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2<HEAD>
3<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
4<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="Microsoft Word 97">
5<TITLE>&lt;&lt;TOC1&gt;&gt; Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants</TITLE>
6</HEAD>
7<BODY>
8
9<B><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=2></B><P></P>
10<!--
11<Section>
12 <Description>
13 <Metadata name="Title">Farming snails 1: Learning about snails; Building a pen; Food and shelter plants</Metadata>
14 </Description>
15-->
16
17<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS</P>
18<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Rome 1986</P>
19
20<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">P-69</P>
21<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ISBN 92-5-102396-4</P>
22
23<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&copy; FAO 1986</P>
24
25<B></B>
26<!--
27<Section>
28 <Description>
29 <Metadata name="Title">Introduction</Metadata>
30 </Description>
31-->
32
33<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1. Did you know that many kinds of snails are good to eat?</P>
34
35<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2. Snail meat tastes good and it is also good for you. If you have snail meat to eat, it will help to keep you and your family strong and healthy.</P>
36
37<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p60a.png"></center><br>
38 Family kept strong and healthy</P>
39
40<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3. If you want to have snails to eat you can get them in different ways.</P>
41
42<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">4. Many people gather wild snails that live nearby. Sometimes you can buy snails at the market or from people who gather them to sell to others.</P>
43
44<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">5. You can also raise your own snails. This is called snail farming. Today, a great many people all over the world farm snails.</P>
45
46<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">6. If you farm your own snails, you will always have a supply of fresh snail meat whenever you want it.</P>
47
48<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">7. Then, if your family is not too big and you grow more snails than you need to eat, you can sell what you do not use to your neighbours or at the market.</P>
49
50<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p61a.png"></center><br>
51 Selling snails at the market</P>
52
53<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8. With more food to eat and the money you get by selling snails, you and your family can live better.</P>
54
55<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">9. However, if your family is big you will need to grow many more snails if you are going to have enough to eat and to sell at the market.</P>
56
57<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p61b.png"></center><br>
58 You need to grow more snails if your family is big</P>
59
60<B></B><P></P>
61<!--
62<Section>
63 <Description>
64 <Metadata name="Title">What do you need to start?</Metadata>
65 </Description>
66-->
67
68<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">You will need</P>
69<DIR>
70
71<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• enough snails to start your snail farm</P>
72</DIR>
73
74<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p61c.png"></center><br>
75 Snail</P>
76<DIR>
77
78<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• a place near your house with the right kind of soil and the right amount of water for snails to live and grow</P>
79</DIR>
80
81<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p61d.png"></center><br>
82 A place near your house</P>
83<DIR>
84
85<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• the kinds of plants that snails need for food and shelter</P>
86<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• the materials to build a pen for the snail</P>
87</DIR>
88
89<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p62a.png"></center><br>
90 Plants that snails need; The materials to build a pen</P>
91
92<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">10. If you have or can get all of these things, you can raise snails.</P>
93
94<B></B>
95<!--
96</Section>
97</Section>
98<Section>
99 <Description>
100 <Metadata name="Title">Learning about snails</Metadata>
101 </Description>
102-->
103
104<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">11. To farm snails is not hard; however, it is quite different from keeping chickens or ducks or from growing crops such as maize, rice, cassava or groundnuts.</P>
105
106<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">12. Since farming snails is so different from other kinds of farming, you will have to learn a lot of new things.</P>
107<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">13. One way to learn about snails so that you will be able to farm them is to watch the wild snails that live near you.</P>
108
109<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p62b.png"></center><br>
110 Watch the wild snails</P>
111
112<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">14. Try to see how they live, how they move and where they go, what plants they like best and what they eat.</P>
113
114<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">15. You can learn many things by watching wild snails that will help you later if you decide to start a snail farm.</P>
115
116<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p63a.png"></center><br>
117 Wild snail</P>
118
119<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">16. Another way to learn about snails is to ask an older farmer who knows a lot about your area. If there are people near you who gather snails to sell to others, they may be able to help you.</P>
120
121<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">17. In the next part of this booklet, you will begin to learn some things that you need to know to farm snails.</P>
122
123<B></B><P></P>
124<!--
125<Section>
126 <Description>
127 <Metadata name="Title">What kind of snails can you farm?</Metadata>
128 </Description>
129-->
130
131<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">18. The kind of snails that you can farm are snails that live on land, and there are many kinds of land snails that are good to eat.</P>
132
133<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">19. However, some kinds of land snails are not good to eat and they may even make you very, very sick.</P>
134
