import/3C01-04.item indexed_doc 3C01-04.item 3C01-04.item paged Hawaiki by Pei Te Hurinui Jones unknown unknown unknown unknown 1961 HISTORY Scanned Image Pei Te Hurinui Jones Migration 113 1843 2158 PagedImagePlugin PagedImage 3C01-04 3C01-04 1495677771 20170525 1495678221 20170525 3C01-04.dir 3C01-04-000.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-000.png:image/png: 3C01-04-000_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-000_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-001.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-001.png:image/png: 3C01-04-001_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-001_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-002.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-002.png:image/png: 3C01-04-002_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-002_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-003.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-003.png:image/png: 3C01-04-003_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-003_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-004.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-004.png:image/png: 3C01-04-004_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-004_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-005.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-005.png:image/png: 3C01-04-005_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-005_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-006.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-006.png:image/png: 3C01-04-006_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-006_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-007.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-007.png:image/png: 3C01-04-007_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-007_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-008.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-008.png:image/png: 3C01-04-008_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-008_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-009.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-009.png:image/png: 3C01-04-009_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-009_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-010.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-010.png:image/png: 3C01-04-010_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-010_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-011.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-011.png:image/png: 3C01-04-011_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-011_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-012.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-012.png:image/png: 3C01-04-012_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-012_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-013.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-013.png:image/png: 3C01-04-013_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-013_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-014.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-014.png:image/png: 3C01-04-014_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-014_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-015.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-015.png:image/png: 3C01-04-015_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-015_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-016.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-016.png:image/png: 3C01-04-016_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-016_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-017.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-017.png:image/png: 3C01-04-017_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-017_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-018.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-018.png:image/png: 3C01-04-018_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-018_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-019.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-019.png:image/png: 3C01-04-019_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-019_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-020.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-020.png:image/png: 3C01-04-020_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-020_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-021.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-021.png:image/png: 3C01-04-021_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-021_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-022.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-022.png:image/png: 3C01-04-022_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-022_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-023.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-023.png:image/png: 3C01-04-023_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-023_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-024.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-024.png:image/png: 3C01-04-024_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-024_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-025.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-025.png:image/png: 3C01-04-025_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-025_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-026.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-026.png:image/png: 3C01-04-026_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-026_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-027.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-027.png:image/png: 3C01-04-027_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-027_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-028.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-028.png:image/png: 3C01-04-028_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-028_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-029.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-029.png:image/png: 3C01-04-029_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-029_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-030.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-030.png:image/png: 3C01-04-030_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-030_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-031.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-031.png:image/png: 3C01-04-031_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-031_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-032.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-032.png:image/png: 3C01-04-032_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-032_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-033.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-033.png:image/png: 3C01-04-033_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-033_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-034.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-034.png:image/png: 3C01-04-034_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-034_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-035.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-035.png:image/png: 3C01-04-035_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-035_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-036.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-036.png:image/png: 3C01-04-036_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-036_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-037.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-037.png:image/png: 3C01-04-037_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-037_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-038.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-038.png:image/png: 3C01-04-038_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-038_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-039.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-039.png:image/png: 3C01-04-039_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-039_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-040.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-040.png:image/png: 3C01-04-040_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-040_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-041.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-041.png:image/png: 3C01-04-041_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-041_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-042.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-042.png:image/png: 3C01-04-042_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-042_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-043.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-043.png:image/png: 3C01-04-043_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-043_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-044.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-044.png:image/png: 3C01-04-044_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-044_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-045.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-045.png:image/png: 3C01-04-045_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-045_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-046.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-046.png:image/png: 3C01-04-046_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-046_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-047.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-047.png:image/png: 3C01-04-047_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-047_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-048.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-048.png:image/png: 3C01-04-048_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-048_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-049.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-049.png:image/png: 3C01-04-049_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-049_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-050.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-050.png:image/png: 3C01-04-050_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-050_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-051.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-051.png:image/png: 3C01-04-051_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-051_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-052.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-052.png:image/png: 3C01-04-052_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-052_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-053.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-053.png:image/png: 3C01-04-053_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-053_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-054.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-054.png:image/png: 3C01-04-054_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-054_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-055.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-055.png:image/png: 3C01-04-055_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-055_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-056.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-056.png:image/png: 3C01-04-056_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-056_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-057.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-057.png:image/png: 3C01-04-057_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-057_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-058.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-058.png:image/png: 3C01-04-058_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-058_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-059.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-059.png:image/png: 3C01-04-059_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-059_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-060.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-060.png:image/png: 3C01-04-060_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-060_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-061.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-061.png:image/png: 3C01-04-061_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-061_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-062.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-062.png:image/png: 3C01-04-062_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-062_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-063.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-063.png:image/png: 3C01-04-063_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-063_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-064.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-064.png:image/png: 3C01-04-064_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-064_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-065.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-065.png:image/png: 3C01-04-065_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-065_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-066.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-066.png:image/png: 3C01-04-066_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-066_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-067.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-067.png:image/png: 3C01-04-067_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-067_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-068.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-068.png:image/png: 3C01-04-068_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-068_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-069.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-069.png:image/png: 3C01-04-069_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-069_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-070.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-070.png:image/png: 3C01-04-070_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-070_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-071.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-071.png:image/png: 3C01-04-071_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-071_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-072.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-072.png:image/png: 3C01-04-072_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-072_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-073.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-073.png:image/png: 3C01-04-073_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-073_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-074.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-074.png:image/png: 3C01-04-074_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-074_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-075.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-075.png:image/png: 3C01-04-075_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-075_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-076.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-076.png:image/png: 3C01-04-076_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-076_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-077.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-077.png:image/png: 3C01-04-077_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-077_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-078.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-078.png:image/png: 3C01-04-078_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-078_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-079.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-079.png:image/png: 3C01-04-079_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-079_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-080.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-080.png:image/png: 3C01-04-080_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-080_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-081.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-081.png:image/png: 3C01-04-081_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-081_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-082.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-082.png:image/png: 3C01-04-082_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-082_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-083.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-083.png:image/png: 3C01-04-083_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-083_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-084.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-084.png:image/png: 3C01-04-084_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-084_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-085.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-085.png:image/png: 3C01-04-085_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-085_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-086.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-086.png:image/png: 3C01-04-086_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-086_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-087.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-087.png:image/png: 3C01-04-087_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-087_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-088.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-088.png:image/png: 3C01-04-088_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-088_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-089.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-089.png:image/png: 3C01-04-089_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-089_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-090.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-090.png:image/png: 3C01-04-090_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-090_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-091.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-091.png:image/png: 3C01-04-091_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-091_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-092.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-092.png:image/png: 3C01-04-092_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-092_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-093.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-093.png:image/png: 3C01-04-093_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-093_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-094.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-094.png:image/png: 3C01-04-094_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-094_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-095.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-095.png:image/png: 3C01-04-095_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-095_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-096.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-096.png:image/png: 3C01-04-096_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-096_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-097.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-097.png:image/png: 3C01-04-097_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-097_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-098.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-098.png:image/png: 3C01-04-098_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-098_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-099.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-099.png:image/png: 3C01-04-099_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-099_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-100.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-100.png:image/png: 3C01-04-100_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-100_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-101.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-101.png:image/png: 3C01-04-101_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-101_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-102.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-102.png:image/png: 3C01-04-102_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-102_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-103.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-103.png:image/png: 3C01-04-103_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-103_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-104.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-104.png:image/png: 3C01-04-104_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-104_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-105.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-105.png:image/png: 3C01-04-105_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-105_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-106.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-106.png:image/png: 3C01-04-106_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-106_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-107.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-107.png:image/png: 3C01-04-107_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-107_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-108.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-108.png:image/png: 3C01-04-108_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-108_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-109.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-109.png:image/png: 3C01-04-109_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-109_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-110.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-110.png:image/png: 3C01-04-110_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-110_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-111.tif:image/tiff: 3C01-04-111.png:image/png: 3C01-04-111_thumb.png:image/png: 3C01-04-111_screen.png:image/png: 3C01-04-112.tif:image/unknown:

1 3C01-04-000.png 3C01-04-000.tif 3C01-04-000.tif 410551 PNG 1662 1680 411KB 3C01-04-000.png 3C01-04-000.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-000_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 99 100 png 3C01-04-000_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 495 500 PagedImage <pre> UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO LIBRARY 3c1/4 HISTORY-Migration HAWAIKI by PEI TE HURUNUI JONES (1961) JANUARY 2001 MICROFILM COMPI1TUR SCANNING DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT COMPANY P020. In tab Pew/ 7 47 A711 0 /91 4 rat den0 </pre>

2 3C01-04-001.png 3C01-04-001.tif 3C01-04-001.tif 3240067 PNG 1632 1971 3.24MB 3C01-04-001.png 3C01-04-001.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-001_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 83 100 png 3C01-04-001_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 414 500 PagedImage Find Alters Theories on Pacific 19730704 Peter Trickett Article by Peter Trickett, Herald Science Correspondent re significance of Lapita pottery find in pinpointing date of migration to Samoa Lapita pottery Pāpāho Press clipping Samoa English, typescript smudged unrestricted Peter Trickett L Cowles Trevor Hansen Professor R C Green Archaeological find <pre> opeans coroner shall. forms and decoration may, rP be enabled V them to the invartsbly plain, less that them ain islands were d the ,eelwesteth end of, tfully made and produced, already occusied by. People th"eti,:?rata'weed he neigh xelleital found in this pottery are' on the less that. off, Mr L, Cowles, en enedasper further strong evidence thatshore ate_., build Lost Art : '0 first discovered by s of the first Eth ThE the had is height=41111witen he came en what ?, a tradaingosYsate. :nary small mysterymystery fact that at the time of the, appeared to be a broken d;`; a gaZayrcoiplArt. tsatwthed, in seen while visiting arch.- Green do. not discount the Magical sites in Turkey. pdesibthty that Samosa, pot- A search revealed 'more tery eventuallyeventuallymay,may,be found ITeoes, all of which Mrbe of similar antiquity. owles showed to a visiting', to any case, ye,New Zealand archaeologist, t, Samoan find already shah Mr Trevor Hansen. Recognis- long, the ertplinthed 'll-Loses brought a sample to eel. Polynesian boreolend Auckland for inehoa by' end that may after several g their significance, Mr thee.? Abet Tonga was the Protestor. R. C. Green, pro- hundred rears of evolutionsfessor of' anthropology at flat tahlthe art of Auckland University and a ma de.ted porno,porno,Seedingeding authority CO the' diesLost ? did the Poly. prehistory of the Pacific. 4 noir,. fan oat to colonfee Professor Green coot Sam. d other Pan orts th Ike islands 10 15 By PETER TRICK8TT Herald Science Correspondent A chancind of broken pottery by alt airline engineer searching for rare shell, has provided unexpected proof that Poly- i nesian voyagers reached Samoa at least., 500 years earlier that, archaeologists believed. Lucky Move The find has changed tbe, date of the first kno heman settlement in to 800, BC or even earlier. revision of some It is also theories about the pattern of early miv-atory voyages ip the central Pacific. The pottery discovery, made earlier this year in a lagoon at the Western Samoan Island of Upobs,_ included fragments of idd M elaborately decorated type of pottery never before founn 'Fragments Pottery ;10 weld, eresInesies, Juts 4, tera SICTIONiments have now been re'? ;covered, 388 of them'=ilk resident engineer In of the dredging, Mr TT Hassle a two-hour period oa February 28. All have bean cent to the Auckland War Memorial Museum, where they are being held it 'safekeeping for the Govarnreent of Western Samoa. Professor Green says.. .,ses. great age of the lagoon pottery elm he inferred nut only because Samoans had sot sort made cgrilip Find :Alters. The Samoan lap:. pottery! Tottery quite foundlike any eofarit thee "releaser. thanketth gn blieveats it ? in ritr ia si if .might never have been covered but for Isderision by' he Government of Western WilaU..64.!. and-based archaeological sot- Melm more lathla archaeological cites occur on Samos to dredge a boats PcderY. dated SIPAU ?file14d' tha in the lagoon near i?0,51 before first . ern the the settlement of Mulifanua to the "rd ceaturY AD; suggest Professor (;teen,(;teen,whit PP, done extensive are'oaeologIcal 1;ithe first few oen ries ;research in the Pacific ae AD, tad Instead- turned to .the first Captain Jemee Cook m g wooden vessels ;fellow, also points out that., the Cesturit. the newly discovered pottery erforms. the atlas; of? 00.is who :made distinctive, decorated lapita sand lying Mow ree rev: of hard, metaled coral cruet etre,' seeded ass; plosives toOreak it op. b ut also because of the pieces were iron; location ofe, 11a, Petters' -.e'ages,Ulat jt certain eare Imam ?1/4., the .aye, 40 -areb dnir ,h,e main gaps in the reef. 15r asal Polynealans' ,sed a terminal for the -Weosive variety of Calme-baolet, !ti The site, opposite one of Ifl'only a restricted verb at with 5c torte and t at making only simple, plainit fro. the In period when Samos. werei the entire art of rtteri- Ch a; Closer eidetion , least Though 800 this O still do. not' 1'ediIO'liatt'lZ"' on ,his collection ratiy. Professor Green be-.:62Terthi tiger their extend. kilitheteaseirthies. was was produced sever./ fossiSt through 3 heap a, hundred years before um ? making bad be. etiA owed it to be' et ' make it okl as feel. Samoa If raore than years. The decorated pottery is of a type knirwn. lapita ware, atkolle missionary In 1908 on die island Watom, between ,New Britain and New Ire- land. Watom is about SOW nautical miles from Samoa. Later finds were made on other Melanesian islislandss eluding New Caledonia. the New Re hr the Santa Cruz grooriandLrig, Until now, thin only whet pely W testao ands 14 Id lapite bare Me isktgilt..rz. 0001' ,tk. patter,' fragments be. had- li00 BC, Profess. pottery. ft bore etrat., oottery found on Tonga and allAr= Fiji and. Vole. decorative marldn. tbat 1 hji, Which Wu been radio- on the dace hand, the people reminded Mr Cowes of wee-ttated at between. It made the lapits found ani were new ve culture rely e/Y! .stee64, [aArestat anaas'ig ts is the.- ' ueetted the origin of peaks", math nice or 11~ of those who made the'ierlitotYPee from which these artefacts derived," Pre-' teeior. Gram et. , anaher: one ow buried in !rja. It argue that, in fact, chaigost? in the Polynetian direvtIon pottery, adroita orearaetts leek i,cefee Samoa as early es, earlier t than, In Tonga,.. Rookaor t areennays. t gq431-:C10111 4f appears claim to be :regarded as that furx.,4uPtal homolsild in which ly. nesian culture ? tn. language in: lv evoed," ?korri,Gyiitittlildwitahtsot </pre>

3 3C01-04-002.png 3C01-04-002.tif 3C01-04-002.tif 1254503 PNG 1695 2094 1.255MB 3C01-04-002.png 3C01-04-002.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-002_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-002_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 405 500 PagedImage Beach Find Backs Kon Tiki Theory 19621113 New Zealand Herald Reports on finding gas cylinder which illustrates sea current patterns as per Thor Heyerdahl's theory South America Polynesian migration theory Pāpāho Press clipping Fiji Fulaga Island English unrestricted Thor Heyerdahl Migration to South America <pre> tiovorabex, A Wonder willn Ilse gas cylioder. BEACH FIND BACKS KON TIKI THEORY The finding of k I coati, gas cylinder on a beach at remote Fulalta Island, to the Fiji group, may revive, the controversy as to the, origin of the Polynesians. The cylinder had travelled a quarter of the world's cir. cumferience. along a similar Mile to that followed by Thor Reyerdahrs balsawood raft Kon Tiki io 1957. It was found that It was !manufactured Ay-tae Danis of Kosangas. which sr , it Anwniea was ravaged by vlolent earth- quakes and floods, and it hi Presumed that the cylinder was 'tir'tio at drift. The flotilla is regarded by some as auppert for Hey, dahl's theory of a migratfed from South America. allhoultk he now believes the main neaten movement wan from South-east Asia. </pre>

4 3C01-04-003.png 3C01-04-003.tif 3C01-04-003.tif 609177 PNG 1645 1961 609KB 3C01-04-003.png 3C01-04-003.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-003_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 84 100 png 3C01-04-003_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 419 500 PagedImage Heyerdahl Explains Theories 19620825 New Zealand Herald Details of Heyerdahl's Polynesian migration theory Polynesian migration Pāpāho Press clipping Honolulu English unrestricted Thor Heyerdahl 10th Pacific Science Congress <pre> - j4;us t 1964 111610 I I 4'1'4' xrdai heorkes, ,licaolutu The Norwedip antitetiPOiogist Thor Heyerdahl said yeeter. day that be believed the Polyiiedans came Impdonesla. fieyerdahl. who is In Mee. lulu for the 10th Pacific Science Congress, referred to his crossing from Peru to the Swath Seas In tsar an the raft Ken Till and the book he subsequently wrote about the voyage. ' Current Theory At that finithe he was trying to fled ellt If re was a link between Polynesia and America due to ocean cur. rents. Heyerdahl contends that people got to Polynesia?including Hawaii?on balsawood rafts launched from oan: America. 1 bat he odd Yesterday that rheory that there was an definitely accepted the clonea origin belied the present Paiiimealaa race a.' culture: Utters On Route , "In this respect." he con- tinued, only differ in opinion as the route of arrival front the Indonesian islands to Polynesia. "I do not believe the Ind?. sesta. migration went' through either Melanesia or Micronesia believe It went the natural route farther north with the Japan current by Why of the selectee northwest Pacific (along the north-West coast of Amorical-and dews to South America and Hewett". </pre>

5 3C01-04-004.png 3C01-04-004.tif 3C01-04-004.tif 1071477 PNG 1652 1962 1.071MB 3C01-04-004.png 3C01-04-004.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-004_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 84 100 png 3C01-04-004_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 421 500 PagedImage Research Indicates Kumara Came From South America 19620410 Herald Science Correspondent Explains research being carried out as supportive evidence that kumara were bought to Polynesia via South America Kumara origins Pāpāho Press clipping South America English unrestricted Mr D E Yen <pre> ZiLLAND lic,11ALD - 10, 1962, Riselack Indicates. Kumara Came'1 From Stinerica '4 Herald Science Correspondent -1 The limners, one of the major food plants of the Pacific, presents many problenis to tits orchaeologist, anthropo 1st and IMaSjot, _ ____ r itra vegetable research station Agriculture In the Pacifier But research carried out at Different Introductiorait.' at Otara over the last few Islands was based almost., year. has gone a long way entIrelY On plants which' towsrd betpIng to solve mete not.:.:.4Yi3utffti ' of the problem, Alt a E. South and Central America; Ten, officer In charge of thel seed crops had been eaten. I station, told the Auckland give's/ used since the earliest, University Archaeological 43, at short to archaeoloB . cal records. I Society. "The Crete, of ?fie, or "I feel that If the Pacific the hullers, I ant forced to had hae_a populated feet. admit, seems to be In Or near nay, ,,., Owe_n rood mom South. .ice.- told Me such as corn, or Peppers, or Yea. -Te statement may be squash, should base been unpalatable to some People; introduced." said Mr Yen. hot I believe the evidence "Instead, the vegetativey rehears It out.' producing kunsara was intro- Mr Yea explained bow he dueed. - had collected about 900 .The hyaothaaia I would amp/ea at kurnara lot New put forward, based on this Zealand, Polynesia, South evidence, is that the kerma. Aeneeke. meianee,e. New wrsoms brought Leto llsrb,Pirlie Guinea and parts of South- t nesions.? , east Asia. These had been -- ----------.--- -- brought to New Zealand and grown at Otara. Reproduced Agally The plants were studied In three ways- -by exemining their cells and chromosomes, the dements responsible for growth and development: by studying the physical varia lions in plan.; and by studying their reproduction. Wherever the kuniara was grown It we. reproduced vegetatively or asexually by planting cuttings or tubers at to New Zealand. This gave very little variation from generation to generation. But lobes the plant flowered and set seed, practically every seed gave a different variety. "The plant Is the roam specths wherever It la grown: sig4 Mr Yen. .13at It can she" groat gmlatIon. The gycSaS imbibe la shown tsUStI America?cat just in en acthristIc but </pre>

6 3C01-04-005.png 3C01-04-005.tif 3C01-04-005.tif 908957 PNG 1670 1990 909KB 3C01-04-005.png 3C01-04-005.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-005_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 84 100 png 3C01-04-005_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 420 500 PagedImage Hunt in Pacific for Path of Early Migrations 19620921 D S Milne, Science Correspondent, New Zealand Herald Reports on 10th Pacific Science Congress discussing Polynesian migration Polynesian migration Pāpāho Press clipping Honolulu English, smudged, 2 pages unrestricted D S Milne Thor Heyerdahl Dr K P Emory Mr R C Green Dr Roger Duff Mr Jack Golson 10th Pacific Science Congress <pre> ZnALAND la HAL - Septertber 2I, 1961. f Pao lc.' - I.? ' 4 4 for- Pat S their part in a new anci4o-ofiliiiated programme for stUX in the Patttic area, Novi,ealand archaeologists for the pr concentrate their activities Samoa; ' stft Islands. irn Island- ml the CIatkeikt a bro'a'd Winn. of the Wirlyhistory P ific d out this tionth by lea ng archaeolgginfttat egcience Congress in Hans- Oulu- .1slatoti r ' ? The neNtggeannrie;Vdaf </pre>

7 3C01-04-006.png 3C01-04-006.tif 3C01-04-006.tif 51587 PNG 1632 1620 51.6KB 3C01-04-006.png 3C01-04-006.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-006_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 100 99 png 3C01-04-006_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 500 496 PagedImage Dates Pei Te Hurinui Jones Blank page headed Dates in Pei's handwriting <p>This document has no text.</p>

8 3C01-04-007.png 3C01-04-007.tif 3C01-04-007.tif 2523595 PNG 1632 1953 2.524MB 3C01-04-007.png 3C01-04-007.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-007_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 84 100 png 3C01-04-007_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 418 500 PagedImage <pre> Zi,ALAND - Seziternber a cb, 1962 (Continued the cause of thr build-up and subsequent, dittapPgarance of roputations email Moo. Writp arChaeolbayt taken In conactf?n with studies of the present populatiop 'and Its rate et Increase. Is relation to, the resourtea of the Island, may produce the answer. Home Area The prehistory of the Chatham Islands is largely of Meal importance, and work there would not have the broad ahUfleiniae. of studiai In Samoa, the Cook Islands Past research was discussed and analysed, and plans for future work in :areas '.Grht import ance were ikrawn ArchaeologiCal preilrarnosee for each of the three cultural areas of the Pacific?Mel. nesla. Ificronesla arm Pally- siesta?were prepared, and will New Zealand. Hawaii and be cated an randy Cad Easter Island, could only be datatass bosome ?so,,blie. answered by research in these area or centre) groups, the committee Spelt Interest to New Zetliaud said. ll, w probab ty Zealand and ChitaiTlibit 'Eiratax) into a preittmenelw eyerdahl, of,. Kan-tikl -Mew rearm in Honolulu; Maria. '.The proposals vtractseifbe illsraggdan dig- he pposals wore incor- K. P. Emory, 0 Ithealishop ' Magr bite C. Green, senior lecturer; la is ready and willini stein: in the Pacific archaeologieal Igoe-rams in hese'Wittri- Sorbs, but frees hop! that parties frees 4 any other without. outside support. authorities 'Oaf/ in the mum continuity et the mars.. might patted- antis In tad collaborate: the New Zealand programme., said klg.Gree_n and Dr 'Duff in putting forward the New Tesdand proposals. 'Ilrelelltliankelr are not ht. ,tended to minimise the Inaportiace of current work la New Zealand," said Mr r In /Welland yesterday. . laut as far as the ben' picture of Polynesian pre I histor ?history before wrist records-Is concerned, th Islands am tot more import-I ante than Np, Zealand. "Ten. Zoabed now has `strong body of arejsa04. Oho have a;aahrml lattireit these are. eepecially -"it?" studies ftheee. rasp help toi that psheSIVOrrect Nerve . By D. S. tkered1 10er44' COrrespondent way aft's bland group. Work tO tht progr to out 6x.' or Pitcairn island. . But they are an Area which `.'" could Inigate from their New' Zealand archaeolegistx and the C.m own resources. The other areas eindel. hardly be Melded Mr Green preblithry at a ue kland Unl rend, , ithrtist years would ha required. ,aceording to Mc Green and Dr very' and Dr Heger Duff, Old Puzzle director of the CenterhmY , Duff. At best, New Zealand ---Museu'Ittalrit Island Is not as could send only two expedi- L je Eastern 1,01,348121. the :reports. 11, (he (cunork 011 sannitaneoualy01 .,oi g! Pacific selenne congress five' committee decided that the ei Polynen history as ekl. At least dwo seaman years Doman., I central groups el Fiend( guide or the Cook blaatie, 'mild be needed In Adm. lyileMii. Including the Feel- but itia a unique example M e, sty Austral, Tuainoto ' and a small arid befitted island, i Per. three YeM5' whit. the ,'Marquesa Islands, and the With alwadant archaeological estimated cost of New Zen-Cook Islands, were of great- trace. of, former miptualload'a Participation Is as cat importance. But Me bland had beet Paellle programme la about Questions raised pe a reeled'ibandoned before the artiest ?7500. ,of work in areas on, thlin 14-disg. Bounty mutineers in I rjr.,ssitnitf,i,cairawal.= At eastern Polynesia. suchas Fp,. iig_ a problem ?aa to Si I ---._____..--- --- genexle,-fehica was possibly. sit, settlement In the ate liat Me first major letitK elHc, Is of great whine,. Work wit! : centrated on the establish. met ok rte date mid char.' acts, et the earliest Polynesian trAtlernent. Tar only archaeological work to Stnea has been that. of Mr J ck Golsen, foresee lecturer in prehistory at Audit-hind University, in 1937. Thiel excavation produced a radiocarbon settlement data is Abel, `,.91ilttlflons o".D'n the Cock Islands will be seeded to ratt,; the theory that the Maori/ I migrated, to New Leatand by I here would also prove of./. value In conjunction with the ' Dr Duff planned Investigations In the ism, programmeat tease. ee".14' She hope thaS.'lt thus new; nrograteane euecerully I eau= =St.:IC1 0;14 To131"MtbWetl 11ff/inert </pre>

