support is not yet
|
---|
627 | working, though, so no need to get overly excited), Free/Net/OpenBSD
|
---|
628 | locking behaviour flags F_FLOCK, F_POSIX, Linux F_SHLCK, and
|
---|
629 | O_ACCMODE: the mask of O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, and O_RDWR.
|
---|
630 |
|
---|
631 | =item Math::Complex
|
---|
632 |
|
---|
633 | The accessors methods Re, Im, arg, abs, rho, theta, methods can
|
---|
634 | ($z->Re()) now also act as mutators ($z->Re(3)).
|
---|
635 |
|
---|
636 | =item Math::Trig
|
---|
637 |
|
---|
638 | A little bit of radial trigonometry (cylindrical and spherical) added,
|
---|
639 | for example the great circle distance.
|
---|
640 |
|
---|
641 | =item POSIX
|
---|
642 |
|
---|
643 | POSIX now has its own platform-specific hints files.
|
---|
644 |
|
---|
645 | =item DB_File
|
---|
646 |
|
---|
647 | DB_File supports version 2.x of Berkeley DB. See C<ext/DB_File/Changes>.
|
---|
648 |
|
---|
649 | =item MakeMaker
|
---|
650 |
|
---|
651 | MakeMaker now supports writing empty makefiles, provides a way to
|
---|
652 | specify that site umask() policy should be honored. There is also
|
---|
653 | better support for manipulation of .packlist files, and getting
|
---|
654 | information about installed modules.
|
---|
655 |
|
---|
656 | Extensions that have both architecture-dependent and
|
---|
657 | architecture-independent files are now always installed completely in
|
---|
658 | the architecture-dependent locations. Previously, the shareable parts
|
---|
659 | were shared both across architectures and across perl versions and were
|
---|
660 | therefore liable to be overwritten with newer versions that might have
|
---|
661 | subtle incompatibilities.
|
---|
662 |
|
---|
663 | =item CPAN
|
---|
664 |
|
---|
665 | See L<perlmodinstall> and L<CPAN>.
|
---|
666 |
|
---|
667 | =item Cwd
|
---|
668 |
|
---|
669 | Cwd::cwd is faster on most platforms.
|
---|
670 |
|
---|
671 | =back
|
---|
672 |
|
---|
673 | =head1 Utility Changes
|
---|
674 |
|
---|
675 | C<h2ph> and related utilities have been vastly overhauled.
|
---|
676 |
|
---|
677 | C<perlcc>, a new experimental front end for the compiler is available.
|
---|
678 |
|
---|
679 | The crude GNU C<configure> emulator is now called C<configure.gnu> to
|
---|
680 | avoid trampling on C<Configure> under case-insensitive filesystems.
|
---|
681 |
|
---|
682 | C<perldoc> used to be rather slow. The slower features are now optional.
|
---|
683 | In particular, case-insensitive searches need the C<-i> switch, and
|
---|
684 | recursive searches need C<-r>. You can set these switches in the
|
---|
685 | C<PERLDOC> environment variable to get the old behavior.
|
---|
686 |
|
---|
687 | =head1 Documentation Changes
|
---|
688 |
|
---|
689 | Config.pm now has a glossary of variables.
|
---|
690 |
|
---|
691 | F<Porting/patching.pod> has detailed instructions on how to create and
|
---|
692 | submit patches for perl.
|
---|
693 |
|
---|
694 | L<perlport> specifies guidelines on how to write portably.
|
---|
695 |
|
---|
696 | L<perlmodinstall> describes how to fetch and install modules from C<CPAN>
|
---|
697 | sites.
|
---|
698 |
|
---|
699 | Some more Perl traps are documented now. See L<perltrap>.
|
---|
700 |
|
---|
701 | L<perlopentut> gives a tutorial on using open().
|
---|
702 |
|
---|
703 | L<perlreftut> gives a tutorial on references.
|
---|
704 |
|
---|
705 | L<perlthrtut> gives a tutorial on threads.
|
---|
706 |
|
---|
707 | =head1 New Diagnostics
|
---|
708 |
|
---|
709 | =over 4
|
---|
710 |
|
---|
711 | =item Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &
|
---|
712 |
|
---|
713 | (W) A subroutine you have declared has the same name as a Perl keyword,
|
---|
714 | and you have used the name without qualification for calling one or the
|
---|
715 | other. Perl decided to call the builtin because the subroutine is
|
---|
716 | not imported.
|
---|
717 |
|
---|
718 | To force interpretation as a subroutine call, either put an ampersand
|
---|
719 | before the subroutine name, or qualify the name with its package.
|
---|
720 | Alternatively, you can import the subroutine (or pretend that it's
|
---|
721 | imported with the C<use subs> pragma).
