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15 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Mary I of England half-sister of Elizabeth I 'Bloody Mary' : Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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22 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
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36
37&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
38 &lt;tr&gt;
39 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
40 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
41&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In thee, O lord, is my trust, let me never be
42 confounded: if God be for us, who can be against us?' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
43 size=-1&gt;Mary Tudor's constant exclamation as queen of England&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
44 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
45 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
46 &lt;/tr&gt;
47 &lt;tr&gt;
48 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
49 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
50 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
51 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1cardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Queen Mary I&quot; width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
52 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
53 &lt;/tr&gt;
54 &lt;tr&gt;
55 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
56 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
57 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
58 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I, by a follower of Anthonis Mor, c.1555-58&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
59 &lt;blockquote&gt;
60 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
61 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
62 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
63 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Queen Mary I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
64 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
65 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmarygovt.html&quot;&gt;Marian
66 government policies and religious legislation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
67 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read
68 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;the letter Mary
69 wrote to Henry VIII, acknowledging her illegitimacy,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;A
70 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;her speech at the
71 Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;A
72 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary
73 description of the queen&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A
74 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;a letter from
75 Katharine of Aragon to her daughter&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
76 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
77 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit
78 the &lt;A
79 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of
80 Aragon site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Mary's mother. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
81 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
82 Grey&lt;/A&gt; site to learn more about Mary's cousin.&lt;br&gt;Visit the
83 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
84 Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; site to learn more about Mary's half-sister.&lt;/p&gt;
85 &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
86 &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Queen Mary's life at &lt;A
87 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
88 &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
89 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
90 A comprehensive exploration of Mary's life, featuring a lengthy
91 biography and numerous portraits.&amp;nbsp; It also has ancillary studies of
92 music, portraiture, genealogy, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
93 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
94 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
95 &lt;/td&gt;
96 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
97 &lt;/tr&gt;
98&lt;/table&gt;
99
100&lt;blockquote&gt;
101 &lt;blockquote&gt;
102 &lt;blockquote&gt;
103 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
104 &lt;hr&gt;
105 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have four certain and open enemies: the heretics
106 and schismatics, the rebels and adherents of the duke of Northumberland,
107 the king of France and Scotland, and the Lady Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
108 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;the Imperial ambassador Renard to Queen Mary, 1553&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
109 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
110 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
111&lt;/blockquote&gt;
112&lt;blockquote&gt;
113 &lt;blockquote&gt;
114 &lt;blockquote&gt;
115 &lt;hr&gt;
116 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
117 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The sad life of England's first female
118 ruler is rendered even more tragic in comparison with her half-sister
119 and successor's reign.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary Tudor, destined - like her
