[29229] | 1 | <html>
|
---|
| 2 |
|
---|
| 3 | <head>
|
---|
| 4 | <meta name="content" content="biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892">
|
---|
| 5 | <meta name="page_topic" content="biography of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892">
|
---|
| 6 | <meta name="author" content="Marilee Mongello">
|
---|
| 7 | <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0">
|
---|
| 8 | <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document">
|
---|
| 9 | <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
|
---|
| 10 | <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
|
---|
| 11 | <title>Secondary Sources: Queen Elizabeth by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892:
|
---|
| 12 | Chapter II</title>
|
---|
| 13 | <style>
|
---|
| 14 | </style>
|
---|
| 15 | <style fprolloverstyle>A:hover {color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold}
|
---|
| 16 | .3text {font-size: 12 px;}
|
---|
| 17 | </style>
|
---|
| 18 | </head>
|
---|
| 19 |
|
---|
| 20 | <body link="#0000FF" vlink="#0000FF" alink="#0000FF">
|
---|
| 21 |
|
---|
| 22 | <table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="100%" height="667">
|
---|
| 23 | <tr>
|
---|
| 24 | <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
|
---|
| 25 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="29"> </td>
|
---|
| 26 | <td width="25%" height="29"></td>
|
---|
| 27 | </tr>
|
---|
| 28 | <tr>
|
---|
| 29 | <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
|
---|
| 30 | <td width="50%" height="3"><font size="3"></font></td>
|
---|
| 31 | <td width="25%" height="3"></td>
|
---|
| 32 | </tr>
|
---|
| 33 | <tr>
|
---|
| 34 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
|
---|
| 35 | <td valign="top" width="50%" height="610">
|
---|
| 36 | <p align="center"><b><font size="7">Queen Elizabeth<br></font></b>
|
---|
| 37 | <font size="4">by Edward Spencer Beesly, 1892</font></p>
|
---|
| 38 | <p align="center">
|
---|
| 39 | <img border="2" src="eliz1-ermine.jpg" width="400" height="478" alt="'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas Hilliard"><p align="center">
|
---|
| 40 | <i><font size="2">'The Ermine Portrait' of Elizabeth I, c1585, by Nicholas
|
---|
| 41 | Hilliard;<br>from the <a href="http://www.marileecody.com/eliz1-images.html">Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I</a> website</font></i></td>
|
---|
| 42 | <td width="25%" height="610"></td>
|
---|
| 43 | </tr>
|
---|
| 44 | </table>
|
---|
| 45 | <blockquote>
|
---|
| 46 | <blockquote>
|
---|
| 47 | <font style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
|
---|
| 48 | <font style="font-family: Times New Roman"></font>
|
---|
| 49 | <font style="font-family: Times New Roman">
|
---|
| 50 | <div align="left">
|
---|
| 51 | <b>CHAPTER II</b><br>
|
---|
| 52 | <b>THE CHANGE OF RELIGION: 1559</b></div>
|
---|
| 53 | <p align="left"><font size="3">MARY died on the 17th of November 1558.
|
---|
| 54 | Parliament was then sitting, and, in communicating the event to both Houses,
|
---|
| 55 | Archbishop Heath frankly took the initiative in recognising
|
---|
| 56 | <font class="highlight_yellow">Elizabeth</font>, "of whose most lawful right
|
---|
| 57 | and title in the succession of the Crown, thanks be to God, we need not to
|
---|
| 58 | doubt." He was a staunch Catholic, and two months later refused to officiate
|
---|
| 59 | at her coronation. But he was an Englishman, and even the most convinced
|
---|
| 60 | Catholics, though looking forward with uneasiness to the religious policy of
|
---|
| 61 | the new <font class="highlight_yellow">Queen</font>, were sincerely glad
|
---|
| 62 | that there was no danger of a disputed succession. Besides, it was by no
|
---|
| 63 | means clear that <font class="highlight_yellow">Elizabeth</font> would not
|
---|
| 64 | accept the ecclesiastical constitution as established in the late reign.
