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2 | <!DOCTYPE Section SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
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3 | <Section>
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5 | <table border="0" cellpadding="3" height="674" width="100%">
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6 | <tbody>
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7 | <tr>
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8 | <td height="39" width="25%"><br>
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9 | </td>
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10 | <td height="39" valign="top" width="50%">
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11 | <p align="center"><font size="4"><br>'In this world I will confess
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12 | myself to be the king's true wife, and in the next they will know how
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13 | unreasonably I am afflicted.'</font><b><font size="4"> </font> <br>
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14 | </b><i><font size="-1">Katharine of Aragon, 1532</font></i> </p>
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15 | </td>
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16 | <td height="39" width="25%"><br>
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17 | </td>
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18 | </tr>
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19 | <tr>
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20 | <td height="1" width="25%"><br>
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21 | </td>
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22 | <td height="1" width="50%">
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23 | <p align="center"></p>
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24 | &nbsp;</td>
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25 | <td height="1" width="25%"><br>
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26 | </td>
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27 | </tr>
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28 | <tr>
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29 | <td height="610" width="25%"><br>
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30 | </td>
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31 | <td height="610" valign="top" width="50%">
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32 | <p align="center">
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33 | <img src="_httpdocimg_/aragoncardinal.gif" alt="Katharine of Aragon" border="0" height="114" width="443"></p>
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34 | <p align="center">
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35 | <img src="_httpdocimg_/aragonsittow1.jpg" alt="portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Michael Sittow, c1502" border="2" height="541" width="351"></p>
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36 | <p align="center"> <i><font size="2">portrait of Katharine of Aragon by
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37 | Michael Sittow, c1502</font></i></p>
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38 | <p align="left"> <b><br>The youngest surviving child of
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39 | the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Katharine was born on 16 December 1485,
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40 | the same year that Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty.&nbsp; At
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41 | the age of three, she was betrothed to his infant son, Prince
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42 | Arthur.&nbsp; In 1501, shortly before her sixteenth birthday, Katharine
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43 | sailed to England.&nbsp; But her marriage to Arthur lasted less than
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44 | six months and was supposedly never consummated.&nbsp; Katharine was
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45 | then betrothed to Arthur's younger brother, Prince Henry.&nbsp; When he
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46 | became king in 1509, at the age of eighteen, he promptly married
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47 | Katharine and they lived together happily for many years.&nbsp; But
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48 | their marriage produced just one living child, a daughter called Mary,
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49 | and Henry was desperate for a male heir.&nbsp; He also fell deeply in
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50 | love with another woman.&nbsp; Cast aside, Katharine fought against
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51 | great odds to deny Henry an annulment.&nbsp; But the king would not be
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52 | denied and when the Catholic church would not grant the annulment, he
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53 | declared himself head of a new English church.&nbsp; Katharine was
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54 | banished from court and died on 7 January 1536, broken-hearted but
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55 | still defiant.</b> </p>
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56 | <p align="left"> &nbsp;</p>
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57 | <blockquote>
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58 | <blockquote>
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59 | <p><a href="_httpsamepagelink_#Biography">
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60 | <font size="4">Read the biography of Katharine of Aragon.</font></a></p>
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61 | </blockquote>
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62 | <blockquote>
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63 | <p><b><br>
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64 | Primary Sources</b> <br>
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65 | Read <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html">letters
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66 | written by Katharine</a> and <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html">an account of her
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67 | coronation</a> at Westminster Abbey.&nbsp; <br>
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68 | <br>
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69 | <b>Secondary Sources<br></b>Read JA Froude's 1891 work <i>
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70 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html">The Divorce
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71 | of Catherine of Aragon</a></i>.</p>
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72 | <p><br>Visit <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html">Tudor England:
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73 | Images</a> to view portraits of Katharine.<br>
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74 | Visit the <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html">Queen
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75 | Mary I site</a> to learn more about Katharine's daughter.</p>
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76 | <p><font size="2"><b><br>
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77 | Interact<br>
