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16 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Mary I of England half-sister of Elizabeth I 'Bloody Mary' : Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
19 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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37
38&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
39 &lt;tr&gt;
40 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
41 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
42&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In thee, O lord, is my trust, let me never be
43 confounded: if God be for us, who can be against us?' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
44 size=-1&gt;Mary Tudor's constant exclamation as queen of England&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
45 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
46 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
47 &lt;/tr&gt;
48 &lt;tr&gt;
49 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
50 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
51 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
52 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1cardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Queen Mary I&quot; width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
53 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
54 &lt;/tr&gt;
55 &lt;tr&gt;
56 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
57 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
58 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
59 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I, by a follower of Anthonis Mor, c.1555-58&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
60 &lt;blockquote&gt;
61 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
62 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
63 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
64 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Queen Mary I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
65 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
66 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmarygovt.html&quot;&gt;Marian
67 government policies and religious legislation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
68 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read
69 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;the letter Mary
70 wrote to Henry VIII, acknowledging her illegitimacy,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;A
71 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;her speech at the
72 Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;A
73 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary
74 description of the queen&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A
75 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;a letter from
76 Katharine of Aragon to her daughter&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
77 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
78 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit
79 the &lt;A
80 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of
81 Aragon site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Mary's mother. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
82 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
83 Grey&lt;/A&gt; site to learn more about Mary's cousin.&lt;br&gt;Visit the
84 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
85 Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; site to learn more about Mary's half-sister.&lt;/p&gt;
86 &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
87 &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Queen Mary's life at &lt;A
88 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
89 &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
90 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
91 A comprehensive exploration of Mary's life, featuring a lengthy
92 biography and numerous portraits.&amp;nbsp; It also has ancillary studies of
93 music, portraiture, genealogy, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
94 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
95 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
96 &lt;/td&gt;
97 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
98 &lt;/tr&gt;
99&lt;/table&gt;
100
101&lt;blockquote&gt;
102 &lt;blockquote&gt;
103 &lt;blockquote&gt;
104 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
105 &lt;hr&gt;
106 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have four certain and open enemies: the heretics
107 and schismatics, the rebels and adherents of the duke of Northumberland,
108 the king of France and Scotland, and the Lady Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
109 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;the Imperial ambassador Renard to Queen Mary, 1553&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
110 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
111 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
112&lt;/blockquote&gt;
113&lt;blockquote&gt;
114 &lt;blockquote&gt;
115 &lt;blockquote&gt;
116 &lt;hr&gt;
117 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
118 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The sad life of England's first female
119 ruler is rendered even more tragic in comparison with her half-sister
120 and successor's reign.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary Tudor, destined - like her