120 half-brother and predecessor - to languish between those two giants of
121 English history, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Yet there is much to
122 warrant even a brief examination of her life and reign.&amp;nbsp; Though her
123 hated half-sister would outshine her in virtually every sphere -
124 physical, political, intellectual, artistic - Mary also had a formidable
125 impact upon English history.&amp;nbsp; Throughout the first thirty-seven
126 years of her life, she was tossed about by the whims of her father and,
127 later and perhaps more galling, her Protestant brother and his
128 council.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps inevitable that when she first tasted real
129 power, the experience would be both intoxicating and unfortunate.&lt;/FONT&gt;
130 &lt;/p&gt;
131
132 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;When Mary came to the throne, she
133 was thirty-seven years old.&amp;nbsp; She had never been married though, in
134 her youth, several matches had been suggested and abandoned.&amp;nbsp;
135 Contrary to later beliefs, Henry VIII was pleased with her birth in
136 1516, proudly displaying the infant Mary to visiting ambassadors and&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=387 alt=&quot;Princess Mary, age 28, painted by Master John&quot;
137 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryage28.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
138 noblemen.&amp;nbsp; It was only years later, with Mary as his sole
139 legitimate offspring, that Henry began his desperate search for a
140 son.&amp;nbsp; This search would forever brand him as a misogynist and cruel
141 tyrant who discarded, divorced, and beheaded the women who did not bear
142 him sons.&amp;nbsp; But one must be fair to Henry and judge him by the
143 standards of his time, which certainly his contemporaries did.&amp;nbsp; He
144 was only the second Tudor monarch and, as such, he understood the
145 necessity of stabilizing the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, his father
146 had only won the crown in 1485, barely thirty years before Mary's
147 birth.&amp;nbsp; And if Henry VII, born the unprepossessing earl of
148 Richmond, could steal the crown then his son's actions can be
149 understood.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, Henry VIII was determined the crown
150 would remain in Tudor hands.&amp;nbsp; Mary, like her half-sister Elizabeth,
151 was always recognized as his daughter.&amp;nbsp; But England had never had a
152 woman ruler, one who ruled in her own right without a male consort or as
153 regent for an infant son.&amp;nbsp; The only possible precedent was Matilda,
154 Henry I's heir, and the precedent was not good - Matilda was expelled by
155 the English barons and her cousin Stephen of Blois was made king.&amp;nbsp;
156 Though this had happened four centuries before, its lesson was still
157 valid.&lt;/FONT&gt;
158 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With this in mind, Henry's
159 treatment of Mary's mother becomes - if not palatable - at least
160 understandable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the petty cruelties and humiliations he
161 forced upon her were his own doing but the overall aim was to ensure the
162 Tudor succession.&amp;nbsp; But all this happened years after Mary's
163 birth.&amp;nbsp; From 1516 to about 1530, Mary led a happy, sheltered
164 life.&amp;nbsp; She was considered one of the most important European
165 princesses and Henry used her as every king used his daughter - as a
166 pawn in political negotiations.&amp;nbsp; She was also well-educated with a
167 fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic skill.&amp;nbsp; Her
168 mother, Katharine of Aragon, was deeply devoted to Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was
169 a reflection of Katharine's strongly domestic nature as well as the
170 numerous miscarriages she suffered.&amp;nbsp; Any mother would naturally
171 love a child but Katharine had lost enough children to make her
172 especially devoted to the one who survived.&amp;nbsp; When Henry proposed
173 the idea of divorce, Katharine fought it passionately, not least because
174 divorce would destroy her daughter's future.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was the
175 youngest daughter of those great Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragon
176 and Isabella of Castile, the 'Catholic Kings' who united Spain
177 geographically and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Through her mother, she could
178 trace her lineage to John of Gaunt, that legendary figure in English
179 history.&amp;nbsp; She grew up as an Infanta of Spain; and, unlike Henry,
180 her claim to royalty was not a mere few decades old.&amp;nbsp; As such, she
181 was naturally proud and dignified.&amp;nbsp; Mary inherited this pride as
182 well as her mother's enduring affection for Spain.&amp;nbsp; When she became
183 queen, this affection was to have terrible consequences.&lt;/FONT&gt;
184 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Educated by her mother and a ducal
185 governess, Mary was at last betrothed to her cousin, the Holy Roman
186 Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain.)&amp;nbsp; Charles made the
187 unfortunate demand that she come to Spain immediately, accompanied by a
188 huge cash dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry ignored the request and Charles jilted
