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| 5 | content="Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII">
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| 7 | content="Katharine Catherine Katherine of Aragon first wife of Henry VIII mother of Queen Mary I">
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| 14 | <title>Katharine / Katherine / Catherine of Aragon: Biography, Portraits,
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| 15 | Primary Sources</title>
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| 23 | <td width="25%" height="39"><br>
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| 24 | </td>
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| 25 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="39">
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| 26 | <p align="center"><font size="4"><br>'In this world I will confess
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| 27 | myself to be the king's true wife, and in the next they will know how
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| 28 | unreasonably I am afflicted.'</font><b><font size="4"> </font> <br>
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| 29 | </b><i><font size="-1">Katharine of Aragon, 1532</font></i> </p>
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| 30 | </td>
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| 31 | <td width="25%" height="39"><br>
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| 32 | </td>
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| 39 | </td>
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| 40 | <td width="25%" height="1"><br>
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| 43 | <tr>
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| 44 | <td width="25%" height="610"><br>
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| 45 | </td>
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| 46 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="610">
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| 47 | <p align="center">
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| 48 | <img border="0" src="aragoncardinal.gif" alt="Katharine of Aragon" width="443" height="114"></p>
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| 49 | <p align="center">
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| 50 | <img border="2" src="aragonsittow1.jpg" alt="portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Michael Sittow, c1502" width="351" height="541"></p>
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| 51 | <p align="center"> <i><font size="2">portrait of Katharine of Aragon by
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| 52 | Michael Sittow, c1502</font></i></p>
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| 53 | <p align="left"> <b><br>The youngest surviving child of
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| 54 | the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Katharine was born on 16 December 1485,
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| 55 | the same year that Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty. At
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| 56 | the age of three, she was betrothed to his infant son, Prince
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| 57 | Arthur. In 1501, shortly before her sixteenth birthday, Katharine
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| 58 | sailed to England. But her marriage to Arthur lasted less than
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| 59 | six months and was supposedly never consummated. Katharine was
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| 60 | then betrothed to Arthur's younger brother, Prince Henry. When he
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| 61 | became king in 1509, at the age of eighteen, he promptly married
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| 62 | Katharine and they lived together happily for many years. But
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| 63 | their marriage produced just one living child, a daughter called Mary,
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| 64 | and Henry was desperate for a male heir. He also fell deeply in
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| 65 | love with another woman. Cast aside, Katharine fought against
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| 66 | great odds to deny Henry an annulment. But the king would not be
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| 67 | denied and when the Catholic church would not grant the annulment, he
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| 68 | declared himself head of a new English church. Katharine was
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| 69 | banished from court and died on 7 January 1536, broken-hearted but
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| 70 | still defiant.</b> </p>
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| 71 | <p align="left"> </p>
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| 72 | <blockquote>
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| 73 | <blockquote>
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| 74 | <p><a
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| 75 | href="aragon.html#Biography">
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| 76 | <font size="4">Read the biography of Katharine of Aragon.</font></a></p>
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| 77 | </blockquote>
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| 78 | <blockquote>
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| 79 | <p><b><br>
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| 80 | Primary Sources</b> <br>
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| 81 | Read <a href="../letters.html">letters
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| 82 | written by Katharine</a> and <a
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| 83 | href="../h8crown.html">an account of her
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| 84 | coronation</a> at Westminster Abbey. <br>
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| 85 | <br>
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| 86 | <b>Secondary Sources<br></b>Read JA Froude's 1891 work <i>
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| 87 | <a href="../secondary.html">The Divorce
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| 88 | of Catherine of Aragon</a></i>.</p>
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| 89 | <p><br>Visit <a href="http://www.marileecody.com/images.html">Tudor England:
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| 90 | Images</a> to view portraits of Katharine.<br>
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| 91 | Visit the <a href="mary1.html">Queen
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| 92 | Mary I site</a> to learn more about Katharine's daughter.</p>
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| 93 | <p><font size="2"><b><br>
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| 94 | Interact<br>
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| 95 | </b>Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at <a
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| 96 | href="http://ladiesallfanlist.cjb.net/">Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