121 half-brother and predecessor - to languish between those two giants of
122 English history, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Yet there is much to
123 warrant even a brief examination of her life and reign.&amp;nbsp; Though her
124 hated half-sister would outshine her in virtually every sphere -
125 physical, political, intellectual, artistic - Mary also had a formidable
126 impact upon English history.&amp;nbsp; Throughout the first thirty-seven
127 years of her life, she was tossed about by the whims of her father and,
128 later and perhaps more galling, her Protestant brother and his
129 council.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps inevitable that when she first tasted real
130 power, the experience would be both intoxicating and unfortunate.&lt;/FONT&gt;
131 &lt;/p&gt;
132
133 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;When Mary came to the throne, she
134 was thirty-seven years old.&amp;nbsp; She had never been married though, in
135 her youth, several matches had been suggested and abandoned.&amp;nbsp;
136 Contrary to later beliefs, Henry VIII was pleased with her birth in
137 1516, proudly displaying the infant Mary to visiting ambassadors and&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=387 alt=&quot;Princess Mary, age 28, painted by Master John&quot;
138 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryage28.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
139 noblemen.&amp;nbsp; It was only years later, with Mary as his sole
140 legitimate offspring, that Henry began his desperate search for a
141 son.&amp;nbsp; This search would forever brand him as a misogynist and cruel
142 tyrant who discarded, divorced, and beheaded the women who did not bear
143 him sons.&amp;nbsp; But one must be fair to Henry and judge him by the
144 standards of his time, which certainly his contemporaries did.&amp;nbsp; He
145 was only the second Tudor monarch and, as such, he understood the
146 necessity of stabilizing the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, his father
147 had only won the crown in 1485, barely thirty years before Mary's
148 birth.&amp;nbsp; And if Henry VII, born the unprepossessing earl of
149 Richmond, could steal the crown then his son's actions can be
150 understood.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, Henry VIII was determined the crown
151 would remain in Tudor hands.&amp;nbsp; Mary, like her half-sister Elizabeth,
152 was always recognized as his daughter.&amp;nbsp; But England had never had a
153 woman ruler, one who ruled in her own right without a male consort or as
154 regent for an infant son.&amp;nbsp; The only possible precedent was Matilda,
155 Henry I's heir, and the precedent was not good - Matilda was expelled by
156 the English barons and her cousin Stephen of Blois was made king.&amp;nbsp;
157 Though this had happened four centuries before, its lesson was still
158 valid.&lt;/FONT&gt;
159 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With this in mind, Henry's
160 treatment of Mary's mother becomes - if not palatable - at least
161 understandable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the petty cruelties and humiliations he
162 forced upon her were his own doing but the overall aim was to ensure the
163 Tudor succession.&amp;nbsp; But all this happened years after Mary's
164 birth.&amp;nbsp; From 1516 to about 1530, Mary led a happy, sheltered
165 life.&amp;nbsp; She was considered one of the most important European
166 princesses and Henry used her as every king used his daughter - as a
167 pawn in political negotiations.&amp;nbsp; She was also well-educated with a
168 fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic skill.&amp;nbsp; Her
169 mother, Katharine of Aragon, was deeply devoted to Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was
170 a reflection of Katharine's strongly domestic nature as well as the
171 numerous miscarriages she suffered.&amp;nbsp; Any mother would naturally
172 love a child but Katharine had lost enough children to make her
173 especially devoted to the one who survived.&amp;nbsp; When Henry proposed
174 the idea of divorce, Katharine fought it passionately, not least because
175 divorce would destroy her daughter's future.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was the
176 youngest daughter of those great Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragon
177 and Isabella of Castile, the 'Catholic Kings' who united Spain
178 geographically and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Through her mother, she could
179 trace her lineage to John of Gaunt, that legendary figure in English
180 history.&amp;nbsp; She grew up as an Infanta of Spain; and, unlike Henry,
181 her claim to royalty was not a mere few decades old.&amp;nbsp; As such, she
182 was naturally proud and dignified.&amp;nbsp; Mary inherited this pride as
183 well as her mother's enduring affection for Spain.&amp;nbsp; When she became
184 queen, this affection was to have terrible consequences.&lt;/FONT&gt;
185 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Educated by her mother and a ducal
186 governess, Mary was at last betrothed to her cousin, the Holy Roman
187 Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain.)&amp;nbsp; Charles made the
188 unfortunate demand that she come to Spain immediately, accompanied by a
189 huge cash dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry ignored the request and Charles jilted
190 Mary, concluding a match with a more accommodating princess.&amp;nbsp;