189 Mary, concluding a match with a more accommodating princess.&amp;nbsp;
190 Meanwhile, Henry invested his daughter as Princess of Wales in 1525 and
191 she held court at Ludlow Castle.&amp;nbsp; With this decision, Henry meant
192 to soothe Katharine's fears that Mary's position as the only legitimate
193 Tudor heir was being undermined.&amp;nbsp; Only a few weeks before the
194 investiture, Mary had attended a ceremony in which her father ennobled
195 his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as duke of Richmond (among various
196 other titles.)&amp;nbsp; And though he sharply rebuked Katharine for
197 criticizing his open affection for Fitzroy, and the accompanying titles
198 and wealth he gave the boy, Henry did not neglect his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In
199 fact, Mary was the first princess of Wales, and the first female royal
200 to hold court at Ludlow.&amp;nbsp; But of course, sending Mary to Wales was
201 not the same as sending a son and heir; Henry never intended her to rule
202 England, at least not as its sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; Her role in Wales would
203 be primarily symbolic, and she would be replaced as soon as he had a
204 legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; This elusive son - Henry's most fervent wish
205 - occupied his mind even as he continued to scour Europe for a suitable
206 husband for Mary.&lt;/FONT&gt;
207 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Yet even as new betrothal plans
208 were being made, the king's attention was increasingly elsewhere.&amp;nbsp;
209 Henry had met Anne Boleyn, daughter of a simple knight and sister of a
210 former mistress.&amp;nbsp; His passionate attraction to Anne, coupled with
211 the increased need for a male heir, made Henry restless.&amp;nbsp; He looked
212 at Katharine, nine years his senior and as domestic as Anne was exotic,
213 with new eyes.&amp;nbsp; At first he sought a quiet, amicable annulment of
214 their long
215 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Certainly such a decision was not revolutionary; Henry
216 could cite numerous examples in European history where kings had
217 annulled marriages to barren queens.&amp;nbsp; Since he and Katharine had a
218 mutual respect and affection for one another, Henry anticipated her
219 cooperation.&amp;nbsp; Certainly he would tread with delicacy but - in the
220 end - his will would be done.&lt;/FONT&gt;
221 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;But Henry had not anticipated his
222 wife's immediate and intense anger.&amp;nbsp; For he had based his argument
223 upon theology - in short, Henry argued that because Katharine had been
224 briefly married to his brother, Arthur, her marriage to Henry was
225 incestuous.&amp;nbsp; Katharine responded that this matter was already
226 resolved.&amp;nbsp; Before she wed Henry, the Pope had granted a
227 dispensation.&amp;nbsp; He did so under political pressure from Henry VII
228 and Ferdinand - but also because Katharine swore she and Arthur had
229 never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a virgin when
230 she wed Henry, a fact Henry would be certain to know.&amp;nbsp; Cynics could
231 not help but mock the King's sudden attack of conscience, occurring some
232 twenty years into the marriage and in the midst of his affair with Anne
233 Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt;
234 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
235 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to argue
236 that Anne had no role in his decision.&amp;nbsp; In his mid-thirties, Henry
237 had entered into the most passionate romantic attachment of his
238 life.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, after her death, he would complain that Anne had
239 'bewitched' him.&amp;nbsp; It was true that Henry displayed an intensity of
240 feeling toward her which shocked their contemporaries.&amp;nbsp; Today we
241 can read his love letters to her; across the span of four centuries,
242 they retain their power.&amp;nbsp; Anne was not beautiful but she possessed
243 greater gifts - she was witty, graceful, and stylish.&amp;nbsp; She had been
244 educated at the glittering French court so she sang and danced
245 beautifully, skills which Henry admired.&amp;nbsp; She was also very
246 intelligent and confident.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her older sister Mary, Anne
247 Boleyn had no desire to be the king's temporary mistress.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
248 she had intended to wed Henry Percy, heir to the earl of Northumberland,
249 until the king - already enchanted - put a stop to the match.&amp;nbsp; He
250 wrote to Percy's father, arguing against the unsuitable match.&amp;nbsp; A
251 knight's daughter wed to one of the most important peers of the
252 realm?&amp;nbsp; Percy's angry father immediately sent for his son, ending
253 the romance but not the attachment.&amp;nbsp; Percy wrote poetry about Anne
254 and, at her trial, he had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the
255 other peers, he could not bear to sit in judgment of her.&amp;nbsp; For
256 Anne, the loss of Percy was undoubtedly galling.&amp;nbsp; After all, had
257 the king ended the engagement simply to make her his mistress?&amp;nbsp;
258 Henry's disregard for her personal feelings, his interference in her
259 personal life, was not endearing.&amp;nbsp; But it convinced Anne of the
260 king's attraction and she resolved to be his wife or nothing.&lt;/FONT&gt;