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| 97 | the Six Wives of Henry VIII</a>.<br>
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| 98 | <a href="http://tudorhistory.org/lists/list.html"> Tudor Talk
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| 99 | </a> This email discussion list is sponsored by
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| 100 | Tudorhistory.org.<br>
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| 101 | <a
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| 102 | href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Reign_of_the_Tudors_rpg/">Reign of
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| 103 | the Tudors</a> This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
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| 104 | England. If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
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| 105 | other Tudors, click the link to join.</font></p>
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| 106 | </blockquote>
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| 107 | <p align="left"> </p>
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| 108 | </blockquote>
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| 109 | </td>
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| 110 | <td width="25%" height="610"><br>
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| 111 | </td>
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| 112 | </tr>
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| 113 | </tbody>
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| 114 | </table>
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| 115 | <blockquote>
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| 116 | <blockquote>
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| 117 | <blockquote>
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| 118 | <blockquote>
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| 119 | <p> </p>
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| 120 | <p><a name="Biography"><br>
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| 121 | </a><font size="4">'My tribulations are so great, my life so
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| 122 | disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the king's wicked
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| 123 | intention, the surprises which the king gives me, with certain persons
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| 124 | of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that
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| 125 | it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.' </font><i>
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| 126 | <font size="-1">Katharine of Aragon to Charles V, November 1531</font></i></p>
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| 127 | <p> </p>
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| 128 | </blockquote>
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| 129 | </blockquote>
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| 130 | <p><b>Biography</b> <br>
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| 131 | Katharine was born on 16 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, in the
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| 132 | archbishop of Toledo's palace. Her early life promised a future
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| 133 | of splendor and success, if not personal happiness. Her parents,
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| 134 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, were legends throughout
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| 135 | Europe. Their marriage had united the kingdom of Spain and
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| 136 | together they had driven the Moors from Granada. Katharine's
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| 137 | mother was deeply pious and very intelligent. Her children, even
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| 138 | the daughters, received excellent educations. Katharine's brother
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| 139 | Juan and sister Joanna were married off into the powerful Hapsburg
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| 140 | family and two other sisters, Isabella and Maria, would each marry the
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| 141 | king of Portugal. Katharine was promised to England; the
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| 142 | betrothal contract was finalized before her fourth birthday. The
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| 143 | island nation, so long torn between Plantagenet cousins vying for the
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| 144 | throne, was now ruled by Henry Tudor. He had married the daughter
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| 145 | of the former Plantagenet king, Edward IV, and in 1486 had a male heir
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| 146 | and a desire to establish the stability and validity of his new
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| 147 | dynasty. A match with a Spanish princess would give him
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| 148 | both. And so Katharine, proud and solemn and accompanied by a
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| 149 | vast dowry, came to England in 1501. </p>
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| 150 | <p> She
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| 151 | wed Prince Arthur within a few weeks of her arrival. It was a
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| 152 | grand celebration; all of London rejoiced and there was every
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| 153 | expectation of a glorious future for both husband and wife. They
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| 154 | left for Ludlow Castle, the government seat of the Prince of Wales, and
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| 155 | within six months Arthur was dead. It was the dreaded sweating
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| 156 | sickness. The news devastated his parents. Katharine
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| 157 | returned to London but was not sent home. Henry VII was already
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| 158 | writing to her parents about another marriage. </p>
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| 159 | <p>Katharine was now promised to Arthur's younger brother,
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| 160 | Henry. Born 28 June 1491, he was almost six years younger than
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| 161 | Katharine. But he was robust and healthy, and already regarded as
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| 162 | a precocious intellect. Before his brother's death, he had been
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| 163 | destined for the church and educated accordingly. But now he was
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| 164 | the future king and as such he needed a future wife. Henry VII