191 Meanwhile, Henry invested his daughter as Princess of Wales in 1525 and
192 she held court at Ludlow Castle.&amp;nbsp; With this decision, Henry meant
193 to soothe Katharine's fears that Mary's position as the only legitimate
194 Tudor heir was being undermined.&amp;nbsp; Only a few weeks before the
195 investiture, Mary had attended a ceremony in which her father ennobled
196 his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as duke of Richmond (among various
197 other titles.)&amp;nbsp; And though he sharply rebuked Katharine for
198 criticizing his open affection for Fitzroy, and the accompanying titles
199 and wealth he gave the boy, Henry did not neglect his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In
200 fact, Mary was the first princess of Wales, and the first female royal
201 to hold court at Ludlow.&amp;nbsp; But of course, sending Mary to Wales was
202 not the same as sending a son and heir; Henry never intended her to rule
203 England, at least not as its sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; Her role in Wales would
204 be primarily symbolic, and she would be replaced as soon as he had a
205 legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; This elusive son - Henry's most fervent wish
206 - occupied his mind even as he continued to scour Europe for a suitable
207 husband for Mary.&lt;/FONT&gt;
208 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Yet even as new betrothal plans
209 were being made, the king's attention was increasingly elsewhere.&amp;nbsp;
210 Henry had met Anne Boleyn, daughter of a simple knight and sister of a
211 former mistress.&amp;nbsp; His passionate attraction to Anne, coupled with
212 the increased need for a male heir, made Henry restless.&amp;nbsp; He looked
213 at Katharine, nine years his senior and as domestic as Anne was exotic,
214 with new eyes.&amp;nbsp; At first he sought a quiet, amicable annulment of
215 their long
216 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Certainly such a decision was not revolutionary; Henry
217 could cite numerous examples in European history where kings had
218 annulled marriages to barren queens.&amp;nbsp; Since he and Katharine had a
219 mutual respect and affection for one another, Henry anticipated her
220 cooperation.&amp;nbsp; Certainly he would tread with delicacy but - in the
221 end - his will would be done.&lt;/FONT&gt;
222 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;But Henry had not anticipated his
223 wife's immediate and intense anger.&amp;nbsp; For he had based his argument
224 upon theology - in short, Henry argued that because Katharine had been
225 briefly married to his brother, Arthur, her marriage to Henry was
226 incestuous.&amp;nbsp; Katharine responded that this matter was already
227 resolved.&amp;nbsp; Before she wed Henry, the Pope had granted a
228 dispensation.&amp;nbsp; He did so under political pressure from Henry VII
229 and Ferdinand - but also because Katharine swore she and Arthur had
230 never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a virgin when
231 she wed Henry, a fact Henry would be certain to know.&amp;nbsp; Cynics could
232 not help but mock the King's sudden attack of conscience, occurring some
233 twenty years into the marriage and in the midst of his affair with Anne
234 Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt;
235 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
236 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to argue
237 that Anne had no role in his decision.&amp;nbsp; In his mid-thirties, Henry
238 had entered into the most passionate romantic attachment of his
239 life.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, after her death, he would complain that Anne had
240 'bewitched' him.&amp;nbsp; It was true that Henry displayed an intensity of
241 feeling toward her which shocked their contemporaries.&amp;nbsp; Today we
242 can read his love letters to her; across the span of four centuries,
243 they retain their power.&amp;nbsp; Anne was not beautiful but she possessed
244 greater gifts - she was witty, graceful, and stylish.&amp;nbsp; She had been
245 educated at the glittering French court so she sang and danced
246 beautifully, skills which Henry admired.&amp;nbsp; She was also very
247 intelligent and confident.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her older sister Mary, Anne
248 Boleyn had no desire to be the king's temporary mistress.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
249 she had intended to wed Henry Percy, heir to the earl of Northumberland,
250 until the king - already enchanted - put a stop to the match.&amp;nbsp; He
251 wrote to Percy's father, arguing against the unsuitable match.&amp;nbsp; A
252 knight's daughter wed to one of the most important peers of the
253 realm?&amp;nbsp; Percy's angry father immediately sent for his son, ending
254 the romance but not the attachment.&amp;nbsp; Percy wrote poetry about Anne
255 and, at her trial, he had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the
256 other peers, he could not bear to sit in judgment of her.&amp;nbsp; For
257 Anne, the loss of Percy was undoubtedly galling.&amp;nbsp; After all, had
258 the king ended the engagement simply to make her his mistress?&amp;nbsp;
259 Henry's disregard for her personal feelings, his interference in her
260 personal life, was not endearing.&amp;nbsp; But it convinced Anne of the
261 king's attraction and she resolved to be his wife or nothing.&lt;/FONT&gt;