261 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;For Mary, the sudden ascent of
262 Anne Boleyn signaled the end of her world.&amp;nbsp; Her beloved mother,
263 equally loved by the English people, was being forced aside by a former
264 lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Her father was determined to declare her a
265 bastard; in effect, Henry's charge of incest dissolved his marriage and
266 illegitimized his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this, Mary developed a
267 lasting hatred of Anne Boleyn which extended to Anne's daughter,
268 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She never openly blamed her father for his actions,
269 though she considered them unlawful and impious.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she
270 persuaded herself that he had been Anne Boleyn's pawn.&amp;nbsp; Such a
271 reaction was perhaps inevitable.&amp;nbsp; However, it was to have an
272 unfortunate impact upon Elizabeth's life.&lt;/FONT&gt;
273 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The Pope refused to recognize
274 Henry's argument for an annulment or divorce and thus began a power
275 struggle between the Vatican, Spain, and England.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
276 nephew, Charles V, naturally agreed with his aunt for personal and
277 political reasons. He exerted considerable military and political
278 pressure against the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry's numerous petitions were
279 disregarded.&amp;nbsp; Eventually he simply gave up and decided the matter
280 himself.&amp;nbsp; In 1534 Henry took the unprecedented step of breaking
281 with Rome, establishing the Church of England with himself as Supreme
282 Head.&amp;nbsp; The annulment was granted and Katharine and Mary were
283 officially outcasts.&lt;/FONT&gt;
284 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Mary continued
285 her somewhat restricted life.&amp;nbsp; Despite her declared illegitimacy,
286 Henry continued to propose various husbands for her.&amp;nbsp; The searches
287 were not particularly thorough or serious, however, and Mary remained a
288 spinster.&amp;nbsp; She was now in her late twenties, leaving behind her
289 youth and - most importantly for a woman - her safest reproductive
290 years.&lt;/FONT&gt;
291 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Even before the official decree,
292 Henry had stopped living with Katharine and recognizing her as
293 Queen.&amp;nbsp; He took Anne Boleyn with him to France to meet his rival
294 Francis I; this was an important state visit and her appearance was
295 commented upon.&amp;nbsp; Henry, however, had already ordered Katharine to
296 surrender her jewelry; Anne now wore it.&amp;nbsp; He also sent Katharine to
297 one decaying residence after another, dismissing several of her devoted
298 servants.&amp;nbsp; Though deprived of her title, home, jewels, and
299 companionship, Katharine never recognized the divorce.&amp;nbsp; She refused
300 the title of Princess Dowager, offered by Henry as recognition of her
301 marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She continued to assert that
302 she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, above
303 all else, she professed faith in the judgment of the Pope.&amp;nbsp; A
304 devout Catholic, daughter of the monarchs who introduced the Inquisition
305 to Spain, Katharine never acknowledged the Church of England.&amp;nbsp;
306 Since she had raised her daughter to be equally devout, Mary also
307 refused to acknowledge both the Church and her father's position as
308 Supreme Head.&lt;/FONT&gt;
309 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Henry
310 VIII, though ostensibly head of a new church which overthrew the
311 Catholic supremacy, remained a devout Catholic&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; throughout his
312 life.&amp;nbsp; He continued to attend Mass and heartily despised 'heretics'
313 like Martin Luther.&amp;nbsp; But Henry possessed the ability to separate
314 the secular from the spiritual, a quality which Mary completely lacked
315 and Elizabeth honed to fine perfection.&amp;nbsp; Though his son would
316 become a bigoted Protestant determined to stamp out Catholicism and his
317 eldest daughter a bigoted Catholic determined to stamp out
318 Protestantism, Henry was a Catholic who lapsed when it suited him.&amp;nbsp;
319 Of course, he always asserted theological justification for the lapses.&amp;nbsp;
320 However, he would not allow Katharine or Mary to deny his authority.&amp;nbsp;
321 Both paid a stiff penalty for their refusal to submit.&amp;nbsp; Katharine,
322 as noted, was sent from court and deprived of all accustomed luxuries.&amp;nbsp;
323 Mary was equally disgraced.&amp;nbsp; Now a bastard, declared such by
324 Parliament, she was denied any communication with her mother and made
325 lady-in-waiting to Anne and Henry's daughter, Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Unlike
326 Mary, Elizabeth was recognized as a Princess of the realm.&amp;nbsp; For the
327 seventeen-year-old Mary, the complete reversal of her fortune was
328 devastating.&amp;nbsp; She began to suffer from a variety of illnesses,
329 undoubtedly stress-related.&amp;nbsp; These plagued her until her death,
330 causing such symptoms as severe headaches, nausea, insomnia, and
331 infrequent menstruation.&lt;/FONT&gt;
332 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Anne took an equal dislike of