9 3C01-04-008.png 3C01-04-008.tif 3C01-04-008.tif 1794807 PNG 1708 2113 1.795MB 3C01-04-008.png 3C01-04-008.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-008_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-008_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 404 500 PagedImage Little Accord on Origin of Pacific People 19610908 New Zealand Herald Reports on specifics of carbon dating processes in relation to Pacific migration routes as well as the significance of the kumara Pacific origins carbon dating kumara Pāpāho Press clipping Honolulu English unrestricted Thor Heyerdahl Dr Richard Shutler Dr Jacques Barrau Mr D E Yen Dr Ichizo Nishiyama Tenth Pacific Science Congress <pre> 11.:? 2, AL AND H ;1ALD - 1 dAy , 8th ey t enlber , 1961 PACIFIC SCIENCE CONGRESS Little Accord on Origin' Of Pacific People TRADITION A POOR GUIDE One of the biggest problems of the Pacific, and one that will cause argument and even actual strife when practically any group of ethnologists and anthropologists gets together, is the question of the origin of the people of the Pacific anheir migra- I tion to their island homes. 0..e'er the biggest Problems Enough Data linuch bias .0f the Pacific. and one thatCarbon dello,. as described thought. tiwIll cause argument end evenl by Ur Richard Shinier. of thei Soother major 'f actual strife when practically; Neva. State Museum ISO to the sSer7 a1 the Pacify any groan or ethaologfstaCarson CR, is far from con.! ethnobotany?tae --Tag , stud. lanthrogots togeLber. ebl4sivetira1,zou,seth dafl f;eiipnizthos 1crdlltt ie the question of the Origio on analysis, ma new science, bet its poi. 1 of the people of the Pacific According to Dr Shutter. the ItiellY and appeal were to-. . and their migration to t belr people of the South China Parent at a sPe ai sYmPd. [island homes. coast had seagoing vessels as slum on plaids a. For New Zee/and, of course, early as 2000 and Born. thigrat. al Peelfic Pcoisics. 'thy Maio People of interest this arms the future inhab, The symposium was con. law (ha Maori, who in them- Cants of the Pacific. left, vened by Dr Jacques Barran, selves ate a group of the lawing at least two rows. executive officer for eco Pollarts. One group weal tbrmtgh9hehl untie development of the Tradition gives the story of PhiliPPthen 900 91IerooeshtiSnoth Path,: Commission In ,the Maori's arrival In New aild the other through the New Caledonia, and one of Zealand and his former wan., Iationesion archipelago into the Pacific's leading botanists. Il devil/ss around the Paelfte. Melanesia. naae ft to Dr The year 1947 had marked But tradition is far from( Siniticr. The mtgretionsi the beginning of a new era 'being a reliable scientific spread from these two grouPto Pacific ethnobotany. said guide and today the anthro Carbon dating has shows Dr Barran, with the publierc I palatial relies on languages. ,thet She wanderers had ar- tion of American research on or radio-carbon dining. or fp the Marianas by 1500 the New World cottons, and archaeology,or the carom. f3. and Yap Island by Heyerdahi's epic 140o1,1 goTle pi's'n'Z "in LifedBoynit:",whesettTe'd'by5::r;'11. us'ZIV'r' reconsider question of Pacific "' P111 by 46 B Samoa' what we had almost accepted the by 9, Hawaii by as dogma in the theories of p glee. at the of 124. Easter /sta. by , human migration in the deal 400, aad New Zealand by Paytffc , hot once again about A D. 1100. i But with anihropolgists, hot. ere tism found it hard le n scie accord. Most, Wm- But carbon dating can I waists and linguists working reach todedding, an Of Sinai, together over the last few ever. on one thin, Pointed n. In many eases years the knowledge of the the point of oete10 et the Polynesian race. 1,0,71Z. on ea ;late has been mad, Pacific migration had grown, P eh ehaeoltaical site, a, said De Barra. towing ha Internal checking., //veil Thor Heyerdahl. the I athd the sites excavated are' Norwegian with 0. Ills loot necessarily the earliest in I balsa cab K.-Tiki across the etch area, end awn glee ootb- Pacific from South Arnerlea fee were than so indicatitut in 1947. at, Proof a Ma thee, 01 the tinny the islands watel that the pre-Columbian In- .Sled. diens could have done the (hut same thing, now accepts South-east Asia. as the atart Even the earbat;lataat. Mg point for thy Polynesian' :Ind has shown that tier race. But he stillbelieves Iii ierritIcoPtlons of the migrations I the American migrations Intd s hundreds of Y.' (hOdalbly "'toy Iti4rd th,:cgetee IcLhen of Easter Island. </pre>

10 3C01-04-009.png 3C01-04-009.tif 3C01-04-009.tif 90111 PNG 1632 1623 90.1KB 3C01-04-009.png 3C01-04-009.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-009_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 100 99 png 3C01-04-009_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 500 497 PagedImage Ethno-Botany Easter Island and Andean plants Pei Te Hurinui Jones Blank page with heading Ethno-Botany Easter Island and Andean plants <pre> Slap - -4ftr </pre>

11 3C01-04-010.png 3C01-04-010.tif 3C01-04-010.tif 1693957 PNG 1632 2050 1.694MB 3C01-04-010.png 3C01-04-010.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-010_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-010_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 398 500 PagedImage <pre> 4IgiAlnl_14ig,)?. 7. S-1.,8th ep ( Continued ) r_ the stafei" were still dohs tinning. he said but one thing Jed emerged of great importance. Although MP only method of cuttetatIon in all the areas where trw an3,11,1 Seas vegetative. bY drips 0 tubers. natural seed also occurred throughout the ranee 'irIoes. More then a- Quarter of yte varieties brought hack and plaaied In rime ZOO-laud flowered. whereas New Zealand varieties. both Maori and post-European. had hot flowered in 0e0e0 years. All the evidence pointed to a hYbrid origin kw the sweet potato, said Mr 'Yen, and the centre of, saiWh, without a doubt, Was Smith' America. "The 'direction of transfer must have been 'from ea ,t to west." Mr Yea said. "Nut I would still be a little cunSel,ative as to who brought It into the Pacific. Transport /Medium "Since it is so similar to the large number of vegeta. SocV propagated food Planta of Melasesta and Polynesia, 1 (eel the Polynesians must have MMed Mg this one Plant from a whole continent of food plants." The Importance of seed as as a trampori medium had not been sufficiently emphasised. said Mr Yen. For one thing. a large number of seeds could be carried and for another, the geastic structure of the aanstra,was gush that each seed was a potential variety. "Hamm trawler of the seed Mew rot heed recorded r=r1"lea in So 4"_bt_ "0,0 there Is Me possibility of nonhuman grassier. possibly by tills." In spite of this work. very little D known yet about- the wild plant from which the' sweet potato wai domesti, rated. No one knows what it was, or where it was. Dr lasts? Nishlyarna. of Kyoto- Ulaversity, presented a paper claiming that a plant he hod found hi Mexico was Ithe most closely related wild species of the modern sweet potato plant. Hy D. 0. Moe. New Zealand Herald saitsco Coo-respondent. who atteaded the 10th Pantile Selence Congress in Honalign. la his view, the main centre 1ot origin of the Pacific food plants was the Indo Malayslaa lama. although some. with Mt; the sugar cane and same bale anes. seemed to have erIglaer lied ho New Guinea. "But we need much better Iknowledgc of the origin. dift-1 lItribution and dommtication of Pacific plants before we can again make dogmatic atatements." said Dr Barran. Heyerdahl himself claimed that Easter Island bad unique Possibilittes for migration studies, since it was so-isolated. A few Andean species of plants were found oa the island. indicating possible; coutact with man from the American coast 2080 rages' away. "The small number of An-. dean plants rouad on Easter Island are all useful plants and 01 the useful plants on Easter Island more are of Andean origin than are of Polynesian origin," said Dr, HeyeMahl. Too Theories The sweet pOtal0 1011 of great Importance as It WIas the basic food of the native. But two theories had been put forward for its origin- one that It was on Arneriran plant which had spread to the Old World and the Pacl. fIc; and the other that St was: ;of African origin. acid had come to ArtZenrca 11'; Ptrwo!. I routes, across the Atlantic anal through incite and the Pacific. Dr HeyeMahl belies. Pep -vett potato. or kunstrl, originated to Chile or Perk. gad spread across the tine, with Plater LdaaA as the eastern gateway,: Chile peppers wera.,:ittswe on Easter Island in pre-Euro Ream times. said Do H0, MAI. while Plaster ',NNW.? had never apparently. been u,ed for making pot, a Stank food of Polynesia. No ppi pounders had been tooted Easter Island eacayaDosis Mr D. E. Yen, director of the New Zealand. Government vegetahie research station m Auckland, agreed on the South American origin of the Immata. Hug he also thought It had been 1,ought into the Pacific Polynesia, voyagers. Mr Yen described expert-; meats with a collection of distinct varieties of kumara1 made in Peru, Ecuador,: Colombia. New Guinea. South.; least Asia, Fill and some of its; ; neighbouring western Poly.: Islands and New Zealand. I nmian Islands. the Cook Ioutinost of the dififestes Present thought a great deal more evidence WO needed before they would wow. Dr NIshiyama s claim. However. there seems 00, doubt that a seat will be; made for the wild `Profielittmal ofthe sweet potato and manyI other Pacific food Phials, gi ;they can be found?and there, ts some doubt as to whetheri hey can be?they may fill In 'another page M the story of I the origin of the People of the! Pacific. and their Paths Of, migration to their island! i homes. </pre>

12 3C01-04-011.png 3C01-04-011.tif 3C01-04-011.tif 1164039 PNG 1843 2111 1.164MB 3C01-04-011.png 3C01-04-011.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-011_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 87 100 png 3C01-04-011_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 437 500 PagedImage Origin Of The Maori 19610904 The Northern Advocate Reports on various Polynesian migratory routes from South-East Asia via Western India and Peru via Alaska Māori origins Pāpāho Press clipping English, smudged, parts difficult to read unrestricted Dr Roger Duff Sir Peter Buck Thor Heyerdahl <pre> THE NOHTHERN ADVOCATb - September 4, 1961 .-fie Northern A ,ltagishicsa Trentmla on T,ro1, : I , (:)rigin Of The gorearret ec?ert,e ssroiled up the 1 41, direttOrTes lq Jape reeroasel, tremit hluse,rn, who le in :o Alaska oral found their way eludYthg Potyocaian dawn lbe Peak chorea of the has adduced evidence Americas Gil a branch of them Yee es that the Maoris came, hived off from Pero cod drifted ihr Str reter Buck end moat auth- on to the Iola. of Polynesia. kit. believed. from South-East In dm way he aeCOuntA their I Aithil and crowed into the Wends failure to colonise Sfeianesia and,e liii/le Pee. before saig to Mope, two vast scattered : Teter favoured In., and must Savo beer. in the Path et V I aro. gre. of Wands and Via which 1 ro Iadla at that. for the mLeration east wards teeth the i boatedand Hawaia1 the Far- Wands of Inclo. i The Melanesians and Idicrone- i rWYde toy tbere Weft at guns are entirely differtal racial, .,fgawallus?the Sear, group,. not rdd in any way to i the-par-Away ? which Polynesians. 4 'deetote etoppinlaces }lerdahl cortenda that the / "`"T. would place the 7Z Aint'a6ca 11".4-- tile mate of migration. , drifting . rafts found their =4,41, dch TorTi::1 III': Zwaii. , . .e,..-':"-"t7PA7r.t7 `;';':. =,:e-rPrA ly,"4.= I dia oitose orifinall'y'frorn - America kJ linwaiki life atiiii Cc. kiitt.-ecists believe. Hawaii the Near. heM, These are fascinating conies, ;- it'a= t, from Theetires but it le probable we chart Heyerda. ef ft eitaTial fame. also never learn the abaci,. , The Kum of erclutedogied i 'He wrobistins revehdnary ethcolopeal knowledge q,o, theory that the Polynesians eel- conthumiliy, bat history has a tee, i Irt tneglAeru by saying he of hiding. or losing. vital keys to or Wen. illi cane from torpkte her plums. j ', </pre>

13 3C01-04-012.png 3C01-04-012.tif 3C01-04-012.tif 1547421 PNG 1662 2076 1.547MB 3C01-04-012.png 3C01-04-012.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-012_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-012_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 400 500 PagedImage Digging For The Truth 19610830 Manawatu Evening Standard Reports on Thor Heyerdahl's Polynesian migration theory as well as the study of Māori skulls and carbon-dating on wooden fragments found during an excavation in Wellington Polynesian migration carbon-dating Māori skulls Honolulu English unrestricted Thor Heyerdahl Dr Roger Duff Kupe Tenth Pacific Science Congress Pāpāho <pre> y4gtiq ?TADIJARD ,qedriesclay,. NESDAT, AUGUST 30 DIGGING FOR THE TRUTH Mallow/et the scientific, merit of the Kan Tiki expedition was much questioned at the time, and has been in the 14 years since Thor Heyerdahl and his party drifted Oh their balsa-log raft from Peru into Eastern Polynesia, it has bad one result which can only be applauded. It fired many people, whose interest in the origins of the Polynesians had previously been only desultory, to make their own studies in an attempt to 'shed more light on this fascinating problem. In NPR. Zealand. in particular, there has been a great upsurge in interest, so mush so that, comparison with the pre-war period, the rebels field of research seems to be in quite a ferment. Just lately there has been much discussion during the Nellie Sefence Congress in Honolulu. Mr Heyerdahl said there that the "general assumption" that he believed that the Polynesians came from Sonth America was not correct, end that that crossing was only the last stage on a long, long journey which took those people almost right around the Pacific Ocean. He said he accepted the theory of an Indonesian origin behind the Polynesian race, and contended that the ancestors of the Manris followed the ocean cure is at each stage, includ inn e last. Roger Duff, of the Canter-lee Museum, and a leader in tl t field. has been making s dies of his own and is report- to have found a similarity etween ancient stone adzes unarthed in the Philippines. Formosa. South China and Eastern Polynesia. Mr Heyerdahl hes prepared that the search be widened, to include North-West America, in the belief that the Polynesians touched on those shores during their migration. Just recently several Japanese scientists have been in this country, in the course of LSouth-Esat Asian tour, to studyencl. Maori Ault. in an attempt to determine whether there is a link between those unearthed here a a d others found elsewhere in this great ocean basin. In both the North and loath Islands archaeological excavations have brought to light material which, when carbon-dated, has shown that the Maoris lived in this country Re eerly as 1000 , but pieces of wood, found during deep excavations in Wellington for a big office building, are believed to be 1500 yeses aid, and a preliminary observation indicates that the ends of one or two of them 'ere sawn deep through. That last discovery, if the initial aumptions are found to be justified, could be one of the most important yet, because it would mean that this country was inhabited thousands of years before anyone previously believed it seas ? or had any reason to assume. Certainly none of the tales and legends of the Maori, handed down from generation to generation. gave any reason to believe that their ancestors reached these shores before about 900 ?the estimated date of Kupe's arrival. Now it appears that the whole question has been thrown wide open again and this should he a further spur to those people and group whose interest has already been gained. While only few of these students will be able to travel around the shores of the Pacific to further their researches they should be encouraged by the knowledge that what appears to be the most important Polynesian discovery in years was made in Nee. Zealand; and not only that, but in the heart of the oapital city. Dr Duff and Mr Heyerdahl and ?there may be ableto range wider, but there is clearly plenty of orb to be done here which auld be both interesting ant port- ant. </pre>

14 3C01-04-013.png 3C01-04-013.tif 3C01-04-013.tif 925531 PNG 1632 2053 926KB 3C01-04-013.png 3C01-04-013.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-013_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 79 100 png 3C01-04-013_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 397 500 PagedImage Pre-History Of The Maoris 19610826 Gisborne Herald Reports on statements made by Dr Duff regarding similarities in adzes from the East pacific and South-East Asia and THor Heyerdahl's migration theory Polynesian artifacts Pāpāho Press clipping Honolulu English unrestricted Dr Roger Duff Thor Heyerdahl <pre> 9P-1 a!-.42 7 ti MAORI PRE-HISTORY OF THE MAORI Twa statements ft,10 recognised authoritie4 on e origin of the Polynesian race have been made dtfing the past few days. One came from Dr. Roger Duff, director of the Canterbury Museum, who is in Honolulu studying Polynesian Rei0M. He has noted a clear similarity between certain adzes which belong to the Eastern Pacific and others which are common in South-East Asia. He suggests that this is additional- evIdenee in favour of the commonly accepted theory that the Maoris came originally fmn some earl of South-East Asia, possibly as far distant' no India. Prom here they migrated, probably through the blonds of the Central Pacific, to Hawaiiki before ultimately , moving on to New Zealand. The second statement came from Dr. Thor Hcyerdahl, of Kontiki fame. He too accepts the view that the Polynesians were of Asiatic origin, but suggests that their route was by way of the China coast and Japan. and thence eross to the American continent,' Prom there they grades- ally moved smith to Peru, and then made use of balsa rafts to carry them to the Central Pacific. It is a fascinating theory, less probable than the orthodox one, but not beyond the bounds of possibility. In these matters historians are working almost entirely In the dark, for Maori legends tell us little of predlawaiiki days, and almost the only evidence comes from ethnologists and archaeologists. We will probably never arrive at the ultimate truth, but each year the body of knowledge grows. I n ia work that deserves the fattest encouragement, for few exercises so stimulate the imagination as the effort to pierce the veil that history throws over her beginnings. </pre>

15 3C01-04-014.png 3C01-04-014.tif 3C01-04-014.tif 647985 PNG 1646 2053 648KB 3C01-04-014.png 3C01-04-014.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-014_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-014_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage Complimentary Copies of "Hawaiki" 19610805 Pei Te Hurinui Jones List of people sent copies of Hawaiki Hawaiki ? Record English, handwritten unrestricted ? <p>This document has no text.</p>

16 3C01-04-015.png 3C01-04-015.tif 3C01-04-015.tif 727849 PNG 1632 1574 728KB 3C01-04-015.png 3C01-04-015.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-015_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 100 96 png 3C01-04-015_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 500 482 PagedImage Letter from Dr J W Freudenberg 19610727 Dr J W Freudenberg Dr J W Freudenberg congratulates Pei on the article he wrote on Hawaiki Hawaiki Mātauranga English, handwritten St Heliers Taumarunui unrestricted Dr J W Freudenberg Thor Heyerdahl Pei Te Hurinui Jones Letter <p>This document has no text.</p>

17 3C01-04-016.png 3C01-04-016.tif 3C01-04-016.tif 421111 PNG 1632 1368 421KB 3C01-04-016.png 3C01-04-016.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-016_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 100 84 png 3C01-04-016_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 500 419 PagedImage Letter from The Polynesian Society 10600804 J M Booth Mr Booth reminds Pei to send his script for Chairman's addresses Publication Chairman's addresses Pāpāho Letter English unrestricted J M Booth, Sir Charles Cotton Pei Te Hurinui Jones <pre> THE POLYNESIAN SOCIETY DRUIDS' CHAMBERS. WOODWARD STREET. . BOX 5195. . 4 August 1960 Mr Pei Jones, Box 78, TAUMARUNUI. Dear Joncs, The Secretary of the Royal Society has asked me _to remind you.that scripts of Charmen!.s_addr,sses are urgently required for publication. I believe you are already revising your script, but I am sure they would appreciate it if it could be sent to the Editor as soon as possible. The Editor's adress is Sir Charles Cotton, 2 Sanuka Avenue, Lower Hutt. With best wishes, (. Booth). Hon. Secretary. </pre>

18 3C01-04-017.png 3C01-04-017.tif 3C01-04-017.tif 641303 PNG 1838 2112 641KB 3C01-04-017.png 3C01-04-017.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-017_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 87 100 png 3C01-04-017_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 435 500 PagedImage Ninth New Zealand Science Congress 19600629 R W Willett, NZ Geological Survey Mr Willett reminds Pei to send his manuscript Publication Chairman's addresses Pāpāho Letter English unrestricted Ninth New Zealand Science Congress Pei Te Hurinui Jones R W Willett Sir Charles Cotton Dr Salmon <pre> NINTH NEW ZEALAND SCIENCE CONGRESS t C,-,1ogical Survey, Bu 368, LOWER HUll. 29 June 1960. TO TEE CHAIRMEN, ALL SECTIOITS CHAIRMEN'S ADDRESSES It is a matter of importance to the Congress Committee that the Congress volume be ready for printing at the earliest possible date. This can be done only if Chairmen's addresses are received promptly. do far only six nave been received. I would be grateful if you would speed the preparation of the manuscript of your Address at the earliest possible date and forward it to Sir Charles Cotton, Editor, 8 Lanuks Avenue, Loser Hutt. You may already have dispatched your fddress to the Secretary or Dr Salmon ,r Sir Charles Cotton himself. If so, please ignore this request. Chairman. OrganizingCorJ,ittee w </pre>

19 3C01-04-018.png 3C01-04-018.tif 3C01-04-018.tif 66189 PNG 1760 1619 66.2KB 3C01-04-018.png 3C01-04-018.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-018_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 100 92 png 3C01-04-018_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 500 460 PagedImage Main routes into Pacific Pei Te Hurinui Jones Blank page with title <p>This document has no text.</p>

20 3C01-04-019.png 3C01-04-019.tif 3C01-04-019.tif 587303 PNG 1760 1590 587KB 3C01-04-019.png 3C01-04-019.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-019_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 100 90 png 3C01-04-019_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 500 452 PagedImage Royal Society of New Zealand Ninth New Zealand Science Congress 19600512 Pei Te Hurinui Jones Pei thanks The Royal Society of New Zealand for his appointment as Chairman for the Anthropology Section of the Congress Appointment to Chair Anthropology Section ? Speech English unrestricted Royal Society of New Zealand Ninth New Zealand Science Congress <p>This document has no text.</p>

21 3C01-04-020.png 3C01-04-020.tif 3C01-04-020.tif 1403583 PNG 1781 1962 1.404MB 3C01-04-020.png 3C01-04-020.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-020_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-020_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 454 500 PagedImage Hawaiki, The Original Home of The Maori 196104 Pei Te Hurinui Jones Section J-Anthropology, Chairman's Address, Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Vol. 89, Part 1 (Ninth Science Congress Report), pp99-113, April 1961. Hawaiki Māori origins Pāpāho Journal article English, author's copy, 15 pages unrestricted NZ Science Congress, 1960 <pre> 5 4,2t04 ,V /CO/1 SECTION 7?ANTHROPOLOGY Chairman's Address HAWAIKI, THE ORIGINAL HOME OF THE MAORI Pm To Human Jones THEORY OF ININAN ORIGIN IN the preface to the third edition of his book Hawaiki Percy Smith wrote: "The writer is fully aware that his theory as to the origin of the Polynesian race from India expressed in this work is weak, through want of accm to works on early India. But a friend of the writer's has accumulated a vast amount of valuable information bearing on the question from the Indian standpoint, which information it is hoped, shortly be published." Percy Smith's Ilawaiki was published over fifty years ago, and so far as I am aware the friend referred to did not publish the material mentioned by him. In the meantime, though Percy Smith described his theory as weak, New Zealand authors have generally accepted the supposition that "the Polynesians originated in India ".' Both Elsdon Best and Te Rangihiroa (Sir Peter Buck) accepted the theory, and the latter developed his geographical Polynesian triangle' from the migration traditions as interpret.' by Percy Smith and placed its apex on Easter Island (or Rapanui), its northern angle on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau, and its third and southern angle on New Zealand (or Aotearoa). The triangle, therefore, had its base centred on the important island groups of Samoa and Tonga, and this base included the atoll group of Tokelau and the atoll of Pukaplika, lying to the nonh and north-east of Samoa. These islands served as the western facade of Polynesia. Te Rangihiroa in his Vikings of the Sitarist rejected the southern Melanesian migration route became, as he observes: " In general the Polynesians are physically very different from the Melanesians. Had they stopped a: Melanesian islands to refit their ships and gather new supplies it is probable that racial intermixture would have taken place." He went on to say: " Much of the linguistic evidence formerly cited in support of an original west to east migration of Polynesians through Melanesia has recently been proved to indicate a movement Irons Polynesia wmtward to the marginal islands of Melanesia." Finally, Te Rangihiroa propounded the theory that the northern route, which was the only other possible west to east island-studded route into the Pacific, was die route followed by our Polynmian ancestors. This route leads "through Yap, Palau, and the Caroline Islands; then it branches, one line leading north-east through the Marshall Islands towards Hawaii, and one going south-east through the Gilbert and Phoenix Islands to enter Polynesia north of Samoa.'"s As a note of reminiscence of that great man- -a lovable character in every way I should like to recall at this stage an early incident in cry youth. Te Rangihiroa was discussing Hawaiki with a group of young people, and I lead the temerity to object to one of the propositions then propounded that our ancestors had been, it were, pushed from "pillar to post" by the pressure of population in Java and other islands leading easterly to Melanesia and onwards into what is now Polynesia. 1 Percy Smith, lotto., 1910, p. 85. 2 P. Buck's Vikings of the Sonr., 1938. P. Buck, Viking, of Me Sunrise, 1938. Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 99 Vol. 89, Part I (Ninth Science Congress Report), PP. 99-113, April, 1961. </pre>

