| 1 | <!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
|
|---|
| 2 | <html>
|
|---|
| 3 | <head>
|
|---|
| 4 | <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
|
|---|
| 5 | <meta name="Author" content="Marilee Mongello">
|
|---|
| 6 | <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.61 [en] (Win98; I) [Netscape]">
|
|---|
| 7 | <title>Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</title>
|
|---|
| 8 | </head>
|
|---|
| 9 | <body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#990000" vlink="#990000" alink="#000000">
|
|---|
| 10 |
|
|---|
| 11 | <center><img SRC="wolsey.gif" ALT="Thomas Wolsey" height=67 width=286>
|
|---|
| 12 | <br>born c. 1465 in Ipswich
|
|---|
| 13 | <br>died 29 November 1530 in Leicester</center>
|
|---|
| 14 |
|
|---|
| 15 | <p>
|
|---|
| 16 | He was a man
|
|---|
| 17 | <br>
|
|---|
| 18 | Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
|
|---|
| 19 | <br>
|
|---|
| 20 | Himself with princes...
|
|---|
| 21 | <br>
|
|---|
| 22 | His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
|
|---|
| 23 | <br>
|
|---|
| 24 | But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
|
|---|
| 25 | <br><font size=-1>
|
|---|
| 26 | Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII</i>.</font>
|
|---|
| 27 | <br><font size=-1>
|
|---|
| 28 | Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.</font>
|
|---|
| 29 | <blockquote> </blockquote>
|
|---|
| 30 |
|
|---|
| 31 | O Cromwell, Cromwell!
|
|---|
| 32 | <br>
|
|---|
| 33 | Had I but served my God with half the zeal
|
|---|
| 34 | <br>
|
|---|
| 35 | I served my king, he would not in mine age
|
|---|
| 36 | <br>
|
|---|
| 37 | Have left me naked to mine enemies.
|
|---|
| 38 | <br><font size=-1>
|
|---|
| 39 | <i>All Is True</i>. Wolsey's speech in act IV.</font>
|
|---|
| 40 | <br>
|
|---|
| 41 | <br>
|
|---|
| 42 | <p><img SRC="wolsey-small.jpg" ALT="Cardinal Wolsey" BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT>
|
|---|
| 43 | The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
|
|---|
| 44 | VIII's reign; like his protégé, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
|
|---|
| 45 | and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king. He was
|
|---|
| 46 | born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.
|
|---|
| 47 | But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
|
|---|
| 48 | Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest. Five years later, he
|
|---|
| 49 | became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
|
|---|
| 50 | Sir Richard Nanfan. Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
|
|---|
| 51 | Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.
|
|---|
| 52 | Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
|
|---|
| 53 | was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
|
|---|
| 54 | death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln. Upon Henry's
|
|---|
| 55 | death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
|
|---|
| 56 | found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
|
|---|
| 57 | to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
|
|---|
| 58 | <p> Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
|
|---|
| 59 | as one could be to a king. Both men were determined to leave their
|
|---|
| 60 | mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
|
|---|
| 61 | diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
|
|---|
| 62 | and English-arbitrated European peace. Wolsey was always a churchman
|
|---|
| 63 | though this should not imply ignorance of the material world. He
|
|---|
| 64 | was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
|
|---|
| 65 | but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
|
|---|
| 66 | international affairs. He combined these attributes with his earlier
|
|---|
| 67 | spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
|
|---|
| 68 | English life.
|
|---|
| 69 | <p> Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
|
|---|
| 70 | and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
|
|---|
| 71 | delegated more and more authority to Wolsey. The early years of Henry's
|
|---|
| 72 | reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
|
|---|
| 73 | in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars. And
|
|---|
| 74 | while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
|
|---|
| 75 | on Wolsey's assistance. Wolsey's position, however, was completely
|
|---|
| 76 | changed by the French expedition of 1513. Henry VIII had long wanted
|
|---|
| 77 | to prove English strength in battle against this old
|
|---|
| 78 | <br>enemy. His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
|
|---|
| 79 | young people, had chafed at his father's authority. When Henry VII
|
|---|
| 80 | died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.