|
---|
722 |
|
---|
723 | To silently interpret it as the Perl operator, use the C<CORE::> prefix
|
---|
724 | on the operator (e.g. C<CORE::log($x)>) or by declaring the subroutine
|
---|
725 | to be an object method (see L<attrs>).
|
---|
726 |
|
---|
727 | =item Bad index while coercing array into hash
|
---|
728 |
|
---|
729 | (F) The index looked up in the hash found as the 0'th element of a
|
---|
730 | pseudo-hash is not legal. Index values must be at 1 or greater.
|
---|
731 | See L<perlref>.
|
---|
732 |
|
---|
733 | =item Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package
|
---|
734 |
|
---|
735 | (W) You used a qualified bareword of the form C<Foo::>, but
|
---|
736 | the compiler saw no other uses of that namespace before that point.
|
---|
737 | Perhaps you need to predeclare a package?
|
---|
738 |
|
---|
739 | =item Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value
|
---|
740 |
|
---|
741 | (F) You used the syntax of a method call, but the slot filled by the
|
---|
742 | object reference or package name contains an undefined value.
|
---|
743 | Something like this will reproduce the error:
|
---|
744 |
|
---|
745 | $BADREF = 42;
|
---|
746 | process $BADREF 1,2,3;
|
---|
747 | $BADREF->process(1,2,3);
|
---|
748 |
|
---|
749 | =item Can't check filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid
|
---|
750 |
|
---|
751 | (P) For some reason you can't check the filesystem of the script for nosuid.
|
---|
752 |
|
---|
753 | =item Can't coerce array into hash
|
---|
754 |
|
---|
755 | (F) You used an array where a hash was expected, but the array has no
|
---|
756 | information on how to map from keys to array indices. You can do that
|
---|
757 | only with arrays that have a hash reference at index 0.
|
---|
758 |
|
---|
759 | =item Can't goto subroutine from an eval-string
|
---|
760 |
|
---|
761 | (F) The "goto subroutine" call can't be used to jump out of an eval "string".
|
---|
762 | (You can use it to jump out of an eval {BLOCK}, but you probably don't want to.)
|
---|
763 |
|
---|
764 | =item Can't localize pseudo-hash element
|
---|
765 |
|
---|
766 | (F) You said something like C<< local $ar->{'key'} >>, where $ar is
|
---|
767 | a reference to a pseudo-hash. That hasn't been implemented yet, but
|
---|
768 | you can get a similar effect by localizing the corresponding array
|
---|
769 | element directly -- C<< local $ar->[$ar->[0]{'key'}] >>.
|
---|
770 |
|
---|
771 | =item Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available
|
---|
772 |
|
---|
773 | (F) The first time the %! hash is used, perl automatically loads the
|
---|
774 | Errno.pm module. The Errno module is expected to tie the %! hash to
|
---|
775 | provide symbolic names for C<$!> errno values.
|
---|
776 |
|
---|
777 | =item Cannot find an opnumber for "%s"
|
---|
778 |
|
---|
779 | (F) A string of a form C<CORE::word> was given to prototype(), but
|
---|
780 | there is no builtin with the name C<word>.
|
---|
781 |
|
---|
782 | =item Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions
|
---|
783 |
|
---|
784 | (W) Within regular expression character classes ([]) the syntax beginning
|
---|
785 | with "[." and ending with ".]" is reserved for future extensions.
|
---|
786 | If you need to represent those character sequences inside a regular
|
---|
787 | expression character class, just quote the square brackets with the
|
---|
788 | backslash: "\[." and ".\]".
|
---|
789 |
|
---|
790 | =item Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions
|
---|
791 |
|
---|
792 | (W) Within regular expression character classes ([]) the syntax beginning
|
---|
793 | with "[:" and ending with ":]" is reserved for future extensions.
|
---|
794 | If you need to represent those character sequences inside a regular
|
---|
795 | expression character class, just quote the square brackets with the
|
---|
796 | backslash: "\[:" and ":\]".
|
---|
797 |
|
---|
798 | =item Character class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions
|
---|
799 |
|
---|
800 | (W) Within regular expression character classes ([]) the syntax
|
---|
801 | beginning with "[=" and ending with "=]" is reserved for future extensions.
|
---|
802 | If you need to represent those character sequences inside a regular
|
---|
803 | expression character class, just quote the square brackets with the
|
---|
804 | backslash: "\[=" and "=\]".
|
---|
805 |
|
---|
806 | =item %s: Eval-group in insecure regular expression
|
---|
807 |
|
---|
808 | (F) Perl detected tainted data when trying to compile a regular expression
|
---|
809 | that contains the C<(?{ ... })> zero-width assertion, which is unsafe.
|
---|
810 | See L<perlre/(?{ code })>, and L<perlsec>.