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78 | </b>Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net">Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
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79 | the Six Wives of Henry VIII</a>.<br>
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80 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html"> Tudor Talk
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81 | </a>&nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
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82 | Tudorhistory.org.<br>
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83 | <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg">Reign of
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84 | the Tudors</a>&nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
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85 | England.&nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
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86 | other Tudors, click the link to join.</font></p>
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87 | </blockquote>
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88 | <p align="left"> &nbsp;</p>
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89 | </blockquote>
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90 | </td>
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91 | <td height="610" width="25%"><br>
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92 | </td>
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93 | </tr>
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94 | </tbody>
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95 | </table>
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96 | <blockquote>
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97 | <blockquote>
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98 | <blockquote>
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99 | <blockquote>
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100 | <p>&nbsp;</p>
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101 | <p><a name="Biography"><br>
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102 | </a><font size="4">'My tribulations are so great, my life so
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103 | disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the king's wicked
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104 | intention, the surprises which the king gives me, with certain persons
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105 | of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that
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106 | it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.'&nbsp;&nbsp; </font><i>
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107 | <font size="-1">Katharine of Aragon to Charles V, November 1531</font></i></p>
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108 | <p>&nbsp;</p>
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109 | </blockquote>
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110 | </blockquote>
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111 | <p><b>Biography</b> <br>
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112 | Katharine was born on 16 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, in the
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113 | archbishop of Toledo's palace.&nbsp; Her early life promised a future
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114 | of splendor and success, if not personal happiness.&nbsp; Her parents,
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115 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, were legends throughout
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116 | Europe.&nbsp; Their marriage had united the kingdom of Spain and
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117 | together they had driven the Moors from Granada.&nbsp; Katharine's
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118 | mother was deeply pious and very intelligent.&nbsp; Her children, even
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119 | the daughters, received excellent educations.&nbsp; Katharine's brother
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120 | Juan and sister Joanna were married off into the powerful Hapsburg
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121 | family and two other sisters, Isabella and Maria, would each marry the
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122 | king of Portugal.&nbsp; Katharine was promised to England; the
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123 | betrothal contract was finalized before her fourth birthday.&nbsp; The
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124 | island nation, so long torn between Plantagenet cousins vying for the
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125 | throne, was now ruled by Henry Tudor.&nbsp; He had married the daughter
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126 | of the former Plantagenet king, Edward IV, and in 1486 had a male heir
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127 | and a desire to establish the stability and validity of his new
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128 | dynasty.&nbsp; A match with a Spanish princess would give him
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129 | both.&nbsp; And so Katharine, proud and solemn and accompanied by a
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130 | vast dowry, came to England in 1501.&nbsp; </p>
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131 | <p> She
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132 | wed Prince Arthur within a few weeks of her arrival.&nbsp; It was a
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133 | grand celebration; all of London rejoiced and there was every
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134 | expectation of a glorious future for both husband and wife.&nbsp; They
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135 | left for Ludlow Castle, the government seat of the Prince of Wales, and
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136 | within six months Arthur was dead.&nbsp; It was the dreaded sweating
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137 | sickness.&nbsp; The news devastated his parents.&nbsp; Katharine
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138 | returned to London but was not sent home.&nbsp; Henry VII was already
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139 | writing to her parents about another marriage.&nbsp; </p>
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140 | <p>Katharine was now promised to Arthur's younger brother,
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141 | Henry.&nbsp; Born 28 June 1491, he was almost six years younger than
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142 | Katharine.&nbsp; But he was robust and healthy, and already regarded as
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143 | a precocious intellect.&nbsp; Before his brother's death, he had been
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144 | destined for the church and educated accordingly.&nbsp; But now he was
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145 | the future king and as such he needed a future wife.&nbsp; Henry VII
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146 | betrothed young Henry to his brother's widow, a plan which required a
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147 | papal dispensation.&nbsp; Ferdinand, at odds with France, was anxious