262 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;For Mary, the sudden ascent of
263 Anne Boleyn signaled the end of her world.&amp;nbsp; Her beloved mother,
264 equally loved by the English people, was being forced aside by a former
265 lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Her father was determined to declare her a
266 bastard; in effect, Henry's charge of incest dissolved his marriage and
267 illegitimized his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this, Mary developed a
268 lasting hatred of Anne Boleyn which extended to Anne's daughter,
269 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She never openly blamed her father for his actions,
270 though she considered them unlawful and impious.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she
271 persuaded herself that he had been Anne Boleyn's pawn.&amp;nbsp; Such a
272 reaction was perhaps inevitable.&amp;nbsp; However, it was to have an
273 unfortunate impact upon Elizabeth's life.&lt;/FONT&gt;
274 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The Pope refused to recognize
275 Henry's argument for an annulment or divorce and thus began a power
276 struggle between the Vatican, Spain, and England.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
277 nephew, Charles V, naturally agreed with his aunt for personal and
278 political reasons. He exerted considerable military and political
279 pressure against the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry's numerous petitions were
280 disregarded.&amp;nbsp; Eventually he simply gave up and decided the matter
281 himself.&amp;nbsp; In 1534 Henry took the unprecedented step of breaking
282 with Rome, establishing the Church of England with himself as Supreme
283 Head.&amp;nbsp; The annulment was granted and Katharine and Mary were
284 officially outcasts.&lt;/FONT&gt;
285 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Mary continued
286 her somewhat restricted life.&amp;nbsp; Despite her declared illegitimacy,
287 Henry continued to propose various husbands for her.&amp;nbsp; The searches
288 were not particularly thorough or serious, however, and Mary remained a
289 spinster.&amp;nbsp; She was now in her late twenties, leaving behind her
290 youth and - most importantly for a woman - her safest reproductive
291 years.&lt;/FONT&gt;
292 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Even before the official decree,
293 Henry had stopped living with Katharine and recognizing her as
294 Queen.&amp;nbsp; He took Anne Boleyn with him to France to meet his rival
295 Francis I; this was an important state visit and her appearance was
296 commented upon.&amp;nbsp; Henry, however, had already ordered Katharine to
297 surrender her jewelry; Anne now wore it.&amp;nbsp; He also sent Katharine to
298 one decaying residence after another, dismissing several of her devoted
299 servants.&amp;nbsp; Though deprived of her title, home, jewels, and
300 companionship, Katharine never recognized the divorce.&amp;nbsp; She refused
301 the title of Princess Dowager, offered by Henry as recognition of her
302 marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She continued to assert that
303 she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, above
304 all else, she professed faith in the judgment of the Pope.&amp;nbsp; A
305 devout Catholic, daughter of the monarchs who introduced the Inquisition
306 to Spain, Katharine never acknowledged the Church of England.&amp;nbsp;
307 Since she had raised her daughter to be equally devout, Mary also
308 refused to acknowledge both the Church and her father's position as
309 Supreme Head.&lt;/FONT&gt;
310 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Henry
311 VIII, though ostensibly head of a new church which overthrew the
312 Catholic supremacy, remained a devout Catholic&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; throughout his
313 life.&amp;nbsp; He continued to attend Mass and heartily despised 'heretics'
314 like Martin Luther.&amp;nbsp; But Henry possessed the ability to separate
315 the secular from the spiritual, a quality which Mary completely lacked
316 and Elizabeth honed to fine perfection.&amp;nbsp; Though his son would
317 become a bigoted Protestant determined to stamp out Catholicism and his
318 eldest daughter a bigoted Catholic determined to stamp out
319 Protestantism, Henry was a Catholic who lapsed when it suited him.&amp;nbsp;
320 Of course, he always asserted theological justification for the lapses.&amp;nbsp;
321 However, he would not allow Katharine or Mary to deny his authority.&amp;nbsp;
322 Both paid a stiff penalty for their refusal to submit.&amp;nbsp; Katharine,
323 as noted, was sent from court and deprived of all accustomed luxuries.&amp;nbsp;
324 Mary was equally disgraced.&amp;nbsp; Now a bastard, declared such by
325 Parliament, she was denied any communication with her mother and made
326 lady-in-waiting to Anne and Henry's daughter, Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Unlike
327 Mary, Elizabeth was recognized as a Princess of the realm.&amp;nbsp; For the
328 seventeen-year-old Mary, the complete reversal of her fortune was
329 devastating.&amp;nbsp; She began to suffer from a variety of illnesses,
330 undoubtedly stress-related.&amp;nbsp; These plagued her until her death,
331 causing such symptoms as severe headaches, nausea, insomnia, and
332 infrequent menstruation.&lt;/FONT&gt;
333 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Anne took an equal dislike of
