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    <Metadata name="Title">Mary Boleyn: Biography, Portrait, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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    <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
    <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/citizens/boleyn.html</Metadata>
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      &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;            
      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;     &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot;
 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryboleyn.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Mary Boleyn&quot;
 width=&quot;493&quot; height=&quot;144&quot;&gt;
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      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;     &lt;img border=&quot;3&quot;
 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryboleynunknown.jpg&quot;
 width=&quot;359&quot; height=&quot;480&quot;
 alt=&quot;portrait of Mary Boleyn by an unknown artist&quot;&gt;
       &lt;/p&gt;
             
      &lt;blockquote&gt;                
        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
         &lt;font face=&quot;Arial&quot; size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Mary Boleyn was the sister of      
 King Henry VIII's second wife, the infamous Anne Boleyn.  But she was  
     also the king's mistress before her sister's ascendancy.  She may also 
have given birth        to Henry's son.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
                 
        &lt;hr&gt;     &lt;/blockquote&gt;
             
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&lt;blockquote&gt;      
  &lt;blockquote&gt;         
    &lt;p&gt;Information about the life of Mary Boleyn is sketchy at best.   Before 
her sister's ascendancy, Mary was the most famous member of her  family, a
dubious honor since it was based upon her adulterous affair with  King Henry
VIII.  There has been great debate over the exact year  of her birth, with
many researchers unable to agree on which Boleyn sister  was older.  Some
speculate Anne was born in 1501 or 1502; others place  it at 1507.  The most
recent scholarship supports 1507 as the year  of Anne's birth.  Mary was
born a year later, in 1508.  Their  only surviving sibling was an older brother
George, born in 1503.  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;    Mary was born at Hever Castle, the family seat.   She was named 
after Princess Mary Tudor, the youngest child of Henry VII  and Elizabeth 
of York.  Her family was loyal to the Tudor dynasty  but had Yorkist connections.
 Her mother was Elizabeth Howard, daughter  of Thomas, earl of Surrey.  His 
father, the 1st duke of Norfolk, had  died fighting for Richard III against 
Henry VII.  Mary's father, Thomas  Boleyn, could trace his ancestry only to
the 13th century.  His family  was originally from Norfolk where they lived
as tenant farmers.  In  1457, a Sir Geoffrey Boleyn was serving as Lord Mayor
of London.   He wed Anne, heiress of Lord Hoo and Hastings, and - through
her - acquired  Hever Castle in Kent and Blickling Hall in Norfolk.  His
son became  a knight under Richard III and a baron under Henry VII.  He married
 a great heiress as well; she was Margaret, daughter of Thomas Butler, 7th
 earl of Ormond.  He was incredibly wealthy and bequeathed Margaret   36
manors.  Their eldest child was Thomas Boleyn, Mary's father.   Thomas had
married Elizabeth Howard by 1501.  Their three surviving  children were born
within the next 10 years.  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;     In 1512, Thomas was one of three envoys assigned  to the regent 
of Netherlands court.  His skill in speaking French  and his family connections 
secured the appointment.  Once there, he  was a great success with the regent, 
Margaret, archduchess of Austria.   He used this friendship to secure a prestigious 
appointment for his eldest  daughter, Anne; she was to reside with the regent's 
wards, sharing their  royal education.  This is the primary evidence that 
Anne was the elder  sister.  In such cases, the elder sister would receive 
the opportunity  first.  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;    However, Mary was married before Anne - an unusual  occurrence 
and one which led many to believe Mary was older.  However,  it is completely 
plausible that Anne was not married first because she  was still in Europe, 
gaining a royal education and hoping to wed a foreign  nobleman.  Mary, on 
the other hand, wed a man named William Carey,  a gentleman of the royal privy
chamber on 4 February 1520.  Though  he was not a titled lord, his duties
meant he had intimate contact with  the king on a daily basis.  He would
be a valuable connection for  the Boleyns.  Henry used his attendants, with
whom he spent his leisure  hours, to carry out government work.  Carey was
24 years old and Mary  not quite twelve, young even for 16th century marriage.
 The consummation  of the marriage was probably delayed for a few years.
 &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;    Mary's wedding was held a few weeks before her father  returned 
from a mission abroad.  This indicates that Thomas Boleyn  had planned the 
marriage well in advance.  The king gave the newlyweds  a cash present - 6s.8d.;
this was undoubtedly welcome since William Carey  was a younger son and lacked
money and lands.  Henry's favor (and,  more particularly, Mary's affair with
Henry) helped in this respect - before  his death in 1528, William had received
two keeperships, a stewardship,  an annuity, and manors in two counties.
 As to William's ancestry,  he could trace his descent from Edward III; his
mother was a cousin of  Margaret Beaufort, Henry VII's mother.  His aunt
Catherine Spencer  was married to Henry, fifth earl of Northumberland.  
    &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;    As William's wife, Mary had lodgings at court, information  about 
royal policies, and the great opportunity to participate in all court  events.
 Their first child, Catherine, was born about 1524 when Mary  was just sixteen.
 Meanwhile, her family continued its ascendancy  during these years.  Personally, 
she and her sister Anne were two  of eight women who participated in a celebration 
at York Place, Cardinal  Wolsey's home.  Anne played Perseverance and Mary 
was Kindness; they  were clothed in white satin with bejeweled headdresses.
 This was  in 1522; Mary was just fourteen.  By the time she was seventeen, 
Mary  was a first-time mother and Henry VIII's mistress.  There is much 
circumstantial evidence to support this:  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;blockquote&gt;          
      &lt;p&gt;* in 1527, Henry was planning to marry Anne Boleyn.  He  sought and
received a papal dispensation to marry the sister of a woman  with whom he
had engaged in illicit/unlawful intercourse.  Anne had  only one sister -
Mary. &lt;/p&gt;
          
