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    <Metadata name="Title">Primary Sources: The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536</Metadata>
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      &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;48%&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFE8&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=-1&gt;The account 
      at right was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;p&gt;
      &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The Pilgrimage of Grace was the worst uprising of Henry 
      VIII's reign.&amp;nbsp; It was a direct result of the dissolution of the 
      monasteries, a policy which confused and angered most Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; 
      The original rebellion began at Louth in Lincolnshire in early October 
      1536.&amp;nbsp; The presence of a royal commission was the spark; the local 
      clergy encouraged it to flame.&amp;nbsp; The Lincolnshire rebellion lasted but 
      a fortnight, but Yorkshire - led by the lawyer Robert Aske - was next.&amp;nbsp; 
      With the charismatic Aske as their leader, the rebellion spread quickly.&amp;nbsp; 
      Dissatisfaction with the king's religious and fiscal policies was deep and 
      widespread.&amp;nbsp; An army of perhaps 30,000 men gathered in the north.&amp;nbsp; 
      The king ordered the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk and the earl of 
      Shrewsbury to respond.&amp;nbsp; But there was no standing army in England; 
      also, popular sympathy lay with the rebels.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The king's forces were hopelessly outnumbered.&amp;nbsp; 
      Worse, their soldiers lacked equipment and the desire to fight their 
      countrymen.&amp;nbsp; And the rebel forces were far more experienced in 
      battle, having fought the Scots near-continuously during Henry's reign.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Faced with such odds, the king turned to diplomacy.&amp;nbsp; 
      The rebels, after all, did not seek to overthrow him.&amp;nbsp; Their primary 
      desire was for the dissolved monasteries to be restored.&amp;nbsp; They also 
      criticized the king's 'low-born' advisers, particularly Thomas Cromwell.&amp;nbsp; 
      His policies of high taxation and forced enclosures had worsened poverty 
      throughout northern England; it was already, as Norfolk told the king, 
      'the most barren country of the realm'.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;The king negotiated peace through Norfolk, conceding 
      their demands and promising a free pardon to all rebels who dispersed.&amp;nbsp; 
      Monastic lands would be restored and a new parliament called to address 
      their concerns.&amp;nbsp; The rebels accordingly dispersed.&amp;nbsp; And then, on 
      the slightest pretext, Henry broke his word; martial law was declared, 
      rebel leaders were indicted and put on trial (many faced a jury of their 
      peers.)&amp;nbsp; Several hundred rebels, including Aske, were executed.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;[T]he king was truly informed that there was
a new insurrection made by the northern men, who had assembled themselves
into a huge and great army of warlike men, well appointed with captains,
horse, armour and artillery, to the number of 40,000 men, who had encamped
themselves in Yorkshire.&amp;nbsp; And these men had bound themselves to each
other by their oath to be faithful and obedient to their captain.&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;The also declared, by their proclamation solemnly
made, that their insurrection should extend no further than to the maintenance
and defence of the faith of Christ and the deliverance of holy church,
sore decayed and oppressed, and to the furtherance also of private and
public matters in the realm concerning the wealth of all the king's poor
subjects. They called this, their seditious and traitorous voyage, a holy
and blessed pilgrimage; they also had certain banners in the field whereon
was painted Christ hanging on the cross on one side, and a chalice with
a painted cake in it on the other side, with various other banners of similar
hypocrisy and feigned sanctity.&amp;nbsp; The soldiers also had a certain cognizance
or badge embroidered or set upon the sleeves of their coats which was a
representation of the five wounds of Christ, and in the midst thereof was
written the name of Our Lord, and thus the rebellious garrison of Satan
set forth and decked themselves with his false and counterfeited signs
of holiness, only to delude and deceive the simple and ignorant people.&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After the king's highness was informed of this
newly arisen insurrection he, making no delay in so weighty a matter, caused
with all speed the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the marquis of Exeter,
the earl of Shrewsbury and others, accompanied by his mighty and royal
army which was of great power and strength, immediately to set upon the
rebels.&amp;nbsp; But when these noble captains and counsellors approached
the rebels and saw their number and how they were determined on battle,
they worked with great prudence to pacify all without shedding blood.&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;But the northern men were so stiff-necked that
they would in no way stoop, but stoutly stood and maintained their wicked
enterprise.&amp;nbsp; Therefore the abovesaid nobles, perceiving and seeing
no other was to pacify these wretched rebels, agreed upon a battle; ...
but the night before the day appointed for the battle a little rain fell,
nothing to speak of, but yet as if by a great miracle of God the water,
which was a very small ford which the day before men might have gone over
dry shod, suddenly rose to such a height depth and breadth that no man
who lived there had ever seen before, so that on the day, even when the
hour of battle should have some, it was impossible for one army to get
at the other.&lt;/font&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;After this appointment made between both the armies,
disappointed, as it is to be thought, only by God who extended his great
mercy and had compassion on the great number of innocent persons who in
that deadly slaughter would have been likely to have been murdered, could
not take place.&amp;nbsp; Then... a consultation was held and a pardon obtained
from
the king's majesty for all the captains and chief movers of this insurrection,
and they promised that such things as they found themselves aggrieved by,
all would be gently heard and their reasonable petitions granted, and that
their articles should be presented to the king, so that by his highness'
authority and the wisdom of his council all things should be brought to
good order and conclusion.&amp;nbsp; And with this order every man quietly
departed, and those who before were bent as hot as fire on fighting, being
presented by God, went now peaceably to their houses, and were as cold
as water.&lt;/font&gt;
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&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;
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