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148 | to please his English ally; Isabella's piety may have ruined the plan
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149 | but she was dying and did not protest.&nbsp; Katharine and her duenna,
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150 | Dona Elvira, both wrote that her marriage to Arthur had never been
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151 | consummated.&nbsp; Pope Julius II granted the dispensation.&nbsp; </p>
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152 | <p>The new betrothal may have been spurred by Henry VII's legendary
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153 | avarice.&nbsp; Katharine had brought half of her dowry with her upon
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154 | marriage to Arthur; if she returned home, her marriage contract
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155 | required that the dowry be returned.&nbsp; Also, her inheritance as
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156 | dowager Princess of Wales was substantial.&nbsp; If she left England,
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157 | so would that steady income.&nbsp; </p>
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158 | <p>Katharine herself <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html">wrote to her father</a>
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159 | that she had no wish to remain in England but she would obey his
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160 | decision.&nbsp; Perhaps she had already learned enough of Henry VII's
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161 | character to know she would be shabbily treated.&nbsp; Despite her
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162 | royal position, she lived in poverty.&nbsp; The Spanish ambassador was
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163 | forced to buy her necessities and she was unable to pay her
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164 | attendants.&nbsp; And soon enough Henry VII was implying that he would
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165 | break the Spanish betrothal.&nbsp; Katharine spent the next seven years
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166 | in a state of political limbo.&nbsp; And when he turned fourteen, Henry
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167 | VII had his son publicly repudiate the betrothal, claiming that the
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168 | marriage contract was made without his knowledge or consent.&nbsp; Yet
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169 | Katharine remained in England.&nbsp; </p>
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170 | <p>In 1509, the situation was resolved with startling speed.&nbsp;
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171 | Henry VII died and his eighteen year old son became king.&nbsp;
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172 | Handsome, proud, and imbued with the romantic spirit of chivalry, he
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173 | promptly married Katharine.&nbsp; Did he marry her out of a sense of
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174 | obligation?&nbsp; Was it because, as he later claimed, he wished to
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175 | respect his father's last wish?&nbsp; Were political councilors
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176 | encouraging the Spanish alliance?&nbsp; Or did he love the dignified
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177 | and lovely young princess?&nbsp; It is impossible to know.&nbsp; But
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178 | they certainly acted like a loving and affectionate couple, far beyond
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179 | typical royal marriages.&nbsp; There were public displays of affection,
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180 | declarations of love and respect, and for a long while she was also a
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181 | close political adviser.&nbsp; </p>
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182 | <p>Henry VIII's court was full of gaiety and celebration.&nbsp; It
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183 | was a welcome change from the austerity of his father's rule.&nbsp;
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184 | Katharine proved herself to be the perfect consort, even when politics
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185 | led her father to humiliate and betray Henry.&nbsp; Katharine
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186 | recognized that she must choose between unwavering support of her
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187 | father and loyalty to her husband.&nbsp; She chose Henry, though his
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188 | Lord Chancellor, <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html">Cardinal
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189 | Wolsey</a>, never trusted her and instead favored an Anglo-French
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190 | alliance.&nbsp; His influence, and Henry's own suspicions, led the king
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191 | to disregard her political advice.&nbsp; </p>
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192 | <p>Katharine's primary duty was both personal and political - to
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193 | bear children, as many as possible and preferably sons.&nbsp; This was
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194 | especially important in England since Henry VIII was the sole surviving
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195 | son of his father.&nbsp; Katharine was far from barren and did her
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196 | best; in the first nine years of their marriage, she conceived at least
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197 | six times.&nbsp; She miscarried twice, once delivered a stillborn
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198 | daughter, and two sons died within weeks.&nbsp; The only surviving
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199 | child was a daughter, Princess Mary, born in 1516.&nbsp; Katharine's
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200 | last recorded pregnancy was in 1518, when she was thirty-three years
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201 | old.&nbsp; </p>
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202 | <p>Henry was not unhappy with the birth of Mary; he assured
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203 | ambassadors that if it were a daughter this time, a son would surely
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204 | follow.&nbsp; But it was soon clear there would be no sons.&nbsp; The
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205 | age difference between he and Katharine was now more noticeable.&nbsp;
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206 | The queen, struggling with frequent pregnancies and constant stress,
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207 | looked older than her years.&nbsp; Henry was a far more prudent king
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208 | than most; he had just two serious affairs during his marriage to
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209 | Katharine.&nbsp; But one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount, bore him