135<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">20. So, you must be very careful when you choose snails to farm. If you are not sure that a snail is good to eat, do not use it.</P>
136
137<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p63b.png"></center><br>
138 Do not use snail unless you are sure it is good to eat</P>
139
140<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">21. Now look at the drawings on pages 8 to 11 and you will see four kinds of good snails that live in different places.</P>
141
142<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">22. You may be able to find one of these kinds of snails where you live. Notice that two of them are small and two of them are large.</P>
143
144<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">23. The smaller kinds of snails, shown on pages 8 and 9, can often be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold.</P>
145
146<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">24. The larger kinds of snails, shown on pages 10 and 11, can often be found in places where it is warm all year round.</P>
147
148<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p64a.png"></center><br>
149 Helix pomatia</P>
150
151<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This kind of small snail</P>
152<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1 can be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold</P>
153<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2 weighs from 15 to 25 grams and measures from 40 to 50 millimetres</P>
154<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3 has a strong shell which is pale brown and off- white</P>
155<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">4 grows to full size in two to three years if it is well fed</P>
156<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">5 lays from 30 to 50 eggs each growing season</P>
157
158<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p64b.png"></center><br>
159 Helix Pomatia - 30 to 50 small eggs</P>
160
161<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p64c.png"></center><br>
162 Helix aspersa</P>
163
164<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This kind of small snail</P>
165<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1 can often be found in places where part of the year is warm and part of the year is cold</P>
166<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2 weighs from 4 to 20 grams and measures from 30 to 45 millimetres</P>
167<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3 has a weak shell with broken stripes which are light brown to black</P>
168<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">4 grows to full size in one year if it is well fed</P>
169<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">5 lays from 40 to 170 eggs one to three times each growing season</P>
170
171<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p64d.png"></center><br>
172 Helix aspersa - 40 to 170 small eggs</P>
173
174<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p65a.png"></center><br>
175 Achatina achatina</P>
176
177<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This kind of large snail</P>
178<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1 can often be found in places where it is warm all year round</P>
179<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2 weighs from 150 to 200 grams or more and measures from 90 to 130 millimetres</P>
180<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3 has a very strong brown shell</P>
181<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">4 grows to full size in two years if it is well fed</P>
182<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">5 lays from 100 to 300 eggs one to two times each growing season</P>
183
184<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p65b.png"></center><br>
185 Achatina achatina - 100 to 300 small eggs</P>
186
187<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p65c.png"></center><br>
188 Archchatina marginata</P>
189
190<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This kind of large snail</P>
191<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1 can often be found in places where it is warm all year round</P>
192<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2 weighs from 150 to 200 grams or more and measures from 90 to 130 millimetres</P>
193<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3 has a very strong brown shell</P>
194<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">4 grows to full size in two years if it is well fed</P>
195<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">5 lays from five to ten eggs four to eight times each growing season</P>
196
197<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p65d.png"></center><br>
198 Archchatina marginata - five to ten large eggs</P>
199
200<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">25. If you cannot get one of these snails, you may be able to get others very much like them where you live.</P>
201
202<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">26. There are many other kinds of good snails. There may even be several kinds of good snails that are eaten where you live.</P>
203
204<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">27. If snails are eaten where you live, you can farm one of these. Then you will be sure that it is good to eat.</P>
205
206<B></B><P></P>
207<!--
208</Section>
209<Section>
210 <Description>
211 <Metadata name="Title">Where can you get snails?</Metadata>
212 </Description>
213-->
214
215<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">28. When you are ready to get snails, perhaps you can get them by gathering wild snails that live near you.</P>
216
217<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p66a.png"></center><br>
218 Gathering wild snails</P>
219
220<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">29. Perhaps you can buy them from people who gather wild snails to sell to others.</P>
221
222<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p66b.png"></center><br>
223 Buying from one who gathers wild snails</P>
224
225<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">30. You may even be able to buy them from another snail farmer.</P>
226
227<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p66c.png"></center><br>
228 Buying from another snail farmer</P>
229
230<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Note</P>
231<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Never term snails that you buy at the market. Snails at the market may have been washed, kept too cold or hurt and they may die soon.</P>