334 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple fact that if Anne and Elizabeth's fortunes
335 rose, Mary's would fall.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was legitimate only
336 if Mary was not, and vice versa.&amp;nbsp; Anne would have been foolish to
337 encourage any reconciliation between Henry and Mary, quite possibly she
338 did the opposite.&amp;nbsp; But after her fall from grace, Henry offered to
339 pardon Mary and restore her to favor - but only if Mary acknowledged him
340 as head of the Church of England and admitted the 'incestuous
341 illegality' of his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; To Mary's credit, she
342 refused to do so until her cousin, Charles V, persuaded her
343 otherwise.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A
344 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;She gave in to
345 Henry's demands&lt;/A&gt;, an action she was to always regret.&amp;nbsp;
346 Meanwhile, Katharine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton Castle, loving -
347 and defying - Henry to the last; &lt;A
348 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;her final letter&lt;/A&gt;
349 to him was signed 'Katharine the Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine and Mary had
350 not seen one another for years though they had written one another,
351 against Henry's orders, in great secrecy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's last
352 thoughts were undoubtedly of her daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt;
353 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry, however, was soon
354 reconciled to Mary.&amp;nbsp; Flush with marriage to the meek Jane Seymour
355 and her quick pregnancy, he welcomed Mary home.&amp;nbsp; She was given a
356 household befitting her position as his daughter and included in court
357 festivities; there were even rumors of a possible marriage in her
358 future.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour encouraged Henry's reconciliation with both
359 of his daughters.&amp;nbsp; Mary, in turn, respected and liked the new
360 queen.&amp;nbsp; She was named godmother to Henry and Jane's son, Prince
361 Edward, born in October 1537; and when Jane died shortly after her son's
362 birth, Mary was the chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; Their friendship was not so
363 unlikely.&amp;nbsp; They were relatively close in age and Mary, having lost
364 her mother and longing for her father's affection, was grateful for any
365 kindness.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, she had the satisfaction of knowing
366 Elizabeth, too, was bastardized; Anne Boleyn's execution on charges of
367 incest and treason had illegitimized her daughter.&amp;nbsp; It is revealing
368 to note that, upon her ascension, Mary revoked the Act of Parliament
369 which made her a bastard.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, upon ascension, didn't bother
370 to do so.&lt;/FONT&gt;
371 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;However, Mary and Elizabeth were
372 not forgotten.&amp;nbsp; After Jane's death, Henry determined the line of
373 succession as follows:&amp;nbsp; first, Edward or Edward's heirs; if Edward
374 died without issue, the throne passed to Mary; after Mary, to
375 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry recognized the fragility of his succession,
376 resting as it did upon just one son.&amp;nbsp; He, after all, was a second
377 son.&amp;nbsp; But there was little he could do.&amp;nbsp; His fourth marriage,
378 to Anne of Cleves, had ended disastrously.&amp;nbsp; She was too
379 unnattractive for the king so she was titled 'the king's sister' and
380 given a generous pension.&amp;nbsp; Anne preferred this solution to
381 returning home.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=352
382 alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-cr.jpg&quot; width=270
383 align=right border=2&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Soon
384 enough, Henry's attentions were captured elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; He wed
385 Catherine Howard, cousin to the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; It was a
386 pathetic match.&amp;nbsp; Henry was old enough to be her grandfather,
387 plainly in lust with a young woman who exuded sex appeal.&amp;nbsp; Mary's
388 opinion on the match is not known but it would be safe to assume that
389 even if she disapproved, she would never say so.&amp;nbsp; Mary recognized
390 her father's secular authority as king even as she disapproved of his
391 spiritual authority as head of the English Church.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
392 there was barely time to know Catherine before she, too, was executed on
393 charges of adultery.&amp;nbsp; Whether she was guilty is a matter of
394 conjecture; if she was, one can hardly blame her and, if she wasn't, she
395 was yet another blot upon Henry's conscience.&amp;nbsp; In her defense, she
396 refused the easy path of divorce.&amp;nbsp; Henry offered to recognize a
397 pre-contract with another nobleman.&amp;nbsp; If she, too, recognized it,
398 their marriage would be invalid.&amp;nbsp; Catherine would be divorced but
399 still alive.&amp;nbsp; She refused to admit such an arrangement, however,
400 and met her end at the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
401 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry's last queen was the
402 Protestant Katharine Parr, twice-widowed and chosen for her excellent