|
---|
811 |
|
---|
812 | =item %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval'
|
---|
813 |
|
---|
814 | (F) A regular expression contained the C<(?{ ... })> zero-width assertion,
|
---|
815 | but that construct is only allowed when the C<use re 'eval'> pragma is
|
---|
816 | in effect. See L<perlre/(?{ code })>.
|
---|
817 |
|
---|
818 | =item %s: Eval-group not allowed at run time
|
---|
819 |
|
---|
820 | (F) Perl tried to compile a regular expression containing the C<(?{ ... })>
|
---|
821 | zero-width assertion at run time, as it would when the pattern contains
|
---|
822 | interpolated values. Since that is a security risk, it is not allowed.
|
---|
823 | If you insist, you may still do this by explicitly building the pattern
|
---|
824 | from an interpolated string at run time and using that in an eval().
|
---|
825 | See L<perlre/(?{ code })>.
|
---|
826 |
|
---|
827 | =item Explicit blessing to '' (assuming package main)
|
---|
828 |
|
---|
829 | (W) You are blessing a reference to a zero length string. This has
|
---|
830 | the effect of blessing the reference into the package main. This is
|
---|
831 | usually not what you want. Consider providing a default target
|
---|
832 | package, e.g. bless($ref, $p || 'MyPackage');
|
---|
833 |
|
---|
834 | =item Illegal hex digit ignored
|
---|
835 |
|
---|
836 | (W) You may have tried to use a character other than 0 - 9 or A - F in a
|
---|
837 | hexadecimal number. Interpretation of the hexadecimal number stopped
|
---|
838 | before the illegal character.
|
---|
839 |
|
---|
840 | =item No such array field
|
---|
841 |
|
---|
842 | (F) You tried to access an array as a hash, but the field name used is
|
---|
843 | not defined. The hash at index 0 should map all valid field names to
|
---|
844 | array indices for that to work.
|
---|
845 |
|
---|
846 | =item No such field "%s" in variable %s of type %s
|
---|
847 |
|
---|
848 | (F) You tried to access a field of a typed variable where the type
|
---|
849 | does not know about the field name. The field names are looked up in
|
---|
850 | the %FIELDS hash in the type package at compile time. The %FIELDS hash
|
---|
851 | is usually set up with the 'fields' pragma.
|
---|
852 |
|
---|
853 | =item Out of memory during ridiculously large request
|
---|
854 |
|
---|
855 | (F) You can't allocate more than 2^31+"small amount" bytes. This error
|
---|
856 | is most likely to be caused by a typo in the Perl program. e.g., C<$arr[time]>
|
---|
857 | instead of C<$arr[$time]>.
|
---|
858 |
|
---|
859 | =item Range iterator outside integer range
|
---|
860 |
|
---|
861 | (F) One (or both) of the numeric arguments to the range operator ".."
|
---|
862 | are outside the range which can be represented by integers internally.
|
---|
863 | One possible workaround is to force Perl to use magical string
|
---|
864 | increment by prepending "0" to your numbers.
|
---|
865 |
|
---|
866 | =item Recursive inheritance detected while looking for method '%s' %s
|
---|
867 |
|
---|
868 | (F) More than 100 levels of inheritance were encountered while invoking a
|
---|
869 | method. Probably indicates an unintended loop in your inheritance hierarchy.
|
---|
870 |
|
---|
871 | =item Reference found where even-sized list expected
|
---|
872 |
|
---|
873 | (W) You gave a single reference where Perl was expecting a list with
|
---|
874 | an even number of elements (for assignment to a hash). This
|
---|
875 | usually means that you used the anon hash constructor when you meant
|
---|
876 | to use parens. In any case, a hash requires key/value B<pairs>.
|
---|
877 |
|
---|
878 | %hash = { one => 1, two => 2, }; # WRONG
|
---|
879 | %hash = [ qw/ an anon array / ]; # WRONG
|
---|
880 | %hash = ( one => 1, two => 2, ); # right
|
---|
881 | %hash = qw( one 1 two 2 ); # also fine
|
---|
882 |
|
---|
883 | =item Undefined value assigned to typeglob
|
---|
884 |
|
---|
885 | (W) An undefined value was assigned to a typeglob, a la C<*foo = undef>.
|
---|
886 | This does nothing. It's possible that you really mean C<undef *foo>.
|
---|
887 |
|
---|
888 | =item Use of reserved word "%s" is deprecated
|
---|
889 |
|
---|
890 | (D) The indicated bareword is a reserved word. Future versions of perl
|
---|
891 | may use it as a keyword, so you're better off either explicitly quoting
|
---|
892 | the word in a manner appropriate for its context of use, or using a
|
---|
893 | different name altogether. The warning can be suppressed for subroutine
|
---|
894 | names by either adding a C<&> prefix, or using a package qualifier,
|
---|
895 | e.g. C<&our()>, or C<Foo::our()>.