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| 165 | betrothed young Henry to his brother's widow, a plan which required a
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| 166 | papal dispensation. Ferdinand, at odds with France, was anxious
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| 167 | to please his English ally; Isabella's piety may have ruined the plan
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| 168 | but she was dying and did not protest. Katharine and her duenna,
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| 169 | Dona Elvira, both wrote that her marriage to Arthur had never been
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| 170 | consummated. Pope Julius II granted the dispensation. </p>
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| 171 | <p>The new betrothal may have been spurred by Henry VII's legendary
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| 172 | avarice. Katharine had brought half of her dowry with her upon
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| 173 | marriage to Arthur; if she returned home, her marriage contract
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| 174 | required that the dowry be returned. Also, her inheritance as
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| 175 | dowager Princess of Wales was substantial. If she left England,
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| 176 | so would that steady income. </p>
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| 177 | <p>Katharine herself <a
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| 178 | href="../letters.html">wrote to her father</a>
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| 179 | that she had no wish to remain in England but she would obey his
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| 180 | decision. Perhaps she had already learned enough of Henry VII's
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| 181 | character to know she would be shabbily treated. Despite her
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| 182 | royal position, she lived in poverty. The Spanish ambassador was
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| 183 | forced to buy her necessities and she was unable to pay her
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| 184 | attendants. And soon enough Henry VII was implying that he would
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| 185 | break the Spanish betrothal. Katharine spent the next seven years
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| 186 | in a state of political limbo. And when he turned fourteen, Henry
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| 187 | VII had his son publicly repudiate the betrothal, claiming that the
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| 188 | marriage contract was made without his knowledge or consent. Yet
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| 189 | Katharine remained in England. </p>
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| 190 | <p>In 1509, the situation was resolved with startling speed.
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| 191 | Henry VII died and his eighteen year old son became king.
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| 192 | Handsome, proud, and imbued with the romantic spirit of chivalry, he
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| 193 | promptly married Katharine. Did he marry her out of a sense of
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| 194 | obligation? Was it because, as he later claimed, he wished to
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| 195 | respect his father's last wish? Were political councilors
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| 196 | encouraging the Spanish alliance? Or did he love the dignified
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| 197 | and lovely young princess? It is impossible to know. But
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| 198 | they certainly acted like a loving and affectionate couple, far beyond
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| 199 | typical royal marriages. There were public displays of affection,
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| 200 | declarations of love and respect, and for a long while she was also a
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| 201 | close political adviser. </p>
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| 202 | <p>Henry VIII's court was full of gaiety and celebration. It
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| 203 | was a welcome change from the austerity of his father's rule.
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| 204 | Katharine proved herself to be the perfect consort, even when politics
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| 205 | led her father to humiliate and betray Henry. Katharine
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| 206 | recognized that she must choose between unwavering support of her
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| 207 | father and loyalty to her husband. She chose Henry, though his
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| 208 | Lord Chancellor, <a
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| 209 | href="../citizens/wolsey.html">Cardinal
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| 210 | Wolsey</a>, never trusted her and instead favored an Anglo-French
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| 211 | alliance. His influence, and Henry's own suspicions, led the king
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| 212 | to disregard her political advice. </p>
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| 213 | <p>Katharine's primary duty was both personal and political - to
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| 214 | bear children, as many as possible and preferably sons. This was
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| 215 | especially important in England since Henry VIII was the sole surviving
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| 216 | son of his father. Katharine was far from barren and did her
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| 217 | best; in the first nine years of their marriage, she conceived at least
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| 218 | six times. She miscarried twice, once delivered a stillborn
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| 219 | daughter, and two sons died within weeks. The only surviving
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| 220 | child was a daughter, Princess Mary, born in 1516. Katharine's
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| 221 | last recorded pregnancy was in 1518, when she was thirty-three years
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| 222 | old. </p>
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| 223 | <p>Henry was not unhappy with the birth of Mary; he assured
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| 224 | ambassadors that if it were a daughter this time, a son would surely
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| 225 | follow. But it was soon clear there would be no sons. The
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| 226 | age difference between he and Katharine was now more noticeable.
