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9 | <Metadata name="Title">Authorship patterns in Information Systems</Metadata>
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32 | <Content><b>Authorship patterns in Information
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33 | Systems</b><p>
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34 | <b></b><p>
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35 | Sally Jo Cunningham and Stuart M. Dillon<p>
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36 | Department of Computer Science<p>
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37 | University of Waikato<p>
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38 | Hamilton, New Zealand<p>
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39 | email: [email protected]<p>
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40 | <p>
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41 | <b>Abstract:</b> This paper examines the patterns of multiple authorship in
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42 | five information systems journals. Specifically, we determine the distribution
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43 | of the number of authors per paper in this field, the proportion of male and
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44 | female authors, gender composition of research teams, and the incidence of
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45 | collaborative relationships spanning institutional affiliations and across
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46 | different geographic regions.<p>
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47 | <p>
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48 | <b>1. Introduction</b><p>
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49 | <b></b><p>
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50 | In his seminal work <i>Little Science, Big Science</i> [16], Derek J. De Solla
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51 | Price drew attention to the 20th century trend of increasing team work in
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52 | scientific research and co-authorship in publicationÂmaking a
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53 | tongue-in-cheek prediction that "by 1980 the single author paper will be
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54 | extinct", and that scientific collaboration would continue to increase so that
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55 | scholarly publications would "move steadily toward an infinity of authors per
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56 | paper" (p. 89). <p>
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57 | <p>
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58 | Since 1963, Price's conjectures have been measured and, to a large extent,
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59 | verified, for a number of domains in the social sciences, arts, and physical
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60 | sciences. Characteristics of collaboration in research have been examined in a
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61 | number of ways: for example, through bibliographic analysis of readily
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62 | quantifiable variables such as the rate of co-authorship and mean number of
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63 | co-authors per document (for an overview of this type of research, see [10]);
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64 | through studies of the social organizations that support collaboration in
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65 | particular and research in general (such as the ground-breaking work of Crane
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66 | [6]); and by ethnographic descriptions of the patterns of behavior employed by
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67 | researchers in finding collaborators, organizing the research tasks, and
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68 | composing the written documentation of the work (for example, the examination
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69 | of the philosophy research process presented in [19]).<p>
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70 | <p>
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71 | This paper examines authorship patterns in the field of Information Systems
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72 | (IS). IS is a relatively young discipline, an interdisciplinary field at the
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73 | conjunction of computer science, management, and the social sciences. It
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74 | concerns itself primarily managerial, and "people" issues that support
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75 | information management (primarily in an organizational context), and to a
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76 | lesser extent with hardware and software issues. Perhaps because it is an
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77 | emerging, interdisciplinary field, IS has been the focus of few
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78 | bibliometric/scientometric studies. The present work uses bibliometric
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79 | techniques to examine the extent of collaborative authorship in the field, the
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80 | geographic distribution of co-authors, and gender patterns in publication and
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81 | collaboration.<p>
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82 | <p>
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83 | <b>2. Methodology</b><p>
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84 | <b></b><p>
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85 | The journals and time periods examined for this study are listed in Table 1.
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86 | Journal articles, rather than books or technical reports, were chosen for
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87 | analysis because the journal is the primary source of information in IS, making
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88 | up the bulk of documents cited [7]. Five journals were selected for study,
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89 | based on the criteria that they well known internationally, cover a relatively
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90 | broad set of topics in the IS field, have author information available, and
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91 | are published in the English language. It should be noted, however, that the
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92 | journals selected tend to the management end of IS.<p>
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93 | <p>
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94 |
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95 |
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96 | <pre>
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97 | Journal title abbreviation years
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98 | Journal of Systems Management JSM 1989-1995
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99 | Information Systems Research ISR 1990-1995
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100 | Strategic Information Systems SIS 1991-1995
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101 | Management Information Systems Quarterly MISQ 1989-1995
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102 | Decision Support Systems DSS 1989-1995
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103 |
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104 | </pre>
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105 | <p>
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106 | Table 1. Journals analyzed in this study<p>
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107 | <p>
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108 | The following definitions and guidelines were used in gathering data from the
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109 | five journals:<p>
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110 | <p>
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111 | ·author: All individuals identified as authors in the heading of the
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112 | paper were included, and counted equally. Some journal volumes apparently
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113 | enforced an alphabetic name ordering on authors, while other journalsÂor
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114 | even other volumes of the same journalÂdid not; for this reason we did not
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115 | attempt to record the rank orderings of authors. Only personal (rather than
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116 | corporate) authors were included in this study.<p>
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117 | <p>
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118 | ·article: All refereed papers from each issue of each journal were
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119 | considered for inclusion in the study. All other articles (book reviews,
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120 | editorials, letters to the editor, reports of conferences, etc.) were excluded.