|
|---|
| 81 | Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
|
|---|
| 82 | but not lively. Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
|
|---|
| 83 | dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
|
|---|
| 84 | <p> Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
|
|---|
| 85 | a successful military strike against France. After one failure, he
|
|---|
| 86 | went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.
|
|---|
| 87 | Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
|
|---|
| 88 | Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed. Of course, the English
|
|---|
| 89 | couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
|
|---|
| 90 | peace. Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.
|
|---|
| 91 | At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.
|
|---|
| 92 | The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
|
|---|
| 93 | her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
|
|---|
| 94 | Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death. Mary and Brandon
|
|---|
| 95 | were the grandparents of <a href="../relative/janegrey.html">Lady
|
|---|
| 96 | Jane Grey</a>.
|
|---|
| 97 | <p> Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
|
|---|
| 98 | was Europe's true introduction to his reign. England would be taken
|
|---|
| 99 | seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
|
|---|
| 100 | and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy. Henry
|
|---|
| 101 | was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service. Upon Henry's recommendation,
|
|---|
| 102 | Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
|
|---|
| 103 | months later, archbishop of York. But the honors did not end there.
|
|---|
| 104 | The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
|
|---|
| 105 | of England.
|
|---|
| 106 | <p> Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
|
|---|
| 107 | taken into Henry's complete confidence. He was friend, confidante,
|
|---|
| 108 | and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.
|
|---|
| 109 | Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
|
|---|
| 110 | Anne Boleyn and secure his throne. Whether motivated solely by personal
|
|---|
| 111 | dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
|
|---|
| 112 | his marriage. And, once determined on his course, he was committed
|
|---|
| 113 | to it. Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
|
|---|
| 114 | servant, Wolsey, for help.
|
|---|
| 115 | <p> Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
|
|---|
| 116 | himself as second only to Henry in power. This naturally angered
|
|---|
| 117 | the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.
|
|---|
| 118 | They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
|
|---|
| 119 | the king. They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
|
|---|
| 120 | as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
|
|---|
| 121 | the king heaped upon him, was a commoner. In the natural order, he
|
|---|
| 122 | was their inferior. His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
|
|---|
| 123 | particularly the powerful dukes.
|
|---|
| 124 | <p> Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.
|
|---|
| 125 | That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
|
|---|
| 126 | arrogance? No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
|
|---|
| 127 | his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness. Wolsey was his
|
|---|
| 128 | creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
|
|---|
| 129 | <p> Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
|
|---|
| 130 | Henry. It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
|
|---|
| 131 | that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king. (The complexity
|
|---|
| 132 | of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
|
|---|
| 133 | here. I highly recommend L. B. Smith's <i>Henry VIII: The Mask of
|
|---|
| 134 | Royalty</i>, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
|
|---|
| 135 | century England, and Henry's moral universe.) Wolsey appealed to
|
|---|
| 136 | Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
|
|---|
| 137 | his own inadequacies. For a long while, there were no failures.
|
|---|
| 138 | In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.
|
|---|
| 139 | With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
|
|---|
| 140 | to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king. At Hampton
|
|---|
| 141 | Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
|
|---|
| 142 | richly embroidered livery. People scurried to win his favor for they
|
|---|
| 143 | knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey. But his ties
|
|---|
| 144 | to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.
|
|---|
| 145 | He could not serve two masters.
|
|---|
| 146 | <p> Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
|
|---|
| 147 | Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests. As stated
|
|---|
| 148 | before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.
|
|---|
| 149 | At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
|
|---|
| 150 | the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs. The situation became even
|
|---|
| 151 | more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
|
|---|
| 152 | Roman Emperor in 1519. Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
|
|---|
| 153 | with the Imperial power. This was based on economics (English trade
|
|---|
| 154 | with the Lowlands), history (England was
|
|---|
| 155 | <br>rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
|
|---|
| 156 | Katharine's nephew.) Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
|
|---|
| 157 | and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
|
|---|
| 158 | favor. But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
|
|---|
| 159 | between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
|
|---|
| 160 | <p> The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
|
|---|
| 161 | broke out in 1521. In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
|
|---|
| 162 | Hapsburgs by sending troops to France. But war costs a great deal
|
|---|
| 163 | of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.
