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2 | <HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Queen Mary I / Mary Tudor - Marian Government Policies</TITLE>
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9 | <BODY text=#000000 vLink=#0000FF aLink=#000000 link=#0000FF bgColor=#ffffff> <p>
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10 | <IMG
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11 | height=45 alt="Marian Government Policies" src="marygovt.gif"
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12 | width=343> <BR>The following is a list of government policies & officials.
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13 | <BR>It also includes religious legislation. </p>
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14 | <CENTER>
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15 | <P>
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16 | <HR width="100%">
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17 | <BR><B><FONT size=+1>When did Parliament meet during Mary's reign?</FONT></B>
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18 | <BR>5 October 1553 to 5 December 1553 <BR>2 April 1554 to 5 May 1554 <BR>12
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19 | November 1554 to 16 January 1555 <BR>21 October 1555 to 9 December 1555 <BR>20
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20 | January 1558 to 17 November 1558
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21 | <P><B><FONT size=+1>Who were the Speakers of the House of Commons?</FONT></B>
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22 | <BR>Sir John Pollard, M.P. for Oxfordshire - elected 5 October 1553 <BR>Sir
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23 | Robert Brooke, M.P. for the City of London - elected 2 April 1554 <BR>Sir
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24 | Clement Higham, M.P. for West Looe - elected 12 November 1554 <BR>Sir John
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25 | Pollard, M.P. for Chippenham - elected 21 October 1555 <BR>Sir William Cordell,
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26 | M.P. for Suffolk - elected 20 January 1558
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27 | <P><B><FONT size=+1>Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal</FONT></B>
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28 | <BR>Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester 1553-1555 <BR>Nicholas Heath,
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29 | Archbishop of York 1556-1558
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30 | <P><B><FONT size=+1>Keepers of the Privy Seal</FONT></B> <BR>John Russell, 1st
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31 | Lord Russell, created 1st earl of Bedford, 1550) 1542-1555 <BR>William
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32 | Paget 1555-1559
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33 | <P><B><FONT size=+1>Principal Secretaries</FONT></B> <BR>Sir John Cheke
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34 | 1553 <BR>Sir John Bourne 1553-1558
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35 | <P><B><FONT size=+1>Chief Justices of the King's Bench</FONT></B> <BR>Thomas
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36 | Bromley 1553 <BR>William Portman 1555 <BR>Edward Saunders 1557
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37 |
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38 | <P><B><FONT size=+1>Chief Justices of Common Pleas</FONT></B> <BR>Richard
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39 | Morgan 1553 <BR>Robert Brooke 1554 <BR>Anthony Browne 1558
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40 | <P><B><FONT size=+1>Lord Treasurers</FONT></B> <BR>William Paulet, 1st earl of
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41 | Wiltshire (1550) and 1st marquis of Winchester (1551) <BR>held office of Lord
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42 | Treasurer from 1550 to 1572
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43 | <P><B><FONT size=+1>Chief Barons of the Court of Exchequer</FONT></B> <BR>David
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44 | Brook 1553 <BR>Clement Heigham 1558
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45 | <P><B><FONT size=+1>Masters of the Rolls - Court of Chancery</FONT></B> <BR>Sir
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46 | Nicholas Hare 1553 <BR>Sir William Cordell 1557</CENTER>
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47 | <P><BR> <HR width="100%">
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48 | <BR><FONT size=+1>Religious Developments 1553-1558</FONT>
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49 | <UL><i><FONT color=#990000>Compare the religious acts of January - July 1553 to
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50 | those passed after Mary became queen. One can imagine the confusion
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51 | caused by such rapid shifts in ideology.</FONT></i></UL><B><FONT
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52 | color=#000000>1553</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>January - Sir Richard
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53 | Cotton ordered to seize Church plate and vestments.</FONT> <BR><FONT
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54 | color=#000000>12 June - the Forty-Two Articles issued (includes the statement
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55 | that Justification before God is by faith alone; also, good works play no part
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56 | in salvation & there is no purgatory.)</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>19
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57 | July - Mary Tudor proclaimed queen of England.</FONT> <BR><I><FONT
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58 | color=#000000>Immediate & rapid religious changes ensue.</FONT></I>
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59 | <BR><FONT color=#000000>September - Bishops Bale, Coverdale, Ponet, Scory &
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60 | Barlow are deprived of their offices & eventually flee overseas.</FONT>
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61 | <BR><FONT color=#000000>Bishops Gardiner and Bonner are released from prison and
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62 | reinstated to former offices.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>Mary orders that
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63 | Archbishop Cranmer be arrested. His fellow Protestant leaders - Latimer,
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64 | Hooper & Ridley (and a score of others) are also arrested.</FONT> <BR><FONT
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65 | color=#000000>October - Parliament in session. It refuses to repeal the
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66 | Act of Supremacy, despite Mary's insistence. They do pass an Actof Repeal