|
---|
| 65 | That there would be an end of burnings, and of the harassing tyranny of the
|
---|
| 66 | bishops, every one felt certain; but it seemed quite upon the cards that
|
---|
| 67 | <font class="highlight_yellow">Elizabeth</font> would continue to recognise
|
---|
| 68 | the headship of the Pope in a formal way and maintain the Mass. It must be
|
---|
| 69 | remembered that the religious changes had only begun some thirty years
|
---|
| 70 | before. All middle-aged men could remember the time when the ecclesiastical
|
---|
| 71 | fabric stood to all appearance unbroken, as it had stood for centuries. Only
|
---|
| 72 | twenty-four years had passed since the Act of Supremacy had transferred the
|
---|
| 73 | headship of the Church from the Pope to the King; only eleven since the
|
---|
| 74 | Protestant doctrine and worship had been forced on the country by the
|
---|
| 75 | Protector Somerset, to the horror and disgust of the great majority of
|
---|
| 76 | Englishmen. The nation had sorrowed for the death of Edward VI., because it
|
---|
| 77 | darkened the prospects of the succession, and seemed likely sooner or later
|
---|
| 78 | to bring on a civil war. But apart from the hot Protestant minority, chiefly
|
---|
| 79 | to be found in London, the mass of the nation was conservative, and welcomed
|
---|
| 80 | the reestablishment of the old religion as a return to order and common
|
---|
| 81 | sense after a short and bitter experience of revolutionary anarchy. There
|
---|
| 82 | was a rooted objection to restore the old meddlesome tyranny of the bishops,
|
---|
| 83 | and the nobles and squires who had got hold of the abbey lands would not
|
---|
| 84 | hear of giving them up. But the return to communion with the Catholic Church
|
---|
| 85 | and the recognition of the Pope as its head gave satisfaction to
|
---|
| 86 | three-fourths, perhaps to five-sixths, of the nation, and to a still larger
|
---|
| 87 | proportion of its most influential class, the great landed proprietors.
|
---|
| 88 | Mary's accession was the great and unique opportunity for the old Church. If
|
---|
| 89 | Mary and Pole had been coolheaded politicians instead of excitable fanatics,
|
---|
| 90 | if they had contented themselves with restoring the old worship, depriving
|
---|
| 91 | the few Protestant clergy of their benefices, and punishing only outrageous
|
---|
| 92 | attacks on the State religion, Elizabeth would not have had the power, it
|
---|
| 93 | may be doubted whether she would have had the inclination, to undo her
|
---|
| 94 | sister's work. </font></p>
|
---|
| 95 | <p align="left"><font size="3">This great opportunity was thrown away.
|
---|
| 96 | Mary's bishops came back brooding over the long catalogue of humiliations
|
---|
| 97 | and indignities which their Church had suffered, and thirsting to avenge
|
---|
| 98 | their own wrongs. For six years they had their fling, and contrived to make
|
---|
| 99 | the country forget the period of Protestant misgovernment. England had never
|
---|
| 100 | before known what it was to be governed by clergymen. It was a sort of rule
|
---|
| 101 | as hateful to most Catholic laymen as to Protestants. Catholics therefore
|
---|
| 102 | for the most part, as well as Protestants, hailed the accession of
|
---|
| 103 | Elizabeth. At any rate there would be an end of the clerical tyranny. Nor
|
---|
| 104 | were they without hope that she would maintain the old worship. She had
|
---|
| 105 | conformed to it for the last five years, and Philip had given the word that
|
---|
| 106 | she was to be supported. </font></p>
|
---|
| 107 | <p align="left"><font size="3">We are now accustomed to the Papal <i>non
|
---|
| 108 | possumus</i>. No nation or Church can hope that the smallest deviation from
|
---|
| 109 | Roman doctrine or discipline will be tolerated. But in 1558 the hard and
|
---|
| 110 | fast line had not yet been drawn. France was still pressing for such changes
|
---|
| 111 | as communion in both kinds, worship in the vulgar tongue, and marriage of
|
---|
| 112 | priests. The Council of Trent, it is true, had already in 1545 decided that
|
---|
| 113 | Catholic doctrine was contained in the Bible <i>and tradition</i>, and in
|
---|
| 114 | 1551 had defined transubstantiation and the sacraments. But in 1552 the
|
---|
| 115 | Council was prorogued, and it did not resume till 1562. Doctrine and
|
---|
| 116 | discipline therefore might be, and were still considered to be, in the
|
---|
| 117 | melting-pot, and no one could be certain what would come out. If Elizabeth
|
---|
| 118 | had contented herself with the French programme, and had joined France in
|
---|
| 119 | pressing it, the other sovereigns, who really cared for nothing but
|
---|
| 120 | uniformity, would probably have forced the Pope to compromise. The Lutheran
|
---|
| 121 | doctrine of consubstantiation might have been tolerated. The Anglican
|
---|
| 122 | formulæ have been held by many to be compatible with a belief in the Real
|
---|
| 123 | Presence. The formal severance of England from Catholic unity might thus
|
---|
| 124 | have been postponed--possibly avoided--in the same sense that it has been
|
---|
| 125 | avoided in France. After the completion of the Council of Trent (1562-3) it
|
---|
| 126 | was too late. </font></p>
|
---|
| 127 | <p align="left"><font size="3">Two years after her accession Elizabeth told
|
---|
| 128 | the Spanish ambassador, De Quadra, that her belief was the belief of all the
|
---|
| 129 | Catholics in the realm; and on his asking her how then she could have
|
---|
| 130 | altered religion in 1559, she said she had been compelled to act as she did,
|
---|
| 131 | and that, if he knew how she had been driven to it, she was sure he would
|
---|
| 132 | excuse her. Seven years later she made the same statement to De Silva.