333 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple fact that if Anne and Elizabeth's fortunes
334 rose, Mary's would fall.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was legitimate only
335 if Mary was not, and vice versa.&amp;nbsp; Anne would have been foolish to
336 encourage any reconciliation between Henry and Mary, quite possibly she
337 did the opposite.&amp;nbsp; But after her fall from grace, Henry offered to
338 pardon Mary and restore her to favor - but only if Mary acknowledged him
339 as head of the Church of England and admitted the 'incestuous
340 illegality' of his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; To Mary's credit, she
341 refused to do so until her cousin, Charles V, persuaded her
342 otherwise.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A
343 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;She gave in to
344 Henry's demands&lt;/A&gt;, an action she was to always regret.&amp;nbsp;
345 Meanwhile, Katharine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton Castle, loving -
346 and defying - Henry to the last; &lt;A
347 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;her final letter&lt;/A&gt;
348 to him was signed 'Katharine the Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine and Mary had
349 not seen one another for years though they had written one another,
350 against Henry's orders, in great secrecy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's last
351 thoughts were undoubtedly of her daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt;
352 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry, however, was soon
353 reconciled to Mary.&amp;nbsp; Flush with marriage to the meek Jane Seymour
354 and her quick pregnancy, he welcomed Mary home.&amp;nbsp; She was given a
355 household befitting her position as his daughter and included in court
356 festivities; there were even rumors of a possible marriage in her
357 future.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour encouraged Henry's reconciliation with both
358 of his daughters.&amp;nbsp; Mary, in turn, respected and liked the new
359 queen.&amp;nbsp; She was named godmother to Henry and Jane's son, Prince
360 Edward, born in October 1537; and when Jane died shortly after her son's
361 birth, Mary was the chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; Their friendship was not so
362 unlikely.&amp;nbsp; They were relatively close in age and Mary, having lost
363 her mother and longing for her father's affection, was grateful for any
364 kindness.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, she had the satisfaction of knowing
365 Elizabeth, too, was bastardized; Anne Boleyn's execution on charges of
366 incest and treason had illegitimized her daughter.&amp;nbsp; It is revealing
367 to note that, upon her ascension, Mary revoked the Act of Parliament
368 which made her a bastard.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, upon ascension, didn't bother
369 to do so.&lt;/FONT&gt;
370 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;However, Mary and Elizabeth were
371 not forgotten.&amp;nbsp; After Jane's death, Henry determined the line of
372 succession as follows:&amp;nbsp; first, Edward or Edward's heirs; if Edward
373 died without issue, the throne passed to Mary; after Mary, to
374 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry recognized the fragility of his succession,
375 resting as it did upon just one son.&amp;nbsp; He, after all, was a second
376 son.&amp;nbsp; But there was little he could do.&amp;nbsp; His fourth marriage,
377 to Anne of Cleves, had ended disastrously.&amp;nbsp; She was too
378 unnattractive for the king so she was titled 'the king's sister' and
379 given a generous pension.&amp;nbsp; Anne preferred this solution to
380 returning home.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=352
381 alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-cr.jpg&quot; width=270
382 align=right border=2&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Soon
383 enough, Henry's attentions were captured elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; He wed
384 Catherine Howard, cousin to the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; It was a
385 pathetic match.&amp;nbsp; Henry was old enough to be her grandfather,
386 plainly in lust with a young woman who exuded sex appeal.&amp;nbsp; Mary's
387 opinion on the match is not known but it would be safe to assume that
388 even if she disapproved, she would never say so.&amp;nbsp; Mary recognized
389 her father's secular authority as king even as she disapproved of his
390 spiritual authority as head of the English Church.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
391 there was barely time to know Catherine before she, too, was executed on
392 charges of adultery.&amp;nbsp; Whether she was guilty is a matter of
393 conjecture; if she was, one can hardly blame her and, if she wasn't, she
394 was yet another blot upon Henry's conscience.&amp;nbsp; In her defense, she
395 refused the easy path of divorce.&amp;nbsp; Henry offered to recognize a
396 pre-contract with another nobleman.&amp;nbsp; If she, too, recognized it,
397 their marriage would be invalid.&amp;nbsp; Catherine would be divorced but
398 still alive.&amp;nbsp; She refused to admit such an arrangement, however,
399 and met her end at the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
400 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry's last queen was the