22 3C01-04-021.png 3C01-04-021.tif 3C01-04-021.tif 1526725 PNG 1803 1981 1.527MB 3C01-04-021.png 3C01-04-021.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-021_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-021_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 455 500 PagedImage <pre> 100 NZ. Science Congress, 1960 I argued that we were better fighters than any of the races that inhabited the islands along that route. To Rangihiroa only smiled. Tr: ildroa summed up the argument against the 'Melanesian migration route and M favour of that through Micronesia or the northern route by saying: " Strong support in favour of the Micronesian route lies M the positive evidence against the route through Melanesia."' He also quoted E. W. Gifford, who analysed the mythology of Tonga and found "that twenty-seven elemrnts were shared with Micronesia and ten with Melanesia, some of which may be due to recent contact with Eiji."5 We were not told what these twenty-seven dente. were. TirEORP or AMERICAN ORIGIN Although various writers have put forward somewhat tentative ideas of America being the homeland, or Hawaiki, of the Polynesians, the credit for this forthright claim must go to Thor Heyerdahl. In his American Indians in the Pacific (1952) he has, in my opinion, put forward a very strong case, if not a conclusive one in favour of America being the principal stepping stone in the mootes of the race from "somewhere itt Eastern Asia, northwards by way of North-Eastern Siberia anti North-Western America into the New World." Heyerdahl, under various chapter headings, has covered practically all the arguments d theories that have been put forward by a host of writers over the pears. A complete list of the chapter headings in his book of over 800 pages will indicate the wide coverage of his painstaking research work. It is a wonder to me that no one has attempted to make a critical examination of his work in order to discredit the theory he has so confidently and clearly put forward. I say this because there has not been a dearth of critics who have simply dismissed his conclusions without any sound arguments to justify their objections to his theory of an American origin for the Polynesian peoples. I myself had an initial objection; a poor onc really, as it concerned the title he gave to his book, "American Indians in the Pacific". To my mind the first title he thought of- -namely, "The American Origins of the Polynesi.,"7 would have been a better title. However, I suppose the American book market dictated the choice of a name for the book. Recalling my youthful argument with our kindly elder Te thiroa, I was pleased to note that Ileyerdahl?in dealing with the migration route through Melanesia and as an argument against the theory that " the population pressure caused by the Malay invasion of Indonesia may have started the ancestors of the Polynesian peoples on their search for new homelands in the Pacific "s--wrote; Arc we to suppose that the courageous Polynesian warriors abandoned all their own seinets and made oft upon the arrival of small Malay people from the Asiatic mainland? If so the character of all Maori-Polynesians mutt have changed greatly since then. They did Mt Ebb New "Zealand when the Englishmen arrived. We may Very Veen stoops the possibility diet a big enough boatload of Malays may have driven Maori-Polynuians away from a settlement, a valley, or even a small island, but not that they cleared the whole Indonesian archipelago of tall and warlike Polynesians. It is unbelievable that every tribe throughout Indonesia should have tied insearch of new homes in an unknown ocem upon the arrival of the lint Malays; on the other hand. if the hypothetical Polynesian ancestors had not settled all the islands, there would have been no population pressure. Allowing that mine exposed groups of Polynesians from orne of the marginal islands may have deserted the fertile Indonesian archipelago in favour of the barren atolls of Micronesia, we must still wonder why there are no vestigu of the other and remaining Polynuian occupants Ibid., p. 45. Ibid., p. 45. 4T. Heyerdahl, American Indian, in the Pacific, 1952, p. 17. 4T. Heyerdahl, The KoniTiki Expedition, 1950. e Waal, 1943, p. 8. </pre>

23 3C01-04-022.png 3C01-04-022.tif 3C01-04-022.tif 1145879 PNG 1769 1946 1.146MB 3C01-04-022.png 3C01-04-022.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-022_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-022_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 455 500 PagedImage <pre> JONES-Hawaiki, Original Home of the Maori 101 of Indonesia. No physical type corresponding to the tall Polynesian has been pointed out in this archipelago, neither have archaeologists found any evidence of early Polynesian burials or settlerneno It is not my purpose in this talk to make anything like an exhaustive review of Heyerdahrs book. I shall content myself for the present with a selection of chapter headings to indicate the scope of his work and the wealth of material he has collected, upon which he has so ably built his theory of the American origin of the Polynesians. The list is as follows: PART l.- Polynesia end the Old World 1. Theories of Polynesian origin 2. The tall Polynesian stature 3. The growth of beard in Polynesia 4. The occurrence of aquiline rose in Polynesia 5. The inconstancy of the Polynesian cephalic index 6. The absence of the B factor among full-blooded Polynesians 7. The inconsistency of the Malayo-Polynesian the., 8. The debated existence of a linguistic clue 9. Language does MI belong to race 10. The possibility of borrowed words 11. Polynesians reached Melanesia front the cast 12. Traditional migrations and historical drifts go from cot to WC. in Polynesia 13. Polynesians reached Micronesia from the cast 14. The Malays (of typical yellowbrown skin-colour; and the fair skin in Polynesia Poo 2.-Polynesia and North-lVest America 15. The disputed interpretations of Aracrican Polynesian affinities 16. With the New World ail Maori-Polynesian ttepping-stone a new route but tot a new source is proposed 17. The light complexion of the North-West American Indians 18. Skin colour and physiognomy recall Polynesian peculiarities 19. Local occurrence of the aquiline nose 20. Local occurrence of tall stature 21. Local growth of beard 22. The concurrence in North-West Indian and Maori. Polynesian hfood groups 23. Evolutions of a maritime culture, and the deep-sea canoe M North West America Pace 3.-The Road theorech flateciki 24. The effect of "time" and "direction" upon actual voyaging distance 25. North-West Arnerican driftwood in Hawaii 26. Voyaging possibilities to and from Hawaii Poet 4.-- The Complexity of Polynesian Origins 27. The theory that the dark-coloured strain has a Melanesian origin 28. Caucasian element in Polynesia 29. The fair and red-haired element in Polynesia 30. The double epoch of Easter bland 31. Easter island first diwovered by refugees froth the east steering for the setting sun 32. Easter Island tradition points to Peru Part 5 of the book deals with traces of Caucasian-like elements in pre-Inca Peru; Part 6 covers the subject of megalithic cult-sites in Peru, Easter Island, and elsewhere in the Pacific; Part 7 cover, the botanical evidence of Polynesian routes. The chapter devoted to the sweet-potato (or komara) is a most interesting one. Botanists are agreed that it, original home was in America, and that both in South America and in Polynesia it is known by the some name. Its transference from Peru to the Pacific, arding to Te Rangihiroa." was accomplished by voyagers who set out from the Marquesas to fetch it across 4,000 miles of empty sea; but 1,0.ga?,71d1;e1i0.;(2,19p; 31. </pre>

24 3C01-04-023.png 3C01-04-023.tif 3C01-04-023.tif 1475917 PNG 1760 1938 1.476MB 3C01-04-023.png 3C01-04-023.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-023_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-023_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 454 500 PagedImage <pre> 102 Science Congress, 1060 according to Heyerdahl this point of departure is in the centre of the belt of trade winds which, due to the earth's rotation, have blown consistently front east to west apparently since creation. In Part 3 of his book Ileyerdahl explains that: The travelling distance between lined points M the Pacific waterspace is not told by a glance at e man As an example we mention that the Ken-Tiki raft, after 'sloughing through less than three thousand miles of sinfine water from the coast of Peso, had reached the Tuamotu Islands, which are more than four thousand miles away. An engine-driven craft. going in the contrary direction, against the trade wind but at the mine speed as Kon-Tiki's average drift, would have to movingmilescover between five and six thousand miles moving surface water to reach NIL from the same Tuamotu Islands. He goes on to say: As no sailing craft ran maintain as high a speed against the wind as before it, we find that there is for primitive craft, in actual travelling toilet, at least twice as far to sail from Polynesia to Peru as front Peru to Polynesia. The Kon-Tiki took 101 days to drift from Callao, in Peru, to Raroia Reef, which is south of the :Marquesas. So that Te Rangihiroa's hypothetical faunasa voyagers, if they were able to maintain the same average speed as the Kon-Tiki's drift, would thaw taken about seven months of hard paddling across empty teas to reach Peru. As he had dismissed the probability of a voyage from Easter Island "because any voyager who had come over a thousand miles from the nearest land in eastern Polynesia would have settled there and not gone on,". I should opine that the voyagers from the :Marquesas would, similarly, have abandoned the idea of returning after landing in Peru. To Rangihiroa concludes his story in his own inimitable style in these words: Contact was too short to make any Ia.:, exchange in religious sr social ideas. The unknown Polynesian voyager who brought back the sweet potato from South America, made the greatest individual contribution to the records of the Polynesians. Ile completed the series of voyages acrou the widest part of the great Pacific Ocean between Asia and South America. Tradition is strangely silent. We know not hit name or the name of his ship, but the unknown hero ranks among the greatest of the Polynesian navigators, for he it was who completed the great adventre. Te Rangihiroa died before. publication of Heyerdahl's book American Indians in the Pacific. Although he was critical of the theory behind the Kon-Tiki expedition, I think that if he had lived to see this later book by Heyerdahl he would have modified his views about the problem of the introduction of the kumara into Polynesia. So much fresh material has been published on Polynesia and its peoples since Te Rangildroa wrote his Vikings of the Sunrise that at the present time a good deal of that most delightful and readable book requires to be rewritten. The general pattern as I see it is that the theory of a west to east migration route is no longer tenable. Te Rangihiroa himself laud rejected the Melanesian route, and his own theory of an alternative migration route easterly through Micronesia was dealt with by Murdock and Shapiro at the Pacific Science Congress which was held in New Zealand in 1949, and in the two papers presented by these men- -"Cultural sub-areas in Micronesia" and " Physical anthropology of Micronesia "?there seas an absence of any indication of a Polynesian passage through Micronesia. Heyerclahl 'writes: The discussions that followed the presentation of these papers AIWA' that all Polynesian influence in Micronesia was due to colonists from Samoa and Tonga, a movement in Me opposite direction from what it should have been had the Polynesians come from the west. Even Ruck was now obliged to admit that Polynesian settlements in Micronesia did not support his view that the Polynesians had passed through that region from Indonesia. lIe admitted that he had been to P. Buck, 1938, p. 114. </pre>

25 3C01-04-024.png 3C01-04-024.tif 3C01-04-024.tif 1519857 PNG 1760 1937 1.52MB 3C01-04-024.png 3C01-04-024.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-024_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-024_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 454 500 PagedImage <pre> Jones?Ila aiki, Original Home of the Maori 103 under the impression that the Polynesian influence on the two Micronesian atolls of Kapingamarangi anal Kokomo taken in conjunction with certain similarly affected Melanesian islands directly south of them represented the trail of the Polynesian into the Pacific. I should imagine that it wax with some reluctance and a note of sadness that Te Rangihircu concluded by saying, "it now scans that these Polynesian groups may be a backward movement which started from Samoa and Tonga and lost impetus after a certain distance." My own mind on the complex problem of migration routes and the settlement of Polynesia is briefly set out in an arttcle contributed to the Polynesian Journal (1957, Vol. 66/1). Apropos of the remark made by Te Rartgihiroa that Poly- nesian influence in Micronesia had "lost impetus after a certain distance," although not directed at To Rangiltiroa's observation, I had this to say: One thing we should re-exanune is this matter of the dispersal point of the peoples of the Pacific. The p,cture as I see it is of a westerly migration stream arrested at i4 centre by the eastern island groups of Melanesia and then, during succeeffing generations, branches flowing around a hardening core of increasing population, firstly M Tonga, Samoa, then Tahiti. Like the delta mouth ot a river the wtrious side branches would flow outwards and on either side of the main stream from a progressively higher point top-stream of the sluggish waters ahead. My impression is that the puzzling features in the cultural affinities between the various island groups would be better captained by the theory indicated above. Earlier in the article I had made certain observations and wrote: At page 115 of Andrew Sharp's book Ancient Voyages in the Peri), he has made a reference to an Easter Island study by an ethnologist who considered that the culture showed analogies with New 7naland, the Tuamotu, Martgaieva, the Marque., and Hawaii. Evidence on similar lines as indicated by the distribution of certain mice types as described by Dr. Roger Duff in his book The Afoo-hunter Period of Afaori Culture (page 43 and sketch map, fig. 32). To my mind this evidence indicates a dispersal point for the outlying islands (Hawaii and New 7Aaland) as being well to the east of the Tahiti Croup. The dialects as spoken on these islands also have many points of similarity, and in my opinion all then analogical aspects are significant pointers to the migration rood followed by the peoples of the Pacific as being ina south-westerly direction from or by way of the Tuamotu Archipelago, especially the Tannin 're Arawa, Matatua and Tokomaru jieoples. The Adea people, on the other hand, in speech and traditional lore have stronger links with the Tahitian group than the other peoples mentioned. I shall nosy direct attention to various cultural affinities and analogical aspects in relation to the peoples of Polynesia and those of Peru. These notes have been gleaned from a very interesting book by J. Alden Mason, The Ancient Civilizations of Peru (1957). The comparisons and the general explanations of various cultural aspects concerning the conformity of Polynesian traits with those of the Peruvians are entirely mine. The author of the book makes only a passing and brief mention of the Polynesians. One note he makes might now he quoted, as follows: The physical type of the Polynesian, their language, and the fundamentals of their culture connect them with south-eastern Asia rather than with America, and there is little doubt that they originally can't born the Malayan region at no very remote period. In fact, they stilt retain very detailed legends of their migration, at least of the later ones. The recent drift of a raft from Callao, Perth to the Polynesian Tuamotu Islands proved that such a voyage was feasible for unpowered craft, though not Heyerdahrs belief that the is/ands were populated in this manner. Throughout his book the author appears to have been quite oblivious of the fact that the various customs, triode of dress, and cultural aspects of the peoples of Peru as noted by him snore in any way analog?us to the peoples of Polynesia. 'This being so, and remembering his comment on the Kon-tiki drift voyage, we 13T. Heyerdald, 1952, p. 68. </pre>

26 3C01-04-025.png 3C01-04-025.tif 3C01-04-025.tif 1502735 PNG 1760 1937 1.503MB 3C01-04-025.png 3C01-04-025.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-025_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-025_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 454 500 PagedImage <pre> 104 Science Congress, 1960 conclude that his account was not in any way influenced by any theories of affinity between the Polynesians and the Peruvians. In the present state of knowledge I am unable to deal adequately with the theory of a migration mute from British Columbia and Vancouver Island. Thor Heyerdahl has dealt with this mitt., but I 'wave not been able to obtain sufficient additional material to justify a proper d critical examination of the evidence he has recorded. I can only briefly mention that the type of canoe of the Indians of that era, as illustrated in Heyerdahl's book, is very similar to those of the Maori which Wo have on display in our museums. I have also read that, like the Maori, the Indians on the Pacific Coast of North America attach the greatest of importance to the possession of an ornamental cloak as a covering for the dead. Before proceeding further with my discussion, perhaps I should point out that Mason was not altogether correct in the statement that Polynesian physical types and "the fundamentals of their culture connect them with south-eastern Asia at no very remote period ". 'Phis has been the subject of much research work and his statement can be shown to be wrong. I shall now examine Mason's book and the analogical aspects I have alluded to: Namas. Like the Polynesians, there were no surnames in ancient Peru (p. 140). A child was given any name that appealed to the parents, generally descriptive of some quality, or referring to birds, fishes, places, or other natural phenomena. A person bore several different names in various stages of his life. Itceent. In ancient Peru incest restrictions were not so great as among peoples of the Old World. There were few for men of top rank; the last several Inca emperors married their full sisters, and nobles Were allowed to marry their half-sisters. Among the comtnoners marriage was permitted with a first cousin, but prohibit.' for closer relationships (p. 151). Among the Maori people the aristocracy generally married first cowl. There were cases of marriages between uncles and nieces and mine withgrand nieces. In the Tainui tribal genealogical descent from the gods there were marriages between brothers and sisters; commencing with the creation by Io, the supreme being, of the World of Stars (To WItetu) who married his sister Floating-Moons (Tau-ana-te-mamma), and down twenty-one "cosmological" generations--as the Tainui priesthood h. it?to "the Great Sky that stands above" and "The Earth that lies beneath". From that point in the priestly genealogy we have thirty-two "evolutionary" generations; and then fifteen generations of the "mythical to the ancestral which brings us to the time of the Great Migration to New 7,ealand about 1350. LINOUISTICS. The list of forty-four place names given by Heyerdahlu as a sample of a diffusion of geographical names from the mountain plateau of Lake Titicaca, in Peru, into Polynesia 1 shall later in our diSet1331011 supplement with a number of Peruvian words given by Mason in his description of the customs of the ancient peoples of Peru. The general impression I have gained from an examination of these linguistic relationships is that on this score the Polynesians have more in common with the peoples of Peru than with those of the islands to the west, the Malay archipelago, and India. The similarity in words of some of the numerals among some of the peoples in the west are in my opinion of an elementary character, and are of no great significance. Their words could have been borrowed by or from the Polynesians. Wtoows. Among both races a widow might not marry except to her husband's brother. In addition to inheriting the wife or wives of his dead brother a man inherited his father's wives (p. 152). T. Heyerdahl, 1952, pp. 760, 761. </pre>

27 3C01-04-026.png 3C01-04-026.tif 3C01-04-026.tif 1562787 PNG 1760 1938 1.563MB 3C01-04-026.png 3C01-04-026.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-026_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-026_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 454 500 PagedImage <pre> JoNEs--Ilawaiki, Original Home of the Maori 105 CUSTOMS RELATINO co THE OD. In ancient highland Peru, according to Mason, ancestor-worship and the cult of the dead were of great importance, and so mortuary customs were rather extensive. Women cut their hair and covered their heads. The possessions of the dead were burned, the rest buried with the wrapped body (p. 154). If coo were to say that the recital of genealogies and the mention of ancestors in ancient Maori laments and dirges constitute ancestor-worship, Mason's description of Peruvian custom relating to the dead agrees entirely with that of the Polynesian. PRKONANT WOM. In Peru pregnant women Wert, for religious reasons, not allowed to walk in the fields (p. 147). With the Maori such women, and also during mons., were mpg and the same prohibition applied. 'Ilk practice of a mother, as soon as possible after delivery, washing both herself and the child in a nearby stream was common to both the Peruvian and the Polynesian. Another custom that was common was the preservation of the umbilical cord, but with the Maori it was either delx4ited in a special underground cave or placed under a tree. In some instances it was buried and a young tree planted over it. (One of the best photographs of the late Timi Kara (Sir James Carroll) shows him standing alongside a kouha, or cabbage tree, growing OD the banks of the Wairoa River, under which tree" lks umbilical cord Wilt buried.) In ancient Peru, the eldest uncle cut the baby's nails and hair, preserving them carefully. The Maori treated these things in the same way as the umbilical cord, and they were carefully put away in caves or were buried. The naming of the child among the Maori was the prerogative of an imcle, and die name thus given the child bore until maturity, as was the ride in Peru (p. 147). With the Maori the uncle bestowed the name on the male children. EDUCATION. On education Mason writes: "For the child of the commoner there were no schools, no formal education. There being no system of writing there was little to learn that could not be imparted by the parents in ordinary conversation, and this education by precept and example was all that an average child got" (p. 147). The sons of the aristocracy and of hostages of high rank, however, received some formal instructions (Ibid.), as did do, "Chosen Women ". These "Chosen Women" spent four years learning domestic science, religion, weaving, cooking, and similar duties (p. 147). This account fairly covers the Maori, too, except with regard to the "Chosen Women" and religion. Among most Maori tribes women were not admitted to the sacred homes of learning. or where wooer,. lice among the Taintli tribes the eldest child if a daughter of a high chief was permitted to acquire certain rituals. She did this by listening in from outside during certain sessions of the school of learning. The door was lets ajar for her benefit. FOOD. Meat was kept by cutting it into thin strips, allowing it to dry, and pounding it. Fish and other watery foods were also dried for storage. Two meals per day, morning and evening, were thus the custom (p. 142). The Maori also observed the same custom and prepared his food for storage purposes in a similar manner. In addition the Maori also made huahua of game-ram and birds. These were deboned, carefully roasted, and then preserved in fat, using hollowed out wooden vessels or calabashes for the purpose. Mouth: CULTURE, 300-450 Mason makes mention of a Peruvian tribe called the Moche, and writes: "The picture of the Moche afforded us by the archaeologists is that of a dynamic, almost aggressive people, far along the road to civilisation (p. 73). The Moche world was obviously man's, and women definitely occupied an inferior position" (p. 74). The culture location is given as in the central coastal area of Peru, and it extended to the north into the valleys of Tupe, </pre>

28 3C01-04-027.png 3C01-04-027.tif 3C01-04-027.tif 1670123 PNG 1760 1938 1.67MB 3C01-04-027.png 3C01-04-027.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-027_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-027_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 454 500 PagedImage <pre> 106 Science Congress, 1960 Paramonga, and Huarmcy (or Hua-mai to the Maori) (p. 71). (As already indicated the women also occupied a lower position in Maori life?and, I might add, they preferred it that way.) The names of the valleys mentioned are Maori words. CLOTHING. Women In Peru women wore a one-piece dress that combined skirt and blouse reaching to the ankles and hound at the waist by a long wide, woven and ornamented sash. At the top, it reached to the neck, the upper edges fastened together over the shoulders by long pins and passing under the arms at the sides. Like all garments, this dress was a large rectangular piece of woven cloth merely wound around the body (p. 144). The description as given above tallies with the mode of drtss of the Maori. Generally speaking the description given as applied to the Polynesian women might be qualified by explaining that it depended on what the wearer was doing as to the manner in which the woven cloaks were worn. Men: The men's cloak, in Peru, was a large mantle, worn over the shoulders and fastened at the front with large straight metal pin known as topo (Maori, topuni). Probably all men wore earplugs of some type, but the nobility, " Inca " by birth or privilege, wore such great plugs in orifices in the ear-lobes that this class was generally referred to as Ore-jones, Big Ears (Long Ears in Easter Island). On ceremonial and festive occasions, of course, they also donned gaudy head-dresses, collar of feathers, and similar regalia (p. 145). (Tainui 1. Inge: a fair-skinned person of an assertive nature. 2. Ingiki: Ancient honorific term, according to Te Kiri Katipa of the Waikato-Maniapoto tribes.) 'Ito word ingiki was used by 're Ua Hatimene of Taranaki in his Hau Pai Marire cult. Among the Maori, their feather cloaks, head bands, ear pendants and other regalia such as the tapeka (a wide sash worm toga-like) which was ornamented with geometrical woven designs of coloured wefts and known as taniko. Tate Lirrca (Mawr, amo). Litter like frames," writes Mason, were doubtless used in Peru "for carrying heavier objects, but the principal employment of the litter vas for the personal transportation of the higher nobility" (p. 1651. With the Polynesians, the amn, or litter, was similarly used, more generally for transportation of elderly people of rook and high-born women. SOCIAL ORGANISATION. Like the Maori hapu (sub-tribe), who did not encourage marriages with members of outside hapu, "the Inca names for family relationships," writes Mason, "suggests theirs was not a clan system with exogamy (or marriage outside the group) and descent reckoned in a single female line. The respective generations were of considerable importance." The Maori, likewise, placed great importance on their genealogies, or whakapapa. The Inca as a race called each other, as the Maori Polynesians do, by the same term as that employed for " brother " and " sister " and there were no distinctions between parallel and cram cousins by their own generation. (The Maori terms tungane, brothers or male cousins in parallel generations, and tuahine or sister and female cousins, were similarly med. Cousins of the earlier generation were termed rnatua (uncle) or wha (aunt); those of still earlier generation or cot/sins twice removed were latia, grandam, or karoua, grandsire. The Peruvian considered that a father had sons and daughters, but the mother had only children. The Maori father referred to his lama (son) and tamahine (daughter). 'lb mother more often referred to her daughter as take hoar? (my girl) and her son as tamaiti (male child) and her family as tamariki (children). 'file Maori terns for father and uncle and for mother and aunt were treated in exactly the same way in Peru. Mason writes, " the same terms were used for father and for father's brother (uncle), for mother and mother's sister (aunt)." To complete the affinity between Peru and Polynesia in the use of relationship terms, we have it from Mason that "the terms for brother and for sister, were different when used by a man and by a woman". With Polynesians, a man would refer to his sister or female cousin m a tuakine, and to younger brother or cousin </pre>