|
---|
| 133 | Elizabeth was habitually so regardless of truth that her assertions can be
|
---|
| 134 | allowed little weight when they are improbable. No doubt, as a matter of
|
---|
| 135 | taste and feeling, she preferred the Catholic worship. She was not pious.
|
---|
| 136 | She was not troubled with a tender conscience or tormented by a sense of
|
---|
| 137 | sin. She did not care to cultivate close personal relations with her God. A
|
---|
| 138 | religion of form and ceremony suited her better. But her training had been
|
---|
| 139 | such as to free her from all superstitious fear or prejudice, and her
|
---|
| 140 | religious convictions were determined by her sense of what was most
|
---|
| 141 | reasonable and convenient. There is not the least evidence that she was a
|
---|
| 142 | reluctant agent in the adoption of Protestantism in 1559. Who was there to
|
---|
| 143 | coerce her? The Protestants could not have set up a Protestant competitor.
|
---|
| 144 | The great nobles, though opposed to persecution and desirous of minimising
|
---|
| 145 | the Pope's authority, would have preferred to leave worship as it was. But
|
---|
| 146 | upon one thing Elizabeth was determined. She would resume the full
|
---|
| 147 | ecclesiastical supremacy which her father had annexed to the Crown. She
|
---|
| 148 | judged, and she probably judged rightly, that the only way to assure this
|
---|
| 149 | was to make the breach with the old religion complete. If she had placed
|
---|
| 150 | herself in the hands of moderate Catholics like Paget, possessed with the
|
---|
| 151 | belief that she could only maintain herself by the protection of Philip,
|
---|
| 152 | they would have advised her to be content with the practical authority over
|
---|
| 153 | the English Church which many an English king had known how to exercise.
|
---|
| 154 | That was not enough for her. She desired a position free from all ambiguity
|
---|
| 155 | and possibility of dispute, not one which would have to be defended with
|
---|
| 156 | constant vigilance and at the cost of incessant bickering. </font></p>
|
---|
| 157 | <p align="left"><font size="3">From the point of view of her foreign
|
---|
| 158 | relations the moment might seem to be a dangerous one for carrying out a
|
---|
| 159 | religious revolution, and many a statesman with a deserved reputation for
|
---|
| 160 | prudence would have counselled delay. But this disadvantage was more than
|
---|
| 161 | counterbalanced by the unpopularity which the cruelties and disasters of
|
---|
| 162 | Mary's last three years had brought upon the most active Catholics. Again,
|
---|
| 163 | Elizabeth no doubt recognised that the Catholics, though at present the
|
---|
| 164 | strongest, were the declining party. The future was with the Protestants. It
|
---|
| 165 | was the young men who had fixed their hopes upon her in her sister's time,
|
---|
| 166 | and who were ready to rally round her now. By her natural disposition, and
|
---|
| 167 | by her culture, she belonged to the Renaissance rather than to the
|
---|
| 168 | Reformation. But obscurantist as Calvinism essentially was, the Calvinists,
|
---|
| 169 | as a minority struggling for freedom to think and teach what they believed,
|
---|
| 170 | represented for a time the cause of light and intellectual emancipation. Was
|
---|
| 171 | she to put herself at the head of reaction or progress? She did not love the
|
---|
| 172 | Calvinists. They were too much in earnest for her. Their narrow creed was as
|
---|
| 173 | tainted with superstition as that of Rome, and, at bottom, was less humane,
|
---|
| 174 | less favourable to progress. But whom else had she to work with? The
|
---|
| 175 | reasonable, secular-minded, tolerant sceptics are not always the best
|
---|
| 176 | fighting material; and at that time they were few in number and tending--in
|
---|
| 177 | England at least--to be ground out of existence between the upper and nether
|
---|
| 178 | millstones of the rival fanaticisms. If she broke with Catholicism she would
|
---|
| 179 | be sure of the ardent and unwavering support of one-third of the nation; so
|
---|
| 180 | sure, that she would have no need to take any further pains to please them.
