source: main/trunk/greenstone2/perllib/cpan/Mojolicious/Controller.pm@ 32205

package Mojolicious::Controller;
use Mojo::Base -base;

# No imports, for security reasons!
use Carp ();
use Mojo::ByteStream;
use Mojo::URL;
use Mojo::Util;
use Mojolicious::Routes::Match;
use Scalar::Util ();

has [qw(app tx)];
has match =>
  sub { Mojolicious::Routes::Match->new(root => shift->app->routes) };

# Reserved stash values
my %RESERVED = map { $_ => 1 } (
  qw(action app cb controller data extends format handler inline json layout),
  qw(namespace path status template text variant)
);

sub AUTOLOAD {
  my $self = shift;

  my ($package, $method) = our $AUTOLOAD =~ /^(.+)::(.+)$/;
  Carp::croak "Undefined subroutine &${package}::$method called"
    unless Scalar::Util::blessed $self && $self->isa(__PACKAGE__);

  # Call helper with current controller
  Carp::croak qq{Can't locate object method "$method" via package "$package"}
    unless my $helper = $self->app->renderer->get_helper($method);
  return $self->$helper(@_);
}

sub continue { $_[0]->app->routes->continue($_[0]) }

sub cookie {
  my ($self, $name) = (shift, shift);

  # Response cookie
  if (@_) {

    # Cookie too big
    my $cookie = {name => $name, value => shift, %{shift || {}}};
    $self->app->log->error(qq{Cookie "$name" is bigger than 4096 bytes})
      if length $cookie->{value} > 4096;

    $self->res->cookies($cookie);
    return $self;
  }

  # Request cookies
  return undef unless my $cookie = $self->req->cookie($name);
  return $cookie->value;
}

sub every_cookie {
  [map { $_->value } @{shift->req->every_cookie(shift)}];
}

sub every_param {
  my ($self, $name) = @_;

  # Captured unreserved values
  my $captures = $self->stash->{'mojo.captures'} ||= {};
  if (!$RESERVED{$name} && exists $captures->{$name}) {
    my $value = $captures->{$name};
    return ref $value eq 'ARRAY' ? $value : [$value];
  }

  # Uploads or param values
  my $req     = $self->req;
  my $uploads = $req->every_upload($name);
  return @$uploads ? $uploads : $req->every_param($name);
}

sub every_signed_cookie {
  my ($self, $name) = @_;

  my $secrets = $self->app->secrets;
  my @results;
  for my $value (@{$self->every_cookie($name)}) {

    # Check signature with rotating secrets
    if ($value =~ s/--([^\-]+)$//) {
      my $signature = $1;

      my $valid;
      for my $secret (@$secrets) {
        my $check = Mojo::Util::hmac_sha1_sum($value, $secret);
        ++$valid and last if Mojo::Util::secure_compare($signature, $check);
      }
      if ($valid) { push @results, $value }

      else { $self->app->log->debug(qq{Cookie "$name" has a bad signature}) }
    }

    else { $self->app->log->debug(qq{Cookie "$name" is not signed}) }
  }

  return \@results;
}

sub finish {
  my $self = shift;

  # WebSocket
  my $tx = $self->tx || Carp::croak 'Connection already closed';
  $tx->finish(@_) and return $tx->established ? $self : $self->rendered(101)
    if $tx->is_websocket;

  # Chunked stream
  return @_ ? $self->write_chunk(@_)->write_chunk('') : $self->write_chunk('')
    if $tx->res->content->is_chunked;

  # Normal stream
  return @_ ? $self->write(@_)->write('') : $self->write('');
}

sub flash {
  my $self = shift;

  # Check old flash
  my $session = $self->session;
  return $session->{flash} ? $session->{flash}{$_[0]} : undef
    if @_ == 1 && !ref $_[0];