232
233<B></B><P></P>
234<!--
235</Section>
236<Section>
237 <Description>
238 <Metadata name="Title">Where can you farm snails?</Metadata>
239 </Description>
240-->
241
242<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">31. A good place for a snail farm is one where there already are snails. If there already are snails, you will know that the soil and the water in the soil are right for snails to live and grow.</P>
243
244<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">32. However, if there are no snails near where you live it does not mean that you cannot raise snails there.</P>
245
246<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">33. If you have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water, you can bring good snails from another place to start your snail farm.</P>
247
248<B></B><P></P>
249<!--
250</Section>
251<Section>
252 <Description>
253 <Metadata name="Title">The soil and the water in the soil</Metadata>
254 </Description>
255-->
256
257<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">34. Soil is important for snails. Part of the time they live on the soil and part of the time they live in the soil, and to live well, snails need good soil.</P>
258
259<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p67a.png"></center><br>
260 Snail on the soil; Snail in the soil</P>
261
262<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">35. When snails are not on the soil or in the soil, they are on plants which grow in the soil. So, the soil must also be good for the kinds of plants that snails need.</P>
263
264<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p67b.png"></center><br>
265 Snail on plant</P>
266
267<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">36. When snails are in the soil, they are resting or laying their eggs. If the soil has the right amount of water, snails will live well, the eggs they lay will hatch well and the baby snails will come out of the soil easily.</P>
268
269<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">37. Snails cannot live in hard soil such as heavy clay soils. When heavy clay soil is too dry, snails cannot dig into it to rest and lay their eggs. When heavy clay is too wet, snails and the eggs they lay may die.</P>
270
271<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">38. Snails cannot live in loose soil such as soils that have a lot of sand. Sandy soils do not hold enough water for snail eggs to hatch.</P>
272
273<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">39. The drawings on the next page show how a snail digs a hole, lays its eggs, closes the hole and how the baby snails come out when they have hatched.</P>
274
275<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">40. Snails need calcium from the soil to make their shells. All snails grow better and have stronger shells when there is a lot of calcium in the soil.</P>
276
277<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">41. So, if you are going to farm snails, you must have a good medium soil that has neither too much clay nor too much sand. It must also have enough calcium and the right amount of water for your snails to live and grow.</P>
278
279<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Note</P>
280<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">If you have a garden, you can easily tell if your soll is good for snails. If your green leafy vegetables grow well, snails will also grow well in the same kind of soil</P>
281
282<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p68a.png"></center><br>
283 Snails will grow well in a garden</P>
284
285<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1 snail digging a hole</P>
286
287<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p68b.png"></center><br>
288 1 snail digging a hole</P>
289
290<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2 laying the eggs and closing the hole</P>
291
292<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p68c.png"></center><br>
293 Snail laying eggs</P>
294
295<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3 baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole</P>
296
297<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p68d.png"></center><br>
298 Baby snails hatching and coming out of the hole</P>
299
300<B></B><P></P>
301<!--
302</Section>
303<Section>
304 <Description>
305 <Metadata name="Title">Plants for food and plants for shelter</Metadata>
306 </Description>
307-->
308
309<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">42. Snails need plants for both food and sheller. Most kinds of snails use several kinds for food and several other kinds for shelter.</P>
310
311<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p69a.png"></center><br>
312 Plants for food and plants for shelter</P>
313
314<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">43. They may also use different plants for food and shelter at different times of the year. Sometimes during the growing season snails eat and find shelter on the same plants.</P>
315
316<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">44. Snails usually hide on shelter plants during the day when it is dry and move to food plants to eat at night or early in the morning when they are wet with dew. However, sometimes snails do eat during the day after it has rained.</P>
317
318<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">45. If you live in a place which has a season when plants do not grow, snails will dig into the soil to rest and they do not eat then.</P>
319
320<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">46. During the growing season snails will eat a lot and grow very fast if they have food plants that they like.</P>
321
322<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">47. So, before you begin you will have to find out exactly what plants they like to eat. To do this you will have to watch snails at night when they eat.</P>
323
324<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p69b.png"></center><br>
325 See what snails eat at night</P>
326
327<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">48. You can tell that snails are eating when you see their heads moving as they scrape food into their mouths. You can also tell when a snail has been eating by the holes it makes in the leaves.</P>
328
329<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p69c.png"></center><br>
330 Snail on leaf</P>
331
332<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">49. You will also have to find out what plants they like for shelter. To do this you will have to watch snails during the day when they rest.</P>