|
---|
| 181 | As for the remaining two-thirds, she hoped to conciliate most of them by
|
---|
| 182 | posing as their protector against the persecution which would have been
|
---|
| 183 | pleasing to Protestant bigots. </font></p>
|
---|
| 184 | <p align="left"><font size="3">In the policy of a complete breach with Rome,
|
---|
| 185 | Cecil was disposed to go as far as the Queen, and further. Cecil was at this
|
---|
| 186 | time thirty-eight. For forty years he continued to be the confidential and
|
---|
| 187 | faithful servant of Elizabeth. One of those new men whom the Tudors most
|
---|
| 188 | trusted, he was first employed by Henry VIII. Under Edward he rose to be
|
---|
| 189 | Secretary of State, and was a pronounced Protestant. On the fall of his
|
---|
| 190 | patron Somerset he was for a abort time sent to the Tower, but was soon in
|
---|
| 191 | office again--sooner, some thought, than was quite decent--under his
|
---|
| 192 | patron's old enemy, Northumberland. He signed the letters patent by which
|
---|
| 193 | the crown was conferred on Lady Jane Grey; but took an early opportunity of
|
---|
| 194 | going over to Mary. During her reign he conformed to the old religion, and,
|
---|
| 195 | though not holding any office, was consulted on public business, and was one
|
---|
| 196 | of the three commissioners who went to fetch Cardinal Pole to England.
|
---|
| 197 | Thoroughly capable in business, one of those to whom power naturally falls
|
---|
| 198 | because they know how to use it, a shrewd balancer of probabilities, without
|
---|
| 199 | a particle of fanaticism in his composition and detesting it in others,
|
---|
| 200 | though ready to make use of it to serve his ends, entirely believing that "whate'er
|
---|
| 201 | is best administered is best," Cecil nevertheless had his religious
|
---|
| 202 | predilections, and they were all on the side of the Protestants. Moreover he
|
---|
| 203 | had a personal motive which, by the nature of the case, was not present to
|
---|
| 204 | the Queen. She might die prematurely; and if that event should take place
|
---|
| 205 | before the Protestant ascendancy was firmly established his power would be
|
---|
| 206 | at an end, and his very life would be in danger. A time came when he and his
|
---|
| 207 | party had so strengthened themselves, if not in absolute numerical
|
---|
| 208 | superiority, yet by the hold they had established on all departments of
|
---|
| 209 | Government from the highest to the lowest, that they were in a condition to
|
---|
| 210 | resist a Catholic claimant to the throne, if need were, sword in hand. But
|
---|
| 211 | during the early years of the reign Cecil was working with the rope round
|
---|
| 212 | his neck. Hence he could not regard the progress of events with the
|
---|
| 213 | imperturbable <i>sang-froid</i> which Elizabeth always displayed; and all
|
---|
| 214 | his influence was employed to push the religious revolution through as
|
---|
| 215 | rapidly and completely as possible. </font></p>
|
---|
| 216 | <p align="left"><font size="3">The story that Elizabeth was influenced in
|
---|
| 217 | her attitude to Rome by an arrogant reply from Pope Paul IV. to her official
|
---|
| 218 | notification of her accession, though refuted by Lingard and Hallam in their
|
---|
| 219 | later editions, has been repeated by recent historians. Her accession was
|
---|
| 220 | notified to every friendly sovereign except the Pope. He was studiously
|
---|
| 221 | ignored from the first. Equally unsupported by facts are all attempts to
|
---|
| 222 | show that during the early weeks of her reign she had not made up her mind
|
---|
| 223 | as to the course she would take about religion. All preaching, it is true,
|
---|
| 224 | was suspended by proclamation; and it was ordered that the established
|
---|
| 225 | worship should go on "until consultation might be had in Parliament by the
|
---|
| 226 | Queen and the three Estates." In the meantime she had herself crowned
|
---|
| 227 | according to the ancient ritual by the Catholic Bishop of Carlisle. But this
|
---|
| 228 | is only what might have been expected from a strong ruler who was not
|
---|
| 229 | disposed to let important alterations be initiated by popular commotion or
|
---|
| 230 | the presumptuous forwardness of individual clergymen. The impending change
|
---|
| 231 | was quite sufficiently marked from the first by the removal of the most
|
---|
| 232 | bigoted Catholics from the Council and by the appointment of Cecil and Bacon