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210 | a son.&nbsp; It was clear he could have sons, but the queen could
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211 | not.&nbsp; </p>
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212 | <p>By 1527, the question of the succession was the most pressing
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213 | issue facing the king.&nbsp; Two years before, he had titled his
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214 | illegitimate son the duke of Richmond and granted him vast estates.&nbsp;
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215 | Many, Katharine included, believed this was a preliminary step to
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216 | naming him heir to the throne.&nbsp; This never occurred and Richmond
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217 | would die in 1536, but - until then - it was a possibility.&nbsp; Henry
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218 | sent Princess Mary to Ludlow Castle as Princess of Wales and his
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219 | official heir, but even that did not stop the rumors or her mother's
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220 | concerns.&nbsp; Katharine confronted Henry; he responded angrily and
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221 | dismissed several of her beloved Spanish attendants.&nbsp; </p>
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222 | <p>The king by now had hopes of a legitimate heir.&nbsp; He had
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223 | fallen in love the year previously with a young Englishwoman, <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fhtml%5ffiles%2fboleyn.html">Anne Boleyn</a>.&nbsp;
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224 | She was the sister of a former mistress and refused to take that
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225 | position herself.&nbsp; Henry, who was also deeply pious and a student
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226 | of theology, now took a closer look at his marriage to Katharine.&nbsp;
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227 | In particular, he looked at the text in Leviticus which seemed to
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228 | directly reference his own life - 'If a man shall take his brother's
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229 | wife it is an unclean thing..... they shall be childless.'(Leviticus,
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230 | XX, 21)&nbsp; </p>
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231 | <p>Of course, they were not childless but a daughter was not the
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232 | heir he needed.&nbsp; No woman had attempted to rule England since the
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233 | disastrous Matilda centuries<img src="_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg" alt="miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout" align="right" border="0" height="324" width="329"> before.&nbsp; Henry now firmly believed
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234 | that his incestuous marriage had been doomed from the start.&nbsp; </p>
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235 | <p>But how could he annul the marriage?&nbsp; He needed to convince
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236 | the current pope, Clement VII, that the dispensation of his predecessor
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237 | was inadequate.&nbsp; It directly contradicted the Bible and had no
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238 | merit.&nbsp; This should have been a simple enough matter.&nbsp; Royal
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239 | marriages had been annulled for far less.&nbsp; But Katharine's nephew,
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240 | Charles V, was the Holy Roman Emperor and he had no intention of
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241 | allowing his aunt to be cast off.&nbsp; This was not out of personal
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242 | love or loyalty, but a purely political stance.&nbsp; And after the
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243 | 1527 'sack of Rome', Charles controlled the pope.&nbsp; </p>
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244 | <p>Henry was soon thwarted, despite extensive work by Wolsey and
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245 | other advisers.&nbsp; For her part, Katharine was kept in the dark for
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246 | as long as the king could manage it.&nbsp; But she was no fool.&nbsp;
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247 | She knew of the romance between her husband and Mistress Boleyn; she
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248 | knew Henry avoided her company, though he was scrupulous about
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249 | attending official functions with her.&nbsp; He had always respected
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250 | her unassailable dignity and eloquence.&nbsp; He did not wish to fight
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251 | Katharine; he wanted an amicable end to their union and he was prepared
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252 | to be generous.&nbsp; </p>
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253 | <p>When news of his intentions became official, she was given
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254 | counsel but only that chosen by the king.&nbsp; She turned to the
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255 | Spanish ambassador and close friends at court for support.&nbsp; Anne
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256 | Boleyn was not popular and Katharine was a respected and beloved
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257 | queen.&nbsp; The king soon came under popular scorn for his
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258 | plans.&nbsp; </p>
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259 | <p>But Henry was as firmly convinced of the righteousness of his
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260 | cause as Katharine was of hers.&nbsp; He had read the Bible; he had
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261 | debated the issue with prominent theologians; he even sponsored
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262 | hearings of the case at European universities.&nbsp; Both king and pope
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263 | knew there was a valid basis for the annulment, and a pressing national
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264 | need for it.&nbsp; Clement could have granted it without troubling his
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265 | conscience.&nbsp; And with the spread of Lutheranism in the German
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266 | states, Clement had no wish to antagonize the loyal and devoted king of
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267 | England.&nbsp; </p>
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268 | <p>But the English king could not be helped at the Holy Roman Emperor's
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269 | expense.&nbsp; This was soon made abundantly clear.</p>