333
334<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p70a.png"></center><br>
335 See where snails rest during the day</P>
336
337<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">50. It is often difficult to find snails on shelter plants because they are hiding. So, you will have to look very carefully.</P>
338
339<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p70b.png"></center><br>
340 Snails are hiding on shelter plants</P>
341
342<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">51. In addition to the food plants, there are many other kinds of foods that you can put into a pen for your snails to eat. You will learn about these foods and when you should use them in the next booklet in this series.</P>
343
344<B></B><P></P>
345<!--
346</Section>
347<Section>
348 <Description>
349 <Metadata name="Title">Dew and rain</Metadata>
350 </Description>
351-->
352
353<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">52. Dew at night in the growing season helps the plants to grow and makes the leaves and the ground wet so that snails can move about.</P>
354
355<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">53. Rain in the growing season also helps the plants to grow and it cleans the plants of dust and the dirt that snails leave when they move about. The dirt that snails leave may make them sick.</P>
356
357<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">54. So, it is very important that the food and shelter plants are wet and clean.</P>
358
359<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">55. When the leaves are wet, snails move easily, eat more and grow well. When the leaves are dry, snails move very little, or not at all, and they grow poorly.</P>
360
361<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p70c.png"></center><br>
362 Wet leaves are good for snails</P>
363
364<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">56. When it rains and the plants are clean, the snails will be healthy. When it does not rain and the plants are dirty, the snails may get sick.</P>
365
366<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">57. Dew and rain also keep the ground moist so that the snails can move easily and dig into it to rest and to lay their eggs.</P>
367
368<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">58. In the next booklet, you will be told how to wet the leaves of plants and moisten the ground when it is too dry.</P>
369
370<B></B><P></P>
371<!--
372</Section>
373<Section>
374 <Description>
375 <Metadata name="Title">Land that is wet</Metadata>
376 </Description>
377-->
378
379<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">59. Land that is very wet, low land that does not drain well or land that floods in the rainy season is not good for snail farming.</P>
380
381<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p71a.png"></center><br>
382 Low, wet land is bad for snails</P>
383
384<B></B><P></P>
385<!--
386</Section>
387<Section>
388 <Description>
389 <Metadata name="Title">Wind</Metadata>
390 </Description>
391-->
392
393<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">60. Wind during the growing season is bad because it dries the dew and dries out the snails.</P>
394
395<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p71b.png"></center><br>
396 Wind is bad for snails</P>
397
398<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">61. If you decide to farm snails, try to keep them in a place that is protected from the wind.</P>
399
400<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p71c.png"></center><br>
401 Snails should be farmed in a place protected from the wind</P>
402
403<B></B><P></P>
404<!--
405</Section>
406<Section>
407 <Description>
408 <Metadata name="Title">Where do you keep snails when you farm them?</Metadata>
409 </Description>
410-->
411
412<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">62. If you decide to farm snails you must keep them in a pen. Snails kept in a well- built pen will not get away easily and you can watch them and take care of them well.</P>
413
414<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">63. After the first year you will need at least two pens. If you decide to farm more snails you may want even more pens. You will learn how to use two or more pens in the next booklet.</P>
415
416<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p72a.png"></center><br>
417 Two pens the second year</P>
418
419<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">64. In each pen you can give your snails the right kinds of plants for them to eat and to use as shelter.</P>
420
421<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">65. In each pen you can put the food and shelter plants near each other so that the snails can move easily from one to the other.</P>
422
423<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">66. Each pen you build must also keep the snails safe from their enemies. Snails have many enemies. You must be careful to protect them from</P>
424<DIR>
425
426<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• mice and rats</P>
427<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• shrews and moles</P>
428<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• walking insects that live on the ground such as ants and beetles</P>
429<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• slugs and other snails that eat snail meat</P>
430<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• birds that eat snails</P>
431<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• frogs and toads</P>
432<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• thieves</P>
433</DIR>
434
435<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p72b.png"></center><br>
436 Protect them from…
437</P>
438
439<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">67. A snail pen can be small or large depending on how many snails you want to raise. However, when you first begin, start with a small pen. You will need fewer materials. It will be easier to take care of.</P>
440
441<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">68. In addition, with a small pen you will need fewer snails to begin. When you know more about raising snails, you can build a bigger pen and get more snails to raise.</P>
442
443<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">69. A good size for a pen is 5 x 5 metres. Later in this booklet you will learn how to build a small pen of this size.</P>
444
445<B></B><P></P>
446<!--
447</Section>
448<Section>
449 <Description>