|
---|
| 233 | to the offices of Secretary and of Lord Keeper. The new Parliament,
|
---|
| 234 | Protestant candidates for which had been recommended by the Government, met
|
---|
| 235 | as soon as possible (25 January 1559). When it rose (8 May) the great change
|
---|
| 236 | had been legally and decisively accomplished. </font></p>
|
---|
| 237 | <p align="left"><font size="3">The government, worship, and doctrine of the
|
---|
| 238 | Established Church are the most abiding marks left by Elizabeth on the
|
---|
| 239 | national life of England. Logically it might have been expected that the
|
---|
| 240 | settlement of doctrine would precede that of government and worship. It is
|
---|
| 241 | characteristic of a State Church that the inverse order should have been
|
---|
| 242 | followed. For the Queen the most important question was Church government;
|
---|
| 243 | for the people, worship. Both these matters were disposed of with great
|
---|
| 244 | promptitude at the beginning of 1559. Doctrine might interest the clergy;
|
---|
| 245 | but it could wait. The Thirty-nine Articles were not adopted by Convocation
|
---|
| 246 | till 1563, and were not sanctioned by Parliament till 1571. </font></p>
|
---|
| 247 | <p align="left"><font size="3">The government of the Church was settled by
|
---|
| 248 | the <i>Act of Supremacy (April 1559)</i>. It revived the Act of Henry VIII.,
|
---|
| 249 | except that the Queen was styled Supreme Governor of the Church instead of
|
---|
| 250 | Supreme Head, although the nature of the supremacy was precisely the same.
|
---|
| 251 | The penalties were relaxed. Henry's oath of supremacy might be tendered to
|
---|
| 252 | any subject, and to decline it was high treason; Elizabeth's oath was to be
|
---|
| 253 | obligatory only on persons holding spiritual or temporal office under the
|
---|
| 254 | Crown, and the penalty for declining was the loss of such office. Those who
|
---|
| 255 | chose to attack the supremacy were still liable to the penalties of treason
|
---|
| 256 | on the third offence. </font></p>
|
---|
| 257 | <p align="left"><font size="3">Worship was settled with equal expedition by
|
---|
| 258 | the <i>Act of Uniformity (April 1559)</i>, which imposed the second or more
|
---|
| 259 | Protestant Prayer-book of Edward VI., but with a few very important
|
---|
| 260 | alterations. A deprecation in the Litany of "the tyranny of the Bishop of
|
---|
| 261 | Rome and all his detestable enormities," and a rubric which declared that by
|
---|
| 262 | kneeling at the Communion no adoration was intended to any real and
|
---|
| 263 | essential presence of Christ, were expunged. The words of administration in
|
---|
| 264 | the present communion service consist of two sentences. The first sentence,
|
---|
| 265 | implying real presence, belonged to Edward's first Prayer-book; the second,
|
---|
| 266 | implying mere commemoration, belonged to his second Prayer-book. The
|
---|
| 267 | Prayerbook of 1559 simply pieced the two together, with a view to satisfy
|
---|
| 268 | both Catholics and Protestants. Lastly, the vestments prescribed in Edward's
|
---|
| 269 | first Prayer-book were retained till further notice. These alterations of
|
---|
| 270 | Edward's second Prayer-book, all of them designed to propitiate the
|
---|
| 271 | Catholics, were dictated by Elizabeth herself. In all this legislation
|
---|
| 272 | Convocation was entirely ignored. Both its houses showed themselves strongly
|
---|
| 273 | Catholic. But their opinion was not asked, and no notice was taken of their
|
---|
| 274 | remonstrances. </font></p>
|
---|
| 275 | <p align="left"><font size="3">While determining that England should have a
|
---|
| 276 | purely national Church, and for that reason casting in her lot with the
|
---|
| 277 | Protestants, Elizabeth, as we have seen, made very considerable sacrifices
|
---|
| 278 | of logic and consistency in order to induce Catholics to conform. Like a
|
---|
| 279 | strong and wise statesman, she did not allow herself to be driven into one
|
---|
| 280 | concession after another, but went at once as far as she intended to go. At
|
---|
| 281 | the same time the coercion applied to the Catholics, while sufficient to
|
---|
| 282 | influence the worldly-minded majority, was, during the early part of her
|
---|
| 283 | reign, very mild for those times. She wished no one to be molested who did
|
---|
| 284 | not go out of his way to invite it. Outward conformity was all she wanted.