29 3C01-04-028.png 3C01-04-028.tif 3C01-04-028.tif 1653751 PNG 1760 1938 1.654MB 3C01-04-028.png 3C01-04-028.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-028_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-028_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 454 500 PagedImage <pre> Jones--Hawaiki, Original Horne of the Maori 107 of a junior line as teina, and to an elder brother or senior cousin as Nakano. A woman, on the other hand, referred to a brother or a male cousin as tungane and to younger or older sister or cousins of a senior or junior with the terns used by a man?namely, teina or tuakono. Mason does not give the Peruvian or Inca relationship terms, and it is rather intriguing to speculate on a possible linguistic affinity in this connection. Sun-mums. ALL. (Peruvian); plats' (Maori). "In Inca tints, as in Peru today," writes Mason, "the basic social group of the people, apart from the immediate family, was the ayllu an enlarged or extended family, a sub-tribe." Like the Maori?Polyncsian haps all members of an ayllu were related?they owned a definite territory. Although the Maori did not exclusively reckon descent in the male line as did the Inca people, nevertheless the male fines among Polynesians gave added lustre to one's pedigree. Some ayllus of Peru, as is the case with the haps of Aotcaroa, ascribed their origin to mythical persons; and each had a name, generally that of a place or person. Residence was generally patrilmal; the son brought his wife to live with or near his parents. In this connection, and as a modern note, I should like to draw attention to the wedding celebrations of present-day Maori marriages; unlike that of the Pakeha, these are held among the people of the bridegroom. As was the case with the Maori, "the pattern of commoner agricultural labour for the support of the chief sinchi (ariki with the Maori) was a very ancient one. The chief had considerable authority." He Naas responsible for the acts of his tribesmen and for the avenging of wrongs done to them. As with the hap!, the ayllu had its "communal agricultural lands and woocIlands." Each recognised a founder and a common ancestor. The provinces of the Inca empire were divided each into four quarters called says. The Maori likewise refer to the homes and people on the periphery of extensive geographical area as being no nga has e wha (from the four winds). HooCA OR W., (Maori. waka). In the Pentvian torn huaca (Spanish spelling; " h " is not sounded in Spanish) we have an important and rather interesting linguistic affinity with the Polynesian teaks, or canoe. The alternative Spanish spelling with an aspirate, mars, has its counterpart in the Maori with the use of the preceding indefinite article, he, and a canoe may be referred to as he woks. Mason's notes on the significance of the teen waca adds strength to our belief that we have evidence here of unmistakable affinity between the two races. He writes: "Each fighting group carried into battle some of its portable idols, fetishes, or wacas, which served as morale sustainers and rallying points the word woes originally meant 'sacred shrine ', and is so used by the Indians today. In ancient, as in modern Peru, there were thousands of wacas; ranging from great temples to hills, springs, and piles of stones. Each was believed to be or to harbour a spirit which might be malevolent and which should he gratified or placated by some pngt or sacrifice." The Maori nooks, commonly used as the name for a canoe, was and is still used to very nearly the same extent and in a similar context to the Peruvian word described by Mason. Tilt: alternative Maori-Polynesian terms with similar connotation arc maari (or talisman, a material symbol of the hidden principle protecting vitality, fruitfulness, etc. of people, lands, fos and fuheries), and whore, the Maori word for house. The Peruvian had alternative tents too, as Mason mentions. Of the apachita he has this to say: "Another type of macs called apachita scan a sort of cairn at a dangerous or important place on a road where the traveller paused to pray for safety and strength; hence he would add a stone to the pile or leave something of trivial value such as a piece of worn-out clothing, a quid of coca, or even a handful of straw. This custom is still practised." This description is very similar to the Maori custom of whakarite (fulfil or render tribute) in the urutiru-whenua rite when entering into a (new) land. It </pre>

30 3C01-04-029.png 3C01-04-029.tif 3C01-04-029.tif 1570993 PNG 1760 1938 1.571MB 3C01-04-029.png 3C01-04-029.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-029_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-029_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 454 500 PagedImage <pre> 108 Science Congress, 1960 could very well be that the Peruvian term apachita, with its letter changes. is the same term as the Polynesian whakarite. Those who have travelled on the TaupoPutaruno mod the Rotorua-Whakatane main highways will remember the hollow stone of Hattopato near Atianouri and the Wishing Tree on Hongi's Track, and will appreciate the significance of the simple rite described by Mason and recognise the affinity of the Maori custom of whakarite with the apachita of the Peruvian. CURACA: YANACONA (MAORI: kakakura AND akonga). "The low, class of nobility." writes MKS., "was known as the `curacy class '." An honorific term of the Maori for the nobly horn was kaka-kura. There appears to be a linguistic link here, too; a transposition of the first taco syllables and a duplication of the last syllable in curacy will produce the Maori kaka-kura. A further cultural affinity and a parallel linguistic term we find in the term yanacona, which Mason bas described as follows: "The royalty and nobility were allowed many privileges, such as the use of litters (anso of the Moon), parasols (whakamarumaru of the Maori) and attire somewhat resembling the emperor's, secondary wives, luxury articles, and yanacona sere.." The yanacona was another important getup of men, who were exempt from the labour-t. service. (The Peruvian, like the Polynesian, did not have a money economy, p. 188.) The yanacona "were selected in youth, removed from ayllu, or clan; some authorities believe that the craftsmen were included in the yanacona category. The hays were certainly selected for unusual intelligence, ability, or promise to rise to posts of considerable importance. The status is a little difficult to define. Some of them rose to be enracat themselves" (p. 180). The foregoing note fairly describes the class of priestly scholars of the Maori Whare-wananga, or School of Sacred Learning. These scholars wen: called nga akonga. Here we detect a linguistic affinity in sloe terms yanacona and nga akonga. A. The mode of fighting, construction of forts, causes of warfare, the ambition to excel in battle, and to " achieve glory and the advancement of perquisites and favours that fell to the brave and victorious warrior" (p. 190), were in every respect the same among both peoples. Their weapons were essentially of the same type: (1) The Peruvian's sling was the Maori kopere. (2) The main arm of the common soldier, the club, was the Maori mere or pats. (3) The "double-edged sword" (macana) as described by Mason is the Maori iaiaha. (We note here that the Maori word makana means to deliver as a blow or to throw.) (4) The Peruvian bola "consisted of several stones, each fastened to the end of a cord or thong, and the latter tied together at the other ends. Thrown, they whirled by centrifugal force and covered a considerable area, wrapping around the victim's body or legs" (p. 191). For the bola the Maori had the kotaha. SLEEPING. The late Sir Apirana Ngata said in a lecture at the Auckland University over thirty years ago that like his Maori forbears he preferred to sleep at floor level. Mason, on this subject writes: "Like the simplest of his subjects, the (Inca) ruler slept on the floor" (p. 185). CHIEFS WERE Tmm, OR SACRED. Writing of the Inca ruler's sacred person, Mason writes: " No one else might aspire to enjoy his so'or goods, so all his discards and left-ovens, clothing, food, or whatnot were carefully saved and ceremonially burnt by an official" (p. 185). The Maori ariki or high chief, was a like case; and he was very taps, or sacred; but in his case the foal or articles were more often buried. If they were burnt, a special fire for the purpose load to be made well away from all habitation, and under no circumstances were such things to be burnt in a fire used for cooking food. Qvieo ors RECORD-KEEPING. Like the Maori, the Peruvian had no form of writing. What both races had were strings with a system of know tied to than. </pre>

31 3C01-04-030.png 3C01-04-030.tif 3C01-04-030.tif 1570695 PNG 1778 1952 1.571MB 3C01-04-030.png 3C01-04-030.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-030_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-030_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 455 500 PagedImage <pre> ?Tortes?Hawaiki, Original Horne of the Maori 109 By this means they kept records of various things. To the initiated the knots and the manner in which they were tied conveyed valuable information, especially as a system of inventory , for record purposes. Importance oft number seven was a feature. A decimal system was adopted. The Maori term is tauponapona for a knotted cord, used for conveying information. RELIC/ON. Dealing with the religion of the Peruvians, Mason writes: "The supreme deity was the Creator, generally known as Viraconcha, but this name was merely one of his many titles. He is said to have had no true name, but, like the great god of some other people, his nane may have been too sacred to be spoken, and thus was unknown to the chroniclers.? I pause here to say that every word written here by Mason applies also to In, the supreme being of the Maori. I shall he ending this talk with sone further reference to the to religion td the Maori. and so for the present shall continue with some further quotations from Mason's book, which correspond with Polynesian beliefs. At page 202, Mason writes: After the creation he (the Creator) interfered little in human destinies, re- then a benign divinity in the heaven, Ile was therefore little worshipped by the common people; the emperor and nobles appealed to him more frequently?in time of trouble. The Creator god was apparently a very old and fundamental deity in Pent. Viracocha was also a culture hero who taught his people too to live. Properly speaking there were no churches in ancient Peru, for almost all cernnonics were performed out of doors, and only the priests and high officials entered the Confeuions were made to priests genera/Iy by the side of a stream. The insalid was then purified by washing, if he was bed-ridden; if he was able to walk he went to a stream or, better, to the junction of two riven and washed himself. I shall have to interrupt Mason's account here to say that the Maori did not confuse the supreme being To with their culture heroes like Maui and Tawhaki. Mason's note about the Creator not interfering in human destinies reminds me of an occasion when I went to visit the sick bed of one of our Maniapoto elder chiefs. Te Whare Hotu. Te Whare Hon] was one of the last two elders of our tribe who had some knowledge of the Tainui To cult, and be was also a student of the Bible. I was accompanied by a leading member of the Ratana church, and we found Te Whare Hotu lying in bed and looking far from After a time my companion offered to say some prayers, and Te Whare Hot, gave him permission to do so. As far as I am aware the apostles of the Ratana church do not undergo a course of theological training; my comrade?a cousin of Te Wham Hot.- -was a noted tribal orator, and in conducting his prayer session he prayed for a long time and got quite worked up. Towards the end he raised his voice as if he was speaking to a multitude. As soon as he had finished, Te Wham Hose sat up and berated his cousin and said, "Why shout? One would think Cod was deaf! And, furthermore, you prayed too long and repeated yourself too often in asking Cod to heal the sick and to make tee well. Don't you know the all-knowing Cod becomes hoha, or wearied, with importunity, the same as we do when our little grandchildren come round to worry us for lollies and titbits? I shall get well again, but it won't be because of your prayers." Te Whare Motu got well, as he had said, and died seventeen years later, at nearly ninety years of age. Asa mater of fact his cousin, many years his junior, died several years before bins. To end my quotations from Mason's book, at page 202 he writes: " More important in mundane again were the sky deities?the gods and goddesses of the sun, moon, stars and thunder these were all servants of the Creator. The cult of the Earth-mother was probably the oldest." At page 201 he continues: Incas were -worshippers. Naturafly the thunder or weather god (Moo war the divinity of next importance. The name Thopa connotes both thunder and lightning. Ile was envisaged as According to one myth, his sister </pre>

32 3C01-04-031.png 3C01-04-031.tif 3C01-04-031.tif 1127819 PNG 1773 1947 1.128MB 3C01-04-031.png 3C01-04-031.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-031_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-031_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 455 500 PagedImage <pre> 110 Science Congress, 1900 kept the rain in a jug which Illapa broke with his sling shot when he yielded to earthling, pleas of rain. Inca star lore was extensive. many of the stars and constellations were given names the morning star was an important figure it. mythology. The name Pleiades took care of seeds. I could continue with several more pages of quotations from this excellent hook, but I shall have to be content with making a rather sketchy commtmtary on the notes I have just quoted. First, I would point out that the sun in Maori is deified, and as such is named Tama-inu-i-to-ra. (Ire-who-imbibes-the-Sun). Mason did not give a name for the sun god of Peru, but he gives the name Illapa for the god of thunder and lightning. The Maori names for the combined phenomena of lightning and thunder are uira-raropo, which approximates very closely to the Peruvian Illapa. The Peruvian myth of Illapa's sister and her jug xems to he a variation of the Maori myth of the moon goddess, who stumbled hccanse of a passing stonn cloud hiding the light of the morarna, the moon. In her fall she broke her calabash, and in anger she muttered a curse. The moon thereupon rushed down and taking a firm. hold, took her away into the heavens. Mason's mention of the stars, and in particular, Venus, reminds us that in the poetry and songs of the Maori the star names are mentioned frequently. The Pleiades, too, as is the case with the Peruvians, were greeted with joy and gladness as heralding the spring time of the year. I have not by any means exhausted the afTinities in the cultural elements of the two races, but my time is running out. Before concluding my discussion I should like to quote some affinities in the religious beliefs of both the Maori and the Peruvians. First, let me quote one of the most famous prayers as recorded by Mason at page 210 of his book: Viracodta, Lord of the Universe, Whether male or female, at any rate commander of heat and reproduction, being one who, even with Ili spittle, can work sorcery. Where art Thou? Would that Thou Wert not hidden from this son of Thine! He may be above; He may be below; or, perchance, abroad in space. Where is His mighty judgment-seat? Hear me! He may be thread abroad among the upper waters; or anions the lower waters and their sands He may be dwelling. Creator of the world, Creator of man, great among my ancestors, before Thee my eyes fail me, Thou I long to see Thee; for, xcing Thee, understanding Thee, I shall be seen by Thee, and Thou wilt know me. The Sun-the Moon; the Day-the Night; Summer Winter; not in vain, in orderly succession, do they march to their destined place, to their goal. They arrive wherever Thy royal staff Thou burnt. Oh! Hearken to me, listen to me, let it not befall that I grow weary and die. I shall now match the Peruvian prayer with a Maori invocation from the Tainui To School of Learning: The. TR.14T Cum, or lo (Ynr. SUPRELIL BEING) Tapu, Tapu, most sacred am I! From the Zenith am I; I am from Rangi-pu-arcane, "The Heavens "?origin?in-concave-spa, </pre>

33 3C01-04-032.png 3C01-04-032.tif 3C01-04-032.tif 802101 PNG 1826 1998 802KB 3C01-04-032.png 3C01-04-032.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-032_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-032_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 457 500 PagedImage <pre> Joxes?Hairaiki, Original Home of (he Maori I 2171 from Rangimownewanewa, "The Heavens"- origin-in-thednewurelms-expanse, I am 10! Let me discuss briefly As Maori account of the Creation which is generally given in genealogical form: Te Atm Tuatahi (the First Strand). An octaval evolution commencing with a F:ilk/dial recital, thus: Examining High Priest (Tapatai) asks: Where WA1 the dwelling place of in Eternal Space? The High Priest (Tuahuroa) replies: In the Beginning there was Te Kra., "the Formless Void"; Darkness encompassed the Universe, with water everywhere: There was no world, no moon, no light. Then there came Tc Po-ka-ura, "the Night-thalowed "; Wherein was conceived Kotalii tc ki, "the One Unspoken Thought ": Primeval Enshrined! S. In the all-pervading gloom of Te Podmiuti, "the Dark-green Night" A voice snake, saying, "Should I remain inactive? Nay. Light stwaceding Night! Let them be a vmrld of Light!" And at once a World of Light appeared. It was called Kotahi-te-korero, "the One Spoken Wad": Sacred, Sanctified! 4. The Voice spake again, saying: "Should I remain inactise Nay. Light succeeding Light! Ler there be a Night of Darkness, And a great darkness again appeared: It was Te Pa-karauri, "the Night that faintly gleamed": Wherein there was Kotahide-wananga, " Ae One Sacred Assembly". Seeking for "that which is hidden." Seeking Searching. 5. Emergent from Te Wai-otLatts, "the Waters of Annihilation" A loud voice then snake saying: "Let there he a Night of Darkness above, A. a Night of Darkness here lielow!" Sanctified then was the Darkness of the Sacred Night; It was Te Pomosomisi, "the Night-with-the-Aroma-of-Sprouting-Things"; And therein was , Korhiwhia "the Intangible Formless Void". Imperceptible Latent! 6. La, A piercing 1/, and the Voice again is heard In Te Po-kers , "the Nighf-Intense-Darkness". Saying: "The Night is distressful, Come, let there Ise a World of Light above!" Sanctified than was As Light of As sacred World of Light; Light Primeval. sacred to the World of Light. And, there!?pierced and impaled?was 1, Korawiakikidere., " The Formless Void pierced by a Line extending into Space"; Immovable Motion/cu. </pre>

34 3C01-04-033.png 3C01-04-033.tif 3C01-04-033.tif 1157271 PNG 1824 1996 1.157MB 3C01-04-033.png 3C01-04-033.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-033_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-033_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 457 500 PagedImage <pre> 112 Science Congress, 1960 7. In Me Night of Te Parnaltu, " the Creation Night", The Celestial Voice of Eternity spoke, saying: "Let this World. this sacred abiding-place, Bea World of Light Eternal," A great Light Men ocrspread Creation, The Waters, ail encompassing, follow in its wake. And, raised on high, in tremulous sawn, was Makaia, "the Sacred Curve", Hallowed Holy, The Voice then make again soft., "Let the Waters now recede, And let the Firmament appear:" At once the Waters were separated And the Firmament appeared. Then Mere came the Dawn of To Aiukst, "the Widespread Calm", And there, tm was the Primeval Being, lo, "the Supreme Being"! lo-the-foremost", lo moa, lo-the-elevatene", "hrall-ernbracing ", ",the-shelterinne", I o-Antva, " Io-the vibrant-one", lo hana, "10-the-glowing-one"; The Infinite The Eternal. At this point we are still twenty-two epochal nights of creation away from the birth of Ranginui-e-tu-iho-nci (the Great Sky that stands above) and Papatuanuku (the Earth that lies beneath). I desire now to address a few remarks to the scientists here assembler!. I think that the terminology used by the priesthood of the Whare Wananga, School of Sacred Learning, reveals the fact that they had pondered deeply on the nature of the cosmos. For instance, "the Formless Void," piererx1 by a Line (or ray of light) extending into space, could very well he a typical Polynesian symbolical terminology to describe the proemial point in the evolution of the cosmos, when force (or the "Let there be light" of the Bible) appeared to radiate through space. The terminology of the evolutionary periods, termed Po, or Night, are not only poetical but also helpful in gaining an insight into the priestly conception of the Polynesian as to the varied phenomena which marked the birth of "the World of Stars", "Floating Moons"," the Far-flung Universe", mid so on down to the Earth-mother, or "The Earth-that-lieeneath". For dramatic presentation it would he difficult to better the dcription of the striving of "the Bitterly-cold Universe " and "the Bitterlold Night" through the epochal perials called " the Knocking Sounds" and " the Indrawn-breath of Heaven" to give birth to " the. Shattered and Expanding Universe" and "the Shattered and Expanding Night". I shall here present a comparison with the scientist and with others of the Tainui lo Cult Fifth intermission which 1 have already given. I shall give it again. The Maori: Sanctified Men was the darkness of the Sacred Night. It was Te Po-aoaui. " the Night-with-the-arontf-sprouting-things". Now here it is as the Hebrew had it: And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful and multiply And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. (Genis.) The Maori: The Ao Aio " the becalmed Universe" "the night" strove mightily during the epochal period Te Poutritai "the Dark green Night" and begat Te Ao Where, "the Reddened Universe" and it Po Whero, "the Reddened Night" </pre>

35 3C01-04-034.png 3C01-04-034.tif 3C01-04-034.tif 554357 PNG 1785 1961 554KB 3C01-04-034.png 3C01-04-034.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-034_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 91 100 png 3C01-04-034_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 455 500 PagedImage <pre> JoNEs?Hatvaike, Original Home of the Maori 113 And now the scientist: It W 39 only routine to make an extraction and ',thrum 31,th of chlorophyll. With chlorophyll the green came through clearly. Conant, who made this his own problem, produced a diagram closely worked over With symbols :Ind signs, which unfoldetl -to anyone who could understand it!--how the atoms are arranged and deployed and linked in such a tremendous molecule as hIghl,C,11,2,. One instant there arc , and water as lifeless as the core of this carili or the thin of space; and the next they are becoming living tissue. Life, in short, synthesired, plant-synthesized, synthmired. -Donthl Colrow Peattie. The Flowering Earth. On this scientific note I think it proper to end this lecture, anti I do so with the pious hope that our calk has been of interest to this Science Congress. Pet Tr. Hurot Jones, . Box 78, Taumarunui. GEL SYMPOSIA (SECT/ON J) I. Modern New Zealand Communities 110/11t, P. W. A present day hfaori community in Northland. Myrna, A. J. Maori Xomiti in action in the far north. Owars, E. E. Coromandel: the geography iif a rural settlement. 2. Rte. Archaeological Research in Neu, Zealand and the Pacific See Section 0. 3. Applied Research in the Social Sciences Sec Section H. The following papers were also reads Ramm, R. Political aspects of the Moka. Groves, M. 'The Torch-Bearers movement; a recent Melanesian cargo cult. MAOPTN. E. A. The (Thathatr. Sroast, T. An experimental approach to culture and personality. </pre>

36 3C01-04-035.png 3C01-04-035.tif 3C01-04-035.tif 762005 PNG 1760 2030 762KB 3C01-04-035.png 3C01-04-035.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-035_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 87 100 png 3C01-04-035_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 433 500 PagedImage Hawaiki. The Original home of the Maori. Theory of Indian Origin no date Pei Te Hurinui Jones Manuscript for Hawaiki. Hawaiki Māori origins Whakapapa Manuscript English, 39 pages unrestricted <pre> the OriGinul iiJme of tn. Maori. Theor, of India, In the preface to the third edition of his book,hawaiki'i Pere. Smith wrote "The rite is full, aware that his 'heor, as to the ori?in of the Pul,nesian race from Innis us expressed in this work is weak, throu,h want of access to works on early India. But a frienu of the writer's has accumulated a vast amount of valuable information beurint, on 110 question from the Indian standpoint, ens hich information will, it is hoped, sbort14 be publisheu." Pere, Smith's 'huwaiki, was publisheu over fifty years a?,o, an6 so fur as we are awure the friend referred to nib not publish the material mentioned by him. In the meanme,thou,h Percy Smith had described his theory as weak, New Zealand authors have 6enerally accepted the supposition that "the Polynesians ari,?ineted in India" (1). Both Usdon beat end re 8an6ihirou Peter Buck) accepted the theory, end the latter developed his neat beo6ruphicul Polynesian trian6le (a) from the sd,ration 1. Percy, Smith's "iiawsiki" 1b10 p. Est,. 2. Buck's "Vikinbs of the Sunrise" 1::58. </pre>

37 3C01-04-036.png 3C01-04-036.tif 3C01-04-036.tif 1016717 PNG 1664 2045 1.017MB 3C01-04-036.png 3C01-04-036.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-036_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-036_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 407 500 PagedImage <pre> traditions as interpreted by Percy Smith, anu placed its apex on Laster Island (or Rapanui); its northern angle on thu ands of hawaifi, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, uahu, Kauai and dihau; and its third and southern angle on dew 'heand (or eoLeuroa). Phe triangle, therefore, had its base centreu on the important island groups of Samoa and Tonga, anu this base included the atoll group of Tokelau and the atoll of Pukepuka, lying to the north and northeast of Samoa. these islands served as the .astern facade of Polynesia. Te Hangihiroa in his "Vikings of the Sunrise" rejected the southern Melanesian migration route because as he observes, "In general the Polynesians are physically very different from the lielancsiana. had they stopped at Melanesian islands to refit their ships and gather now supplies, it is probable that racial intermixture would have taken place." .. he went on to say, "Much of the linguistic evidence formerly cited in support of an original west to east migration of Polynesians through Melanesia has recently been proved to indicate a movement from Polynesia westward to the marginal islands of Melanesia." Finally Pe Rangihiroa propounded the theory that the northern route, which was the only other possible west to east island-studded route into the Pacific, as being the route followed by our Polynesian ancest"Jrs. This route leads "through Yap, Palau, and the Caroline Islands; then it branches, one line leading northeast through the Marshall Islands toward hawaii, and one going </pre>

38 3C01-04-037.png 3C01-04-037.tif 3C01-04-037.tif 913537 PNG 1642 2026 914KB 3C01-04-037.png 3C01-04-037.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-037_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-037_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 405 500 PagedImage <pre> 3. southeast through the Gilbert and Phoenix Islands to enter Polynesia north of Samoa." (1) As a note of reminiscence of that great man - a lovaule character in every way - I shoulu like to recall at this sta,e an early incident in my youth. Te hangihiroa was discussing ha,aiki with a group of young people, and I had the temerity to object to one of the propositions then propounded that our ancestors had been, as it were, pushed from "pillar to post" by the pressure of population in Java, and other islands leading easterly to Melanesia, and onwards into what is now Polynesia. I argued that we were better fighters than any of the races that inhabited the islands along that route. re Rangihiroa only smilod. Te Hangibiroa summed up the argument against the Melanesian migration route and in favour of that through Micronesia or the northern route by saying, "Strong support in favour of the Micronesian route lies in the positive evidence against the route through Melanesia." (I) He also quoted Gifford who analysed the mythology of ronga and found "that twenty-seven elements were shared with Micronesia and Len with Melanesia, some of which may be due to recent contact with Fiji." (3) fie are not told what these twenty-seven elements were. 1. Buck, "Vikings of the Sunrise" 1938. L. Ibid. p. 4b. 3. Buck, "Vikings of the Sunrise" 1833 p. 45. </pre>