403 character and nursing abilities.&amp;nbsp; Like Jane Seymour, Katharine Parr
404 was determined to bring the royal family closer together.&amp;nbsp; To that
405 end, she provided the only true home and maternal guidance Edward and
406 Elizabeth would ever know.&amp;nbsp; She also befriended Mary, a difficult
407 task because of their opposing religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however,
408 did respect Katharine's intellectual accomplishments.&lt;/FONT&gt;
409 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr was the product of
410 the changing climate in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; When he ended Catholic
411 supremacy in England, dissolving the monasteries and granting their
412 lands to various nobles and the crown, Henry had begun a process whose
413 end he never foresaw.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry never became a
414 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But his decision to use Protestantism for his own ends
415 allowed Protestantism to flourish.&amp;nbsp; Toward the end of his reign,
416 there were few councilors who could remember the Catholic
417 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; They had benefited from the break with Rome, both
418 spiritually and materially; Henry, meanwhile, never understood the force
419 he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine made the mistake of arguing about
420 theology with him, she came very close to losing her head.&amp;nbsp; Only a
421 timely intervention and her own impassioned apology saved her.&amp;nbsp; But
422 upon Henry's death and Edward's ascension, the Protestant faction was in
423 control.&amp;nbsp; The new king, just nine years old, had Protestant tutors
424 and a Protestant step-mother.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, Edward VI is revealed in his
425 journal as a priggish, unfeeling boy who noted the executions of his
426 uncles with no trace of compassion.&amp;nbsp; His letters to Katharine Parr,
427 however, are the only examples of feeling and affection which he left
428 behind.&amp;nbsp; To her, he confided his insecurity and
429 vulnerability.&lt;/FONT&gt;
430 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr's influence on
431 Edward VI was to simply strengthen the Protestantism which his tutors
432 and the English court encouraged.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, the situation was
433 disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Edward, swayed by religious fervor and his advisors,
434 made English compulsory for church services.&amp;nbsp; Mary continued to
435 celebrate Mass in the old form and in Latin.&amp;nbsp; During the six years
436 of her brother's reign, she tread the fine line between piety and
437 treason.&amp;nbsp; Edward attempted to reason with her at court yet she
438 refused his advice.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was a woman in her thirties and he
439 was still a child.&amp;nbsp; Edward was also under the control of the Duke
440 of Somerset, Jane Seymour's staunchly Protestant brother.&amp;nbsp; Though
441 Henry VIII's will had specified a specific group of councilors to guide
442 his son's regency, his wishes were disregarded.&amp;nbsp; His fellow
443 councilors, most of whom had profited from the Catholic expulsion,
444 titled Somerset Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; The nine-year-old king had no deep
445 affection for his uncle; Somerset kept Edward short of pocket money and
446 hired harsh tutors who regularly beat the boy.&amp;nbsp; But their religious
447 sympathies were similar.&amp;nbsp; Mary managed to disregard the combined
448 pressure of Somerset and Edward, largely because she stayed away from
449 court.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was firm with her.&amp;nbsp; He told her she was
450 misguided and occasionally threatened her.&amp;nbsp; Mary was intelligent
451 enough to not risk open disobedience, preferring the quiet celebration
452 of Mass in her country home.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, in 1549, Somerset had
453 overstepped his authority and was executed.&amp;nbsp; His fall was largely
454 engineered by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and soon-to-be Duke of
455 Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; From then on, Edward was under Dudley's
456 control.&lt;/FONT&gt;
457 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Edward VI ruled for just seven
458 years.&amp;nbsp; The last year of his life was one of near-constant pain and
459 suffering.&amp;nbsp; Various illnesses have been suggested, &lt;/FONT&gt;
460 &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;consumption
461 being the most likely.&amp;nbsp; He had never been of robust health, unlike
462 his father, and the Protestant councilors did all they could to prolong
463 his life.&amp;nbsp; To that end, Edward was given arsenic and various other
464 poisons which were believed to prolong life even as they increased
465 suffering.&amp;nbsp; For Dudley and his supporters, Edward's death was
466 inevitable but they needed every available moment to prevent Mary from
467 ascending the throne.&amp;nbsp; They were not fools and knew their fate with
468 a Catholic queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley hurriedly married his son Guildford to &lt;A
469 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
470 Grey&lt;/A&gt;, Edward VI's Protestant, scholarly cousin.&amp;nbsp; Like Edward,