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| 227 | The queen, struggling with frequent pregnancies and constant stress,
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| 228 | looked older than her years. Henry was a far more prudent king
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| 229 | than most; he had just two serious affairs during his marriage to
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| 230 | Katharine. But one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount, bore him
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| 231 | a son. It was clear he could have sons, but the queen could
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| 232 | not. </p>
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| 233 | <p>By 1527, the question of the succession was the most pressing
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| 234 | issue facing the king. Two years before, he had titled his
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| 235 | illegitimate son the duke of Richmond and granted him vast estates.
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| 236 | Many, Katharine included, believed this was a preliminary step to
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| 237 | naming him heir to the throne. This never occurred and Richmond
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| 238 | would die in 1536, but - until then - it was a possibility. Henry
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| 239 | sent Princess Mary to Ludlow Castle as Princess of Wales and his
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| 240 | official heir, but even that did not stop the rumors or her mother's
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| 241 | concerns. Katharine confronted Henry; he responded angrily and
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| 242 | dismissed several of her beloved Spanish attendants. </p>
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| 243 | <p>The king by now had hopes of a legitimate heir. He had
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| 244 | fallen in love the year previously with a young Englishwoman, <a
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| 245 | href="boleyn.html">Anne Boleyn</a>.
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| 246 | She was the sister of a former mistress and refused to take that
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| 247 | position herself. Henry, who was also deeply pious and a student
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| 248 | of theology, now took a closer look at his marriage to Katharine.
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| 249 | In particular, he looked at the text in Leviticus which seemed to
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| 250 | directly reference his own life - 'If a man shall take his brother's
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| 251 | wife it is an unclean thing..... they shall be childless.'(Leviticus,
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| 252 | XX, 21) </p>
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| 253 | <p>Of course, they were not childless but a daughter was not the
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| 254 | heir he needed. No woman had attempted to rule England since the
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| 255 | disastrous Matilda centuries<img border="0" src="aragonhorenbout1.jpg" alt="miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout" align="right" width="329" height="324"> before. Henry now firmly believed
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| 256 | that his incestuous marriage had been doomed from the start. </p>
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| 257 | <p>But how could he annul the marriage? He needed to convince
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| 258 | the current pope, Clement VII, that the dispensation of his predecessor
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| 259 | was inadequate. It directly contradicted the Bible and had no
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| 260 | merit. This should have been a simple enough matter. Royal
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| 261 | marriages had been annulled for far less. But Katharine's nephew,
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| 262 | Charles V, was the Holy Roman Emperor and he had no intention of
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| 263 | allowing his aunt to be cast off. This was not out of personal
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| 264 | love or loyalty, but a purely political stance. And after the
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| 265 | 1527 'sack of Rome', Charles controlled the pope. </p>
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| 266 | <p>Henry was soon thwarted, despite extensive work by Wolsey and
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| 267 | other advisers. For her part, Katharine was kept in the dark for
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| 268 | as long as the king could manage it. But she was no fool.
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| 269 | She knew of the romance between her husband and Mistress Boleyn; she
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| 270 | knew Henry avoided her company, though he was scrupulous about
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| 271 | attending official functions with her. He had always respected
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| 272 | her unassailable dignity and eloquence. He did not wish to fight
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| 273 | Katharine; he wanted an amicable end to their union and he was prepared
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| 274 | to be generous. </p>
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| 275 | <p>When news of his intentions became official, she was given
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| 276 | counsel but only that chosen by the king. She turned to the
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| 277 | Spanish ambassador and close friends at court for support. Anne
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| 278 | Boleyn was not popular and Katharine was a respected and beloved
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| 279 | queen. The king soon came under popular scorn for his
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| 280 | plans. </p>
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| 281 | <p>But Henry was as firmly convinced of the righteousness of his
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| 282 | cause as Katharine was of hers. He had read the Bible; he had
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| 283 | debated the issue with prominent theologians; he even sponsored
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| 284 | hearings of the case at European universities. Both king and pope
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| 285 | knew there was a valid basis for the annulment, and a pressing national
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| 286 | need for it. Clement could have granted it without troubling his
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| 287 | conscience. And with the spread of Lutheranism in the German