  # Initialize new flash and merge values
  my $values = ref $_[0] ? $_[0] : {@_};
  @{$session->{new_flash} ||= {}}{keys %$values} = values %$values;

  return $self;
}

sub helpers { $_[0]->app->renderer->get_helper('')->($_[0]) }

sub on {
  my ($self, $name, $cb) = @_;
  my $tx = $self->tx || Carp::croak 'Connection already closed';
  $self->rendered(101) if $tx->is_websocket && !$tx->established;
  return $tx->on($name => sub { shift; $self->$cb(@_) });
}

sub param {
  my ($self, $name) = (shift, shift);
  return $self->every_param($name)->[-1] unless @_;
  $self->stash->{'mojo.captures'}{$name} = @_ > 1 ? [@_] : $_[0];
  return $self;
}

sub redirect_to {
  my $self = shift;

  # Don't override 3xx status
  my $res = $self->res;
  $res->headers->location($self->url_for(@_));
  return $self->rendered($res->is_redirect ? () : 302);
}

sub render {
  my $self = shift;

  # Template may be first argument
  my ($template, $args) = (@_ % 2 ? shift : undef, {@_});
  $args->{template} = $template if $template;
  my $app = $self->app;
  my $plugins = $app->plugins->emit_hook(before_render => $self, $args);

  # Localize "extends" and "layout" to allow argument overrides
  my ($maybe, $ts) = @{$args}{'mojo.maybe', 'mojo.string'};
  my $stash = $self->stash;
  local $stash->{layout}  = $stash->{layout}  if exists $stash->{layout};
  local $stash->{extends} = $stash->{extends} if exists $stash->{extends};

  # Rendering to string
  local @{$stash}{keys %$args} if $ts || $maybe;
  delete @{$stash}{qw(layout extends)} if $ts;

  # All other arguments just become part of the stash
  @$stash{keys %$args} = values %$args;
  my ($output, $format) = $app->renderer->render($self, $args);

  # Maybe no 404
  return defined $output ? Mojo::ByteStream->new($output) : undef if $ts;
  return $maybe ? undef : !$self->helpers->reply->not_found
    unless defined $output;

  $plugins->emit_hook(after_render => $self, \$output, $format);
  my $headers = $self->res->body($output)->headers;
  $headers->content_type($app->types->type($format) || 'text/plain')
    unless $headers->content_type;
  return !!$self->rendered($stash->{status});
}

sub render_later { shift->stash('mojo.rendered' => 1) }

sub render_maybe { shift->render(@_, 'mojo.maybe' => 1) }

sub render_to_string { shift->render(@_, 'mojo.string' => 1) }

sub rendered {
  my ($self, $status) = @_;

  # Make sure we have a status
  my $res = $self->res;
  $res->code($status || 200) if $status || !$res->code;

  # Finish transaction
  my $stash = $self->stash;
  if (!$stash->{'mojo.finished'} && ++$stash->{'mojo.finished'}) {

    # Disable auto rendering and stop timer
    my $app    = $self->render_later->app;
    my $timing = $self->helpers->timing;
    if (defined(my $elapsed = $timing->elapsed('mojo.timer'))) {
      my $rps  = $timing->rps($elapsed) // '??';
      my $code = $res->code;
      my $msg  = $res->message || $res->default_message($code);
      $app->log->debug("$code $msg (${elapsed}s, $rps/s)");
    }

    $app->plugins->emit_hook_reverse(after_dispatch => $self);
    $app->sessions->store($self);
  }
  $self->tx->resume;
  return $self;
}

sub req { (shift->tx || Carp::croak 'Connection already closed')->req }
sub res { (shift->tx || Carp::croak 'Connection already closed')->res }

sub respond_to {
  my ($self, $args) = (shift, ref $_[0] ? $_[0] : {@_});

  # Find target
  my $target;
  my $renderer = $self->app->renderer;
  my @formats  = @{$renderer->accepts($self)};
  for my $format (@formats ? @formats : ($renderer->default_format)) {
    next unless $target = $args->{$format};
    $self->stash->{format} = $format;
    last;
  }

  # Fallback
  unless ($target) {
    return $self->rendered(204) unless $target = $args->{any};
    delete $self->stash->{format};
  }

  # Dispatch
  ref $target eq 'CODE' ? $target->($self) : $self->render(%$target);

  return $self;
}

sub send {
  my ($self, $msg, $cb) = @_;
  my $tx = $self->tx || Carp::croak 'Connection already closed';
  Carp::croak 'No WebSocket connection to send message to'
    unless $tx->is_websocket;
  $tx->send($msg, $cb ? sub { shift; $self->$cb(@_) } : ());
  return $tx->established ? $self : $self->rendered(101);
}

sub session {
  my $self = shift;

  my $stash = $self->stash;
  $self->app->sessions->load($self)
    unless exists $stash->{'mojo.active_session'};