39 3C01-04-038.png 3C01-04-038.tif 3C01-04-038.tif 1013229 PNG 1655 2036 1.013MB 3C01-04-038.png 3C01-04-038.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-038_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-038_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 406 500 PagedImage <pre> 4. Theory of American Origin. Although various writers have put forward somewhat tentative ideas of Amorioa being, the homeland, or Hawaiki, of the Polynesians, the credit for this forthright claim must go to Thor Heyerdahl. In his "American Lidians in the Pacific" (1904) he has, in my opinion, put forward a very strong case, if not a conclusive one in favour of America being the principal steppin, stone in the movement of the race from "somewhere in western Asia, northwards by way of Northeastern Siberia and north-western America into the New World." (1) 48ae1 Heyerdahl, under v. headings, has covered all the various arguments that have been put forwaru by a host of writers over the years. A complete list of the chapter headings in his book of over eight hundred pages sill indicate the wide coverage of his painstaking research work. And it is a wonder to us thaw. no one has attempted to make a critical examination of his work in order to discredit the theory he has so confidently and clearly put forward. We say this because there hay not been a dearth of critics who have simply dismissed his conclusions without any sound arguments to justify their objections to his theor} of an American origin for the Polynesian peoples. We ourselves had an initial objection; a poor one really, as it concerned the title ho gave to his book, "American Indians in the Pacific." To our mind the first title he had in mind, namely, "The American Origins 1. Heyerdahl, "American Indians in the Pacific" 1554 7. </pre>

40 3C01-04-039.png 3C01-04-039.tif 3C01-04-039.tif 917163 PNG 1657 2040 917KB 3C01-04-039.png 3C01-04-039.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-039_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-039_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 406 500 PagedImage <pre> b. of the Polynesian". (1) would have been a better title. However, I suppose, the American book market dictated the choice of a name for the book. Recalling my youthful argument with our kindly elder, re Aangihiroa, I was pleased to note that Heyerdahl - in dealing with the migration route through Melanesia and as an argument against the theory that "the popul,tion pressure caused by the Malay invasion of Indonesia may have started the ancestors of the Polynesian peoples on their search for new homelands in the Pacific." (k he wrote :- "Are we to suppose that the courageous Polynesian warriors abandoned all their own settlements and made off upon the arrival of small Malay people from the Asiatic mainland? If so the character of all Maori-Polynesians must have changed greatly since then. They did not floe New Zealand when the 4ngliskumen arrived. We may very well accept the possibility that a big enough boatload of Malays may have driven Maori-Polynesians away from a settlement, a valley, or even a small island, but not that they cleared the whole Indonesian archipelago of tall and warlike Polynesians. It is unbelievable that every tribe throughout Indonesia should have fled in search of new homes in an unknown ocean upon the arrival of the first Malays; on the other hand, if 1. Heyerdahl, "The Kon-tiki Expedition" 1950. Aeokler 1943 p. 8. </pre>

41 3C01-04-040.png 3C01-04-040.tif 3C01-04-040.tif 870783 PNG 1652 2033 871KB 3C01-04-040.png 3C01-04-040.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-040_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-040_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 406 500 PagedImage <pre> 6. the hypothetical Polynesian ancestors had not settled all the islands, there would have been no population pressure. Allowing that some exposed groups of Polynesiona from one of the ,iurginal islands ma, have deserted the fertile Indonesian archipelago in favour of the barren atolls of Micronesia, we must still wonder why these are no vestiges of the other and remaining Polynesian occupants of Indonesia. No physical type corresponding to the tall Polynesian has boon pointed out in this archipelago, neither have archaeologists found any evidence of early Polynesian burials or settlements." (1) It is not our purpose in this talk to make anything like an exhaustive review of heyerdahlis book. oe shall content ourselves for the present with a selection of chapter headings to indicate the scope of his work end the wealth of material he has collected, upon which he has so ably built his theory of the American origin of the volynesians. The list is as follows:- Part 1. Polynesia and the Ole worlu. 1. Theories of Polynesian origins. The tall Polynesian stature. 3. The growth of beard in Polynesia. 4. The ocourence of aquiline nose in Polynesia. 5. The inconstancy of the Polynesian cephalic index, 6. The absence of the B factor among full-blooded Polynesians. 1. heyerdahl, 19, p. 31. </pre>

42 3C01-04-041.png 3C01-04-041.tif 3C01-04-041.tif 713279 PNG 1660 2046 713KB 3C01-04-041.png 3C01-04-041.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-041_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-041_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 406 500 PagedImage <pre> 7. 7. The inconstancy of the Malayo-Polynesian theory. 8. The debated existence of a lin6uistic clue. 9. Lan6uato does not belong, to race. 10. The possibility of borrowed torus. 11. Polynesians reached W,elanasiu from tae east. 14. Traditional mi?rations anti historical drifts ?o from east to west in Polynesia. 16. Polynesians reached iAcronesit, from the east. 14. The Mals,s (of typical yellow-brown akin-colour) and the fair akin in Polynesia. Part 11. Polynesia and Northwest America. 15. The disputed interpretations of America-Polynesian affinities. 16. eith the New eorld as (Atori-Polynesian steppin6- stone a not route but not a net, source is proposed. 17. The light complexion of the North-nest American Indians. 18. Skin colour and physioonomy recall Polynesian peculiarities. 19. Local occumance of the aquiline nose. 40. Local occumence of tall stature. 41. Local 0roath of beard. 4;d. The concurrence in Northwest-Indian and MaoriPol,nesian blood ,coups. k3. avolution of a maritime culture and the deep-sea canoe in rth-west America. </pre>

43 3C01-04-042.png 3C01-04-042.tif 3C01-04-042.tif 803667 PNG 1632 2023 804KB 3C01-04-042.png 3C01-04-042.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-042_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-042_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> 8. Part 111. The hoed through Haweiki. 44. The fect of 'time, and 'direction, upon actual voyaging distance. 4b. North-west American driftwood in hawaii. 46. Voyaging possibilities to and from Hawaii. Part 1V. The Complexity of Polynesian origins. 47. The theory that the dark-coloured strain has a hielmesian origin. 4B. Caucasian element in Polynesia. 4W. the fair and red-haired element in Polynesia. 3u. The double epoch of caster island. 31. Easter Island first discovered by refugees from the east steering for the setting sun. :54. caster Island tradition points to Peru. Pert V. -.If the book deals with Traces of Caucasian-like elements Pre-inca Peru. Part Vl. covers the subject of megalithic cult-sites in Peru, easter island and elsewhere in the Pacific. Part V11. covers the botanical evidence of Polynesian routes. The chapter devoted the sweet-potato or the kumara is a most interesting one. Botanists are a6reed that its original home was in America, and that both in south ,Jnorica and in Polynesia it is known by the same name. Its transfeAence from Peru to the Pacific according to Te hangihiroa, (1) was 1. Buck, "Vikings of the Sunrise." </pre>

44 3C01-04-043.png 3C01-04-043.tif 3C01-04-043.tif 1005135 PNG 1647 2033 1.005MB 3C01-04-043.png 3C01-04-043.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-043_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-043_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 405 500 PagedImage <pre> 9. accomplished by voyagers who set out from the Warquesas to fetch it across 4000 miles of empty seas; but-according to He?erdahl - this point of departure is in the centre of the trade wind belt, which, due to the earth's rotation, have blown consistently from east to west, apparently since creation. In Part 111 of his book lieyerdahl explains that "The travelling distance between fixed points in the Paolfic water-space is not told by a glance at the map As an example ue mention that the Kon-tiki raft, after ploughing through less than three thousand miles of surface water from the coast of Peru, had reached the Tuamotu islands which are move than four thousand miles away. An engine uriven craft, going in the contrary direction, against the trade wind but at the same speed as Kon - Tiki's average drift, would have to cover between five anu six thousand miles of moving, surface water to reach Peru from the same Tuamotu islands." lie does on to say, "As no sailing craft can maintain as high a speed against the wind as before it, we find that there is for primitive craft, in actual travelling miles, at least twice as far to sail from Polynesia to Peru as from Peru to Polynesia." The Kon-tiki took 101 da,s to drift from Callao in Peru to haroia Reef, which is south of the Marquesas. do that, Te hangihiroa's hypothetical kumara vo,agers, if they were able to maintain the same average speed as the Kon-tikils drift, would have taken about seven months of hard paddling across empty seas to reach Peru. Au he had dismissed the probability of a </pre>

45 3C01-04-044.png 3C01-04-044.tif 3C01-04-044.tif 961877 PNG 1642 2034 962KB 3C01-04-044.png 3C01-04-044.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-044_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-044_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 404 500 PagedImage <pre> 10. voyage from Easter Island, "because any voyager who had come over a thousand miles from the nearest land in eastern Polynesia would have settled there and not gone on," (1) we woulu opine that the voyagers from the Marquesas uoulo, similarly, have abandoned the idea of returning af,er laming in Peru. to Hangihiroa concludes his story in his own inimitable stile in these words "Contact was too short to make any lasting exchange in religious or social ideas "he unknown Polynesian voyager who brou,ht back the sweet-potato from South America, made the greatest individual contribution to the mcords of the Polynesians. He completed the series of voyages across the widest part of the great Pacific Ocean between Asia and South aLerice. Tradition is strangely silent, We know not his name or the name of his ship, but the unknown hero ranks among tile greatest of ',:he Polynesian navigators for he it was who completed the great adventure. Te Hangihiroa died before publication of Heyerdahl's book "American Indians in the Pacific." Although he was critical of the theory behind Cho Kon-Tiki Expedition we think that if he had lived to see this later book by Heyerdahl from which we have quoted rather freely, he would have modified his views about the problem of the introbuccion of the kumara into Polynesia. So much fresh material has been published on Polynesia and its peoples since Te hangihiroa wrote his "Vikings of the Sunrise" 1. buck, lurid p. 4. </pre>

46 3C01-04-045.png 3C01-04-045.tif 3C01-04-045.tif 971357 PNG 1653 2038 971KB 3C01-04-045.png 3C01-04-045.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-045_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-045_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 406 500 PagedImage <pre> 11. that at the present time a good deal of that most delightful and readable book will require to be re-written. The general pattern as we see it is that tire theory of an oast to west migration route is no longer ;:enable. fe Hangihiroa himself had rejected the Lielunesian route, and his own theory of an alternative migration route easterly through lAcronesia was dealt with bj Muruock and hr. Shapiro at the Pacific Science Congress which was held in New Zealand in 194b, and in the two papers presented by these men - "Cultural Sub-areas in Micronesia," and "Physical Anthropology of kicronesia" - there was an absence of any inoication of a Polynesian passage through Bicronesia. "The discussion that followed the presentation of these papers," writes heyerdahl, "show that all Polynesian influence in iIcronesia was cue Lo colonists from Samoa and Tonga, a movement in the opposite direction from it should have been had the Polynesians come from the west. Sven Buck .. was non obliged to admit that Polynesian settlements in Micronesia aid not support his view that the Polynesians had passed through that region from Indonesia. He admitted that ho had been under the impression that the Polynesian influence on the two Picronesian atolls of Kapingamarangi and Nukuoro, taken in conjunction with certain similarly affected Melanesian islands directly south of them, represented the trail of the Polynesian into the Pacific," (1) Hojerdahl, 195'c p. 68. </pre>

47 3C01-04-046.png 3C01-04-046.tif 3C01-04-046.tif 911031 PNG 1650 2038 911KB 3C01-04-046.png 3C01-04-046.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-046_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-046_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 405 500 PagedImage <pre> We should imagine that it was with some reluctance and a note of sadness that Te Rangihiroa concluded by saying, "it now seems that these Polynesian groups may be a backward movement which started from Samoa and Tonga and lost impetus after a certain distance." Our own mind on the complex problem of migration routes wAJ the settlement of Polynesia is briefly sec. out in an article contributed to the Polynesian Journal (1967 Vol. 96/1) Apropos of the remark made by To hangihiroa that Polynesian influence in Micronesia had "lost impetus after a certain distance" although not directed ao hangihiroa's observation, we had this to say :- "One thing we should re-examine is this matter of the dispersal point of the pe.,ples of the Pacific. the picture as I see it is of a migration stream arrested at its centre by the eastern island groups of Melanesia, and then, during succeeding generations, brunches flowing around a hardening core of increasing population, firstly in Tonga, Samoa, then Tahiti. Like the delta mouth of a river the various side branches would flow outwards and on either side of the main stream from a progressively higher point up-stream of the sluggish waters ahead. My impression is that the puzzling features in the cultural affinities between the various island groups would be better explained by the theory indicated above." </pre>

48 3C01-04-047.png 3C01-04-047.tif 3C01-04-047.tif 914009 PNG 1650 2049 914KB 3C01-04-047.png 3C01-04-047.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-047_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-047_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> Earlier in the article we had made certain observations and wrote :- "At page llb of Andrew Sharp's book (Ancient Voya,es in the Pacific) he has mew) u reference to an 'buster Island study by an ethnologist who considered that the culture showed analogies with hew Zealand, the l'uamotua, Mangareva, the Marquesas and Hawaii. Evidence on similar lines is indicated by the distribution of certain udso typos es described by or. hoger Duff id his book "The Moa-hunter Period of Eaori Culture" (Pawl 43 and sketch map, figure 32). "To my mind this evidence indicates a dispersal point for the outl,in, islands (Hawaii and New Zealand) as being well to the east of the tahiti Group. The dialects as spoken on these islands also have many points of similarity, and in my opinion all these tnalo,ical aspects are significant pointers to the migration routes followed by the peoples of the Pacific as being in a south-westorly direction from or by way of the Tuamotu Archipelago; especially the Tainui, Te Metatua and fokomaru peoples. The aotea people, on the other Kano, in speech and traditional lore, have stronger links th the Tahitian Group than the other peoples mentioned." tie shall now direct our attention to various cultural affinities and analogical aspects in relation to the peoples of Polynesia and those of Peru. These notes have been gleaned from </pre>

49 3C01-04-048.png 3C01-04-048.tif 3C01-04-048.tif 887381 PNG 1645 2044 887KB 3C01-04-048.png 3C01-04-048.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-048_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-048_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 402 500 PagedImage <pre> a very interesting book by J. Alden Mason, the Ancient Civilisations of Peru. The comparisons and the general explanations of various cultural aspects concerning the conformity of Polynesian traits with those of the Peruvians are entirely ours. The author of the book makes only a paasing and brief mention of the Polynes- ians. One note he makes might be quoted, as follows :- "The phy4leul t,pe of the Polynesians, their language, and the fundamentals of their culture connect them with south-eastern Asia rather than with America, and there is little doubt that they originally came from the Malayan region at no very remote period. In fact, they still retain very detailed legends of their migrations, at least of the later ones. The recent drift of a raft from Callao, Peru, to the Polynesian tuamotu Islands proved that such a voyage was feasible for unpowered craft, though not Heyerdahlts belief that the islands ,ere populated in this .ruler." Throughout his book the author appears to have been quite oblivious of the fact that the various customs, mode of dress and cultural aspects of the peoples of Peru as noted by him were in any way analagous to the peoples of Polynesia. This being so we conclude that his account was not in any way influenced by any theories of affinity between the Polynesians and the Peruvians. </pre>

50 3C01-04-049.png 3C01-04-049.tif 3C01-04-049.tif 916133 PNG 1668 2058 916KB 3C01-04-049.png 3C01-04-049.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-049_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-049_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 405 500 PagedImage <pre> Before proceeding further with our discussion perhaps we should point out that Mason was not altogether correct in the statement that "Polynesian physical types and the fundamentals of their culture connect them with south-eastern Asia at no very remote period." This has been the subject of much research work and his statement can be shown to be wrong. we shall now examine the analogical aspects we have alluded to :- Name.; Like the Pol;,nesians, there were no surnames in ancient Peru (48). A child was given any name that appealed to the parents, generally cescriptive of some quality, or referring to birds, fishes, places or other natural phenomena. A person bore several different names in various stages of his life. Incest: In ancient Peru incest restrictions were not so great as among peoples of the Old World. There were few for men of top rank; the last several Inca emperors married their full sisters, and nobles were allowed to marr., their half sisters. Among the commoners, marriage was permitted with a first cousin, but prohibited for closer relationships. (1,1) Among the Maori people the aristocracj generally married first cousins. There were cases of marriages between uncles and nieces and some with gran: nieces. In the Tainui tribal genealogical descent from the gods there were marriages between brothers and sisters; concing </pre>

51 3C01-04-050.png 3C01-04-050.tif 3C01-04-050.tif 406869 PNG 1656 2052 407KB 3C01-04-050.png 3C01-04-050.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-050_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-050_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 404 500 PagedImage <pre> 16. with the creation of Io, the supreme Being, of The World-of-Stars, ('re Whetu) who married his sister Floatin,-oons ( ) Tau-ana-te- ram., and down twent,one'cosmological, gennrations - as the ma fainui priesthood has it - down to "the Great Sky that stands above" and"The berth that lies Beneath". From, that point in the priestly genealogy we have thirtytwo 'evolutionary' generations; and then fifteen generations of the 'mythical to the ancestral', which brings us to the time of the Great Migration to New Zealand about the year 13OO </pre>

52 3C01-04-051.png 3C01-04-051.tif 3C01-04-051.tif 964093 PNG 1632 2034 964KB 3C01-04-051.png 3C01-04-051.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-051_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-051_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> WIDOWS. Among both races, a widow might not marry except to her husband's brother. In addition to inheriting the wife or wives of his dead brother, a man inherited his father's wives. (P. 152). CUSTOMS RELATING TO THE DEAD. In ancient highland Peru, according to Mason, ancestor-worship and the cult of the dead were of great importance, and so mortuary customs were rather extensive..women cut their hair and covered their heads.. The possessions of the dead were burned, the rest buried with the wrapped body. (Page 154). If we were to say that the recital of genealogies and the mention of ancestors in ancient Maori laments and dirges constitute ancestor-worship the Mason's description of Peruvian custom relating to the dead agrees entirely with that of the Polynesian. PREGNANT WOMEN In Peru were, for religions reasons, not allowed to walk in the fields (Page 147). With the Maori such women, and also during menses, were tapu and the same probition applied. The practice of a mother, as soon as possible after delivery, washing both herself and the child in a near-by stream was common to both the Peruvian ( Ibid ) and the Polynesian. Another custom that was common was the preservation of the umbilical cord, but with the Maori it was either deposited in a special underground cave or placed under a tree. </pre>

53 3C01-04-052.png 3C01-04-052.tif 3C01-04-052.tif 1050753 PNG 1659 2055 1.051MB 3C01-04-052.png 3C01-04-052.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-052_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-052_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 404 500 PagedImage <pre> /43 In some instances it was buried and a young tree planted over it. (One of the best known photographs of the late Timi Kara - Sir James Carroll - shows him standing alongside a kouka,or cabbage tree, growing on the banks on the Wairoa River, under which tree his umbilical cord was buried). In ancient Peru, the eldest uncle cut the baby's nails and hair, preserving them carefully. The Maori treated these things in the same way as the umbilical cord and they were carefully put away in caves or were buried. The naming of the child was the perogative of an uncle, and the name thus given the child bore until maturity, was the rule in Peru.(Page 147). With the Maori the uncle bestowed the name on the male children. EDUCATION. Afasax/ On education, Maori writes: - "For the child of the commoner there were no schools, no formal education. There being no system of writing there was little to learn that could not be imparted by the parents in ordinary conversation, and this education by precept and example was all that average child got. (Page 147). The sons of the aristocracy and of hostages of high rank, however, received some formal instructions (Ibid) as did the 'Chosen Women.' These 'Chosen Women' spent four years learning domestic science, religion, weaving, cooking and similar duties. (P. 147). This account fairly covers the Maori too, except with regard to the 'Chosen Women' and religion. Among most Maori tribes women were not admitted to the Sacred houses of learning, or where wanangk. </pre>

54 3C01-04-053.png 3C01-04-053.tif 3C01-04-053.tif 1025007 PNG 1657 2058 1.025MB 3C01-04-053.png 3C01-04-053.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-053_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-053_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> But among the Tainui tribes the eldest child, if a daughter of a high chief, was permitted to acquire certain rituals. She did this by listening in from outside during certain sessions of the school of learning. The door was left ajar for her benefit. FOOD. Meat was kept by cutting it into thin strips, allowing it to dry, and pounding it. Fish and other watery foods were also dried for storage..Two meals per day, morning and evening, were thus custom. (42). The Maori also observed the same custom and prepared his food for storage purposes in a similar manner. In addition the Maori also made huahua of game - rats and birds. These were debowed, carefully roasted, and then preserved in fat - using hollowed-out wooden vessels or calabashes for the purpose. MOCHE CULTURE. (300-450 ) Mason makes mention of a Peruvian tribe called the Moche and writes: - "The picture of the Moch afforded us by the archaeologists is that of a dynamic, almost aggresive, people, far along the road to civilisation. (3) The Moche world was obviously man's, and women definitely occupied an inferior position." (4). The culture location is Ve given as in the Central Coastal area of Peru, and it extended to the north into the valleys of Tupe, Paramonga and Huarmey (or Hua-mai to the Maori). (P. 71). As already indicated the women also occupied a lower position in Maori life - and, we might add, they preferred it that way. The name of the valleys mentioned are Maori words. </pre>

55 3C01-04-054.png 3C01-04-054.tif 3C01-04-054.tif 1224409 PNG 1632 2040 1.224MB 3C01-04-054.png 3C01-04-054.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-054_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-054_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 400 500 PagedImage <pre> R0 CL OTHING. WOMEN In Peru, women wore a one-piece dress that combined skirt and blouse reaching to the ankles and bound at the waist by a long wide, woven, and ornamented sash. At the top, it reached to the neck, the upper edges fastened together over the shoulders by long pins and passing under the arms at the sides. Like all garments, this dress was a large rectangular piece of woven cloth, merely wound around the body. (44). The description as given above tallies with the mode of dress of the Maori, Generally speaking the description given as applied to the Polynesian women might be qualified by explaining that it depended on what the wearer was doing as tocanner i hich the woven cloaks were worn. MEN. The men's cloak, in Peru, was a large mantle, worn over the shoulders and fastened at the front with a large straight metal pin known as topo. (Maori: - Topuni 2. Completely covered Black dogskin cloak Wd 6/437) Probably all men wore earplugs of some type, but the nobility, 'Inca' by birth or privilege, (Tainui: nga: A fairakinned person of an assertive nature. ngiki: Ancient honorific term (According to Te Kiri Katipa of the Waikato - Maniapoto tribes). Used by Te Ua Haumene of Taranaki in his Hau Pal Marire Cult), wore ouch great plugs in orifices in the ear-lobes that this class was generally referred to Ore-Jones, Big Ears (Long Ears in Easter Island) On ceremonial and festive occasions, of course, they also donned gaudy head-dresses, collars of feathers, and similar regalia. (Page 145). Among the Maori their feather cloaks, head bands, ear pendants and other regalia such the tapaka (a wide sash worn toga-like) which was ornamented with geometrical woven designs of coloured wefts and known as taniko. </pre>

56 3C01-04-055.png 3C01-04-055.tif 3C01-04-055.tif 1075949 PNG 1668 2066 1.076MB 3C01-04-055.png 3C01-04-055.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-055_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-055_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 404 500 PagedImage <pre> .2/ THE LITTER (MAORI AMO). "Litter like frames," writes Mason, were doubtless used in Peru "for carrying heavier objects, but the principal employment of the litter was for the personal transportation of the higher nobility. (65). With the Polynesian the amo, or litter was similarly used, more generally used for transportation of elderly people of rank and high born women. SOCIAL ORGANISATION. Like the Maori hapu (subtribe), who did not encourage marriages with members of outside hapu; "The Inca names, for family relationships," writes Mason, suggest theirs was not a clan system with exogamy (or marriage outside the group) and descent reckoned in a single female line. The respective generations were of considerable importance." Likewise the Maori placed great importance on the genealogies, or whakapapa. The Inca as a race called each other, as the MaoriNelynesian do, by the same term as that employed for 'brother' and 'sister' and there were no distinction between parallel and cross cousins by their own generation. (The Maori terms, tungine brothers or male cousins of parallel generations, and 'tuahine' or sister and female cousins, were similarly used. Cousins of the earlier generation were termed matua (uncle) or whaea (aunt); those of a still earlier generation or cousins twice removed were kuia, grandam, or koroua, grandsire.) The Peruvian considered that a father had sons and daughters, but the mother had only children. The Maori father referred to his son as tama (son) and tamahine (daughter); </pre>

57 3C01-04-056.png 3C01-04-056.tif 3C01-04-056.tif 797343 PNG 1659 2063 797KB 3C01-04-056.png 3C01-04-056.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-056_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-056_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 402 500 PagedImage <pre> '2. the mother more often referred to her daughter as taku kotiro (my girl) and her son as tamaiti (male child) and her family as tamariki (children). The Maori terms for father and uncle, and for mother and aunt, were treated in exactly the same way in Peru. Mason writes, "The same terms were used for father and for father's brother, (uncle), for mother and mother's sister (aunt). To complete the affinity between Peru and Polynesia in the usLof relationship terms, we have it from Mason that "the terms for brother and for sister; were different when used by a man and by a woman. With Polynesians, a man would refer to his sister or female cousin as a tuahine, and to younger brother or cousin of a junior line as teina, and to an elder brother or senior cousin as tuakana; A woman on the other hand, referred to a brother or male cousin as tungane and to younger or older sister or cousins of a senior or junior with the terms used by a man namely teina or tuakana. Mason does not give the Peruvian or Inca relationship terms, and it is rather intriguing to speculate bn a possible linguistic affinity in this connection. </pre>