450 <Metadata name="Title">How many snails will you need when you first begin?</Metadata>
451 </Description>
452-->
453
454<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">70. If you are using small snails like those you have seen on pages 8 and 9 in this booklet, you will need more snails to begin.</P>
455
456<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">71. If you are using large snails like those you have seen on pages 10 and 11 in this booklet, you will need fewer snails to begin.</P>
457
458<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">72. With a pen of 5 x 5 metres (25 square metres) you will need</P>
459
460<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• 150 snails if you use the small kind (6 for each square metre)</P>
461<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• 25 snails if you use the large kind (1 for each square metre).</P>
462
463<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p73a.png"></center><br>
464 150 small snails; 25 large snails</P>
465
466<B></B><P></P>
467<!--
468</Section>
469<Section>
470 <Description>
471 <Metadata name="Title">How much snail meat can you expect to get?</Metadata>
472 </Description>
473-->
474
475<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">73. The amount of snail meat that you will get from small snails will be about the same as what you would get from large snails. This is because you will use many more small snails than large snails and the meat will be about equal.</P>
476
477<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">74. With one 5 x 5 metre pen you will get 12 to 13 kilograms of snail meat each year and with two 5 x 5 metre pens you will get 24 to 26 kilograms each year.</P>
478
479<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p73b.png"></center><br>
480 12 to 13 kilograms each year; 24 to 26 kilograms each year</P>
481
482<B></B><P></P>
483<!--
484</Section>
485<Section>
486 <Description>
487 <Metadata name="Title">Now you must decide</Metadata>
488 </Description>
489-->
490
491<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">75. In the first part of this booklet you have learned many things about snails and farming snails. You have learned</P>
492<DIR>
493
494<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• why it is good to farm snails</P>
495<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• what you need to farm snails</P>
496<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• what kinds of snails you can farm</P>
497<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• how to find plants near you that are good for food and shelter</P>
498<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• what kind of soil and how much water in the soil snails need</P>
499<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• where to keep snails and how many you need to start</P>
500</DIR>
501
502<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">76. You may also have been able to learn a lot about snails by watching the wild snails near where you live.</P>
503
504<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">77. An old farmer may have told you what he knows about snails. Someone who gathers snails to sell to others or another snail farmer may have helped you to learn.</P>
505
506<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">78. So, now that you know a lot about snails it is time to decide if you would like to start your own snail farm.</P>
507
508<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">79. If you would like to begin you will learn exactly what to do in the rest of this booklet and in the next booklet.</P>
509
510<B></B>
511<!--
512</Section>
513</Section>
514<Section>
515 <Description>
516 <Metadata name="Title">How to begin</Metadata>
517 </Description>
518-->
519
520<P></P>
521<!--
522<Section>
523 <Description>
524 <Metadata name="Title">Choose a place on your land to put your snail farm</Metadata>
525 </Description>
526-->
527
528<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">80. Try to choose a place that is close to your house. That way you will be able to watch your snails, protect them from their enemies and take care of them easily</P>
529
530<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p74a.png"></center><br>
531 Close to your house</P>
532
533<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">81. In Items 34 to 41 you were told that to farm snails you must have the right kind of soil with the right amount of water.</P>
534
535<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">82. Remember, if green leafy vegetables grow well in your soil, snails will also grow well in the same kind of soil.</P>
536
537<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p74b.png"></center><br>
538 If your garden grows well, so will your snails</P>
539
540<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">83. In Items 59 to 61 you were told that low, wet land and wind are bad for snails. So, avoid low, wet places and try to put your snail farm where it is protected from the wind.</P>
541
542<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p75a.png"></center><br>
543 Avoid low, wet land; Find a place protected from wind</P>
544
545<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">84. In Item 63 you were told that after the first year you will need at least two pens and later you may want even more. In Item 69 you were told that it is best to start with a small pen of 5 x 5 metres.</P>
546
547<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">85. So, try to find a place where you can put at least two or three 5 x 5 metre pens.</P>
548
549<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p75b.png"></center><br>
550 two or three 5 x 5 metre pens</P>
551
552<B></B><P></P>
553<!--
554</Section>
555<Section>
556 <Description>
557 <Metadata name="Title">Clean the site and prepare the ground</Metadata>
558 </Description>
559-->
560
561<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">86. Clean the site and prepare the ground a little before the growing season so that you can build the pen in time to plant the food and shelter plants.</P>
562
563<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">87. First, mark out a square of 8 x 8 metres on the place that you have chosen.</P>
564
565<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p75c.png"></center><br>
566 Mark and clear the 8 x 8 metre square</P>
567
568<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">88. That way, with a pen of 5 x 5 metres in the centre of the square, you will have a path of 1.5 metres all the way around it (see Item 92). If you have enough land, the path can be even wider.</P>