  # Hash
  my $session = $stash->{'mojo.session'} ||= {};
  return $session unless @_;

  # Get
  return $session->{$_[0]} unless @_ > 1 || ref $_[0];

  # Set
  my $values = ref $_[0] ? $_[0] : {@_};
  @$session{keys %$values} = values %$values;

  return $self;
}

sub signed_cookie {
  my ($self, $name, $value, $options) = @_;

  # Request cookie
  return $self->every_signed_cookie($name)->[-1] unless defined $value;

  # Response cookie
  my $checksum = Mojo::Util::hmac_sha1_sum($value, $self->app->secrets->[0]);
  return $self->cookie($name, "$value--$checksum", $options);
}

sub stash { Mojo::Util::_stash(stash => @_) }

sub url_for {
  my ($self, $target) = (shift, shift // '');

  # Absolute URL
  return $target if Scalar::Util::blessed $target && $target->isa('Mojo::URL');
  return Mojo::URL->new($target) if $target =~ m!^(?:[^:/?#]+:|//|#)!;

  # Base
  my $url  = Mojo::URL->new;
  my $req  = $self->req;
  my $base = $url->base($req->url->base->clone)->base->userinfo(undef);

  # Relative URL
  my $path = $url->path;
  if ($target =~ m!^/!) {
    if (defined(my $prefix = $self->stash->{path})) {
      my $real = $req->url->path->to_route;
      $real =~ s!/?\Q$prefix\E$!$target!;
      $target = $real;
    }
    $url->parse($target);
  }

  # Route
  else {
    my $generated = $self->match->path_for($target, @_);
    $path->parse($generated->{path}) if $generated->{path};
    $base->scheme($base->protocol eq 'https' ? 'wss' : 'ws')
      if $generated->{websocket};
  }

  # Make path absolute
  my $base_path = $base->path;
  unshift @{$path->parts}, @{$base_path->parts};
  $base_path->parts([])->trailing_slash(0);

  return $url;
}

sub validation {
  my $self = shift;

  my $stash = $self->stash;
  return $stash->{'mojo.validation'} if $stash->{'mojo.validation'};

  my $req    = $self->req;
  my $token  = $self->session->{csrf_token};
  my $header = $req->headers->header('X-CSRF-Token');
  my $hash   = $req->params->to_hash;
  $hash->{csrf_token} //= $header if $token && $header;
  $hash->{$_} = $req->every_upload($_) for map { $_->name } @{$req->uploads};
  my $v = $self->app->validator->validation->input($hash);
  return $stash->{'mojo.validation'} = $v->csrf_token($token);
}

sub write {
  my ($self, $chunk, $cb) = @_;
  $self->res->content->write($chunk, $cb ? sub { shift; $self->$cb(@_) } : ());
  return $self->rendered;
}

sub write_chunk {
  my ($self, $chunk, $cb) = @_;
  my $content = $self->res->content;
  $content->write_chunk($chunk, $cb ? sub { shift; $self->$cb(@_) } : ());
  return $self->rendered;
}

1;

=encoding utf8

=head1 NAME

Mojolicious::Controller - Controller base class

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  # Controller
  package MyApp::Controller::Foo;
  use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious::Controller';

  # Action
  sub bar {
    my $self = shift;
    my $name = $self->param('name');
    $self->res->headers->cache_control('max-age=1, no-cache');
    $self->render(json => {hello => $name});
  }

=head1 DESCRIPTION

L<Mojolicious::Controller> is the base class for your L<Mojolicious>
controllers. It is also the default controller class unless you set
L<Mojolicious/"controller_class">.

=head1 ATTRIBUTES

L<Mojolicious::Controller> inherits all attributes from L<Mojo::Base> and
implements the following new ones.

=head2 app

  my $app = $c->app;
  $c      = $c->app(Mojolicious->new);

A reference back to the application that dispatched to this controller, usually
a L<Mojolicious> object.