58 3C01-04-057.png 3C01-04-057.tif 3C01-04-057.tif 894619 PNG 1651 2051 895KB 3C01-04-057.png 3C01-04-057.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-057_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-057_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 402 500 PagedImage <pre> Sub-Tribes : Ayllu (Peruvian) Hapla (Maori). "In Inca times, as in Peru today," ison writes, "the basic social group of the people - apart from the immediate family - was the ayllu, an enlarged or extended family. a sub-tribe." Like the Maori-Polynesian hapu all members of an ayllu were related - they owned a definite territory. iathouoh. the Maori aiu not exclusively reckon descent in the male line as did the Inca people, nevertheless the male lines among Polynesians gave adued lustre to one's pedigree. Some ayllus of Peru, as is the case with the haptii. of Aotearoa, ascribed their origin to mythical persons; and each had a name, generally that of a place or person. desidenoe was Generally patrilocal; the son brought his wife to live with or near his parents. In this connection, and as a modern note, we would like to draw attention to the wedding; celebrations of present-day Maori marriages; unlike that of the Pakeha, these are held among the people of the bridegroom. As was the case with the Maori, "the pattern of commoner agricultural labour for the support of the chief sinchi (Ariki with the Maori) ,as a very ancient one. The chief had considerable authority." lie was responsible for the acts of his tribesmen and for the avenging of wrongs done to them. As with the hapu, the ayllu had its </pre>

59 3C01-04-058.png 3C01-04-058.tif 3C01-04-058.tif 867691 PNG 1632 2034 868KB 3C01-04-058.png 3C01-04-058.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-058_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-058_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> "communal agricultural, lands and woodlands." each recognised a founder and a common ancestor. The provinces of the Inca empire was divided into four quarters called suyu. The Maori likewise refer to the homes and people on the periphery of an extensive geographical area as being no nga iiau a wha (from the four winds). huaca or data (Maori - Wake). In the Peruvian term huaca or waca (Spanish spelling) we have an important and rather interesting linguistic affinity with the Polynesian, aka or canoe. The alternative Spanish spelling with an aspirate, huaca, has its counterpart in the Maori with the usqof the preceding indefinite article, he, and a canoe may be referred to as he wake. Mason's notes on the significance of the term waca adds strength to our belief that we have evidence here of unmistakeable affinity between the two races. ne writes : "Lech fighting group carried into battle some of its portable idols, fetishes, or wacas, which served as morale sustainers and rallying points the word waca originally meant 'sacred shrine,' and is so used by the Indians today In ancient, as in modern Peru, there were thousands of wacas; ranging from great temples to hills, springs and piles of stones. each was believed to </pre>

60 3C01-04-059.png 3C01-04-059.tif 3C01-04-059.tif 957197 PNG 1640 2040 957KB 3C01-04-059.png 3C01-04-059.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-059_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-059_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 402 500 PagedImage <pre> .21 be - or to harbour - a spirit which might be malevolent anu which should be gratified or placated by some pngt or sacrifice." The Maori wake, commonly used as the name for a canoe, was and is still being used to very nearly the same extent anu in a similar context to the Peruvian word described by Mason. The alternative Maori-Polynesian terms with similar connotation are mauri (or Talisman, a material symbol of the hi,i6en principle protecting vitality, fruitfulness, etc., of people, lands, forests and fisheries), and where, the Maori word for house. The Peruvian had alternative terms too, as Mason mentions. Of the apaohita he has this to say :"Another type of waca called apachlta was a sort of cairn at a dangerous or important place on a road where the traveller paused to pray for safety and strength; hence he would add a stone to the pile or leave something of trivial value such as a piece of worn-out clothing, a quid of coca, or even a handful of straw, This custom is still practiced." Phis description is very similar to the Maori custom of whakarite (fulfill or render tribute) in the uruuru-whenua rite when entering into (new) land. It could very Well be caat the Peruvian term apechita, with its letter changes, is the same term as the Polynesian whakarite. those who have travelled on the raupo-Putaruru andthe iotorua-.hakatane main highways will remember the hollow stone of HatUpatu near' Atiamuri and the </pre>

61 3C01-04-060.png 3C01-04-060.tif 3C01-04-060.tif 869005 PNG 1650 2047 869KB 3C01-04-060.png 3C01-04-060.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-060_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-060_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> .26 Wishing Tree on Hon?i's Track, and will appreciate the significance of the simple rite described by Mason and recognise the affinity of the Maori custom of whakarite with the apach1ta of the Peruvian. Curaca Yanacona (Luori: Xakakura and AiCO/luti), "The lower class of nobility," writes Mason, was known as the Curaca class'." A honorific term of the t4aori for the nobly born was :(aka-aura. There appears to be a linguistic, link here, tot.; transposition and duplication of the last syllable in Curaca will produce the Maori Kaka-kura. A further cultural affinity any a parallel linguistic term we find in'the term yanacona, which Yason has described as follows :- "The royalty and nobility were allowed many privileges such us the use of litters (amo of the Maori), parasols (whakemarumaru of the Maori) and attire somewhat resembling the emperor's, secondary wives, luxury articles and iyanacona, servants. "The 5anacona was another importent group of men, who were exempt from the labour-tax service. (The Peruvian like the Polynesian did not have a money economy - 88). The yanacona "were selected in youth, removed from ayllu, or clan Some authorities believe that the craftsmen wore included in the -,anacone category. </pre>

62 3C01-04-061.png 3C01-04-061.tif 3C01-04-061.tif 909165 PNG 1648 2045 909KB 3C01-04-061.png 3C01-04-061.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-061_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-061_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> The boys were certainly selected for unusual intelligence, ability or promise to rise to posts of considerable importance, their status is a little difficult to define ..Some of them rose to be Curacas themselves." (80) The foregoing note fairly uodcribes the class of priestly scholars of the Maori iduire-wananga, or School of Sacred Learning. these scholars were called Nga Akonga. Again we detect an affinity in the terms :_anacona and lige Akonha. Warfare. The mode of fighting, construction of forts, causes of warfare, the ambition to excel in battle, and to "achieve glory and the advancement of perquisites and favours that fell to the brave and victorious Warrior," (W) was in every respect the same among both peoples. Their weapons were essentially of the same types. 1. The Peruvian's sling was the Maori kopere. 2. The main arm of their common soldier, the club, was the Maori mere or asa. 3. The "double-edged sword" (mecalie) as described by Mason, is the Maori taiaha. (40 note hare that the Maori word makana means to deliver as a blow or to throw.) 4. ,The Peruvian bola "consisted of several atones, each fastened to the end of a cord or thong, and the latter tied together at the other ends, Thrown, they whirled by centrifugal force end covered a considerable area, wrapping around the victiss </pre>

63 3C01-04-062.png 3C01-04-062.tif 3C01-04-062.tif 824953 PNG 1658 2053 825KB 3C01-04-062.png 3C01-04-062.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-062_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-062_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 404 500 PagedImage <pre> .29 body or legs." (91) Por the bola the Maori had the kotaha. Sleeping. The late Sir Apirana Ngeta, in a lecture at the Auckland University over thirty years uuo said that, like his Maori forbears he preferred to sleep at floor level. Eason, on this subject, writes :- "Like the simplest of his subjects, the (Inca) ruler slept on tiro floor. (60 Chiefs were Tod, or Sacred. Writing of the Inca ruler's sacred person Mason wrote :- "No one else might aspire to enjoy his superior goods, so all his discards and left-overs, clothing, food or whabot were carefully saved and ceremonially burnt by an official." (8b) The Maori ariki or high chief, was a like case; and he was very tapu, or sacred; but in his case the food or articles were more often buried. If they were burnt, a special fire for the purpose Lad to bu made well awe, from all habitation, and unuer no circumstances .e such things to ue burnt in u fire used for cooking food. ,4uipu or Hecord-keeping. Like the Maori the Peruvian had no form of writing. What both races had were strings with a system of knots tied to them. 3) this means they kept records of various things. To the initiated the knots and the manner in which the, were tied s, </pre>

64 3C01-04-063.png 3C01-04-063.tif 3C01-04-063.tif 859933 PNG 1661 2055 860KB 3C01-04-063.png 3C01-04-063.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-063_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-063_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 404 500 PagedImage <pre> conve jod valuable Information, especially as a system of inventory, for record purposes. Importance of the number seven was a feature. A decimal system was adopted. Dealing with the religion of the Peruvians, Mason writes;- "The Supreme deity was the Creator, .. generally known as Viraoocha, but this name Was merely one of his many titles. He is Said to have hi,: no true name, but, like the great god of some other peoples, his name may have been too sacred to be spoken, and thus was unknown to the chroniclers," we pause here to say that every word written here by Mason apply also co Io, the Supreme Being of the Maori. Vie shall be ending this talk with some further reference to the lo religion of the Maori, 'and so for the present we will continue with soma further quotations from son's book, which correspond with Polynesian beliefs. At page Mason wrote :- "After the creation he (the Gruator) interfered little in /amen destinies, remaining a benign divinity in the heavens. He was therefore little worshipped by the common people; the emperor and nobles appealed to him more frequently - in time of trouble. The Creator god was apparently a very old and fundamental deity in Peru Viracooha was also a culture hero who taught his people bow to live." </pre>

65 3C01-04-064.png 3C01-04-064.tif 3C01-04-064.tif 1078457 PNG 1643 2038 1.078MB 3C01-04-064.png 3C01-04-064.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-064_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-064_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> JO Properly speaking re were no churches in ancient Peru, for almost all ceremonies were performed out of doors, and only the priests and high officials entered the temples. Confessions were made to priests generally by the side of a stream The invalid was then purified by washing, if he was boa-ridden; if he was able to walk he went to a stream or better to the junction of two rivers and washed himself." We shall have to interrupt' Lason's account hare to say that the Maori did not confuse the Supreme Being, Io, with their culture heroes like Mgui and TEwhaki. Mason's note about the Creator not interfering in human destinies reminds me of an occasion when I went to visit the sick bed of one of our Maniapoto elder chiefs, 'Pe ohare itotu. To share hotu was one of the last two elders of our tribe who had some knowledge of the Tainui Io cult, and he was also a student of the Bible. I was accompanied by a leading member of the Hatana Church, and we found Te Whare hotu lying in bed and looking far from well. After a time my companion offered to say some prayers and 'Pe Where Hotu gave him permission to do so. As far us I am aware the apostles of the :ratans Church do not undergo a course of theological training and my comrade - Hurori Loerua by name and a cousin of 'Pe Where Hotu -was a noted tribal orator, and in conducting his prayer cession he prayed for a long time and got quite workeu up. Towards the end he had raised his voice as if he was speaking to a multitude. As soon as he had finished, 'Pe ,hare Rota sat up and berated his cousin and said, "Oly shout? One would think Goa was deaf/ And' furthermore, you prayed too long and repeated yourself too often </pre>

66 3C01-04-065.png 3C01-04-065.tif 3C01-04-065.tif 899869 PNG 1632 2031 900KB 3C01-04-065.png 3C01-04-065.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-065_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-065_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 402 500 PagedImage <pre> in asking God to heal the sick and to make me well. Dont you know the All-knowing God beoomes hello, or wearied with importunity, the same as we do when our little grandchildren come rouna to worry us for lollies and titbits? I shall got well again, but it won't be because of your prayers!" Te Where Hotu got well as he had said and died seventeen years later at nearly ninety years of age. As a matter of fact his cousin, many years his Junior, died several years before him. To end my quotations from Mason's book, The Ancient Civilizations of Peru" (1967) (My copy, by the way, is an eight shillings 'Pelican' paper-cover book). Mason wrote at page 20, ;- "More important in mundane affairs were the sky deities - the gods and goddesses of the sun, moon, scars and thunder these were all servants of the Creator. The cult of the Earth-mother was probably the oldest." At page 204, he continues :- "Incas were sun-worahippers..Naturally the Thunder or Leather God (Illapa) was the divinity of next importance The name Illapa connotes both thunder and lighting. he was envisa,ed as man According to one myth, his sister kept the rain in a jug which Illapa b oke with his sling shot when he yielded to earthlings pleas of rain. Inca star lore was extensive..many of the stars and constellations ware given names..the morning star </pre>

67 3C01-04-066.png 3C01-04-066.tif 3C01-04-066.tif 587411 PNG 1646 2042 587KB 3C01-04-066.png 3C01-04-066.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-066_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-066_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> , Venus was an important figure in mythology. the name Pleiades took care of seeds." We could continue with several more Amos of quotations from this excellent book - all of which contain some element of affinity with pstlynesian culture. 5ut my time is running out and we shall have to be content with making a rather sketchy commentary on the notes we have just quoted. Firstly we would point out that the sun in Maori is deified and as such is named Tama-inu-i-to-re. (He-who-imbibes-theSun). Mason did not give a name for the sun god of Peru, but he gives the name Illapa for the god of thunder and lighting. She Maori names the combined phenomena of lighting and thunder as Sirs - rarapa which approximates very closely to the Peruvian Illapa. The Peruvian myth of Illapa's siste and her jug seems to be a variation of the </pre>

68 3C01-04-067.png 3C01-04-067.tif 3C01-04-067.tif 1069651 PNG 1640 2044 1.07MB 3C01-04-067.png 3C01-04-067.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-067_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-067_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> I) Maori myth of the moon goddess, who etuabled because of a passing store cloud hiding the light of the narasa, the moon. In her tall she broke her calabash and in anger she muttered a curse. The noon therefore rushed down and taking a fire hold took her away into the heavens. Mason's mention of the stars, and in particular, Venus reminds us that in the poetry and songs of the Maori the star names are mentioned frequently. The Pleiades, too, as is the case with the Peruvians were greeted with Jey and gladness as heralding the spring tire of the year. We have not by any mans exhausted the affinities in the cultural eleuents of the two races, but our tine is running out, and we will content ourselves at this stage by saying that up to this point in our discussion - to use a ?Ticketing parlance - an astute captain, having established a commending lead, should declare the innings closed. But before leaving the field we should like to quote sous affinities in the religious beliefs on a higher level of both the Maori and the Peruvians. Firstly let us quote one of the cost famous prayer as recorded by Mason at page 210 of his book: - Viracoeha, Lord of the Universe. Whether sale or female, at any rate commander of heat and reproduction, being one who, even with His spittle, can work sersery. Where art Thou? Would that Thou newt not hidden from this son of Thine. He say be above; He may be below; or, perchance, abroad in space. Where is His mighty judgmment-seat? Hear me He may be spread abroad among the upper waters; </pre>

69 3C01-04-068.png 3C01-04-068.tif 3C01-04-068.tif 733871 PNG 1632 2036 734KB 3C01-04-068.png 3C01-04-068.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-068_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-068_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> 34k or among the lower waters and their sands He may be dwelling. Creator of the world, Creator of sun, great among my ancestors, before Thee my eyes fail se, Thou I long to see Thee; for, seeing Thee, understanding Thee, I shall be seen by Thee, and Thou wilt know me. The Sum-the Moon; the Day-the Night; Summer Miatarl not in vain, in orderly succession, do they march to their destined place, to their goal. They arrive wherever Thy royal staff Thou bearest. Oh. Harken to se, listen to we, let it not befall that I grow weary and die. We match the Peruvian prayer with a Maori invocation from the Tainui Io School of Learning. THE TRIUMPHAMP CHANT OF IO (THE SUPREME BEINO.) Tapu, Tapu, meat sacred am I! Prom the Zenith aMAII I as from Rene. - pu - rears, 'The Heavens' - origin - in - comeave - space' ; I as from Rangi-pu-anewanewa, 'The Heavens' -origin-in-the-measureless-expanse, I am Io Let us dimities briefly the Maori account of the Creation which is in genealogical form: </pre>

70 3C01-04-069.png 3C01-04-069.tif 3C01-04-069.tif 864589 PNG 1658 2055 865KB 3C01-04-069.png 3C01-04-069.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-069_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-069_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> Te Aho Tuatahi, (The First Strand), An octaval evolution, commencing with a 4gliti recital, thus: - Exaeining High Priest: (tapatir) asks: - 1. Where was the dwelling place of Io in Eternal Space? The High Priest (Tuahuroa) replies: - 2. In the Beginning there was Te Nor, 'The Formless Voids' Darkness encompassed the Universe, with water everywhere: There was no world, no soon, ne light. Then their case Te Po-ka-ura, 'The Night-that-glowed' I Wherein was concerned Kotahi-to-ki, 'The Oneunspoken-thought' 3. Primeval..Enshimed! In the all-pervading glooe of Te Po-uriuri, 'The Dark-green Night,' A voice spake, saying: Should I remain in antis ? Nay! Night succeeding Night! Let there be a world of Light! And at once a World of Light appeared, It was galled Kotahi-te-korero, 'The One Spoken Word; Sacred-Sanctified! k. The Voice spake again, saying; 'Should I resain inactive? Nay! Light succeeding Light Let there be a Night of Darkness! And great darkness again appeared: It was Te Po-ka-karauri, 'The Night that faintly gleamed; ' Wherein there was Kotahl-te-wanaaga, 'The One Sacred Asseuble,' Seeking for,'That which is hidden' Sseking..Searching. </pre>

71 3C01-04-070.png 3C01-04-070.tif 3C01-04-070.tif 880869 PNG 1678 2074 881KB 3C01-04-070.png 3C01-04-070.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-070_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-070_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 405 500 PagedImage <pre> is 5. Emergent iron Te Wai-oti-atu, 'The Waters of Annihilation' A loud voice than spake saying; 'Let hhere be a Night of Darkness above, And a Night of Darkness here belly; ' Sanctified then was the Darkness of thel,Night; It was Te Poaoao-nui, 'The Night-with-the Aroma-ofSprouting-things;' And therein was Te Kore-whimhia, 'The Intangible formless Void.' Deporeeptible Latent! 6. Lo! A piers/Ng call, and the Voice again is heard In Te Po-kerekime, 'The-Night-of-Intense-darkness,' Saying; 'The Night is distressful, Come, let there be a World of Light above! ' Sanctified then use the Light of the sacred World of Light; Light Priseval, seared to the World of Light. And, there! - pierced sad iapaled - was Te Ker -makiki-hl-rert-, The Formless Void pierced by Line extemding into Space; Immovable Motionless. 7. In the Night of Te Po-tensku, 'The Creation Night,' The Celestial Voice of Eteweity spike, say; Let this World, this sacred abiding-place, Be a World of light Eternal! ' A great Light then o'erspread Creation; The Waters, all encompassing, follow in its wake! And, raised on high, in trouulous sanctity was Makaka, 'The Sacred Curve' Hallowed Holy! </pre>

72 3C01-04-071.png 3C01-04-071.tif 3C01-04-071.tif 974821 PNG 1632 2037 975KB 3C01-04-071.png 3C01-04-071.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-071_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-071_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> The Voice then spike again saying; 'Let the Waters now recede, And let the Firmament appear! St once the Waters were separated And the Firmament appeared{! Then there came the Dawn of Te Aio-nuku, 'The Widspread Calm,' (And there, too, was the Primeval Being, Io! The Supreme Being' sl lo-nua, 'To-the-foremost' , . I. Io-son, "Io-the-elevated-one' , 101hunga, 'Io-the-all-eubraoing? , Io-ruru, 'Io-the-sheltering-omel Io-hewn, 'Io-the-vibrant-one' , 'Io the glowing one; The Infinite The Eternal At this point we are still twenty-two epochal nights of creation away from the birth of Ranginui-e-tu-iho-nei (The Great Sky that stands ale and Papatuanuku (The Earth 1' that lies beneath.) And I desire to address a few rummies to the scientists here assembled. I think that the terminology used by the priesthood of the Where maga, School of Seared Learning, reveals the fact that they had pondered deeply on the nature of the t cosmos. For instance, 'The Formless-Voidlpitree4Line- i, , 1. tor ray of light) - extending into space, could very well be typical Polynesian symbolioal terminology to describe the proemial point in the evolution of the coignes, whelk forte (or the "Let there be Light" of the Bible) appeared to radiate through space. like,tordthOlcay </pre>

73 3C01-04-072.png 3C01-04-072.tif 3C01-04-072.tif 807509 PNG 1648 2044 808KB 3C01-04-072.png 3C01-04-072.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-072_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-072_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> The terminolgy of the evolutionary periods, termed Po, or Night, are not only poetical but also helpful in gaining an insight into the priestly oonception of the Polynesian as to the varied phenomena which marked the birth of 'The World of Stars,' 'Floating Moons,' 'The Far-flung Universe,' and so on doers to the earth-mother, or 'The Earth-that-lies-beneath.' For dpamatio presentation it would be difficult to better the description of the striving of 'The 611?er1J-colu Universe' and 'The Bitterly-cold Night' through the epochal periods called, 'rho Knocking Sounds' and 'the Indrawn-breath of Heaven' to give birth to 'the Shattered and hxpanding Universe' add 'The Shattered and :3L-panding Night.' Now here is a compariscn with the ,;cientist and others of tho rainui Io Fifth Intermission which I have already given. I shall give it again :- the f4aori Sanctified then was the darkness of the Sacred Night It has To Po-aoao-nui, 'The flight-with-the-aromaof-sprouting things. ;(:)w here is aa the hebrew had it :- And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful and multiply.. And the evening and the mornin6 were the fifth day. (Genesis), And now the Scientist :- It w,s only routine I, make an extraction and </pre>

74 3C01-04-073.png 3C01-04-073.tif 3C01-04-073.tif 503217 PNG 1716 2108 503KB 3C01-04-073.png 3C01-04-073.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-073_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-073_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 407 500 PagedImage <pre> spectrum analysis of chlorophyll. Vdth chlorophyll the green came through clearly. Conant who made this his own problem, produced a diagram closely worked over with symbols and signs, whloh unfolded - to anyone could understand itl - how the atoms are arranged and deploed anu linkeu in such a tremendous moleoule cc li61i4ebbn740b. One instant there are gas and water, as lifeless as tte core of this earth or the chill of space; and the next the, are become living tissue. Life, in short, synthe- sized, plant-synthesized, light synthesized. (The Flowering ilarth - uonald Culross Peattle) The subject of our discussion threatens to go off at a tangent and I must bring our talk to an enu. </pre>

75 3C01-04-074.png 3C01-04-074.tif 3C01-04-074.tif 737423 PNG 1646 2040 737KB 3C01-04-074.png 3C01-04-074.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-074_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-074_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage Hawaiki. The Original home of the Maori. Theory of Indian Origin no date Pei Te Hurinui Jones Manuscript for Hawaiki. Hawaiki Māori origins Manuscript English, handwritten notations, 39 pages, p.88 has handwritten insert, p.90 has 3xhandwritten paragraphs, p.113 not there unrestricted Whakapapa <pre> 1. hAwAIK 1. The Original Home of the laori. Theorl_of Indian Origin. In the preface to the third edition of his book,'Hawaikii, Percy Smith wrote ;- "The writer is fully aware that his theory as to the origin of the Polynesian race from India as expressed in this work is weak, through want of access to works on early India. But a friend of the writer's has accumulated a vast amount of valuable information bearing on the question from the Indian standpoint, and which information will, it is hoped, shortly be published." Percy Smith's 'hawaiki' was published over fifty years ago, and so far as we are aware the friend referred to did not publish the material mentioned by him. In the meantime, though Percy Smith had described his theory as weak, New Zealand authors have generally accepted the supposition that "the Polynesians originated in India' (1). Both kisdon Best and 'Pe Hangihiroa (Sir Peter Buck) accepted the theory, and the latter developed his pat geographical Polynesian triangle (5) from the migration 1. Percy Smith's "Hawaiki" 1910 p. 85. Buck's "Vikings of the Sunrise" 1938. </pre>

76 3C01-04-075.png 3C01-04-075.tif 3C01-04-075.tif 999577 PNG 1669 2048 999.6KB 3C01-04-075.png 3C01-04-075.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-075_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-075_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 407 500 PagedImage <pre> 2. traditions as interpreted by Percy Smith, and placed its apex on ;aster Island (or Rapanui); its northern angle on the islands of Hawaili, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Uahu, Kauai and Nihau; and its third and southern angle on New Zealand (or Aotearoa). fhe triangle, therefore, had its base centred on the important island groups of Samoa and Tonga, and this base included the atoll group of Tokelau and the atoll of Pukapuka, lying to the north and northeast of Samoa. These islands served as the western facade of Polynesia. Te Rangihiroa in his "Vikings of the Sunrise" rejected the southern Melanesian migration route because as he observes, "In general the Polynesians are physically very different from the Melanesians. Had they stopped at Melanesian islands to refit their ships and gather new supplies, it is probable that racial intermixture would have taken place." .. He went on to say, "Much of the linguistic evidence formerly cited in support of an original west to east migration of Polynesians through Melanesia has recently been proved to indicate a movement from Polynesia westward to the marginal islands of Melanesia." Finally Te Rangihiroa propounded the theory that the northern route, which was the only other possible west to east Aor- island-studded route into the Pacific, as being the route followed by our Polynesian ancestors. This route leads "through Yap, Palau, and the Caroline Islands; then it branches, one line leading northeast through the Marshall Islands toward Hawaii, and one going </pre>

