source: other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/gs3-model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced2/import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz3.html@ 29229

Last change on this file since 29229 was 29229, checked in by ak19, 10 years ago

3 more GS3 model-collections, two of which are intermediate stages of tutorials
File size: 26.7 KB
Line 
1<html>
2
3<head>
4<meta name="author" content="Marilee Mongello">
5<meta name="content" content="Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana">
6<meta name="page_topic" content="Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana">
7<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0">
8<meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document">
9<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
10<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
11<title>Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</title>
12<style fprolloverstyle>A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
13</style>
14</head>
15
16<body link="#0000FF" vlink="#0000FF" alink="#0000FF">
17
18<table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="100%" height="667">
19 <tr>
20 <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
21 <td valign="top" width="50%" height="29"><p align="center">&nbsp;</td>
22 <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
23 </tr>
24 <tr>
25 <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
26 <td width="50%" height="3">
27 <p align="center">
28 <IMG height=98 alt="Queen Elizabeth I"
29 src="eliz1-queenuse.gif" width=422></td>
30 <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
31 </tr>
32 <tr>
33 <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
34 <td valign="top" width="50%" height="610">
35 <p align="center">
36 <IMG height=476
37 alt="'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys"
38 src="eliz1-metsys.jpg" width=350 border=2><blockquote>
39 <p align="left">
40 &nbsp;</blockquote>
41 <DIV align=left>Visit
42 <a href="http://www.marileecody.com/eliz1-images.html">Elizabethan
43 Images</a> to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with
44 commentary.<BR>Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at <A
45 href="../primary.html">Primary
46 Sources</A>.</DIV>
47 <DIV align=left>&nbsp;</DIV>
48 <DIV align=left>Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen
49 Elizabeth I at <a href="../secondary.html">
50 Secondary Sources</a>.<BR><BR>Visit <A
51 href="boleyn.html">the Anne
52 Boleyn website</A> to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.<BR>Visit <A
53 href="../relative/maryqos.html">the Mary,
54 queen of Scots website</A> to learn more about Elizabeth's
55 cousin.<BR><BR>Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at <A
56 href="../tudor1.html">Tudor
57 Quizzes</A>.</DIV>
58 <DIV align=left>&nbsp;</DIV>
59 <DIV align=left>Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
60 <a href="http://www.alassea.net/fl/elizabeth/">The Virgin Queen
61 fanlisting</a>.</DIV>
62 <DIV align=left>&nbsp;</DIV>
63 </td>
64 <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
65 </tr>
66</table>
67
68<blockquote>
69 <blockquote>
70 <blockquote>
71 <hr>
72 </blockquote>
73 </blockquote>
74 <p><font size="4">'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my
75 Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be
76 ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
77 Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&nbsp;&nbsp; </font><I><FONT size=-1>Elizabeth I to
78 Parliament, 1559&nbsp;</FONT></I><font size="2"> </font></p>
79 <blockquote>
80 <blockquote>
81 <hr>
82
83 <P>Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered
84 religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&nbsp;
85 Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her
86 subjects' need for peace.&nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. </P>
87 <P>Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of
88 Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&nbsp; Henry's religious policies had
89 been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of
90 heresy.&nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded,
91 and that changed from year to year.&nbsp; Edward had been a devout
92 Protestant, as had his councilors.&nbsp; The six years of his rule
93 witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern
94 England.&nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and
95 Catholic.&nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with
96 genuine religious fervor.&nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to
97 England after a twenty-year absence.&nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the
98 throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the
99 treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&nbsp; </P>
100 <P>Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&nbsp; Her Protestant
101 councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if
102 their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&nbsp; They warned Elizabeth
103 that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and
104 strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&nbsp; But for the
105 queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&nbsp; If
106 they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private
107 worship.&nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as
108 they wished at home.&nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content
109 not to pry. </P>
110 <P>This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was
111 considered a weakness by many.&nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the
112 queen's promises. </P>
113 <P>Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&nbsp; The
114 new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&nbsp;
115 This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let
116 the past go.&nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to
117 court, though with a caustic wit.&nbsp; </P>
118 <P>Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&nbsp; The
119 royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England
120 - was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&nbsp; In the House
121 of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced
122 by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&nbsp;
123 Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she
124 felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent
125 Catholics.&nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it
126 was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive
127 to Catholics.&nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was
128 passed.&nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious
129 dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of
130 doctrine.&nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as
131 Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly
132 outlined.&nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from
133 positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&nbsp; In
134 total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&nbsp;</P>
135 <P>Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on
136 both sides felt it inadequate.&nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the
137 church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political
138 power in her person.</P>
139 <hr>
140 </blockquote>
141 </blockquote>
142 <p><font size="4">'From the very beginning&nbsp; of her reign she has treated all
143 religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she
144 seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not
145 entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... <BR>In my
146 opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both
147 creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of
148 her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&nbsp; </font>&nbsp;<I><FONT
149 size=-1>the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559</FONT></I></p>
150 <blockquote>
151 <blockquote>
152 <hr>
153 <P>This balance was maintained successfully through most of her
154 reign.&nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&nbsp;
155 The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&nbsp; This
156 extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal
157 supremacy.&nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by
158 continental Presbyterians.&nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule
159 only, that of Holy Scripture.&nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of
160 ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the
161 supervision of a group of elders.&nbsp; In other words, the parishes would
162 usurp the power of the queen. </P>
163 <P>For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of
164 England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&nbsp;
165</P>
166 <P>Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement
167 underground.&nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in
168 1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed
169 reforms.&nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I
170 had created Protestant ones.&nbsp; He was also more interested in
171 establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&nbsp; A few
172 Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of
173 the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&nbsp; It
174 remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&nbsp;
175 Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however
176 unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&nbsp; Puritan attempts
177 to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation.