  # Use application logger
  $c->app->log->debug('Hello Mojo');

  # Generate path
  my $path = $c->app->home->child('templates', 'foo', 'bar.html.ep');

=head2 match

  my $m = $c->match;
  $c    = $c->match(Mojolicious::Routes::Match->new);

Router results for the current request, defaults to a
L<Mojolicious::Routes::Match> object.

  # Introspect
  my $name   = $c->match->endpoint->name;
  my $foo    = $c->match->endpoint->pattern->defaults->{foo};
  my $action = $c->match->stack->[-1]{action};

=head2 tx

  my $tx = $c->tx;
  $c     = $c->tx(Mojo::Transaction::HTTP->new);

The transaction that is currently being processed, usually a
L<Mojo::Transaction::HTTP> or L<Mojo::Transaction::WebSocket> object. Note that
this reference is usually weakened, so the object needs to be referenced
elsewhere as well when you're performing non-blocking operations and the
underlying connection might get closed early.

  # Check peer information
  my $address = $c->tx->remote_address;
  my $port    = $c->tx->remote_port;

  # Increase size limit for WebSocket messages to 16MiB
  $c->tx->max_websocket_size(16777216) if $c->tx->is_websocket;

  # Perform non-blocking operation without knowing the connection status
  my $tx = $c->tx;
  Mojo::IOLoop->timer(2 => sub {
    $c->app->log->debug($tx->is_finished ? 'Finished' : 'In progress');
  });

=head1 METHODS

L<Mojolicious::Controller> inherits all methods from L<Mojo::Base> and
implements the following new ones.

=head2 continue

  $c->continue;

Continue dispatch chain from an intermediate destination with
L<Mojolicious::Routes/"continue">.

=head2 cookie

  my $value = $c->cookie('foo');
  $c        = $c->cookie(foo => 'bar');
  $c        = $c->cookie(foo => 'bar', {path => '/'});

Access request cookie values and create new response cookies. If there are
multiple values sharing the same name, and you want to access more than just
the last one, you can use L</"every_cookie">.

  # Create response cookie with domain and expiration date
  $c->cookie(user => 'sri', {domain => 'example.com', expires => time + 60});

  # Create secure response cookie
  $c->cookie(secret => 'I <3 Mojolicious', {secure => 1, httponly => 1});

=head2 every_cookie

  my $values = $c->every_cookie('foo');

Similar to L</"cookie">, but returns all request cookie values sharing the same
name as an array reference.

  $ Get first cookie value
  my $first = $c->every_cookie('foo')->[0];

=head2 every_param

  my $values = $c->every_param('foo');

Similar to L</"param">, but returns all values sharing the same name as an
array reference.

  # Get first value
  my $first = $c->every_param('foo')->[0];

=head2 every_signed_cookie

  my $values = $c->every_signed_cookie('foo');

Similar to L</"signed_cookie">, but returns all signed request cookie values
sharing the same name as an array reference.

  # Get first signed cookie value
  my $first = $c->every_signed_cookie('foo')->[0];

=head2 finish

  $c = $c->finish;
  $c = $c->finish(1000);
  $c = $c->finish(1003 => 'Cannot accept data!');
  $c = $c->finish('Bye!');

Close WebSocket connection or long poll stream gracefully. This method will
automatically respond to WebSocket handshake requests with a C<101> response
status, to establish the WebSocket connection.

=head2 flash

  my $foo = $c->flash('foo');
  $c      = $c->flash({foo => 'bar'});
  $c      = $c->flash(foo => 'bar');

Data storage persistent only for the next request, stored in the L</"session">.

  # Show message after redirect
  $c->flash(message => 'User created successfully!');
  $c->redirect_to('show_user', id => 23);

=head2 helpers

  my $helpers = $c->helpers;

Return a proxy object containing the current controller object and on which
helpers provided by L</"app"> can be called. This includes all helpers from
L<Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers> and L<Mojolicious::Plugin::TagHelpers>.

  # Make sure to use the "title" helper and not the controller method
  $c->helpers->title('Welcome!');

  # Use a nested helper instead of the "reply" controller method
  $c->helpers->reply->not_found;

=head2 on

  my $cb = $c->on(finish => sub {...});

Subscribe to events of L</"tx">, which is usually a L<Mojo::Transaction::HTTP>
or L<Mojo::Transaction::WebSocket> object. This method will automatically
respond to WebSocket handshake requests with a C<101> response status, to
establish the WebSocket connection.