|
|---|
| 164 | And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular. This unpleasant
|
|---|
| 165 | task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
|
|---|
| 166 | and, accordingly, take the blame.
|
|---|
| 167 | <p> Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
|
|---|
| 168 | taxation became inconsistent and illogical. In 1528, the English
|
|---|
| 169 | were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
|
|---|
| 170 | 1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England. It
|
|---|
| 171 | was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
|
|---|
| 172 | troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527. The Emperor
|
|---|
| 173 | Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
|
|---|
| 174 | of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
|
|---|
| 175 | sent fleeing through an underground tunnel. However, Charles - and
|
|---|
| 176 | the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
|
|---|
| 177 | and the pope.
|
|---|
| 178 | <p> During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
|
|---|
| 179 | judicial system. The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
|
|---|
| 180 | Englishmen and the aristocracy alike. He was determined to extend
|
|---|
| 181 | justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless. Only their
|
|---|
| 182 | code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
|
|---|
| 183 | murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
|
|---|
| 184 | matter entirely. Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
|
|---|
| 185 | his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
|
|---|
| 186 | the law - at least more equal than before. He also developed
|
|---|
| 187 | <br>committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
|
|---|
| 188 | the Court of Requests in 1529.
|
|---|
| 189 | <p> His attempts to reform the English church were less
|
|---|
| 190 | successful. After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
|
|---|
| 191 | to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great. Also,
|
|---|
| 192 | his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
|
|---|
| 193 | titles. His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
|
|---|
| 194 | children, and he struck many as greedy and vain. Undoubtedly, the
|
|---|
| 195 | ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
|
|---|
| 196 | leadership. But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
|
|---|
| 197 | some reforms. Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
|
|---|
| 198 | pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.
|
|---|
| 199 | Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.
|
|---|
| 200 | Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king. And, ironically,
|
|---|
| 201 | most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
|
|---|
| 202 | instigation or approval. Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
|
|---|
| 203 | as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
|
|---|
| 204 | nobles. The truth is far more complex.
|
|---|
| 205 | <p> Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
|
|---|
| 206 | opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy. Jealousy planted a seed
|
|---|
| 207 | which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
|
|---|
| 208 | as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
|
|---|
| 209 | own. In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
|
|---|
| 210 | desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.
|
|---|
| 211 | His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon. Poor Wolsey
|
|---|
| 212 | - his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
|
|---|
| 213 | his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
|
|---|
| 214 | <p> The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
|
|---|
| 215 | though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible. He suggested
|
|---|
| 216 | that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
|
|---|
| 217 | wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary. He told Henry to take Anne
|
|---|
| 218 | Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.
|
|---|
| 219 | The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
|
|---|
| 220 | a nunnery and marry Anne. But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
|
|---|
| 221 | of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring. From 1527 to
|
|---|
| 222 | 1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
|
|---|
| 223 | solutions but these were unsuccessful. After all, England did not
|
|---|
| 224 | have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
|
|---|
| 225 | make an independent decision. Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
|
|---|
| 226 | would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
|
|---|
| 227 | for monarchs throughout Europe. In fact, though the term 'divorce'
|
|---|
| 228 | is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.
|
|---|
| 229 | He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
|
|---|
| 230 | legally married to Katharine.
|
|---|
| 231 | <p> Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
|
|---|
| 232 | virtually any support at the English court. Henry's infatuation with
|
|---|
| 233 | Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
|
|---|
| 234 | he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
|
|---|
| 235 | to her and Henry's marriage. In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
|
|---|
| 236 | torn between Katharine and Anne. Though portrayed as an enemy to
|
|---|
| 237 | both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.
|
|---|
| 238 | This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.
|
|---|
| 239 | Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
|
|---|
| 240 | to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
|
|---|
| 241 | English knight's daughter.
|
|---|
| 242 | <p> But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
|
|---|
| 243 | an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient. He was now all too
|
|---|
| 244 | willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
|
|---|
| 245 | so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.