569
570<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">89. Clear the square of trees, bushes grass, creeping grass and weeds. Take away all of the roots and the big stones that you can.</P>
571
572<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p76a.png"></center><br>
573 Take away roots and big stones</P>
574
575<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">90. Spread the plant material that you have cleaned evenly on the ground and cover the whole square. If there is not enough, bring more plant material from another place.</P>
576
577<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p76b.png"></center><br>
578 Cover the square with plant materials</P>
579
580<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">91. When the plant material is dry, burn it. This will kill the insects, the weed seeds and the roots of creeping grass, and rid the ground of mice, rats and shrews.</P>
581
582<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p76c.png"></center><br>
583 Burn the plant materials</P>
584
585<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Note</P>
586<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Insecticides and poisons can also be used to rid your pen of insects, mice, rats and other enemies of snails. However, if you use them, do not use them by yourself because they are very dangerous. Ask someone who knows how to use them, such as your extension agent.</P>
587
588<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">92. Now mark out a smaller square of 5 x 5 metres inside the big square. This is for your first snail pen.</P>
589
590<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p77a.png"></center><br>
591 Mark the 5 x 5 metre square</P>
592
593<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">93. Dig the ground in the smaller square to a depth of 20 centimetres and turn it over well. As you dig, remove any rubbish or roots that you find.</P>
594
595<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p77b.png"></center><br>
596 Dig in the ground</P>
597
598<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">94. While you are digging, if you see any more insects or any of the enemies of snails, bring more dry plant material and burn the ground again. To farm snails, the area must be free of insects, mice, rats and other enemies.</P>
599
600<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">95. When you have finished digging, the ground in the 5 x 5 metre square should be as smooth and well worked as it would be if you were planting a vegetable garden.</P>
601
602<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p77c.png"></center><br>
603 The 5 x 5 metre square should be smooth</P>
604
605<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">96. However, do not use any fertilizer, animal manure or compost as you might with a vegetable garden. Fertilizers may burn the snails and animal manure or compost may bring in insects and weed seeds.</P>
606
607<B></B>
608<!--
609</Section>
610</Section>
611<Section>
612 <Description>
613 <Metadata name="Title">Building a pen</Metadata>
614 </Description>
615-->
616
617<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">97. Build a pen for your snails as soon as you can after you have burned the plant material. This is to keep other insects, mice, rats or shrews from getting into your pen.</P>
618
619<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">98. A snail pen is a simple fenced- in area and you can build a fence using</P>
620<DIR>
621
622<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets</P>
623<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• woven plant material</P>
624<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• woven plant material with chicken wire</P>
625</DIR>
626
627<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p78a.png"></center><br>
628 Materials for fence</P>
629
630<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Using corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets</P>
631
632<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">99. A fence of corrugated sheet metal or plastic sheets makes the best pen for snails because it keeps out their enemies very well. However, sheet metal or plastic costs a lot of money.</P>
633
634<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p78b.png"></center><br>
635 A fence of corrugated sheet metal</P>
636
637<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">100. If you are going to build a pen using corrugated metal or plastic, you must build it in such a way that the enemies of snails cannot get in between the sheets.</P>
638
639<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Using woven plant material</P>
640
641<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">101. To save money, you can build a fence of woven plant material such as split bamboo. If the woven material is tight, it will keep out enough of enemies for you to farm snails.</P>
642
643<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p79a.png"></center><br>
644 Woven material</P>
645
646<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Using woven plant material with chicken wire</P>
647
648<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">102. If you can get fine- mesh chicken wire, you can improve a fence that is made of woven material.</P>
649
650<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p79b.png"></center><br>
651 Chicken wire</P>
652
653<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">103. To do this, first make the fence of chicken wire and then cover it with woven material.</P>
654
655<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p79c.png"></center><br>
656 First use chicken wire then cover it with woven material</P>
657
658<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">104. The chicken wire will keep out rats and other small animals. The woven plant material will keep most of the insects out and keep the snails in.</P>
659
660<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p79d.png"></center><br>
661 Keep out small animals</P>
662
663<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Note</P>
664<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">With any kind of pen animals such as rats may get in, and this is especially true with pens made only of woven plant material. So, you must always watch for rats and other animals and keep them out.</P>
665
666<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">How to build the fence</P>
667