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67 | which essentially voids the Edwardian reformation - and reinstates Mass,
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68 | clerical celibacy & ritual worship.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>December
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69 | - Mary responds to Parliament's refusal to repeal the Act of Supremacy &
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70 | rejects the title of Supreme Head of the English Church.</FONT> <BR>
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71 | <P><B><FONT color=#000000>1554</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>January -
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72 | prominent English Protestants flee to Germany and Switzerland, trying to avoid
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73 | Marian prosecution of married/non-celibate clergy.</FONT> <BR><FONT
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74 | color=#000000>March - Mary issues Royal Injunction - orders bishops to remove
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75 | married clergy from office; suppress heresy; only ordain clergy who have been
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76 | ordained under the English Ordinal; restore Holy Days and attendant
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77 | ceremonies.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>Gardiner begins a methodical purge of
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78 | married clergy. This practice eventually claims almost a quarter of parish
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79 | clergy.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>April - Parliament meets again - and once
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80 | more clash with Mary. They eventually agree to pass heresy laws - <I>if
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81 | </I>there is no restoration of monastic lands. Mary reluctantly agrees to
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82 | the condition.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>November - Cardinal Reginald Pole
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83 | (whose Plantagenet mother, Margaret, was brutally murdered by Henry VIII)
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84 | returns to England and the sentence of excommunication is lifted from
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85 | England.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>Also, Parliament meets again and passes
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86 | a 2nd Act of Repeal which voids all religious legislation since 1529. In
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87 | other words, the Henrician Reformation never occurred!</FONT> <BR>
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88 | <P><B><FONT color=#000000>1555</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>January - Mary
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89 | begins the new year by appointing a commission to re-establish various religious
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90 | houses.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>4 February - The first Protestant martyr
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91 | is publicly burned - John Rogers, translator of the Bible, is convicted under
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92 | the new heresy laws.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>16 October - Bishops Ridley
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93 | and Latimer are burnt for heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford.</FONT>
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94 | <BR><FONT color=#000000>12 November - Stephen Gardiner, Mary's Catholic adviser,
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95 | dies.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>13 November - Archbishop Cranmer is
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96 | officially deprived of the See of Canterbury.</FONT> <BR><FONT
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97 | color=#000000>December - Cardinal Reginald Pole is given Cranmer's former
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98 | position - named Archbishop of Canterbury.</FONT> <BR>
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99 | <P><B><FONT color=#000000>1556</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>The public
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100 | burning of Protestant martyrs continues unabated.</FONT> <BR><FONT
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101 | color=#000000>21 March - Thomas Cranmer recants all retractions and is burnt for
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102 | heresy outside Balliol College, Oxford - where Ridley and Latimer were also
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103 | killed.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>22 March - Pole is officially consecrated
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104 | as Archbishop of Canterbury.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>Cardinal Pole
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105 | becomes enmeshed in arguments with Pope Paul IV and is deprived of his position
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106 | as Papal Legate.</FONT> <BR>
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107 | <P><B><FONT color=#000000>1557</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>Many small
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108 | religious houses are re-established.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>June - Pole
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109 | is recalled to Rome to answer charges of heresy, referencing his arguments with
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110 | the pope. Mary refuses to let him go. The pope appoints Friar
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111 | William Peto as Papal Legate in Pole's place. Mary refuses to recognize
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112 | the appointment.</FONT> <BR>
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113 | <P><B><FONT color=#000000>1558</FONT></B> <BR><FONT color=#000000>10 November -
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114 | five prominent Protestants burnt for hersey at Canterbury. In total, about
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115 | 300 Protestants were killed during Mary's reign.</FONT> <BR><FONT
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116 | color=#000000>The prominent Protestant exile Thomas Bentham returns to London
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117 | and leads Protestant meetings.</FONT> <BR><FONT color=#000000>17 November - Mary
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118 | and Pole both die.</FONT>
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