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| 288 | states, Clement had no wish to antagonize the loyal and devoted king of
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| 289 | England. </p>
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| 290 | <p>But the English king could not be helped at the Holy Roman Emperor's
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| 291 | expense. This was soon made abundantly clear.</p>
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| 292 | <p>The pope prevaricated; he could do little else. And for
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| 293 | several years, the 'King's Great Matter' consumed England and
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| 294 | fascinated Europe. </p>
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| 295 | <p>Henry inevitably tired of the endless parade of papal legates
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| 296 | and repetitious hearings. He was growing older and Anne was
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| 297 | growing impatient. Her youth was being wasted to no purpose, she
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| 298 | told the king. Meanwhile, Katharine encouraged Mary to be
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| 299 | obstinate in protecting her rights as princess. Mary lost her
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| 300 | father's favor and was forbidden to visit her mother. </p>
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| 301 | <p>Finally, in 1533, Henry did the only thing he could to end the
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| 302 | marriage - he rejected the authority of the Holy See and declared
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| 303 | himself Supreme Head of a new Church of England. His archbishop
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| 304 | of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, issued the long-awaited decree of
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| 305 | nullity. Katharine was no longer queen of England but 'Princess
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| 306 | dowager of Wales'. Princess Mary was now illegitimate, and rumors
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| 307 | spread that Anne Boleyn had finally succumbed to the king and was
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| 308 | pregnant. </p>
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| 309 | <p> Katharine was exiled from court and to a
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| 310 | succession of damp and unpleasant castles. She had but a handful
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| 311 | of servants for few would call her queen and she refused to be called
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| 312 | princess. It was a mark of her early education that she was meek,
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| 313 | deeply pious and believed in obedience to her husband - but she was
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| 314 | also a proud and intelligent princess of Spain. She would never
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| 315 | allow her dignity, or that of her daughter, to be destroyed. In
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| 316 | the end, this stubborn spirit did both her and Mary far more harm than
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| 317 | good. Katharine was undoubtedly truthful when she declared her
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| 318 | marriage to Arthur unconsummated but the truth was cold comfort in the
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| 319 | last years of her life. </p>
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| 320 | <p>Her final years were lonely and sad; the Spanish ambassador kept
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| 321 | her informed of outside events and smuggled letters to her daughter,
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| 322 | but she was often ill and at prayer. The wrongs she had suffered
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| 323 | from Henry filled her with sadness rather than anger. Perhaps she
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| 324 | was inspired by her motto, Humble and Loyal, for that is how she
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| 325 | remained.</p>
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| 326 | <p>She died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536, three weeks
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| 327 | after her fiftieth birthday. There were rumors that she had been
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| 328 | poisoned. But if Henry had been so inclined, he would have
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| 329 | attempted it years before and spared himself much trouble. A
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| 330 | lingering illness and the psychological effects of her exile were the
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| 331 | obvious causes. She was buried at Peterborough Abbey with all the
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| 332 | ceremony befitting the widow of the prince of Wales. Henry did
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| 333 | not attend the funeral; we do not know if he read Katharine's <a
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| 334 | href="../letters.html">last letter</a> to
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| 335 | him. It was a love letter and she signed it 'Katherine the
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| 336 | Queen'. </p>
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| 337 | <p>The tragedy of their annulment was that both he and Katharine
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| 338 | were equally convinced of their causes. For the modern reader,
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| 339 | both arguments are persuasive. It is an ironic footnote to her
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| 340 | life story that Katharine, such a devoted and pious Catholic,
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| 341 | unintentionally brought the Reformation to England. <br>
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| 342 | </p>
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| 343 | </blockquote>
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| 344 | <center>
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| 345 | <p><font size="-1"><a
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| 346 | href="wives.html">to the Six
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| 347 | Wives main page</a></font> <br>
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| 348 | <font size="-1"><a href="http://englishhistory.net/tudor.html">to
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| 349 | Tudor England</a></font></p>
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| 350 | <p><font size="-1"><a
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| 351 | href="../primary.html"> to Primary Sources</a></font></p>
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| 352 | </center>
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| 353 | </blockquote>
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| 354 | </body>
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