  # Do something after the transaction has been finished
  $c->on(finish => sub {
    my $c = shift;
    $c->app->log->debug('All data has been sent');
  });

  # Receive WebSocket message
  $c->on(message => sub {
    my ($c, $msg) = @_;
    $c->app->log->debug("Message: $msg");
  });

  # Receive JSON object via WebSocket message
  $c->on(json => sub {
    my ($c, $hash) = @_;
    $c->app->log->debug("Test: $hash->{test}");
  });

  # Receive WebSocket "Binary" message
  $c->on(binary => sub {
    my ($c, $bytes) = @_;
    my $len = length $bytes;
    $c->app->log->debug("Received $len bytes");
  });

=head2 param

  my $value = $c->param('foo');
  $c        = $c->param(foo => 'ba;r');
  $c        = $c->param(foo => 'ba;r', 'baz');
  $c        = $c->param(foo => ['ba;r', 'baz']);

Access route placeholder values that are not reserved stash values, file
uploads as well as C<GET> and C<POST> parameters extracted from the query
string and C<application/x-www-form-urlencoded> or C<multipart/form-data>
message body, in that order. If there are multiple values sharing the same
name, and you want to access more than just the last one, you can use
L</"every_param">. Parts of the request body need to be loaded into memory to
parse C<POST> parameters, so you have to make sure it is not excessively large.
There's a 16MiB limit for requests by default.

  # Get first value
  my $first = $c->every_param('foo')->[0];

For more control you can also access request information directly.

  # Only GET parameters
  my $foo = $c->req->query_params->param('foo');

  # Only POST parameters
  my $foo = $c->req->body_params->param('foo');

  # Only GET and POST parameters
  my $foo = $c->req->param('foo');

  # Only file uploads
  my $foo = $c->req->upload('foo');

=head2 redirect_to

  $c = $c->redirect_to('named', foo => 'bar');
  $c = $c->redirect_to('named', {foo => 'bar'});
  $c = $c->redirect_to('/index.html');
  $c = $c->redirect_to('http://example.com/index.html');

Prepare a C<302> (if the status code is not already C<3xx>) redirect response
with C<Location> header, takes the same arguments as L</"url_for">.

  # Moved Permanently
  $c->res->code(301);
  $c->redirect_to('some_route');

  # Temporary Redirect
  $c->res->code(307);
  $c->redirect_to('some_route');

=head2 render

  my $bool = $c->render;
  my $bool = $c->render(foo => 'bar', baz => 23);
  my $bool = $c->render(template => 'foo/index');
  my $bool = $c->render(template => 'index', format => 'html');
  my $bool = $c->render(data => $bytes);
  my $bool = $c->render(text => 'Hello!');
  my $bool = $c->render(json => {foo => 'bar'});
  my $bool = $c->render(handler => 'something');
  my $bool = $c->render('foo/index');

Render content with L<Mojolicious/"renderer"> and emit hooks
L<Mojolicious/"before_render"> as well as L<Mojolicious/"after_render">, or
call L<Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers/"reply-E<gt>not_found"> if no
response could be generated, all additional key/value pairs get merged into the
L</"stash">.

  # Render characters
  $c->render(text => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!');

  # Render characters (alternative)
  $c->stash(text => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!')->render;

  # Render binary data
  use Mojo::JSON 'encode_json';
  $c->render(data => encode_json({test => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!'}));

  # Render JSON
  $c->render(json => {test => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!'});

  # Render inline template
  $c->render(inline => '<%= 1 + 1 %>');

  # Render template "foo/bar.html.ep"
  $c->render(template => 'foo/bar', format => 'html', handler => 'ep');

  # Render template "test.*.*" with arbitrary values "foo" and "bar"
  $c->render(template => 'test', foo => 'test', bar => 23);

  # Render template "test.xml.*"
  $c->render(template => 'test', format => 'xml');

  # Render template "test.xml.*" (alternative)
  $c->render('test', format => 'xml');

=head2 render_later

  $c = $c->render_later;

Disable automatic rendering to delay response generation, only necessary if
automatic rendering would result in a response.