401 Protestant Katharine Parr, twice-widowed and chosen for her excellent
402 character and nursing abilities.&amp;nbsp; Like Jane Seymour, Katharine Parr
403 was determined to bring the royal family closer together.&amp;nbsp; To that
404 end, she provided the only true home and maternal guidance Edward and
405 Elizabeth would ever know.&amp;nbsp; She also befriended Mary, a difficult
406 task because of their opposing religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however,
407 did respect Katharine's intellectual accomplishments.&lt;/FONT&gt;
408 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr was the product of
409 the changing climate in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; When he ended Catholic
410 supremacy in England, dissolving the monasteries and granting their
411 lands to various nobles and the crown, Henry had begun a process whose
412 end he never foresaw.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry never became a
413 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But his decision to use Protestantism for his own ends
414 allowed Protestantism to flourish.&amp;nbsp; Toward the end of his reign,
415 there were few councilors who could remember the Catholic
416 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; They had benefited from the break with Rome, both
417 spiritually and materially; Henry, meanwhile, never understood the force
418 he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine made the mistake of arguing about
419 theology with him, she came very close to losing her head.&amp;nbsp; Only a
420 timely intervention and her own impassioned apology saved her.&amp;nbsp; But
421 upon Henry's death and Edward's ascension, the Protestant faction was in
422 control.&amp;nbsp; The new king, just nine years old, had Protestant tutors
423 and a Protestant step-mother.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, Edward VI is revealed in his
424 journal as a priggish, unfeeling boy who noted the executions of his
425 uncles with no trace of compassion.&amp;nbsp; His letters to Katharine Parr,
426 however, are the only examples of feeling and affection which he left
427 behind.&amp;nbsp; To her, he confided his insecurity and
428 vulnerability.&lt;/FONT&gt;
429 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr's influence on
430 Edward VI was to simply strengthen the Protestantism which his tutors
431 and the English court encouraged.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, the situation was
432 disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Edward, swayed by religious fervor and his advisors,
433 made English compulsory for church services.&amp;nbsp; Mary continued to
434 celebrate Mass in the old form and in Latin.&amp;nbsp; During the six years
435 of her brother's reign, she tread the fine line between piety and
436 treason.&amp;nbsp; Edward attempted to reason with her at court yet she
437 refused his advice.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was a woman in her thirties and he
438 was still a child.&amp;nbsp; Edward was also under the control of the Duke
439 of Somerset, Jane Seymour's staunchly Protestant brother.&amp;nbsp; Though
440 Henry VIII's will had specified a specific group of councilors to guide
441 his son's regency, his wishes were disregarded.&amp;nbsp; His fellow
442 councilors, most of whom had profited from the Catholic expulsion,
443 titled Somerset Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; The nine-year-old king had no deep
444 affection for his uncle; Somerset kept Edward short of pocket money and
445 hired harsh tutors who regularly beat the boy.&amp;nbsp; But their religious
446 sympathies were similar.&amp;nbsp; Mary managed to disregard the combined
447 pressure of Somerset and Edward, largely because she stayed away from
448 court.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was firm with her.&amp;nbsp; He told her she was
449 misguided and occasionally threatened her.&amp;nbsp; Mary was intelligent
450 enough to not risk open disobedience, preferring the quiet celebration
451 of Mass in her country home.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, in 1549, Somerset had
452 overstepped his authority and was executed.&amp;nbsp; His fall was largely
453 engineered by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and soon-to-be Duke of
454 Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; From then on, Edward was under Dudley's
455 control.&lt;/FONT&gt;
456 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Edward VI ruled for just seven
457 years.&amp;nbsp; The last year of his life was one of near-constant pain and
458 suffering.&amp;nbsp; Various illnesses have been suggested, &lt;/FONT&gt;
459 &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;consumption
460 being the most likely.&amp;nbsp; He had never been of robust health, unlike
461 his father, and the Protestant councilors did all they could to prolong
462 his life.&amp;nbsp; To that end, Edward was given arsenic and various other
463 poisons which were believed to prolong life even as they increased
464 suffering.&amp;nbsp; For Dudley and his supporters, Edward's death was
465 inevitable but they needed every available moment to prevent Mary from
466 ascending the throne.&amp;nbsp; They were not fools and knew their fate with
467 a Catholic queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley hurriedly married his son Guildford to &lt;A
468 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