178 </P>
179 <P>The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very
180 life.&nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic
181 extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&nbsp; </P>
182 <P>The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively
183 quiet and content.&nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of
184 England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&nbsp; They believed
185 Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither
186 Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her
187 title.&nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&nbsp; The two
188 greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were
189 cautious but friendly.&nbsp; England had long been a balance between their
190 competing interests.&nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain
191 had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&nbsp; For her part, the queen took
192 care not to disturb calm waters. </P>
193 <P>But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&nbsp; In 1568, ten years into
194 her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and
195 choose sides.</P>
196 <P>Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&nbsp; There was a
197 Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip
198 <IMG height=216
199 alt="Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565"
200 src="eliz3-maryqos1.jpg" width=160 border=2 align="left">II sent the duke of
201 Alva to crush it.&nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly
202 across the Channel from England.&nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only
203 wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he
204 then look to England?&nbsp; And that same year, <A
205 href="http://englishhistory.ne/tudor/relative/maryqos.html">Mary
206 Stuart</A> fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's
207 help.&nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant
208 rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&nbsp; Elizabeth
209 and her councilors were aghast.&nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England
210 in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&nbsp;
211 And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary
212 of Elizabeth's reign.&nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable
213 focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots
214 would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&nbsp; And if Elizabeth
215 should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the
216 English throne.&nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified;
217 what should they do with Mary Stuart? </P>
218 <P>Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by
219 the Englishman William Allen.&nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in
220 reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated
221 followers.&nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan
222 plots and propaganda. </P>
223 <P>For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully
224 maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&nbsp; She took the
225 precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure
226 castles.&nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an
227 inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&nbsp; She sincerely
228 believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&nbsp; She
229 never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet
230 sister'.&nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that
231 Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&nbsp; Her
232 infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of
233 Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&nbsp; The
234 Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with
235 evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&nbsp; Would
236 the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&nbsp; It was indeed
237 a vexing problem.&nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to
238 investigate the charges against Mary. </P>
239 <P>And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.</P>
240 <hr>
241 </blockquote>
242 </blockquote>
243 <p align="center"><font size="4">'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded
244 with the old popish doctrine.' <BR></font><I><FONT size=-1>Sir Ralph Sadler to
245 Sir William Cecil, 1569</FONT></I></p>
246 <blockquote>
247 <blockquote>
248 <hr>
249 <P>The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor
250 dynasty.&nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their
251 lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry
252 VII.&nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal
253 authority over the fractious northern earls.&nbsp; His son, Henry VIII,
254 was equally troubled.&nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern
255 rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&nbsp; Henry dealt
256 brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress
257 afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon
258 after their marriage.&nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the
259 north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&nbsp; She rode north
260 after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned
261 queen.&nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&nbsp; She
262 was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the
263 earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her
264 Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&nbsp; She showed Norfolk some
265 degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal
266 relatives.&nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious
267 differences.&nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England
268 and thus had great influence.&nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to
269 the queen.&nbsp; </P>
270 <P>The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in
271 1569.&nbsp; What would the queen do?&nbsp; Some of her councilors,
272 including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier
273 peer in England.&nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin
274 Norfolk.&nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his
275 opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&nbsp; Two problems could
276 possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled
277 in England and the succession would be assured.&nbsp; Elizabeth recognized
278 this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she
279 live after the marriage?&nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and
280 torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&nbsp; As
281 future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&nbsp; And what
282 support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to
283 sustain her?&nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant
284 and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&nbsp; </P>
285 <P>The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her
286 displeasure.&nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for
287 his country estate Kenninghall.&nbsp; He refused a summons to appear
288 before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&nbsp; Her anger was further
289 roused.&nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&nbsp; Norfolk and
290 his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&nbsp; The northern
291 earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not
292 plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&nbsp; He and Westmorland and
293 Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but
294 also including the erosion of their local authority.&nbsp; As hereditary
295 nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&nbsp;
296 This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as
297 well.</P>
298 <P>But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland
299 and distrusted her character.&nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for