|
---|
| 285 | And of this mere attendance at church was accepted as sufficient evidence.
|
---|
| 286 | The principal difficulty, of course, was with the clergy. From them more
|
---|
| 287 | than a mere passive conformity had to be exacted. To sign declarations, take
|
---|
| 288 | oaths, and officiate in church was a severer strain on the conscience. It is
|
---|
| 289 | said that less than 200 out of 9400 sacrificed their benefices rather than
|
---|
| 290 | conform, and that of these about 100 were dignitaries. The number must be
|
---|
| 291 | under-stated; for the chief difficulty of the new bishops, for a long time,
|
---|
| 292 | was to find clergymen for the parish churches. But we cannot doubt that the
|
---|
| 293 | large majority of the parish clergy stuck to their livings, remaining
|
---|
| 294 | Catholics at heart, and avoiding, where they could, and as long as they
|
---|
| 295 | could, compliance with the new regulations. It must not be supposed that the
|
---|
| 296 | enactment of religious changes by Parliament was equivalent, as it would be
|
---|
| 297 | at the present day, to their immediate enforcement throughout the country;
|
---|
| 298 | especially in the north where the great proprietors and justices of the
|
---|
| 299 | peace did not carry out the law. A certain number of the ejected priests
|
---|
| 300 | continued to celebrate the ancient rites privately in the houses of the more
|
---|
| 301 | earnest Catholics; for which they were not unfrequently punished by
|
---|
| 302 | imprisonment. </font></p>
|
---|
| 303 | <p align="left"><font size="3">Of course this was persecution. But according
|
---|
| 304 | to the ideas of that day it was a very mild kind of persecution; and where
|
---|
| 305 | it occurred it seems to have been due to the zeal of some of the bishops,
|
---|
| 306 | and to private busybodies who set the law in motion, rather than to any
|
---|
| 307 | systematic action on the part of the Government.</font></p>
|
---|
| 308 | </font>
|
---|
| 309 | <hr>
|
---|
| 310 | <p align="left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman" size="2">From <i>
|
---|
| 311 | Queen Elizabeth</i> by Edward Spencer Beesly. Published in London by
|
---|
| 312 | Macmillan and Co., 1892.</font></p>
|
---|
| 313 | </font>
|
---|
| 314 | <font face="Times New Roman" size="2">
|
---|
| 315 | </blockquote>
|
---|
| 316 | </blockquote>
|
---|
| 317 |
|
---|
| 318 | <p align="center">
|
---|
| 319 | <a href="beeslychapterthree.html">to Chapter
|
---|
| 320 | III: Foreign Relations: 1559-1563</a></p>
|
---|
| 321 | <p align="center">
|
---|
| 322 | <a href="monarchs/eliz1.html">to the Queen
|
---|
| 323 | Elizabeth I website</a> /
|
---|
| 324 | <a href="relative/maryqos.html">to the Mary,
|
---|
| 325 | queen of Scots website</a></p>
|
---|
| 326 | <p align="center"><a href="secondary.html">
|
---|
| 327 | to Secondary Sources</a></p>
|
---|
| 328 | </font>
|
---|
| 329 |
|
---|
| 330 | </body>
|
---|
| 331 |
|
---|
| 332 | </html><!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --><!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --><script language="JavaScript" src="http://hostingprod.com/js_source/geov2.js"></script><script language="javascript">geovisit();</script><noscript><img src="http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082621" alt="setstats" border="0" width="1" height="1"></noscript>
|
---|
| 333 | <IMG SRC="http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&t=1108082621" ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1>
|
---|