668<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">105. Build the fence as you would any fence, by driving posts into the ground. Use posts 1.40 metres long. When the posts are in place they should be 1.00 metre above and 0.40 metre below the ground.</P>
669
670<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p80a.png"></center><br>
671 Drive posts into the ground</P>
672
673<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">106. Whatever material you use for the fence of your pen, it should be buried 0.40 metre below the ground.</P>
674
675<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">107. If you are using woven material you will have to change the bottom of the fence when it rots.</P>
676
677<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">108. This can be done more easily by making the woven material in two parts, one for the top and one for the bottom. When the bottom part rots, you can change it without having to change the whole fence.</P>
678
679<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p80b.png"></center><br>
680 Attach top parts first; attach bottom parts second</P>
681
682<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Keeping your snails in the pen</P>
683
684<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">109. Many of your snails may crawl over the fence and get out of the pen. If you build a flap on the inside at the top of the fence, it will be more difficult for your snails to get out.</P>
685
686<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">110. However, even with a flap some snails may get out, and for this reason many snail farmers put two flaps on their fence. With two flaps they find that fewer snails get out.</P>
687
688<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p81a.png"></center><br>
689 With two flaps, your snails will not easily crawl out of the pen</P>
690
691<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Note</P>
692<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">If you make your pen using galvanized sheet metal, you will not need flaps. Snails will not crawl on galvanized sheet metal.</P>
693
694<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">111. The drawings show you how to build a 5 x 5 metre pen using woven plant material, with and without chicken wire and how to build flaps to keep your snails in.</P>
695
696<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p81b.png"></center><br>
697 How to build a 5 x 5 metre small pen</P>
698
699<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3 if you are using woven material only, attach it as you were told to do in Item 108</P>
700
701<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p82a.png"></center><br>
702 Attach woven material</P>
703
704<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">4 If you are using chicken wire and woven material, attach the chicken wire first and then the woven material</P>
705
706<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p82b.png"></center><br>
707 Attach the chicken material first</P>
708
709<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">5 be sure that the fence cover goes all the way to the bottom of the 0.40- m trench</P>
710
711<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p82c.png"></center><br>
712 0.40- m trench</P>
713
714<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">6 fill in the trench</P>
715
716<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p82d.png"></center><br>
717 Fill in the trench</P>
718
719<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">7 attach the flaps to the inside of the pen</P>
720<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Note: use woven material 0.25 m wide for the flaps</P>
721
722<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8 first attach the bottom flap using heavy cord</P>
723
724<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p83a.png"></center><br>
725 Use heavy cord</P>
726
727<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">9 then attach the top flap</P>
728
729<B></B>
730<!--
731</Section>
732<Section>
733 <Description>
734 <Metadata name="Title">Plant the food and shelter plants</Metadata>
735 </Description>
736-->
737
738<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">112. You have already been told that you should clean and prepare the site and build your snail pen in time for the planting season.</P>
739
740<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">113. If it has been only a short time since you dug the ground and worked the soil in your pen, you can begin to plant.</P>
741
742<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">114. If it has been a long time, dig and work the soil again before you plant. However, as you were told in Item 96, do not use fertilizer, animal manure or compost.</P>
743
744<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">115. Now you can begin to plant the food and shelter plants. Remember that you should use</P>
745<DIR>
746
747<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• plants that grow well where you live</P>
748<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• plants that last a long time</P>
749<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• plants that snails like</P>
750</DIR>
751
752<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">116. The drawings, show you two ways to plant food and shelter plants in a 5 x 5 metre pen.</P>
753
754<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">117. On pages 50 to 55 you will see some food and shelter plants that snails are known to like. Look at them carefully. Perhaps you can find some of them where you live.</P>
755
756<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Two ways plant food and shelter plants</P>
757
758<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1 if your shelter plants are small, plant your pen like this</P>
759
760<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p84a.png"></center><br>
761 Mark three places for small shelter plants</P>
762
763<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2 plant the shelter plants first and then plant the food plants all around the shelter plants</P>
764
765<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p84b.png"></center><br>
766 First plant the shelter plants</P>
767
768<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3 if your shelter plants are large, plant your pen like this</P>
769
770<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p84c.png"></center><br>
771 Mark only one place for large shelter plants</P>
772
