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    <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
    <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I / Mary Tudor - Marian Government Policies</Metadata>
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    <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
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  <Content>&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;
&lt;IMG 
height=45 alt=&quot;Marian Government Policies&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/marygovt.gif&quot; 
width=343&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The following is a list of government policies &amp;amp; officials. 
&lt;BR&gt;It also includes religious legislation. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;CENTER&gt;
&lt;P&gt;
&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;When did Parliament meet during Mary's reign?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
&lt;BR&gt;5 October 1553 to 5 December 1553 &lt;BR&gt;2 April 1554 to 5 May 1554 &lt;BR&gt;12 
November 1554 to 16 January 1555 &lt;BR&gt;21 October 1555 to 9 December 1555 &lt;BR&gt;20 
January 1558 to 17 November 1558 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Who were the Speakers of the House of Commons?&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
&lt;BR&gt;Sir John Pollard, M.P. for Oxfordshire - elected 5 October 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
Robert Brooke, M.P. for the City of London - elected 2 April 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
Clement Higham, M.P. for West Looe - elected 12 November 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Sir John 
Pollard, M.P. for Chippenham - elected 21 October 1555 &lt;BR&gt;Sir William Cordell, 
M.P. for Suffolk - elected 20 January 1558 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; 
&lt;BR&gt;Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester&amp;nbsp; 1553-1555 &lt;BR&gt;Nicholas Heath, 
Archbishop of York&amp;nbsp; 1556-1558 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Keepers of the Privy Seal&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;John Russell, 1st 
Lord Russell, created 1st earl of Bedford, 1550)&amp;nbsp; 1542-1555 &lt;BR&gt;William 
Paget&amp;nbsp; 1555-1559 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Principal Secretaries&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Sir John Cheke&amp;nbsp; 
1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir John Bourne&amp;nbsp; 1553-1558 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Justices of the King's Bench&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Thomas 
Bromley&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;William Portman&amp;nbsp; 1555 &lt;BR&gt;Edward Saunders&amp;nbsp; 1557 

&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Justices of Common Pleas&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Richard 
Morgan&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Robert Brooke&amp;nbsp; 1554 &lt;BR&gt;Anthony Browne&amp;nbsp; 1558 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Lord Treasurers&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;William Paulet, 1st earl of 
Wiltshire (1550) and 1st marquis of Winchester (1551) &lt;BR&gt;held office of Lord 
Treasurer from 1550 to 1572 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Chief Barons of the Court of Exchequer&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;David 
Brook&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Clement Heigham&amp;nbsp; 1558 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Masters of the Rolls - Court of Chancery&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Sir 
Nicholas Hare&amp;nbsp; 1553 &lt;BR&gt;Sir William Cordell&amp;nbsp; 1557&lt;/CENTER&gt;
&lt;P&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=+1&gt;Religious Developments&amp;nbsp; 1553-1558&lt;/FONT&gt; 
&lt;UL&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;FONT color=#990000&gt;Compare the religious acts of January - July 1553 to 
  those passed after Mary became queen.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine the confusion 
  caused by such rapid shifts in ideology.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/UL&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT 
color=#000000&gt;1553&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - Sir Richard 
Cotton ordered to seize Church plate and vestments.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
color=#000000&gt;12 June - the Forty-Two Articles issued (includes the statement 
that Justification before God is by faith alone; also, good works play no part 
in salvation &amp;amp; there is no purgatory.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;19 
July - Mary Tudor proclaimed queen of England.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT 
color=#000000&gt;Immediate &amp;amp; rapid religious changes ensue.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt; 
&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;September - Bishops Bale, Coverdale, Ponet, Scory &amp;amp; 
Barlow are deprived of their offices &amp;amp; eventually flee overseas.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Bishops Gardiner and Bonner are released from prison and 
reinstated to former offices.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Mary orders that 
Archbishop Cranmer be arrested.&amp;nbsp; His fellow Protestant leaders - Latimer, 
Hooper &amp;amp; Ridley (and a score of others) are also arrested.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
color=#000000&gt;October - Parliament in session.&amp;nbsp; It refuses to repeal the 
Act of Supremacy, despite Mary's insistence.&amp;nbsp; They do pass an Actof Repeal 
which essentially voids the Edwardian reformation - and reinstates Mass, 
clerical celibacy &amp;amp; ritual worship.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;December 
- Mary responds to Parliament's refusal to repeal the Act of Supremacy &amp;amp; 
rejects the title of Supreme Head of the English Church.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - 
prominent English Protestants flee to Germany and Switzerland, trying to avoid 
Marian prosecution of married/non-celibate clergy.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
color=#000000&gt;March - Mary issues Royal Injunction - orders bishops to remove 
married clergy from office; suppress heresy; only ordain clergy who have been 
ordained under the English Ordinal; restore Holy Days and attendant 
ceremonies.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Gardiner begins a methodical purge of 
married clergy.&amp;nbsp; This practice eventually claims almost a quarter of parish 
clergy.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;April - Parliament meets again - and once 
more clash with Mary.&amp;nbsp; They eventually agree to pass heresy laws - &lt;I&gt;if 
&lt;/I&gt;there is no restoration of monastic lands.&amp;nbsp; Mary reluctantly agrees to 
the condition.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;November - Cardinal Reginald Pole 
(whose Plantagenet mother, Margaret, was brutally murdered by Henry VIII) 
returns to England and the sentence of excommunication is lifted from 
England.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Also, Parliament meets again and passes 
a 2nd Act of Repeal which voids all religious legislation since 1529.&amp;nbsp; In 
other words, the Henrician Reformation never occurred!&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1555&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;January - Mary 
begins the new year by appointing a commission to re-establish various religious 
houses.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;4 February - The first Protestant martyr 
is publicly burned - John Rogers, translator of the Bible, is convicted under 
the new heresy laws.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;16 October - Bishops Ridley 
and Latimer are burnt for heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
&lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;12 November - Stephen Gardiner, Mary's Catholic adviser, 
dies.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;13 November - Archbishop Cranmer is 
officially deprived of the See of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
color=#000000&gt;December - Cardinal Reginald Pole is given Cranmer's former 
position - named Archbishop of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1556&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;The public 
burning of Protestant martyrs continues unabated.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
color=#000000&gt;21 March - Thomas Cranmer recants all retractions and is burnt for 
heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford - where Ridley and Latimer were also 
killed.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;22 March - Pole is officially consecrated 
as Archbishop of Canterbury.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Cardinal Pole 
becomes enmeshed in arguments with Pope Paul IV and is deprived of his position 
as Papal Legate.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1557&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;Many small 
religious houses are re-established.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;June - Pole 
is recalled to Rome to answer charges of heresy, referencing his arguments with 
the pope.&amp;nbsp; Mary refuses to let him go.&amp;nbsp; The pope appoints Friar 
William Peto as Papal Legate in Pole's place.&amp;nbsp; Mary refuses to recognize 
the appointment.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;1558&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;10 November - 
five prominent Protestants burnt for hersey at Canterbury.&amp;nbsp; In total, about 
300 Protestants were killed during Mary's reign.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT 
color=#000000&gt;The prominent Protestant exile Thomas Bentham returns to London 
and leads Protestant meetings.&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT color=#000000&gt;17 November - Mary 
and Pole both die.&lt;/FONT&gt; 
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