300 Norfolk to be king.&nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act
301 of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&nbsp; As
302 their proclamation asserted: </P>
303 <BLOCKQUOTE>
304 <p>Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of
305 Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her
306 highness's people sendeth greeting:&nbsp; Whereas divers new set up
307 nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to
308 overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also
309 misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve
310 years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy
311 contrary to God's word.&nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof
312 divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will
313 be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same
314 .....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for
315 the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort
316 unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any
317 of you have.</p>
318 </BLOCKQUOTE>
319 <p>And throughout the north, they found ready
320 adherents for their cause.&nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth
321 that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her
322 subjects.&nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex,
323 sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&nbsp; </p>
324 <P>It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&nbsp;
325 Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for
326 the possibility of<IMG height=345 alt="portrait of Elizabeth I"
327 src="elizfan.jpg" width=300 border=2 align="right"> becoming king?&nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of
328 Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&nbsp; The rebels
329 themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their
330 church.&nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&nbsp;
331 The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their
332 property to the crown.&nbsp; </P>
333 <P>The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended
334 satisfactorily enough.&nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England
335 must be more carefully watched and controlled.&nbsp; And as a result of
336 the rebellion, <I>Regnans in excelsis</I> was issued by the papacy in
337 March 1570.&nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth
338 I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all
339 loyalty and obedience to her office.&nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe
340 were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&nbsp; She was a
341 heretic and enemy of the true faith.&nbsp; This moment had been long
342 expected in England.&nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant
343 councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. </P>
344 <P>A papal bull could be a powerful document.&nbsp; It could be used by
345 any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her
346 former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&nbsp; In 1571,
347 parliament took action.&nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a
348 heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&nbsp; The fines for recusants,
349 those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased
350 dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&nbsp; Many noble
351 Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines;
352 they were driven into poverty.&nbsp; In later years, it would become
353 treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to
354 leave England.&nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against
355 Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&nbsp; Many of these plots were led
356 by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to
357 England.&nbsp; </P>
358 <P>Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&nbsp;
359 Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and
360 Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&nbsp; English Catholics were
361 deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from
362 European allies was slowly being cut off.&nbsp; This support was
363 particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert
364 Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political
365 treason.&nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and
366 it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise
367 in Puritanism.&nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects'
368 ingratitude.&nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only
369 of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. </P>
370 <P>Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the
371 queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&nbsp; They were
372 condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&nbsp; </P>
373 <P>The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she
374 was forced into continental affairs.&nbsp; This was not of her
375 choosing.&nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal
376 actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the
377 role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of
378 Protestantism in Europe.&nbsp; </P>
379 <P>At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with
380 France.&nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by
381 considering a possible marriage.&nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of
382 accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&nbsp; But then
383 Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to
384 systematically attack its Protestant population.&nbsp; They in turn sought
385 Elizabeth's aid.&nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under
386 attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of
387 1572. </P>
388 <P>Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished
389 with the Netherlands?&nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying
390 English trade or invasion.&nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned
391 by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged
392 caution.&nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she
393 faced wars with France and Spain.&nbsp; She would save her precious
394 treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence
395 loathed to part with money.&nbsp; </P>
396 <P>She prevaricated as much as possible.&nbsp; She allowed English ships
397 under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from
398 the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she
399 gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&nbsp; She sent small contingents
400 of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily
401 over the next several years.&nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting
402 insurrection in Ireland. </P>
403 <P>This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots
404 continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.</P>
405 <P align="center">&nbsp;</P>
406 <P align="center"><B><A
407 href="eliz4.html">CONTINUE
408 READING</A></B> <BR>&nbsp; </P>
409 <P align="center"><FONT size=-1><A
410 href="../monarchs.html">to Tudor
411 Monarchs</A><BR><A
412 href="eliz2.html">back to Queen
413 Elizabeth I, part two</A></FONT></P>
414 </blockquote>
415 </blockquote>
416</blockquote>
417
418</body>
419
420</html><!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --><!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --><script language="JavaScript" src="http://hostingprod.com/js_source/geov2.js"></script><script language="javascript">geovisit();</script><noscript><img src="http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082753" alt="setstats" border="0" width="1" height="1"></noscript>
421<IMG SRC="http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&t=1108082753" ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1>
Note: See TracBrowser for help on using the repository browser.