773<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">4 plant the shelter plants first and then plant the food plants all around the shelter plants</P>
774
775<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p84d.png"></center><br>
776 Leave a path inside the fence</P>
777
778<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">RAMPE</P>
779
780<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p85a.png"></center><br>
781 Some plants for food</P>
782
783<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Rape is one of many kinds of smooth- leaved cabbage. It grows from seed and lasts a number of months. Rape is the best food plant for Helix snails (see pages 8 and 9 in this booklet). Many of the other kinds of smooth- leaved cabbage also make good food plants for snails.</P>
784
785<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p85b.png"></center><br>
786 Rape</P>
787
788<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">AFRICAN SPINACH (Amaranthus)</P>
789<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">This green leafy vegetable is a good food plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, if you plant African spinach for your snails, they will need other kinds of food plants as well.</P>
790
791<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p85c.png"></center><br>
792 African spinach</P>
793
794<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">PAPAYA</P>
795<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">You have already been told that snails can be given food to eat other than the food plants that you have planted in the pen (see also Items 175 to 179 in the next booklet). The tender green leaves and cut- up fruit of the papaya tree are very good for Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, the papaya should not be planted inside the pen.</P>
796
797<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p86a.png"></center><br>
798 Papaya</P>
799
800<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HORSE- RADISH</P>
801<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Horse- radish is a good food and shelter plant for young Helix snails. However, when they are older they will need other kinds of food plants as well.</P>
802
803<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p86b.png"></center><br>
804 Horse- Radish</P>
805
806<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">LEAF BEET</P>
807<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Leaf beet grows well from seed and lives for one year. It can be used with He/ix snails for both food and for shelter. As a food plant alone it is not the best and you will have to give your snails other food plants as well. However, as a shelter plant it is very good for Helix snails. These snails lay eggs under the beet plants and find shelter around the roots in cold weather.</P>
808
809<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p86c.png"></center><br>
810 Leaf Beet</P>
811
812<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">BURDOCK</P>
813<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Burdock grows from seed and lives for more than a year. It grows very slowly and you should plant it as soon as you can so that it can grow big enough for your snails. However, once it has grown it makes a good food and shelter plant for almost any kind of snail.</P>
814
815<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p87a.png"></center><br>
816 Burdock</P>
817
818<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">BANANA and LOOFAH</P>
819<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Banana and loofah plants together provide both food and shelter for Achatina and Archachatina snails. Ripe bananas can be cut up and fed to the snails and they can use the loofah plant for food and for shelter. However, your snails will need other food plants as well.</P>
820
821<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p87b.png"></center><br>
822 Banana and Loofah</P>
823
824<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">PLANTAGO</P>
825<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Plantago grows well from seed and lasts about two years. It is the best shelter plant for Helix snails.</P>
826
827<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p87c.png"></center><br>
828 Plantago</P>
829
830<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ASPARAGUS</P>
831<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Asparagus lives for many years and it is a good shelter plant for young Achatina and Archachatina snails. However, it is not good for older snails because they are too heavy for asparagus plants.</P>
832
833<B></B><P></P>
834<!--
835<Section>
836 <Description>
837 <Metadata name="Title">When are the plants big enough for food and for shelter?</Metadata>
838 </Description>
839-->
840
841<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">118. The food plants must be big enough to feed your snails and the shelter plants tall enough to cover them and to protect them from the sun.</P>
842
843<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">119. Depending on the kind of snails that you are raising, most plants will be big enough after they have been growing for about five to six weeks or when they have reached a height of 10 to 20 centimetres.</P>
844
845<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><center><img src="f33p88a.png"></center><br>
846 Plants will grow to a height of 10 to 20 cm.</P>
847
848<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">120. When you are sure that the plants are big enough to provide food and shelter, you can begin to collect the snails and put them into the pen.</P>
849
850<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">121. In Booklet No. 34, Farming snails 2, you will learn</P>
851<DIR>
852
853<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• how to choose good snails and how to put them in the pen</P>
854<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• how to take care of your snails</P>
855<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• when and how to harvest snails</P>
856<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">• how to prepare snails for cooking</P>
857</DIR>
858
859<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">122. You will also be told some things that you can do to improve your snail farm so that later when you have more experience you can raise more and better snails.</P></FONT>
860<!--
861</Section>
862</Section>
863</Section>
864-->
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866</HTML>
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