|
---|
896 |
|
---|
897 | =item perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
|
---|
898 |
|
---|
899 | (S) The whole warning message will look something like:
|
---|
900 |
|
---|
901 | perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
|
---|
902 | perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
|
---|
903 | LC_ALL = "En_US",
|
---|
904 | LANG = (unset)
|
---|
905 | are supported and installed on your system.
|
---|
906 | perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
|
---|
907 |
|
---|
908 | Exactly what were the failed locale settings varies. In the above the
|
---|
909 | settings were that the LC_ALL was "En_US" and the LANG had no value.
|
---|
910 | This error means that Perl detected that you and/or your system
|
---|
911 | administrator have set up the so-called variable system but Perl could
|
---|
912 | not use those settings. This was not dead serious, fortunately: there
|
---|
913 | is a "default locale" called "C" that Perl can and will use, the
|
---|
914 | script will be run. Before you really fix the problem, however, you
|
---|
915 | will get the same error message each time you run Perl. How to really
|
---|
916 | fix the problem can be found in L<perllocale/"LOCALE PROBLEMS">.
|
---|
917 |
|
---|
918 | =back
|
---|
919 |
|
---|
920 |
|
---|
921 | =head1 Obsolete Diagnostics
|
---|
922 |
|
---|
923 | =over 4
|
---|
924 |
|
---|
925 | =item Can't mktemp()
|
---|
926 |
|
---|
927 | (F) The mktemp() routine failed for some reason while trying to process
|
---|
928 | a B<-e> switch. Maybe your /tmp partition is full, or clobbered.
|
---|
929 |
|
---|
930 | Removed because B<-e> doesn't use temporary files any more.
|
---|
931 |
|
---|
932 | =item Can't write to temp file for B<-e>: %s
|
---|
933 |
|
---|
934 | (F) The write routine failed for some reason while trying to process
|
---|
935 | a B<-e> switch. Maybe your /tmp partition is full, or clobbered.
|
---|
936 |
|
---|
937 | Removed because B<-e> doesn't use temporary files any more.
|
---|
938 |
|
---|
939 | =item Cannot open temporary file
|
---|
940 |
|
---|
941 | (F) The create routine failed for some reason while trying to process
|
---|
942 | a B<-e> switch. Maybe your /tmp partition is full, or clobbered.
|
---|
943 |
|
---|
944 | Removed because B<-e> doesn't use temporary files any more.
|
---|
945 |
|
---|
946 | =item regexp too big
|
---|
947 |
|
---|
948 | (F) The current implementation of regular expressions uses shorts as
|
---|
949 | address offsets within a string. Unfortunately this means that if
|
---|
950 | the regular expression compiles to longer than 32767, it'll blow up.
|
---|
951 | Usually when you want a regular expression this big, there is a better
|
---|
952 | way to do it with multiple statements. See L<perlre>.
|
---|
953 |
|
---|
954 | =back
|
---|
955 |
|
---|
956 | =head1 Configuration Changes
|
---|
957 |
|
---|
958 | You can use "Configure -Uinstallusrbinperl" which causes installperl
|
---|
959 | to skip installing perl also as /usr/bin/perl. This is useful if you
|
---|
960 | prefer not to modify /usr/bin for some reason or another but harmful
|
---|
961 | because many scripts assume to find Perl in /usr/bin/perl.
|
---|
962 |
|
---|
963 | =head1 BUGS
|
---|
964 |
|
---|
965 | If you find what you think is a bug, you might check the headers of
|
---|
966 | recently posted articles in the comp.lang.perl.misc newsgroup.
|
---|
967 | There may also be information at http://www.perl.com/perl/ , the Perl
|
---|
968 | Home Page.
|
---|
969 |
|
---|
970 | If you believe you have an unreported bug, please run the B<perlbug>
|
---|
971 | program included with your release. Make sure you trim your bug down
|
---|
972 | to a tiny but sufficient test case. Your bug report, along with the
|
---|
973 | output of C<perl -V>, will be sent off to <F<[email protected]>> to be
|
---|
974 | analysed by the Perl porting team.
|
---|
975 |
|
---|
976 | =head1 SEE ALSO
|
---|
977 |
|
---|
978 | The F<Changes> file for exhaustive details on what changed.
|
---|
979 |
|
---|
980 | The F<INSTALL> file for how to build Perl.
|
---|
981 |
|
---|
982 | The F<README> file for general stuff.
|
---|
983 |
|
---|
984 | The F<Artistic> and F<Copying> files for copyright information.
|
---|
985 |
|
---|
986 | =head1 HISTORY
|
---|
987 |
|
---|
988 | Written by Gurusamy Sarathy <F<[email protected]>>, with many contributions
|
---|
989 | from The Perl Porters.
|
---|
990 |
|
---|
991 | Send omissions or corrections to <F<[email protected]>>.
|
---|
992 |
|
---|
993 | =cut
|
---|