  # Delayed rendering
  $c->render_later;
  Mojo::IOLoop->timer(2 => sub {
    $c->render(text => 'Delayed by 2 seconds!');
  });

=head2 render_maybe

  my $bool = $c->render_maybe;
  my $bool = $c->render_maybe(foo => 'bar', baz => 23);
  my $bool = $c->render_maybe('foo/index', format => 'html');

Try to render content, but do not call
L<Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers/"reply-E<gt>not_found"> if no response
could be generated, all arguments get localized automatically and are only
available during this render operation, takes the same arguments as
L</"render">.

  # Render template "index_local" only if it exists
  $c->render_maybe('index_local') or $c->render('index');

=head2 render_to_string

  my $output = $c->render_to_string('foo/index', format => 'pdf');

Try to render content and return it wrapped in a L<Mojo::ByteStream> object or
return C<undef>, all arguments get localized automatically and are only
available during this render operation, takes the same arguments as
L</"render">.

  # Render inline template
  my $two = $c->render_to_string(inline => '<%= 1 + 1 %>');

=head2 rendered

  $c = $c->rendered;
  $c = $c->rendered(302);

Finalize response and emit hook L<Mojolicious/"after_dispatch">, defaults to
using a C<200> response code.

  # Custom response
  $c->res->headers->content_type('text/plain');
  $c->res->body('Hello World!');
  $c->rendered(200);

=head2 req

  my $req = $c->req;

Get L<Mojo::Message::Request> object from L</"tx">.

  # Longer version
  my $req = $c->tx->req;

  # Extract request information
  my $method = $c->req->method;
  my $url    = $c->req->url->to_abs;
  my $info   = $c->req->url->to_abs->userinfo;
  my $host   = $c->req->url->to_abs->host;
  my $agent  = $c->req->headers->user_agent;
  my $custom = $c->req->headers->header('Custom-Header');
  my $bytes  = $c->req->body;
  my $str    = $c->req->text;
  my $hash   = $c->req->params->to_hash;
  my $all    = $c->req->uploads;
  my $value  = $c->req->json;
  my $foo    = $c->req->json('/23/foo');
  my $dom    = $c->req->dom;
  my $bar    = $c->req->dom('div.bar')->first->text;

=head2 res

  my $res = $c->res;

Get L<Mojo::Message::Response> object from L</"tx">.

  # Longer version
  my $res = $c->tx->res;

  # Force file download by setting a response header
  $c->res->headers->content_disposition('attachment; filename=foo.png;');

  # Use a custom response header
  $c->res->headers->header('Custom-Header' => 'whatever');

  # Make sure response is cached correctly
  $c->res->headers->cache_control('public, max-age=300');
  $c->res->headers->append(Vary => 'Accept-Encoding');

=head2 respond_to

  $c = $c->respond_to(
    json => {json => {message => 'Welcome!'}},
    html => {template => 'welcome'},
    any  => sub {...}
  );

Automatically select best possible representation for resource from C<format>
C<GET>/C<POST> parameter, C<format> stash value or C<Accept> request header,
defaults to L<Mojolicious::Renderer/"default_format"> or rendering an empty
C<204> response. Each representation can be handled with a callback or a hash
reference containing arguments to be passed to L</"render">.

  # Everything else than "json" and "xml" gets a 204 response
  $c->respond_to(
    json => sub { $c->render(json => {just => 'works'}) },
    xml  => {text => '<just>works</just>'},
    any  => {data => '', status => 204}
  );

For more advanced negotiation logic you can also use the helper
L<Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers/"accepts">.

=head2 send

  $c = $c->send({binary => $bytes});
  $c = $c->send({text   => $bytes});
  $c = $c->send({json   => {test => [1, 2, 3]}});
  $c = $c->send([$fin, $rsv1, $rsv2, $rsv3, $op, $payload]);
  $c = $c->send($chars);
  $c = $c->send($chars => sub {...});

Send message or frame non-blocking via WebSocket, the optional drain callback
will be executed once all data has been written. This method will automatically
respond to WebSocket handshake requests with a C<101> response status, to
establish the WebSocket connection.