      &lt;p&gt;* Reginald Pole reported the following - in 1528, a member of Parliament
  insulted the king's morals by accusing Henry of sleeping with Anne's mother
  &lt;i&gt;and&lt;/i&gt;  sister.  Undoubtedly flustered, the king replied:  &quot;Never with
  her mother.&quot;  &lt;/p&gt;
       
      &lt;p&gt;* the affair was known of in diplomatic circles - in 1532, Francis 
I  of France met Mary face-to-face when she accompanied Henry and Anne to
  Calais.  He mentioned her infamous behavior with her sister's spouse  &lt;i&gt;before&lt;/i&gt;
  the marriage to Anne.&lt;/p&gt;
     &lt;/blockquote&gt;
            
    &lt;p&gt;    The affair was brief, ending in mid-1525 (probably July.)   On 
4 March 1526, Mary gave birth to a son, called Henry.  He was widely  assumed 
to be the king's son.  He physically resembled the king, a   fact often remarked 
upon.  In 1535, for example, a man called 'young  Master Carey' the king's 
son. &lt;/p&gt;
        
    &lt;p&gt;    Perhaps more telling, Henry granted the Careys actual  manors and
estates during the affair and immediately before the child's  birth.  Before,
the Careys had been granted rather minor offices.   (You may recall that
Henry publicly acknowledged another illegitimate son,  born in 1519.  This
boy was called &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ffitzroy.html&quot;&gt;Henry
 Fitzroy&lt;/a&gt; - the surname traditionally given to royal bastards - and was
 ennobled, given the title duke of Richmond.  If Henry Carey was also  his
son, why didn't Henry do the same for him?  The answer lies in  his determination
to divorce Katharine of Aragon and marry &lt;a
 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne  Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;, 
the child's aunt.  It is likely that even Henry VIII would  have been too 
embarrassed to recognize his bastard son by his fiancee's  younger sister.)
  Henry Carey was eventually ennobled as Lord Hunsdon by  Elizabeth I, the 
queen who may have been his half-sister and was undoubtedly his  cousin.
 Though he served her ably, Elizabeth only offered Hunsdon a title  upon
his deathbed.  To this dubious honor, the old man aptly replied that  if
the queen hadn't thought him worth it while he was in health, he would not
 accept it while ill.&lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;    Mary Boleyn was referenced in &lt;a
 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2flovelett.html&quot;&gt;Henry's  love letters 
to Anne&lt;/a&gt; in 1528, the year her husband died.  William  had asked Mary to
seek her sister's influence with the king; his elder  sister, Eleanor, wanted
the position of abbess at St Edith's Nunnery.   The nuns wanted their prioress
elevated to the position instead.   Anne asked the king to intervene.  In
the end, Eleanor's dubious moral  destroyed her chances.  But the episode 
demonstrates Anne's willingness  to help Mary; also, Mary clearly expected 
to benefit from her sister's  closeness to the king.  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;    William Carey died on 23 June 1528 and Henry VIII  promptly granted 
Anne Boleyn the wardship of her nephew (and possibly his  son), two-year-old 
Henry Carey.  In another letter to Anne, Henry  remarked upon Mary's easy 
virtue.  He and Anne were concerned that,  after William's death, Mary's behavior
would degenerate; in other words,  she would be an embarrassment to the king
and his intended wife.  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;    In November 1530, Henry gave Anne 20 pds to redeem  a jewel from 
Mary; it was probably a gambling debt.  Two years later,  Mary was one of 
thirty ladies who accompanied Henry and Anne on a visit  to France (colorfully 
known to history as 'The Field of the Cloth of Gold'.)   They stayed in Calais 
in late October, attending various events with Francis  I; ostensibly, they 
were celebrating a new peace agreement.  But it  was also a chance to present 
Anne to a foreign king.  When Henry wed  Anne in 1533, Mary became a lady-in-waiting 
to her sister.  It was  only in 1534 that she and Anne had a serious conflict.
  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;    In 1534, Mary secretly married William Stafford.   He was the younger
son of Humphrey Stafford of Blatherwick in Northampton.   This marriage was
a disaster for her, excepting her personal happiness.   Mary undoubtedly loved
Stafford, a soldier she had met at Calais (he had  been part of Henry VIII's
retinue.)  But her relatives - all newly  ennobled and very self-conscious 
about their status - were outraged.   He was a commoner, not fit for the queen's
sister.  Accordingly, Mary  and her new husband were banished from court.
 (It is quite possible  that her relatives planned to wed Mary to a nobleman,
further cementing  their rise to prominence; instead, her marriage was a
step backwards socially.)   In late 1534, while her father and brother received
numerous grants, titles,  and other gifts, Mary was reduced to begging Thomas
Cromwell for assistance.   Would he speak to Henry on her behalf?  Mary hoped