77 3C01-04-076.png 3C01-04-076.tif 3C01-04-076.tif 880619 PNG 1660 2042 881KB 3C01-04-076.png 3C01-04-076.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-076_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-076_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 406 500 PagedImage <pre> 3. southeast through the Gilbert and Phoenix Islands to enter Polynesia north of Samoa." (1) As a note of reminiscence of that great man - a lovable character in every way - I should like to recall at this stage an early incident in my youth. Te Rangihiroa was discussing Hawaiki with a group of young people, and I had the temerity to object to ono of the propositions then propounded that our ancestors had been, as it were, pushed from "pillar to post" by the pressure of population in Java, and other islands leading easterly to Melanesia, and onwards into what is now Polynesia. I argued that we were better fighters than any of the races that inhabited the islands along that route. re Hangihiroa only smiled. Pe Hangihiroa summed up the argument against the Melanesian migration route and in favour of that through Micronesia or the northern route by saying, "Strong support in favour of the Micronesian route lies in the positive evidence against the route through Melanesia." (I) He also quoted r;.. Gifford who analysed the mythology of Tonga and found "that twenty-seven elements were shared with Micronesia and ten with tielenesia, some of which may be due to recent contact with Fiji." (3) ire are not told what these twenty-seven elements were. 1. Buck, "Vikings of the Sunrise" 1938. i. Ibid. p. 45. 3. Surakc?U4kinEA-of?tre-S4=1,1948 P. 4b. </pre>

78 3C01-04-077.png 3C01-04-077.tif 3C01-04-077.tif 996149 PNG 1687 2061 996KB 3C01-04-077.png 3C01-04-077.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-077_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 82 100 png 3C01-04-077_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 409 500 PagedImage <pre> 4. Theory of American Origin. Although various writers have put forward somewhat tentative ideas of America being the homeland, or Hawaiki, of the Polynesians, the credit for this forthright claim must go to Thor Heyerdahl. In his "American Indians in the Pacific" (19b2) he has, in my opinion, put forward a very strong case, if not a conclusive one in favour of America being the principal stepping stone in the movement of the race from "somewhere in ;astern Asia, northwards by way of Northeastern Siberia and north-western America into the New world." (1) Heyerdahl, underyariouspleadings, has coveredXwll the .14-44 arguments/that have been put forward by, a host of writers over the years. A complete list of the chapter headings in his book of over eight hundred pages will indicate the wide coverage of his painstaking research work. 4du is a wonder to us that no one has attempted to make a critical examination of his work in oraer to discredit the theory he has so confidently and clearly put forward. we say this because there has not been a dearth of critics who have simply dismissed his conclusions without any sound arguments to 'ustify their objections to his theory of an American origin for the Polynesian peoples. We ourselves had an initial objection; a poor one really, as it concerned the title he gave to his book, "American Indians in the Pacific." ro our mind the first title he had in mind, namely, "The American Origins 1. Heyerdahl, "American Indians in the Pacific" 1952 7. </pre>

79 3C01-04-078.png 3C01-04-078.tif 3C01-04-078.tif 884845 PNG 1682 2057 885KB 3C01-04-078.png 3C01-04-078.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-078_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 82 100 png 3C01-04-078_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 409 500 PagedImage <pre> 5. of the Polynesian". (1) would have been a better title. However, 1 suppose, the American book market dictated the choice of a name for the book. vecalling my youthful argument with our kindly elaer, Te :iangihiroa, I was pleased to note that heyerdahl - in dealing with the migration route through Melanesia and as an argument against the theory that "the population pressure caused by the Malay invasion of'Indonesia may have started the ancestors of the Polynesian peoples on their search for new homelands in the Pacific." (2) he wrote :- "Are we to suppose that the courageous Polynesian warriors abandoned all their own settlements and made off upon the arrival of small Malay people from the Asiatic mainland? If so the character of all Maori-Polynesians must have changed greatly since then. They did not flee New Zealand when the knglishmen arrived. .e may very well accept the possibility that a big enough boatload of Malays may have driven Maori-Polynesians away from a settlement, a valley, or even a small island, but not that they cleared the whole Indonesian archipelago of tall and warlike Polynesians. It is unbelievable that every tribe throughout Indonesia should have fled in search of new homes in an unknown ocean upon the arrival of the first Malays; on the other hand, if 1. Heyerdahl, "The Kon-tiki Expedition" 1950. k. eeckler 1943 p. 8. </pre>

80 3C01-04-079.png 3C01-04-079.tif 3C01-04-079.tif 842951 PNG 1649 2038 843KB 3C01-04-079.png 3C01-04-079.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-079_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-079_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 405 500 PagedImage <pre> 6. the hypothetical Polynesian ancestors had not settled all the islands, there would have been no population pressure. Allowing that some exposed groups of Polynesions from one of the marginal islands may have deserted the fertile Indonesian archipelago in favour of the barren atolls of ,acronesia, we must still wonder why there are no vestiges of the other and remaining Polynesian occupants of Indonesia. No physical type corresponding to the tall Polynesian has been pointed out in this archipelago, neither have archaeologists found any evidence of early Polynesian burials or settlements." (1) It is not our purpose in this talk to make anything like an exhaustive review of heyerdahlis book. ae shall content ourselves for the present with a selection of chapter headings to indicate the scope of his work and the wealth of material he has collected, upon which he has so ably built his theory of the American origin of the rolynesians. The list is as follows:- Part 1. Polynesia and the Ola 1. Theories of Polynesian origins. 2. The tall Polynesian stature. 3. The growth of beard in Polynesia. 4. The occurence of aquiline nose in Polynesia. b. The inconstancy of the Polynesian cephalic index, 6. The absence of the B factor among full-blooded Polynesians. ? ? ? heyerdahl, 1954 p. bl. </pre>

81 3C01-04-080.png 3C01-04-080.tif 3C01-04-080.tif 686081 PNG 1660 2048 686KB 3C01-04-080.png 3C01-04-080.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-080_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-080_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 405 500 PagedImage <pre> 7. 7. the inconstancy of the Malayo-Polynesian theory. 8. The debated existence of a linguistic clue. 9. Language does not belong to race. 10. The possibility of borrowed words. 11. Polynesians reached ;Melanesia from the east. 12. Traditional migrations ano historical drifts go from east to west in Polynesia. 15. Polynesians reached icronesia from the east. 14. The Malays (of typical yellow-brown skin-colour) and the fair skin in Polynesia. Part 11. Polynesia and Northwest America. 15. The disputed interpretations of America-Polynesian affinities. 16. Yrith the New world as /aori-Polynesian steppingstone a new route but not a new source is proposed. 17. the light complexion of the North-west American Indians. 18. Skin colour and physiognomy recall Polynesian peculiarities. 19. Local occurrence of the aquiline nose. 20. Local occurence of tall stature; 21. Local growth of board. The concurrence in Northwest-Indian and Maori- Polynesian blood groups. 2S. ,volution of a maritime culture and the deep-sea canoe in North-west America. </pre>

82 3C01-04-081.png 3C01-04-081.tif 3C01-04-081.tif 778875 PNG 1643 2032 779KB 3C01-04-081.png 3C01-04-081.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-081_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-081_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 404 500 PagedImage <pre> 8. Part 111. The Road througLHawaiki. 24. The gffect of 'time. and 'direction' upon actual voyaging distance. 25. North-west American driftwood in hawaii. 26. Voyaging possibilities to and from Hawaii. Part 1V. The Complexity of Pol/nesian origins. 27. The theory that the dark-coloured strain has a Melanesian origin. 28. Caucasian element in Polynesia. 29. The fair and red-naired element in Polynesia. 30. The double epoch of haster Island. 31. Easter Island first discovered by refugees from the east steering for the setting sun. 32 haster Island tradition points to Peru. Part V. of the book deals with Traces of Caucasian-like elements in Pre-Inca Peru. Part Vl. covers the subject of megalithic cult-sites in Peru, ;aster Island and elsewhere in the Pacific. Part V11. covers the botanical evidence of Polynesian routes. The chapter devoted to the sweet-potato or the kumara is a most interesting one. Bdtanists are agreed that its original home was in America, and that both in South America and in Polynesia it is known by the same name. Its transference from Peru to the Pacific, according to Te hengihiroa, (1) was 1. Buck, Vikings the Sunrise." </pre>

83 3C01-04-082.png 3C01-04-082.tif 3C01-04-082.tif 1004047 PNG 1692 2074 1.004MB 3C01-04-082.png 3C01-04-082.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-082_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 82 100 png 3C01-04-082_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 408 500 PagedImage <pre> 9. accomplished by voyagers who set out from the Marquesas to fetch it across 4000 miles of empty seas: but-according to Heyerdahl -this point of departureiis in the centre of the trade wind belt, which, due to the earth's rotation, have blown consistently from 'east to west, apparently since creation. In Part 111 of his book Heyerdahl explains that "the travelling distance between fixed points in the Pacific water-space is not told by a glance at the map As an example we mention that the Kon-tiiti raft, after ploughing through less than three thousand miles of surface water from the coast of Peru, had reached the Tuamotti islands which are more than four thousand miles away. An engine driven craft, going in the contrary direction, against the trade wind but at the same speed as Kon - Tiki's average drift, would have to cover between five and six thousand miles of moving surface 'hater to reach Peru from the same Tuamotu islands." He goes on to say, "As no sailing craft can maintain as high a speed against the wind as before it, we find that there is for primitive craft, in actual travelling miles, at least twice as far to sail from Polynesia to Peru as from Peru to Polynesia." The Kon-tiki took 101 da s to drift from Callao in Peru to Raroia Reef, which is south of the N,arouesas. So that fe Rangihiroa's hypothetical kumara voyagers, if they were able to maintain the same average speed as the Kon-tikits drift, souls have taken about seven months of hard paddling across empty seas to reach Peru. As he had dismissed the probability of a </pre>

84 3C01-04-083.png 3C01-04-083.tif 3C01-04-083.tif 970213 PNG 1666 2055 970KB 3C01-04-083.png 3C01-04-083.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-083_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-083_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 405 500 PagedImage <pre> 10. voyage from Easter Island, "because any voya,e who had come over a thousand miles from the nearest land in eastern Polynesia would have settled there and not gone on," (1) e would opine that the voyagers from the Marquesas would, similarly, have abandoned the idea of returning after landing in Peru. Te Rangihiroa concludes his story in his own inimitable style in these words :- "Contact was too short to make any lasting exchange in religious or social ideas The unknown Polynesian voyager who brought back the sweet-potato from South America, made the greatest individual contribution to the records of the Polynesians. He completed the series of voyages across the widest part of the great Pacific Ocean between Asia and South America. Tradition is strangely silent. We know not his name or the name of his ship, but the unknown hero ranks among the greatest of the Polynesian navigators for he it was who completed the great adventure. Te Rangihiroa died before publication of heyerdahl's book "American Indians in the Pacific." Although he was critical of the theory behind the Kon-Tiki Expedition we think that if he had lived to see this later book by He;yerdahl f,remr-whi,-h-,re?htrve qualArl_uother fre-,l_y, he would have modified his views about the problem of the introduction of the kumara into Polynesia. So much fresh material has been published on Polynesia and its peoples since Te Ran6ihiroa wrote his "Vikings of the Sunrise" 1. Buck, lulb p; 14. </pre>

85 3C01-04-084.png 3C01-04-084.tif 3C01-04-084.tif 950765 PNG 1668 2055 951KB 3C01-04-084.png 3C01-04-084.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-084_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-084_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 406 500 PagedImage <pre> 11. that at the present time a good deal of that most delightful and readable book will require to be re-written. The general pattern as we see it is that the theory of an east to west migration route is no longer tenable. Te dengihiroa himself had rejected the Melanesian route, and his own theory of an alternative migration route easterly through Micronesia was dealt with by Murdock and Dr. Shapiro at the Pacific Science Congress which was held in New Zealand in 1949, and in the two papers presented by these men - "Cultural Sub-areas in Micronesia," and "Physical Anthropology of Micronesia" - there was an absence of any indication of a Polynesian passage through Micronesia. "The discussion that followed the presentation of these papers," writes Heyerdahl, "show that all Polynesian influence in Micronesia was due to colonists from Samoa and Tonga, a movement in the opposite direction from what it should have been has the Polynesians came from the west. Even Buck .. was now obliged to admit that Polynesian settlements in Micronesia did not support his view that the Polynesians hag passed through that region from Indonesia. He admitted that he had been under the impression that the Polynesian influence on the two Micronesian atolls of Kapingamarangi and Nukuoro, taken in conjunction with certain similarly affected Melanesian islands directly south of them, represented the trail of the Polynesian into the Pacific." (1) 1. Heyerdahl, 1954 p. 68. </pre>

86 3C01-04-085.png 3C01-04-085.tif 3C01-04-085.tif 893603 PNG 1645 2036 894KB 3C01-04-085.png 3C01-04-085.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-085_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-085_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 404 500 PagedImage <pre> is. We should imagine that it was with some reluctance and a note of sadness that Tangihiroa concluded by saying, "it now seems that these Polynesian groups may be a backward movement which started from Samoa and Tonga and lost impetus after a certain distance." Our own mind on the complex problem of migration routes and the settlement of Polynesia is briefly set out in en article contributed to the Polynesian Journal (1957 Vol. 66/1) Apropos of the remark made by Te hangihiroa that Polynesian influence in Micronesiad "lost impetus after a certain distance" although not directed at Te hangihiroa's observation, we had this to say :- "One thing we should re-examine is this matter of the dispersal point of the peoples of the Pacific. The picture as I seeit is of a migriition stream arrested at its centre by the eastern island groups of Melanesia, and then, during succeeding generations, branches flowing around a hardening core of increasing population, firstly in Tonga, Samoa,: then Tahiti. Like the delta mouth of a river the various side brancnes would flow outwards and on either side of the main stream from a progressively higher point up-stream of the sluggish waters ahead. My impression is that the puzzling features in the cultural affinities between the various island groups would be better explained by the theory indicated above." </pre>

87 3C01-04-086.png 3C01-04-086.tif 3C01-04-086.tif 885929 PNG 1642 2032 886KB 3C01-04-086.png 3C01-04-086.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-086_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-086_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 404 500 PagedImage <pre> 13. Earlier in the article we had made certain observations and wrote :- "At page 115 of ;Andrew Sharp's book (Ancient Voyages in the Pacific) he has made a reference to an Easter Island study by an ethnologist who considered that the culture showed analogies with sew Zealand, the Tuamotus, Mangareva, the Marquesas and Hawaii. Evidence on similar lines is indicated by the distribution of certain adze types as described by. Dr.! Roger Duff in his book "The Eoa-hunter Period of Maori Culture" (Pe,e 43 and sketch map, figure 32). "To my mind this evidence indicates a dispersal point for the outlying islands (Hawaii and New Zealand) as being well be the east or the Tahiti Group. The dialects as spoken on these islands also have many points of similarity, and in my opinion all these analogical aspects are significant pointers to the migration routes followed by the'peoples of the Pacific as being in a south-westerly direction from or by way of the Tuamotu Archipelago: especially the Tainui, Te areas, b;atatua and Tokomaru peoples. The ,sotea people, on the other hand, in speech and traditional lore, have stronger links with the Tahitian Group than the other peoples mentioned." we shall now direct our attention to various cultural affinities and analogical aspects in relation to the peoples of Polynesia and those oeru. These notes have been gleaned from </pre>

88 3C01-04-087.png 3C01-04-087.tif 3C01-04-087.tif 880307 PNG 1643 2046 880KB 3C01-04-087.png 3C01-04-087.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-087_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-087_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 402 500 PagedImage <pre> eml 14. a very interesting book by J. Alden kason, The_Anciunt Civilisations of Peru. The cormari sons and the general exrlanations of various ynesian traits ( 4 tot. ae author of ' the Polynes- .7/4 /trw,r II IWO A ,r.(. 1f nC err -1,/ e re r language, /Poo? rt.-eery 4.-, ;1 t , 4 e",-6 ?, 1.;..- ey,- Al 7/4,,e at then with anu there is . ? ../?. . ,.? ' :-.. -.:,,, i? , Malayan c'-?,..4.. te. r, ; e(.. ' : f : - f: s., f," . 1 , /, , ( - ., the X..?,,, A.,?, ., -: 0.'1.; , t. 4,99r;er.,1 hey still 4 4 4,,e V( erA41. ien,/,e c ions, at ,!., e te et-,,, ,. 4.4, ?'. et, ceri, e-e-- Post , .4 4?, ,r,? ,./..e ---;')E " -` 411/ ieru to th 7 '4".:elf , the .- . ,. 1, .,..re 'de 7./ 4- 1_,.. , r, , re ' voyage was f,.?--- 4C./n Wen.,.., 01.. ant' orte.., c1,1 Is r::riner." ,e444,4-----.1 .,. /kr , ,,,,a7, A; , obi,. n .-1,,4;,. 4. due--40,e 49,.. 1, /b./ it been quite n'40 of dress and im ,were in any ,I? A' , ,.e 1,;.4 716 :,, ,..- A we c .., eta Ah. r.,;':' 41e. e./ef ,/ , ,.; O . . -1/.4, 4 being so, we. atty , , G e, ,,r?,e., .at, fle.,1 i7. rr,1narec nced by Peru, ,e -e7,, -/e, .IV, ;I,' 7 , II fri,e. 4014. Alia ei..wa he 44 rt. C; , ;,, yf"-r -?:(f ,t", ,. a </pre>

89 3C01-04-088.png 3C01-04-088.tif 3C01-04-088.tif 882993 PNG 1651 2050 883KB 3C01-04-088.png 3C01-04-088.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-088_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-088_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> lb. Before proceeding further with our uiscussion perhaps we should point out that Mason was not altogether correct in the statement that "Polynesian physical types and the fundamentals of their culture connect them with south-eastern Asia at no very remote period." This has been the subject of much research work and his statement can ce shown to be wrong. We shall no, examinethe analogical aspects we have alluded to :- Names: Like the Polynesians, there were no surnames in ancient Peru (48). A child was given any name that appealed to the parents, generally descriptive of some quality, or referring to birds, fishes, places or other natural phenomena. A person bore several different names in various stages of his life. Incest: In ancient Peru incest restrictions were not so great as among peoples of the Old world. There were few for men of top rank; the last several Inca emperors married their full sisters, and nobles were allowed to marry, their half sisters. Among the commoners, marriage was permitted with a first cousin, but prohibited for closer relationships. (61) Among the Maori people the aristocracy generally married first cousins. there were cases of marriages between uncles and nieces and some with grand nieces. In the Tainui tribal genealogical descent from the gods there were marriages between brothers and sisters; commencing </pre>

90 3C01-04-089.png 3C01-04-089.tif 3C01-04-089.tif 1039653 PNG 1788 2158 1.04MB 3C01-04-089.png 3C01-04-089.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-089_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 83 100 png 3C01-04-089_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 414 500 PagedImage <pre> 16. With the creation of Io, the supreme being, of Me world-or-stars, (Te uhetu) who married his sister Floating-Moons (fau-ana-te- marama), and down twentyonn 'cosmological.' generations as the fainui priesthood has it - diann to "the Great Sky that stands above'. and"The Earth that lies Beneath". From,. that point in the priestly genealogy we have thirtytwo 'evolutionary, generations; and then fifteen generations of the 'mythical to the ancestral', which brings us to the time of the Groat Migration to New Zealand about the year 16b0 A. D, . -40ver ,e44.- . O -4 4; o. l/) ,4 ex ,., ( deoes . 1,,c nn 44,? 012 Ast, 0,0 00 1.-f,i4,fry we 2t. 4 . z/c saavf ir 7 ,y 1444s.' 7 4 1 t1: ,.c-ode? 0i- /caw. 46. ",./t,? et. wt-he 197 '?fe AV "ej-/ , 4,01H, 21:r '64 ,., 1 0., e,4,01 /5/6 74o 7tf-, </pre>

91 3C01-04-090.png 3C01-04-090.tif 3C01-04-090.tif 926307 PNG 1643 2049 926KB 3C01-04-090.png 3C01-04-090.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-090_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-090_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> WIDOWS. Among both races, a widow might not marry except to her husband's brother. In addition to inheriting the wife or wives of his dead brother, a man inherited his father's wives. (52). CUSTOMS RELATING TO THE DEAD. In ancient highland Peru, according to Mason, ancestor-worship and the cult of the dead were of great importance, and so mortuary customs were rather extensive..women cut their hair and covered their heads.. The possessions of the dead were burned, the rest buried with the wrapped body. (Page 154). If we were to say that the recital of genealogies and the mention of ancestors in ancient Maori laments and dirges constitute ancestor-worship,t0e Mason's description of Peruvian custom relating to the dead agrees entirely with that of the Polynesian. PREGNANT WOMEN In Peru were, for religious reasons, not allowed to walk in the fields (Page 147). With the Maori such women, and also during menses, were tapu and the same probition applied. The practice of a mother, as soon as possible after delivery, washing both herself and the child in a near-by stream was common to both the Peruvian (Ibid) and the Polynesian. Another custom that was common was the preservation of the umbilical cord, but with the Maori it was either deposited in a special underground cave or placed under a tree. </pre>

92 3C01-04-091.png 3C01-04-091.tif 3C01-04-091.tif 1052381 PNG 1662 2063 1.052MB 3C01-04-091.png 3C01-04-091.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-091_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-091_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> In some instances it was buried and a young tree planted over it. (one of the best known photographs of the late Timi Kara - Sir James Carroll - shows him standing alongside a kouka, or cabbage tree, growing on the banks of the Wairoa River, under which tree his umbilical cord was buried). In ancient Peru, the eldest uncle cut the baby's nails and hair, preserving them carefully. The Maori treated these things in the same way as the umbilical cord and they were carefully put away in caves or were buried. The naming of the child/was the perogative of an uncle, and the name thus given the child bore until matur- a4 ity,kwas the rule in Peru. (Page 147). With the Maori the uncle bestowed the name on the male children. EDUCATION. On educatio94Nacri writes:- "For the child of the commoner there were no schools, no formal education. There being no system of writing there was little to learn that could not be imparted by the parents in ordinary conversation, and this education by precept and example was all that average child got. (Page 147). The sons of the aristocracy and of hostages of high rank, however, received some formal instructions (Ibid) as did the 'Chosen Women.' These 'Chosen Women' spent four years learning domestic science, religion, weaving, cooking and similar duties. (47). This account fairly covers the Maori too, except with regard to the 'Chosen Women' and religion. Among most Maori tribes women were not admitted to the Sacred houses of learning, or whare watga </pre>

93 3C01-04-092.png 3C01-04-092.tif 3C01-04-092.tif 1020379 PNG 1688 2085 1.02MB 3C01-04-092.png 3C01-04-092.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-092_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-092_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 405 500 PagedImage <pre> But among the Tainui tribes the eldest child, if a daughter of a high chief, was permitted to acquire certain rituals. She did this by listening in from outside during certain sessions of the school of learning. The door was left ajar for her benefit. FOOD. Meat was kept by cutting it into thin strips, allowing it to dry, and pounding it. Fish and other watery foods were also dried for storage.. Two meals per day, morning and evening, were thueustom.-.(42). The Maori also observed the same custom and prepared his food for atprage purposes in a similar manner. In addition the Maori also made huahua of game - rata and birds. These were debolad, carefully roasted, end then preserved in fat - using hollowed-out wooden vesseks or calabashes for the purpose. MOCHE CULTURE. (300-450 ) Mason makes mention of a Peruvian tribe called the Moche, and writes: - "The picture of the Moche afforded us by the archaeologists is that of a dynamic, almost aggresive, people, far along the road to civilisation. (3). The Moche world was obviously man's, and women definitely occupied an inferior position." (4). The culture location is is given as in the Central Coastal area of Peru, and it extended to the north into the valleys of Tupe, Paramonga and Huarmey (or Hua-mai to the Maori). (1). As already indicated the women also occupied a lower position in Maori life - and, we might add, they preferred it that way. The names of the valleys mentioned are Maori words. </pre>

94 3C01-04-093.png 3C01-04-093.tif 3C01-04-093.tif 1270729 PNG 1632 2040 1.271MB 3C01-04-093.png 3C01-04-093.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-093_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-093_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 400 500 PagedImage <pre> CLOTHING. WOMEN In Peru, women wore a one-piece dress that combined skirt and blouse reaching to the ankles and bound at the waist by a long wide, woven, and ornamented sash. At the top, it reached to the neck, the upper edges fastened together over the shoulders by long pins and passing unkthe arms at the sides. Like all garments, this dress was a large re4gngular piece of woven cloth, merely wound around the body. (44) The description as given above tallies with the mode of dress of the Maori. Generally speaking the description given as applied to the Polynesian women might be qualified by explalmg that it depended on what the wearer was doing as to manner in which the woven cloaks were worn. MEN The men's cloak, in Peru, was a large mantle, worn over the shoulders and fastened at the front with a large straight metal pin known as topo. (Maori:- Topuni 2. Completely covered Black dogskin cloak WD 6/437) Probably all man wore earplugs of some typ2butthe nobility,'Inca'by, birth or privilege, rbinui: nga: Tfairskinned person of an assertive nature. 2. Ingiki: Ancient honorific term (Accordkg,t,o, Ty iri,Katipa of the Waikato - Maniapoto tribes). ,Used by Te Ua Haumene of Taranaki in his Hau Pai Marire Cultl,iiiore such great plugs in orifices in the ear-lobes that this class was generally referred to Ore-jones,Big Ears (Long Ears in Easter Island) On ceremonial and festive occasions, of course, they also donned gaudy head-dresses, collars of feathers, and similar ',regalia (Page 145). A Among the Maori their feather cloaks, head bands, ear pendants and other regalia such the tapiks (a wide sash worn toga-like) which was ornamented with geometrical woven designs of coloured wefts and known as taniko. </pre>