469 Grey&lt;/A&gt;, Edward VI's Protestant, scholarly cousin.&amp;nbsp; Like Edward,
470 Jane was a pawn in Dudley's schemes.&amp;nbsp; She was the granddaughter of
471 Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor and, thus, a remote claimant to
472 the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Working together, Edward and Dudley
473 disregarded Henry VIII's will yet again and barred both Mary and
474 Elizabeth from the succession.&amp;nbsp; In turn, Edward willed the throne
475 to Jane and her heirs.&amp;nbsp; When he finally died, Jane was declared
476 Queen by Dudley and the Protestant lords.&lt;/FONT&gt;
477 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Jane Grey's ascension to the
478 throne lasted but nine days.&amp;nbsp; Though the Protestant councilors were
479 not fond of Mary's religious views, many still regarded her as the
480 rightful heir.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, Bluff King Hal's daughter.&amp;nbsp;
481 Like her mother, Mary had enormous sympathy from the English people, a
482 gift she was to squander recklessly.&amp;nbsp; Many viewed her as the poor
483 victim of Anne Boleyn's scheming, a quiet, kindly, and pious woman.&amp;nbsp;
484 It should be noted that &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;the
485 English people cared not so much for her religious views as they did her
486 parentage.&amp;nbsp; She was the old king's child and therefore, she should
487 follow Edward to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This loyalty to Mary's dynastic
488 claims was something she never fully understood.&amp;nbsp; As queen, Mary
489 was capable of both extreme affection and disdain for her English
490 subjects.&lt;/FONT&gt;
491 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With Jane declared queen, Mary
492 fled to Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though her closest friends advised against it,
493 she soon decided to ride to London and stake her own claim to the
494 throne.&amp;nbsp; The people of London welcomed her ecstatically.&amp;nbsp; Mary
495 arrested Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley, though she displayed her
496 typical leniency by not immediately executing them.&amp;nbsp; When Jane's
497 fugitive father attempted to lead an uprising for her, Mary had him
498 executed along with John Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Jane and Guildford, however,
499 remained in the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
500 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
501 &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
502
503 &lt;blockquote&gt;
504
505 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
506 &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
507 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;The PRIMARY
508 SOURCES section contains many documents related to Queen Mary:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
509 &lt;FONT
510 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;-&lt;/B&gt;read a letter to Mary from her mother, Katharine of
511 Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
512 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read the entire text of Mary's letter to her father, in which
513 she acknowledged Henry as head of the church of England, the dissolution
514 of his marriage to Katharine of Aragon &amp;amp; her own illegitimacy (a
515 letter she later disavowed)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
516 &lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a journal entry of
517 Edward VI, in which he recorded a religious dispute with
518 Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
519 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;- read a letter from Catherine Parr to Mary&lt;/FONT&gt;
520 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read Mary's speech
521 at the Guildhall, in which she asked for loyalty in the face of Wyatt's
522 uprising&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
523 &lt;FONT
524 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a letter from Lady Jane Grey to Mary, in which Jane
525 explains the circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine
526 days&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
527 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford
528 Dudley&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
529 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the execution of Archbishop Thomas
530 Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
531 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a contemporary description of Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt;
532 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/FONT&gt;
533
534 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
535
536 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
537 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;/font&gt;
538 &lt;CENTER&gt;
539 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
540 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
541 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
542 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
543 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
544 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
545 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
546&lt;/blockquote&gt;
547
548
549
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552</Content>
553</Section>
554</Archive>
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