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121 | While all refereed articles were included in the examination of co-authorship
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122 | rates, some of these papers were omitted from the remainder of the study
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123 | because the gender and/or the affiliation of one or more authors could not be
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124 | determined.<p>
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125 | <p>
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126 | ·gender: Where possible, the gender of an author was determined from
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127 | the author's biography or picture. If this information was not available or
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128 | was inconclusive, the gender was inferred from the author's personal name(s).
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129 | If any doubt remained for any co-author of an article (that is, if the author
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130 | was listed only by initials or had an ambiguous personal name), then that
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131 | article was omitted from the study of author gender.<p>
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132 | <p>
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133 | ·institution: For co-authored articles, we noted whether or not all
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134 | authors were affiliated with the same institution (generally a university or
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135 | company). A single institution could have more than one physical location.<p>
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136 | <p>
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137 | ·geographic area: Co-authored articles were examined to determine
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138 | whether all authors' institutions are from the same geographic region. This
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139 | somewhat subjective category was defined as follows: for highly populated and
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140 | physically large countries such as the United States, authors were considered
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141 | to be from the same region if their institution were located in the same or
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142 | adjacent states; for lightly populated or physically compact countries (such as
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143 | New Zealand or the Netherlands, respectively), the entire country was
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144 | considered to be a single geographic region.<p>
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145 | <p>
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146 | <b>3. Results</b><p>
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147 | <b></b><p>
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148 | This section discusses the amount of collaboration in publishing, the
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149 | geographic/institutional spread of co-author affiliation, and the gender of
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150 | authors in the IS literature.<p>
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151 | <p>
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152 | <i>degree of collaborative authorship</i><p>
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153 | <i></i><p>
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154 | Tables 2Â4 summarize authorship collaboration in IS. Approximately 38% of
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155 | the articles have a single author; the majority of he papers are co-authored,
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156 | with two or three authors (Table 2). The maximum number of authors for a single
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157 | paper was six, found in a vanishingly small minority of the articles (less than
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158 | 0.5%). Viewed strictly in terms of the percentage of co-authored papers (Table
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159 | 3), it is readily apparent that co-authorship is the norm for all journals,
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160 | over the entire period of study. The journal with the smallest degree of
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161 | co-authorship, the <i>Journal of Systems Management</i> (JSM), saw its
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162 | percentage of collaboratively written articles rise from approximately
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163 | one-third to one-half; the remainder of the journals have a co-authorship rate
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164 | ranging from 40% to 100%. The percentage of co-authored papers has risen
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165 | slightly between 1989 and 1995 in four of the five journalsÂperhaps
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166 | reflecting the trend to increased co-authorship reported in other fields, as
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167 | the subjects matured [3].<p>
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168 | <p>
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169 |
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170 |
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171 | <pre>
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172 | number of number of percentage
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173 | authors articles
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174 | 1 368 37.74%
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175 | 2 391 40.10%
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176 | 3 171 17.54%
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177 | 4 37 3.80%
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178 | 5 4 0.41%
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179 | 6 4 0.41%
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180 | Total 975 100.00%
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181 |
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182 | </pre>
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183 | <p>
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184 | Table 2. Distribution of number of co-authors per paper<p>
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185 |
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186 |
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187 | <pre>
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188 | JSM ISR SIS MISQ DSS average
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189 | 1989 36% 68% 73% 59%
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190 | 1990 29% 75% 68% 57% 57%
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191 | 1991 39% 92% 60% 77% 71% 68%
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192 | 1992 41% 100% 40% 81% 68% 66%
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193 | 1993 48% 92% 63% 89% 70% 72%
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194 | 1994 46% 90% 67% 82% 70% 71%
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195 | 1995 54% 87% 58% 87% 79% 75%
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196 |
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197 | </pre>
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198 | <p>
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199 | Table 3. Percentage of co-authored articles<p>
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200 | <p>
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201 |
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202 |
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203 | <pre>
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204 | Mean Variance Std dev std error Number of
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205 | articles
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206 | JSM 1.50 .466 .682 .039 308
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207 | ISR 2.175 .604 .777 .079 97
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208 | SIS 1.739 .655 .809 .086 88
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209 | MISQ 2.251 .954 .977 .075 171
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210 | DSS 2.071 .866 .931 .053 311
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211 | Total 1.903 .799 .894 .029 975
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212 |
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213 | </pre>
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214 | <p>
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215 | Table 4a. Mean number of co-authors per paper<p>
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216 | <p>