471 Jane was a pawn in Dudley's schemes.&amp;nbsp; She was the granddaughter of
472 Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor and, thus, a remote claimant to
473 the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Working together, Edward and Dudley
474 disregarded Henry VIII's will yet again and barred both Mary and
475 Elizabeth from the succession.&amp;nbsp; In turn, Edward willed the throne
476 to Jane and her heirs.&amp;nbsp; When he finally died, Jane was declared
477 Queen by Dudley and the Protestant lords.&lt;/FONT&gt;
478 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Jane Grey's ascension to the
479 throne lasted but nine days.&amp;nbsp; Though the Protestant councilors were
480 not fond of Mary's religious views, many still regarded her as the
481 rightful heir.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, Bluff King Hal's daughter.&amp;nbsp;
482 Like her mother, Mary had enormous sympathy from the English people, a
483 gift she was to squander recklessly.&amp;nbsp; Many viewed her as the poor
484 victim of Anne Boleyn's scheming, a quiet, kindly, and pious woman.&amp;nbsp;
485 It should be noted that &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;the
486 English people cared not so much for her religious views as they did her
487 parentage.&amp;nbsp; She was the old king's child and therefore, she should
488 follow Edward to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This loyalty to Mary's dynastic
489 claims was something she never fully understood.&amp;nbsp; As queen, Mary
490 was capable of both extreme affection and disdain for her English
491 subjects.&lt;/FONT&gt;
492 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With Jane declared queen, Mary
493 fled to Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though her closest friends advised against it,
494 she soon decided to ride to London and stake her own claim to the
495 throne.&amp;nbsp; The people of London welcomed her ecstatically.&amp;nbsp; Mary
496 arrested Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley, though she displayed her
497 typical leniency by not immediately executing them.&amp;nbsp; When Jane's
498 fugitive father attempted to lead an uprising for her, Mary had him
499 executed along with John Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Jane and Guildford, however,
500 remained in the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
501 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
502 &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
503
504 &lt;blockquote&gt;
505
506 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
507 &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
508 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;The PRIMARY
509 SOURCES section contains many documents related to Queen Mary:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
510 &lt;FONT
511 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;-&lt;/B&gt;read a letter to Mary from her mother, Katharine of
512 Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
513 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read the entire text of Mary's letter to her father, in which
514 she acknowledged Henry as head of the church of England, the dissolution
515 of his marriage to Katharine of Aragon &amp;amp; her own illegitimacy (a
516 letter she later disavowed)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
517 &lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a journal entry of
518 Edward VI, in which he recorded a religious dispute with
519 Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
520 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;- read a letter from Catherine Parr to Mary&lt;/FONT&gt;
521 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read Mary's speech
522 at the Guildhall, in which she asked for loyalty in the face of Wyatt's
523 uprising&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
524 &lt;FONT
525 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a letter from Lady Jane Grey to Mary, in which Jane
526 explains the circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine
527 days&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
528 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford
529 Dudley&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
530 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the execution of Archbishop Thomas
531 Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
532 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a contemporary description of Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt;
533 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/FONT&gt;
534
535 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
536
537 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
538 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;/font&gt;
539 &lt;CENTER&gt;
540 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
541 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
542 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
543 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
544 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
545 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
546 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
547&lt;/blockquote&gt;
548
549
550
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553</Content>
554</Section>
555</Archive>
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