95 3C01-04-094.png 3C01-04-094.tif 3C01-04-094.tif 1072847 PNG 1640 2046 1.073MB 3C01-04-094.png 3C01-04-094.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-094_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-094_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> 2/ THE LITTER (MAORI AMO) "Litter like frames," writes Mason, were doubtless used in Peru "for carrying heavier objects, but the principal employment of the litter was for the personal transportation of the higher nobility. (P. 165.) With the Polynesian the amo, or litter was similarly used, more generally wo.5d for transportation of elderly people of rank and high born women. SOCIAL ORGANISATION. Like the Maori hapu (subtribe), who did not encourage marriages with members of outside hapu; "The Inca names, for family relationships," writes Mason, suggest theirs was not a clan system with exogamy (or marriage outside the group) and descent reckoned in a single female line. The respective generations were of considerable importance." Likewise the Maori placed great importance on the genealogies, of whakapapa. The Inca as a race called each other, as the Maori-Polynesian do, by the same term as that employed for 'brother and'sister' and there were no distinction between parallel and cross cousins by their own generation. (The Maori terms, bungine brothers or male cousins of parallel generations, and ttuahinel or sister and female cousins, were similarly used. Cousins of the earlier generation were termed matua (uncle) or whaea (aunt); those of s still earlier generation or cousins twice removed were kuia, grandam, or koroua, grandsire.) The Peruvian considered that a father had sons and daughters, but the mother had only children. The Maori father referred to his son as tams (son) and tamahine (daughter); </pre>

96 3C01-04-095.png 3C01-04-095.tif 3C01-04-095.tif 791603 PNG 1650 2054 792KB 3C01-04-095.png 3C01-04-095.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-095_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-095_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 402 500 PagedImage <pre> ,72 the mother more often referred to her daughter as taku kotiro 4my girl) and her son as tamaiti (male child) and her family as tamariki (children). The Maori terms for father and uncleW and for mother and aunt,were treated in exactly the same way in Peru. Mason writes, "the same terms were used for father and for father's brother, (uncle), for mother and mother's sister (aunt). To complete the affinity between Peru and Polynesia in the use of relationship terms, we have it from Mason that "the terms for brother and for sister; were different when used by a man and by a woman. With Polynesians, a man would refer to hie sister or female cousin as a tuahiRe, and to younger brother or cousin of a Junior line as teina, and to an elder brother or senior cousin as tuakana; A woman, on the other hand, referred to a brother or a male cousin as tungane and to younger or older sister or cousins of a senior or Junior with the terms used by a man namely teina or tuakana. Mason does not give the Peruvian or Inca relationship terms, and it rather intriguing to speculate on a possible linguistic affinity in this connection. </pre>

97 3C01-04-096.png 3C01-04-096.tif 3C01-04-096.tif 841311 PNG 1645 2043 841KB 3C01-04-096.png 3C01-04-096.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-096_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-096_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> Sub-Tribes : Ayllu (Peruvian) Hapu (Maori). "In Inca times, as in Peru today," kson writes, "the basic social group of the people - apart from the immediate family - was the ayllu, an enlarged or extended family, a sub-tribe." Like the luiori-Polynesian hanu all members of an ayllu were related - they owned a definite territory. Although the Maori dip not exclusively reckon descent in the male line as did the Inca people, nevertheless the male lines among Polynesians gave added lustre to one's pedigree. Some aIllus of Peru, es is the case with the hapu of Aotearoa, ascribed their origin to mythical persons; and each had a name, generally that of a place or person. Hesidence was generally patrilocal: the son brought his wife to live with or near his parents. In this connection, and as a modern note, we would like to draw attention to the wedding celebrations of present-day Maori marriages; unlike that of the Pakeha, these are held among the people of the bridegroom. As was the case with the Maori, "the pattern of commoner agricultural labour for the support of the chief sinchi (Ariki with the Maori) .. was a very ancient one. The chief had considerable authority." He was responsible for the acts of his tribesmen and for the avenging of wrongs done to them. As with the hapu, the allu had its </pre>

98 3C01-04-097.png 3C01-04-097.tif 3C01-04-097.tif 824029 PNG 1648 2045 824KB 3C01-04-097.png 3C01-04-097.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-097_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-097_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> air "communal agricultural lands .. and woodlands." Each recognised a founder and a common ancestor. The provinces of the Inca empire was divided into four quarters called suyu. The Maori likewise refer to the homes and people on the periphery of an extensive geographical area as being no nga hau e ha (from the four winds). Huaca or waca (Maori - daka). In the Peruvian term huaca or waca (Spanish spelling) we have an important and rather interesting linguistic affinity with the Polynesian, wake or canoe. The alter- native Spanish spelling with an aspirate, huaca, has its counterpart in the Maori with the use the preceding indefinite article, he, and a canoe may be referred to as he wake. Mason's notes on the siL;nificance of the term waca adds strength to our belief that we have evidence here of unmistakeable affinity between the two races. He writes "Each fighting group carried into battle some of its portable idols, fetishes, or wacas, which served as morale sustainers and rallying points the word waca originally meant 'sacred shrine,' and is so used by the Indians today In ancient, as in modern Peru, there were thousands of wacas; ranging from great, temples to hills, springs and piles of stones. Each was believed to </pre>

99 3C01-04-098.png 3C01-04-098.tif 3C01-04-098.tif 921821 PNG 1632 2034 922KB 3C01-04-098.png 3C01-04-098.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-098_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-098_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> -?" be - or to harbour - a spirit which might be malevolent and which should be gratified or placated by some pngt or sacrifice." Vhe Maori wake, commonly used as the name for a canoe, was and is still being used to very nearly the same extent and in a similar context to the Peruvian word described by Mason. The alternative Maori-Polynesian terms with similar connotation are mauri (or Talisman, a material symbol of the hidden principle protecting vitality, fruitfulness, etc., of people, lands, forests and fisheries), and where, the Maori word for house. The Peruvian had alternative terms too, as Mason mentions. Of the apachita he has this to say :"Another type of waca called apachita was a sort of cairn at a dangerous or important place on a road where the traveller paused to pray for safety and strength: hence he would add a stone to the pile or leave something of trivial value such as a piece of worn-out clothing, a quid of coca, or even a handful of straw. This custom is still practiced." This description is very similar to the Maori custom of whakarite (fulfill or render tribute) in the uruuru-whenua rite when entering into (new) land. It could very, well be that the Peruvian term apachita, with its letter changes, is the same term as the Polynesian whakarite. Those who have travelled on the Taupo-Putaruru andthe hotorua-whakatane main highways will remember the hollow stone of Hatupatu near Atiamuri and the </pre>

100 3C01-04-099.png 3C01-04-099.tif 3C01-04-099.tif 828987 PNG 1642 2044 829KB 3C01-04-099.png 3C01-04-099.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-099_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-099_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 402 500 PagedImage <pre> .26 Rishing Tree on Hongi's Track, and will appreciate the significance of tha simple rite described by Mason and recognise the affinity of the Maori custom of whakarite with the apachita of the Peruvian. Curaca Yanacona (Maori: gakekura and Akonga). "The lower class of nobility," writes Mason, was known as the 'Curaca class'." A honorific term of the Maori for the nobly born was Kaka-kura. There appears to be a linguistic link here, too; a 41, transpositiolandtduplication of the last syllable in Curaca will produce the Maori Kaka-kura. A further cultural affinity and a parallel linguistic term we find in the term yanacona, which Mason has described as follows ;- "The royalty and nobility were allowed many privileges such as the use -A' 'litters (amo of the Maori), parasols (whakamarumarn of the Maori) and attire somewhat resembling the emperor's, secondary wives, luxury articles and 'yanacona' servants. "The yanacona was another important group of men, who were exempt from the labour-tax service. (the Peruvian like the Polynesian did not have a money economy - 88). The yanacona "were selected in youth, removed from ayllu, or clan Some authorities believe that the craftsmen were included in the yanacona category. </pre>

101 3C01-04-100.png 3C01-04-100.tif 3C01-04-100.tif 867453 PNG 1632 2035 867KB 3C01-04-100.png 3C01-04-100.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-100_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-100_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> .17 The boys were certainly selected for unusual intelligence, ability or promise to rise to posts of considerable importance, their status is a little difficult to define ..Some of them rose to be Curacas themselves." (80) The foregoing note fairly describes the class of priestly scholars of the Maori whare-wanangq, or School of Sacred Learning. these scholars were called Nga Akoa. 46a.we detect an affinity in the terms 1anacona and Nga Akonga. Warfare. The mode of fighting, construction of forts, causes of warfare, the ambition to excel in battle, and to "achieve glory and the advancement of perquisites and favours that fell to the brave and victorious warrior," (90) was in every respect the same among both peoples. Their weapons were essentially of the same types. 1. The Peruvian's sling was the kaori kopere. 2. The main arm of their common soldier, the club, was the kaori mere or Rate. 3. The "double-edged sword" (macana) as described by Mason, is the Maori tsiaha. (We note here that the Maori word makana means to deliver as e blow or to throw.) 4. The Peruvian bola "consisted of several stones, each fastened to the end of a cord or thong, and the latter tied together at the other ends. Thrown, they whirled by centrifugal force and covered a considerable area, wrapping around the victim's </pre>

102 3C01-04-101.png 3C01-04-101.tif 3C01-04-101.tif 767593 PNG 1655 2052 768KB 3C01-04-101.png 3C01-04-101.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-101_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-101_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> body or legs." (91) For the bola the Maori had the kotaha. Sleeping. The late Sir Apirana Ngata, in a lecture at the Auckland University over thirty years ago said that, like his Maori forbears he preferred to sleep at floor level. Mason, on this subject, writes :- "Like the simplest of his subjects, the (Inca) ruler slept on the floor. (85) Chiefs were Tanu, or Sacred. Writing of the Inca ruler's sacred person Mason wrote :- "No one else might aspire to enjoy his superior goods, so all his discards and left-overs, clothing, food or whatnot were carefully saved and ceremonially burnt by an official." (85) The Maori ariki or high chief, was a like case; and he was very ttipu, or sacred; but in his case the food or articles were more often buried. If they were burnt, a special fire for the purpose had to be made well away from all habitation, and under no circumstances were such things to be burnt in a fire usea for cooking food. .ulp_a or record-ke?pind. Like the Maori the Peruvian had no form of writing. What both races had were strings with a system of knots tied to them. By this means they kept records of various things. To the initiated the knots and the manner in which they were tied </pre>

103 3C01-04-102.png 3C01-04-102.tif 3C01-04-102.tif 810843 PNG 1649 2047 811KB 3C01-04-102.png 3C01-04-102.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-102_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-102_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> conveyed valuable information, especially as a system of inventory, for record purposes. Importance of the number seven was a feature. A decimal system was adopted. )ealing with the religion of the Peruvians, Mason writes:- "The Supreme deity was the Creator, .. generally known as Viracocha, but this name ,as merely one of his many titles. He is said to have had no true name, but, like the great god of some other peoples, his name may have been too sacred to be spoken, and thus was unknown to the chroniclers.' We pause here to say that every word written here by Mason apply also to Iv, the Supreme Being of the Maori. Vie shall be ending this talk with some further reference to the Io religion of the Maori, and so for the present we will continue with some further quotations from iVasonis book, which correspond with Polynesian beliefs. At page mason wrote :- "After the creation he (the Creator) interfered little in human destinies, remaining a benign divinity in the heavens. He was therefore little worshipped by the common people; the emperor and nobles appealed to him more frequently - in time of trouble. The Creator god was apparentl:, a very old and fundamental deity in Peru Viracocha was also a culture hero who taught his people how to live." </pre>

104 3C01-04-103.png 3C01-04-103.tif 3C01-04-103.tif 1016627 PNG 1640 2040 1.017MB 3C01-04-103.png 3C01-04-103.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-103_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-103_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 402 500 PagedImage <pre> Properly speaking there were no churches in ancient Peru, for almost all ceremonies were performed out of doors, and only the priests and high officials entered the temples. Confessions were made to priests generally by the side of a stream The invalid was then purified by washing, if he was bed-ridden; if he was able to walk he went to a stream or better to the junction of two rivers and washed himself." 'ire shall have to interrupt ewson's account here to say that the Maori did not confuse the Supreme Being, Io, with their culture heroes like Maui and Tawhaki. Kasonts note about the Creator not interfering in human destinies reminds me of an occasion when I went to visit the sick bed of one of our Maniapoto elder chiefs, Te ,share hotu. Te flhare Hotu was one of the last cwo elders of our tribe who had some knowledge of the Tainui Io cult, and he was also a student of the Bible. I was accompanied by a leading member of the Hatana Church, and we found Te where Hotu lying in bed and looking far from well. After a time my companion offered to say some prayers and Te Where Hotu gave him permission to do so. As far as I am aware the apostles of the Attana Church do not underw:, a course of theological training and my comrade - Hurori Poerua by name and a cousin of Te ',Share Hotu -was a noted tribal orator, and in conducting his prayer session he prayed for a long time and got quite worked up. Towards the end he had raised his voice as if he was speaking to a multitude. As soon as he had finished, Te share Hotu sat up anu berated his cousin and said, "why shout? One would think God was deaf! And, furCherAore, you prayed too long and repeated yourself too often </pre>

105 3C01-04-104.png 3C01-04-104.tif 3C01-04-104.tif 848445 PNG 1632 2029 848KB 3C01-04-104.png 3C01-04-104.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-104_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-104_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 402 500 PagedImage <pre> in asking God to heal the sick ana to make me well. Don't you know the All-knowing God becomes hoha, or wearied with importunity, the same as we do when our little grandchildren come round to worry us for lollies and titbits? I shall get well again, but it won't be because of your prayers!" Pe where Hotu got well as he had seid and died seventeen years later at nearly ninety years of age. As a matter of fact his cousin, many Nears his junior, died several years before him. To end my quotations from Lason's book, "The Ancient Civilizations of Peru" (19d7) (1,4 tery, 4)!.- si94-1-ne,--4-Pri-tnm,-rAperze-over-VO5R1-. Mason wrote ac page 202 "More important in mundane affairs were the sky "deities - the gods and goddesses of the sun, moon, scars and thunder these were all servants of the Creator. The cult of the Barth-mother probably the oldest." At page iO4, he continues "Incas were sun-worshippers..141tUrally the Thunder or Weather God (Illapa) was the divinity of next importance. The name Illapa connotes both thunder and lighting. He was envisaged as man According to one myth, his sister kept the rain in a jug which Illapa broke with his sling shot when he Melded to earthlings pleas of rain. Inca star lore was extensive..many of the stars and constellations were given names..the morning star </pre>

106 3C01-04-105.png 3C01-04-105.tif 3C01-04-105.tif 573749 PNG 1670 2063 574KB 3C01-04-105.png 3C01-04-105.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-105_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-105_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 405 500 PagedImage <pre> .4z Venus was an important figure in mythology. The name Pleiades took care of seeds." We could continue with several more pages of quotations from this excellent book, 4t we shall have to be content with making a rather sketchy commentary on the notes we have just Quoted. Firstly-we would point out that the sun in Maori is deified and as such is named Tama-inu-i-to-ra. (He-who-imbibes-theSun). Mason did not give a name for the sun god of Peru, but he gives the name Illapa for the ,oc of thunder and lighting. The Maori name4ta combined phenomena of lighng and thunder svez. pe Mira - rarap2 which approximates very closely to the Peruvian Illapa. The Peruvian myth of Illapa's sister and her jug seems to be a variation of the </pre>

107 3C01-04-106.png 3C01-04-106.tif 3C01-04-106.tif 1103467 PNG 1650 2055 1.103MB 3C01-04-106.png 3C01-04-106.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-106_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-106_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> ,a3 Maori myth of the moon goddess, who stumbled because of a passing storm cloud hiding the light of the marama, the moon. In her fall she broke her iFrabash and in anger she wv muttered a curse. The moon there , rushed down and taking a firm hold took her away into the heavens. Mason's mention of the stars, and in particular, Venus reminds us that in the poetry and songs of the Maori the star names are mentioned frequently. The Pleiades, too, as is the case with the Peruvians were greeted with Joy and gladness as heralding the spring time of the year. We have not by any means exhausted the affinities in the cultural elements of the two races, but our time is running outs a nd-we-4;44-1--corrterrrt- tha-t-tip-to-ttrie-pel-n4- use cricketing pia rl n nr. captain, having eetedlieheer-ti-ciiinmandIng 1 41i4eforePearer-f`tetd we should like to quote 144.4,"" some affinities in the religious beliefasessws-lermr1 of both the Maori and the Peruvians. Firstly let us quote one of the moat famous prayer as recorded by Mason at page 210 of his book: - Viracocha, Lord of the Universe! Whether male or female, at any rate commander of heat and reproduction, being one who, even with His spittle, can work sorcery. Where art Thou? Would that Thou Wert not hidden from this son of Thine: He may be- above; He may be below; or, perchance, abroad in space. Where is Hismighty judgement-seat? Hear me He may be spread abroad among the upper waters; </pre>

108 3C01-04-107.png 3C01-04-107.tif 3C01-04-107.tif 719413 PNG 1651 2059 719KB 3C01-04-107.png 3C01-04-107.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-107_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-107_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> or among the lower waters and their sands He may be dwelling. Creator of the world, Creator of man, great among my ancestors, before Thee my eyes fail me, Thou I long to see Thee; for, seeing Thee, understanding Thee, I shall be seen be Thee, and Thou wilt know me. The Sun-the Moon; the Day-the Night; Summer Winter; not in vain, in orderly succession, do they march to their destined place, to their goal. They arrive wherever Thy royal staff Thou bearest. Oh. Harken to me, listen to me, let it not befall that I grow weary and die. 444e. We/match the Peruvian prayer with a Maori invocation from the Tainui Io School of Learningi4ee, fu.,d THE TRIUMPHANT CHANT OF IO (THE SUPREME BEING.) Tapu, Tapu, most sacred am I! From the Zenith earl; I am from Eangi - pu - areare, 'The Heavens' - origin - in - concave - space' ; I am from Rangi-pu-anewanewa, 'The Heavens' -origin-in-the-measureless-expanse," I am Io Let iLdlecuss briefly the Maori account of the Creation which inliAflljiicral form: </pre>

109 3C01-04-108.png 3C01-04-108.tif 3C01-04-108.tif 847155 PNG 1670 2071 847KB 3C01-04-108.png 3C01-04-108.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-108_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-108_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 403 500 PagedImage <pre> 3 Te Aho Tuatahi, (The First StmadaAn octaval evolution, commencing with a 1;144i4,4 recital, thus: -Examining High Priest: (tapatai) - 1 Where was the dwelling place of Io in Eternal Space? The High Priest (Tuahuroa) replies: - 2 In the Beginning there was Te Kore, 'The Formless Void;' Darkness encompassed the Universe, with water everywhere: There was no world, no moon, no light. Then their came Ts. Po-ka-ura, 'The Night-that-glowed' ; Wherein was concep1ed Kotahi-te-ki, 'The Oneunspoken-thought' ; 3 Primeval..Enshined! In the all-pervading gloom of Te Po-uriuri, 'The Dark-green Night,' A voice spake, saying; Should I remain ictive? Nay! Night succeeding Night! Let there be a world of Light! And at once a World of Light appeared, It was called Kotahi-te-korero, 'The One Spoken Word; Sacred_ Sanctified! 4. The Voice spake again, saying; 'Should I remain inactive? Nay! Light succeeding Light Let there be a Night of Darkness! ' And a great darkness again appeared: It was Te Po-ka-karauri, 'The Night that faintly gleamed; ' Wherein there was Kotahi-te-wananga, 'The One Sacred Assembly,' Seeking for,'That which is hidden' Seeking.. Searching. </pre>

110 3C01-04-109.png 3C01-04-109.tif 3C01-04-109.tif 839899 PNG 1697 2091 840KB 3C01-04-109.png 3C01-04-109.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-109_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 81 100 png 3C01-04-109_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 406 500 PagedImage <pre> 5. Emergent from Te Wai-oti-atu, 'The Waters of Annihilation' A loud voice then spake saying; 'Let there be a Night of Darkness above, And a Night of Darkness here belgere, Sanctified then was the Darkness of theANight; It was Te Po-aoao-nui, 'The Night-with-the Aroma-ofSprouting-things;' And therein was Te Kore-whiwhia, 'The Intangible formless Void.' Imperceptible Latent! 6. Lo! A piercing call, and the Voice again is heard In Te Po-kerekere, 'The-Night-of-Intense-darkness,' Saying; 'The Night is distressful, Come, let there be a World of Light above!! Sanctified then was the Light of the sacred World of Light; Light Primeval, sacred to the World of Light. And, there! - pierced and impaled - was Te Kore-makiki-hi-rere-, The Formless Void pierced by/?Line extending into Space; Immovable Motionless. 7. In the Night of Te Po-tamaku, 'The Creation Night,' The Celestial Voice of Eternity spake, say; Let this World, this sacred abiding-place, Be a World of light Eternal! ' A great Light then o'erspread Creation; The Waters, all encompassing, follow in its wake! And, raised on high, in tremulous sanctity was Makaka, 'The Sacred Curve' Hallowed Holy! </pre>

111 3C01-04-110.png 3C01-04-110.tif 3C01-04-110.tif 903545 PNG 1649 2057 904KB 3C01-04-110.png 3C01-04-110.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-110_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-110_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> .37 The Voice then spake again saying; 'Let the Waters now recede, And let the Firmament appear! At once the Waters were separated And the Firmament appeared Then there came the Dawn of Te Aio-nuku, 'The Widspread Calm,' And there, too, was the Primeval Being, Io! The Supreme Being' Io-mua, 'Io-the-foremost' , Io-moa, 'Io-the-elevated-one , 12"tiELma 'Io-the-all-embracing' , Io-ruru, 'Io-the-sheltering-one' , Io-hawa, 'Io-the-vibrant-one' , Io-hana, 'Io the glowing one'; The Infinite The Eternal At this point we are still twenty-two epochal nights of creation away from the birth of Ranginui-e-tu-iho-nei (The Great Sky that stands atom) and Papatuanuku (The Earth that lies beneath.) I desire,to address a few remarks to the scientists here assembled. I think that the terminology used by the priesthood of the Whare Wananga, School of Sacred Learning, reveals the fact that they had pondered deeply on the nature of the cosmos. For instance, 'The Formless-Vo1ierced4Line(or ray of light) - extending into apace, could very well be a typical Polynesian symbolical terminology to describe the proemial point in the evolution of the cosmos, when force (or the "Let there be Light" of the Bible) appeared to radiate through apace. TUsaTWral,nelogps </pre>

112 3C01-04-111.png 3C01-04-111.tif 3C01-04-111.tif 935669 PNG 1632 2034 936KB 3C01-04-111.png 3C01-04-111.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> png 3C01-04-111_thumb.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Thumb]" alt="[Thumb]" width="[ThumbWidth]" height="[ThumbHeight]"> 80 100 png 3C01-04-111_screen.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[Screen]" width=[ScreenWidth] height=[ScreenHeight]> 401 500 PagedImage <pre> JO The terminolgy of the evolutionary periods, termed Po, or Night, are not only poetical but also helpful in gaining an insight into the priestly conception of the Polynesian as to the varied phenomena which marked the birth of 'The world of Stars,' 'Floating Moons,' 'The Far-flung Universe,' and so on down to the Barth-mother, or 'The Barth-that-lies-beneath.' For dramatic presentation it would be difficult to better the description of the striving of 'The Bitterly-cold Universe' and 'The Bitterly-cold Night' through the epochal periods called, 'The Knocking Sounds' and 'The Indrawn-breach of Heaven' to give birth to 'The Shattered and ,xpandinniverse' and 'The Shattered and expanding Night.' ba Atvue a comparison with the scientist and/others of Cate the Tainui IoeifthIntermissionwhich I have already given. I shall give it again :- :he 'Sanctified then was the uarkness of the Sacred Night It was Te Po-aoao-nui, 'The Aight-with-the-aromaof-sprouting things. Low ho e,is as the Hebrew had it And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful and multiply.. pit ,r0,4 ;1111, CY, Aft. - "T.", 4",te/ ' e A And now the Scientist :- 4"- "It wee only routine to make an extraction and And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. A _ Are- 47o -44 r., - a40 </pre>

113 3C01-04-112.png 3C01-04-112.tif 3C01-04-112.tif 685611 unknown unknown unknown unknown 3C01-04-112.png 3C01-04-112.png <img src="_httpprefix_/collect/[collection]/index/assoc/[parent(Top):assocfilepath]/[srclinkFile]" width="[ImageWidth]" height="[ImageHeight]"> PagedImage <pre> jf. spectrum analysis of chlorophyll. With chlorophyll the green came through clearly. Conant who made this his own problem, produced a diagram closellq, worked over with symbols and signs, which unfolded' to anyone who could understand it! - how the atoms are arranged and deployed and linked in such a tremendous molecule as MgN4C55B710b. One instant there are gas and water, as lifeless as the core-of this earth or the chill of space; ano the next they are become living tissue. Life, in short, synthe- sized, plant-synthesized, light synthesized." (The Flowering 6arth - Donald Culross Peattie) The sub4 Langoislt.--A444---1 ilA184.- 14,44,fring. 4 EFFr.-154,?e99?ermr. 04;06- 4. vec -444 d, d dr .tc ?i4,9( 44. 7 it xi," /4,0??,-- ; </pre>