|
|---|
| 246 | It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
|
|---|
| 247 | direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
|
|---|
| 248 | papal jurisdiction. Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
|
|---|
| 249 | authority and so had broken the law himself. This did not matter.
|
|---|
| 250 | Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
|
|---|
| 251 | 9
|
|---|
| 252 | <br>October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
|
|---|
| 253 | York. He left London for York in April 1530.
|
|---|
| 254 | <p> But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
|
|---|
| 255 | and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
|
|---|
| 256 | with the French king. This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
|
|---|
| 257 | still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
|
|---|
| 258 | majesty. On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
|
|---|
| 259 | and taken from York Palace. On his way south to face dubious justice
|
|---|
| 260 | at the Tower of London, he grew ill. The group escorting him were
|
|---|
| 261 | concerned enough to stop at Leicester. There, Wolsey's condition
|
|---|
| 262 | quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
|
|---|
| 263 | <br>His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
|
|---|
| 264 | <br>
|
|---|
| 265 | <p>
|
|---|
| 266 | This cardinal,
|
|---|
| 267 | <br>
|
|---|
| 268 | Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
|
|---|
| 269 | <br>
|
|---|
| 270 | Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
|
|---|
| 271 | <br>
|
|---|
| 272 | He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
|
|---|
| 273 | <br>
|
|---|
| 274 | Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
|
|---|
| 275 | <br>
|
|---|
| 276 | Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
|
|---|
| 277 | <br>
|
|---|
| 278 | But to those men that sought him sweet as
|
|---|
| 279 | <br>
|
|---|
| 280 | summer.
|
|---|
| 281 | <br>
|
|---|
| 282 | And though he were unsatisfied in getting
|
|---|
| 283 | <br>
|
|---|
| 284 | Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
|
|---|
| 285 | <br>
|
|---|
| 286 | He was most princely: ever witness for him
|
|---|
| 287 | <br>
|
|---|
| 288 | Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
|
|---|
| 289 | <br>
|
|---|
| 290 | Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
|
|---|
| 291 | <br>
|
|---|
| 292 | him,
|
|---|
| 293 | <br>
|
|---|
| 294 | Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
|
|---|
| 295 | <br>
|
|---|
| 296 | The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
|
|---|
| 297 | <br>
|
|---|
| 298 | So excellent in art, and still so rising,
|
|---|
| 299 | <br>
|
|---|
| 300 | That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
|
|---|
| 301 | <br>
|
|---|
| 302 | His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
|
|---|
| 303 | <br>
|
|---|
| 304 | For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
|
|---|
| 305 | <br>
|
|---|
| 306 | And found the blessedness of being little:
|
|---|
| 307 | <br>
|
|---|
| 308 | And, to add greater honors to his age
|
|---|
| 309 | <br>
|
|---|
| 310 | Than man could give him, he died fearing
|
|---|
| 311 | <br>
|
|---|
| 312 | God.
|
|---|
| 313 | <br> <font size=-1>
|
|---|
| 314 | Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True</i>.</font>
|
|---|
| 315 | <br><font size=-1>
|
|---|
| 316 | Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.</font>
|
|---|
| 317 | <center>
|
|---|
| 318 | <p>Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the <a href="../primary.html">Primary
|
|---|
| 319 | Sources</a> section.
|
|---|
| 320 | <br>
|
|---|
| 321 | <hr WIDTH="100%">
|
|---|
| 322 | <br><font size=-1><a href="../citizens.html">to
|
|---|
| 323 | Tudor Citizens</a></font>
|
|---|
| 324 | <br><font size=-1><a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html">to Tudor
|
|---|
| 325 | England</a></font></center>
|
|---|
| 326 |
|
|---|
| 327 | </body>
|
|---|
| 328 | </html>
|
|---|
| 329 | <!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --><!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --><script language="JavaScript" src="http://hostingprod.com/js_source/geov2.js"></script><script language="javascript">geovisit();</script><noscript><img src="http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082581" alt="setstats" border="0" width="1" height="1"></noscript>
|
|---|
| 330 | <IMG SRC="http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&t=1108082581" ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1>
|
|---|