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270 | <p>The pope prevaricated; he could do little else.&nbsp; And for
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271 | several years, the 'King's Great Matter' consumed England and
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272 | fascinated Europe.&nbsp; </p>
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273 | <p>Henry inevitably tired of the endless parade of papal legates
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274 | and repetitious hearings.&nbsp; He was growing older and Anne was
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275 | growing impatient.&nbsp; Her youth was being wasted to no purpose, she
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276 | told the king.&nbsp; Meanwhile, Katharine encouraged Mary to be
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277 | obstinate in protecting her rights as princess.&nbsp; Mary lost her
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278 | father's favor and was forbidden to visit her mother.&nbsp; </p>
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279 | <p>Finally, in 1533, Henry did the only thing he could to end the
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280 | marriage - he rejected the authority of the Holy See and declared
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281 | himself Supreme Head of a new Church of England.&nbsp; His archbishop
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282 | of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, issued the long-awaited decree of
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283 | nullity.&nbsp; Katharine was no longer queen of England but 'Princess
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284 | dowager of Wales'.&nbsp; Princess Mary was now illegitimate, and rumors
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285 | spread that Anne Boleyn had finally succumbed to the king and was
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286 | pregnant.&nbsp; </p>
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287 | <p> Katharine was exiled from court and to a
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288 | succession of damp and unpleasant castles.&nbsp; She had but a handful
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289 | of servants for few would call her queen and she refused to be called
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290 | princess.&nbsp; It was a mark of her early education that she was meek,
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291 | deeply pious and believed in obedience to her husband - but she was
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292 | also a proud and intelligent princess of Spain.&nbsp; She would never
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293 | allow her dignity, or that of her daughter, to be destroyed.&nbsp; In
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294 | the end, this stubborn spirit did both her and Mary far more harm than
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295 | good.&nbsp; Katharine was undoubtedly truthful when she declared her
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296 | marriage to Arthur unconsummated but the truth was cold comfort in the
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297 | last years of her life.&nbsp; </p>
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298 | <p>Her final years were lonely and sad; the Spanish ambassador kept
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299 | her informed of outside events and smuggled letters to her daughter,
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300 | but she was often ill and at prayer.&nbsp; The wrongs she had suffered
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301 | from Henry filled her with sadness rather than anger.&nbsp; Perhaps she
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302 | was inspired by her motto, Humble and Loyal, for that is how she
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303 | remained.</p>
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304 | <p>She died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536, three weeks
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305 | after her fiftieth birthday.&nbsp; There were rumors that she had been
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306 | poisoned.&nbsp; But if Henry had been so inclined, he would have
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307 | attempted it years before and spared himself much trouble.&nbsp; A
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308 | lingering illness and the psychological effects of her exile were the
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309 | obvious causes.&nbsp; She was buried at Peterborough Abbey with all the
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310 | ceremony befitting the widow of the prince of Wales.&nbsp; Henry did
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311 | not attend the funeral; we do not know if he read Katharine's <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html">last letter</a> to
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312 | him.&nbsp; It was a love letter and she signed it 'Katherine the
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313 | Queen'.&nbsp; </p>
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314 | <p>The tragedy of their annulment was that both he and Katharine
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315 | were equally convinced of their causes.&nbsp; For the modern reader,
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316 | both arguments are persuasive.&nbsp; It is an ironic footnote to her
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317 | life story that Katharine, such a devoted and pious Catholic,
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318 | unintentionally brought the Reformation to England.&nbsp; <br>
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319 | &nbsp;</p>
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320 | </blockquote>
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321 | <center>
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322 | <p><font size="-1"><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html">to the Six
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323 | Wives main page</a></font> <br>
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324 | <font size="-1"><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html">to
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325 | Tudor England</a></font></p>
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326 | <p><font size="-1"><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html"> to Primary Sources</a></font></p>
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327 | </center>
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328 | </blockquote>
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329 | <!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --><!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --><script language="JavaScript" src="_httpdocimg_/geov2.js"></script><script language="javascript">geovisit();</script><img src="_httpdocimg_/visit.gif" border="0">
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330 | <noscript><img src="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;el=direct&amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1180480931" alt="setstats" border="0" width="1" height="1"></noscript>
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331 | </Section>
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