  # Send "Text" message
  $c->send('I ♥ Mojolicious!');

  # Send JSON object as "Text" message
  $c->send({json => {test => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!'}});

  # Send JSON object as "Binary" message
  use Mojo::JSON 'encode_json';
  $c->send({binary => encode_json({test => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!'})});

  # Send "Ping" frame
  use Mojo::WebSocket 'WS_PING';
  $c->send([1, 0, 0, 0, WS_PING, 'Hello World!']);

  # Make sure the first message has been written before continuing
  $c->send('First message!' => sub {
    my $c = shift;
    $c->send('Second message!');
  });

For mostly idle WebSockets you might also want to increase the inactivity
timeout with L<Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers/"inactivity_timeout">, which
usually defaults to C<15> seconds.

  # Increase inactivity timeout for connection to 300 seconds
  $c->inactivity_timeout(300);

=head2 session

  my $session = $c->session;
  my $foo     = $c->session('foo');
  $c          = $c->session({foo => 'bar'});
  $c          = $c->session(foo => 'bar');

Persistent data storage for the next few requests, all session data gets
serialized with L<Mojo::JSON> and stored Base64 encoded in HMAC-SHA1 signed
cookies, to prevent tampering. Note that cookies usually have a C<4096> byte
(4KiB) limit, depending on browser.

  # Manipulate session
  $c->session->{foo} = 'bar';
  my $foo = $c->session->{foo};
  delete $c->session->{foo};

  # Expiration date in seconds from now (persists between requests)
  $c->session(expiration => 604800);

  # Expiration date as absolute epoch time (only valid for one request)
  $c->session(expires => time + 604800);

  # Delete whole session by setting an expiration date in the past
  $c->session(expires => 1);

=head2 signed_cookie

  my $value = $c->signed_cookie('foo');
  $c        = $c->signed_cookie(foo => 'bar');
  $c        = $c->signed_cookie(foo => 'bar', {path => '/'});

Access signed request cookie values and create new signed response cookies. If
there are multiple values sharing the same name, and you want to access more
than just the last one, you can use L</"every_signed_cookie">. Cookies are
cryptographically signed with HMAC-SHA1, to prevent tampering, and the ones
failing signature verification will be automatically discarded.

=head2 stash

  my $hash = $c->stash;
  my $foo  = $c->stash('foo');
  $c       = $c->stash({foo => 'bar', baz => 23});
  $c       = $c->stash(foo => 'bar', baz => 23);

Non-persistent data storage and exchange for the current request, application
wide default values can be set with L<Mojolicious/"defaults">. Some stash
values have a special meaning and are reserved, the full list is currently
C<action>, C<app>, C<cb>, C<controller>, C<data>, C<extends>, C<format>,
C<handler>, C<inline>, C<json>, C<layout>, C<namespace>, C<path>, C<status>,
C<template>, C<text> and C<variant>. Note that all stash values with a
C<mojo.*> prefix are reserved for internal use.

  # Remove value
  my $foo = delete $c->stash->{foo};

  # Assign multiple values at once
  $c->stash(foo => 'test', bar => 23);

=head2 url_for

  my $url = $c->url_for;
  my $url = $c->url_for(name => 'sebastian');
  my $url = $c->url_for({name => 'sebastian'});
  my $url = $c->url_for('test', name => 'sebastian');
  my $url = $c->url_for('test', {name => 'sebastian'});
  my $url = $c->url_for('/index.html');
  my $url = $c->url_for('//example.com/index.html');
  my $url = $c->url_for('http://example.com/index.html');
  my $url = $c->url_for('mailto:[email protected]');
  my $url = $c->url_for('#whatever');

Generate a portable L<Mojo::URL> object with base for a path, URL or route.