Henry would persuade  Anne to forgive her but her former lover was less than
helpful.  So  Mary asked Cromwell to speak to her father, her uncle, and
her brother.  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;     Meanwhile, her son was still living with his  aunt, Queen Anne.
 He was being tutored by the great French poet,  Nicholas Bourbon, clearly 
benefiting from the wardship.  His mother's  life between 1534 and her sister's 
execution in 1536 is difficult to trace.   She seems to have resided at Rochford 
in Essex from the time of her disgrace  to her death on 19 July 1543.  When 
her sister fell into disfavor  and Henry sought a divorce, his earlier affair 
with Mary was mentioned.   Perhaps this would justify an annulment, even as
Katharine of Aragon's  marriage to his brother had?  But no one seriously 
considered this  (after all, there had been a papal dispensation) and it was
more expedient  to press other charges.  Mary did not visit her sister when
Anne was  imprisoned in the Tower.  Nor did she visit their brother George,
 also condemned to death.  There is no evidence that she wrote to them. 
Like their uncle, the duke of Norfolk, she may have thought  it wise to avoid
association with her disgraced relatives.  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;    Mary lived to see her children gain some royal favor.   Her teenage 
daughter Catherine (born 1524) was appointed a maid of honor  to Anne of Cleves,
Henry VIII's fourth wife.  Sometime in 1540, Catherine  made a good match,
marrying Sir Francis Knollys, a popular member  of Henry VIII's household.
 Catherine also became one of her cousin Elizabeth  Tudor's closest friends.
 Her daughter, Lettice Knollys, would later  marry Elizabeth's great love, 
Robert Dudley; her son, the earl of Essex,  would also be one of Elizabeth's 
favorites (though eventually executed  for treason.)  Henry Carey, whose paternity
was the subject of such  speculation, would be ennobled as Lord Hunsdon in
Elizabeth's reign.   Elizabeth was kind to her Boleyn relatives, especially
Mary's children.   Twenty-two years after Anne Boleyn's execution, a Boleyn
was sole ruler  of England.  It was a triumph few could have predicted.&lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;hr width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;           
    &lt;p&gt;  &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Some other stuff about Mary Boleyn that I've found: 
    &lt;/font&gt;     &lt;/p&gt;
        
    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;* Mary was considered more conventionally beautiful 
than Anne but lacked  her sister's style and wit.  &lt;br&gt;
 * As a child, Mary was taught French by Mademoiselle Semmonet;   she also 
studied music (practicing on the lute, harp, viol, and virginals.)  &lt;br&gt;
 * Mary also spent time in Archduchess Margaret's service; she was removed
  in 1518/19 by her father and placed in Katharine of Aragon's service. 
    &lt;br&gt;
 * Anne and George Boleyn were very close and reportedly had little  use
for their sister, Mary.  (This was reported by several foreign  ambassadors.) 
    &lt;/font&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Note:  I have read that Mary Boleyn accompanied Princess 
Mary Tudor  to France, as a lady-in-waiting.  However, the trip occurred in
1515;  Mary would have been just 7 years old - so the assertion seems unlikely.
    &lt;/font&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;So the following questions remain:  &lt;br&gt;
     * did she accompany Mary to France?  &lt;br&gt;
     * did she use her influence with Mary Tudor to get  Anne a position
as lady-in-waiting to Katharine of Aragon (thus allowing  Henry VIII and
Anne to meet?)  This has been mentioned in several  books but, as I stated,
it would mean Mary was a lady-in-waiting at the  age of seven. &lt;/font&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;I have used the spelling 'Boleyn' instead of 'Bullen'
  for one simple reason - it is how the family chose to spell it when they
  first rose to prominence.  Certainly they thought 'Boleyn' was more  elegant 
- I'll stay mum on that issue, but since most history texts also  use 'Boleyn', 
it remains less confusing than switching between two surnames.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman&quot;&gt;     &lt;a
 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Visit the   
  Anne Boleyn website&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        
    &lt;center&gt;       
    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a
 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html&quot;&gt;to  Tudor Citizens&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;
     &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
  England&lt;br&gt;
     &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
     
    &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
     &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
     &lt;/center&gt;
     &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
   &lt;br&gt;
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