  # Rebuild URL for the current route
  $c->url_for;

  # Rebuild URL for the current route, but replace the "name" placeholder value
  $c->url_for(name => 'sebastian');

  # Absolute URL for the current route
  $c->url_for->to_abs;

  # Build URL for route "test" with two placeholder values
  $c->url_for('test', name => 'sebastian', foo => 'bar');

  # "http://127.0.0.1:3000/index.html" if application was started with Morbo
  $c->url_for('/index.html')->to_abs;

  # "https://127.0.0.1:443/index.html" if application was started with Morbo
  $c->url_for('/index.html')->to_abs->scheme('https')->port(443);

  # "/index.html?foo=bar" if application is deployed under "/"
  $c->url_for('/index.html')->query(foo => 'bar');

  # "/myapp/index.html?foo=bar" if application is deployed under "/myapp"
  $c->url_for('/index.html')->query(foo => 'bar');

You can also use the helper L<Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers/"url_with">
to inherit query parameters from the current request.

  # "/list?q=mojo&page=2" if current request was for "/list?q=mojo&page=1"
  $c->url_with->query([page => 2]);

=head2 validation

  my $v = $c->validation;

Get L<Mojolicious::Validator::Validation> object for current request to
validate file uploads as well as C<GET> and C<POST> parameters extracted from
the query string and C<application/x-www-form-urlencoded> or
C<multipart/form-data> message body. Parts of the request body need to be loaded
into memory to parse C<POST> parameters, so you have to make sure it is not
excessively large. There's a 16MiB limit for requests by default.

  # Validate GET/POST parameter
  my $v = $c->validation;
  $v->required('title', 'trim')->size(3, 50);
  my $title = $v->param('title');

  # Validate file upload
  my $v = $c->validation;
  $v->required('tarball')->upload->size(1, 1048576);
  my $tarball = $v->param('tarball');

=head2 write

  $c = $c->write;
  $c = $c->write('');
  $c = $c->write($bytes);
  $c = $c->write($bytes => sub {...});

Write dynamic content non-blocking, the optional drain callback will be executed
once all data has been written. Calling this method without a chunk of data
will finalize the response headers and allow for dynamic content to be written
later.

  # Keep connection alive (with Content-Length header)
  $c->res->headers->content_length(6);
  $c->write('Hel' => sub {
    my $c = shift;
    $c->write('lo!');
  });

  # Close connection when finished (without Content-Length header)
  $c->write('Hel' => sub {
    my $c = shift;
    $c->write('lo!' => sub {
      my $c = shift;
      $c->finish;
    });
  });

You can call L</"finish"> or write an empty chunk of data at any time to end
the stream.

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Date: Sat, 13 Sep 2014 16:48:29 GMT
  Content-Length: 6
  Server: Mojolicious (Perl)

  Hello!

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Connection: close
  Date: Sat, 13 Sep 2014 16:48:29 GMT
  Server: Mojolicious (Perl)

  Hello!

For Comet (long polling) you might also want to increase the inactivity timeout
with L<Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers/"inactivity_timeout">, which usually
defaults to C<15> seconds.

  # Increase inactivity timeout for connection to 300 seconds
  $c->inactivity_timeout(300);

=head2 write_chunk

  $c = $c->write_chunk;
  $c = $c->write_chunk('');
  $c = $c->write_chunk($bytes);
  $c = $c->write_chunk($bytes => sub {...});

Write dynamic content non-blocking with chunked transfer encoding, the optional
drain callback will be executed once all data has been written. Calling this
method without a chunk of data will finalize the response headers and allow for
dynamic content to be written later.

  # Make sure previous chunk has been written before continuing
  $c->write_chunk('H' => sub {
    my $c = shift;
    $c->write_chunk('ell' => sub {
      my $c = shift;
      $c->finish('o!');
    });
  });

You can call L</"finish"> or write an empty chunk of data at any time to end
the stream.

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Date: Sat, 13 Sep 2014 16:48:29 GMT
  Transfer-Encoding: chunked
  Server: Mojolicious (Perl)

  1
  H
  3
  ell
  2
  o!
  0

=head1 AUTOLOAD

In addition to the L</"ATTRIBUTES"> and L</"METHODS"> above you can also call
helpers provided by L</"app"> on L<Mojolicious::Controller> objects. This
includes all helpers from L<Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers> and
L<Mojolicious::Plugin::TagHelpers>.

  # Call helpers
  $c->layout('green');
  $c->title('Welcome!');

  # Longer version
  $c->helpers->layout('green');

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<Mojolicious>, L<Mojolicious::Guides>, L<https://mojolicious.org>.

=cut