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217 | <IMG SRC="_httpdocimg_/rtf011.gif"><p>
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218 | Table 4b. T-test of mean number of co-authors<p>
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219 | <p>
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220 | The mean number of authors per article ranged from 1.5 (for the Journal of
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221 | Systems Management) to 2.175 (for Information Systems Research), with an
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222 | overall mean of 1.903 (Table 4a). As was noted when considering the
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223 | distribution of numbers of co-authors in Table 2, while collaboration is the
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224 | norm, the size of the research team in IS is relatively small. Differences in
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225 | mean between the journals was generally not statisticaly significant, with the
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226 | exception of ISR/DSS and ISR/MISQ (Table 4b).<p>
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227 | <p>
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228 | <i>institutional affiliation and geographic region</i><p>
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229 | <i></i><p>
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230 | Table 5 presents the institutional and geographical commonalities found amongst
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231 | co-authors. As noted in Section 2, at this point we use a subset of the
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232 | articles examined in this study: those papers for which we could identify the
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233 | institutional affiliation and gender of all authors. For nearly half of the
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234 | co-authored articles of this subsetÂ46%Âall authors for an article
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235 | are either affiliated with the same institution <i>or</i> are resident in the
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236 | same geographic region. Just over half of the multiply authored papers, then,
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237 | involve a collaboration across significant distances. For nearly one-third
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238 | (32%) of the co-authored papers, all authors are affiliated with the same
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239 | institutionÂagain, indicating a significant degree of collaboration across
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240 | institutional boundaries. The collaborative relationships of working groups
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241 | are thus surprisingly dispersed, suggesting that IS is a field with a healthy
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242 | "invisible college". <p>
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243 |
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244 |
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245 | <pre>
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246 | JSM ISR SIS MISQ DSS average
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247 | 1989- 1990- 1991- 1989- 1989-
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248 | 1994 1994 1994 1994 1994
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249 | Co-authored articles 147 71 80 35 62 128 133 514 861
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250 | occurrences out of 364 40% 89% 56% 166 77% 189 70% 60%
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251 | percentage
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252 | co-authors from same 95 15 20 48 61 239
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253 | institution OR same 147 65% 71 21% 35 58% 128 38% 133 46% 514 46%
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254 | geographical area
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255 | occurrences out of
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256 | percentage
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257 | co-authors from same 34 1 5 11 23 74
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258 | area, different 147 23% 71 1% 35 14% 128 9% 133 17% 514 14%
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259 | institutions
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260 | occurrences out of
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261 | percentage
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262 |
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263 | </pre>
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264 | <p>
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265 | Table 5. Percentage of co-authors from the same institution or geographical
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266 | area<p>
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267 | <p>
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268 | <i>gender of authors</i><p>
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269 | <i></i><p>
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270 | Gender was recorded for <i>all</i> authors for whom it was explicitly stated or
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271 | could be inferred; this could be determined for 861 papers, with 1021 authors.
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272 | As no attempt was made to maintain a list of names, it is unknown how many
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273 | unique individuals are represented in that total. Approximately four-fifths of
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274 | the authors were male (Table 6), with male authors being in the majority for
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275 | each journal. <p>
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276 | <p>
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277 |
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278 |
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279 | <pre>
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280 | Gender Number Percentage
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281 | male 804 78.7%
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282 | female 217 21.3%
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283 |
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284 | </pre>
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285 | <p>
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286 | Table 6. Gender of authors<p>
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287 | <p>
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288 | The preponderance of male authors appears to mirror the under-representation of
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289 | women in the Management/IS disciplines of academia, in which opportunities for
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290 | publication and research are more likely than in commercial enterprises ([12],
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291 | [21]). IS departments are generally located within the business or management
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292 | faculty in universities, where women tend to be over-represented as
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293 | instructors, lecturers, contract researchers, and other untenured staff
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294 | positions. In the mid-eighties in the US, for example, women held 52% of the
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295 | instructor and lower teaching positions and 36% of the assistant professorships
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296 | in business schools, but accounted for only 6% of the full [2]. These lower
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297 | level positions provide fewer opportunities for research funding, and generally
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298 | involve a higher teaching load (with proportionally less time for research).<p>
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299 | <p>
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300 | Next, we examine the question of whether or not males and female have the same
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301 | patterns of collaboration and co-authorship (Table 7). The percentage of male
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302 | authors who published a single-authored paper is 37.31% ([343 male single
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303 | authors] / [804 male authors]); the percentage of female authors who published
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304 | solo is 18.89% ([41 single author females] / [217 female authors]). The
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305 | percentage of male authors involved in male-only co-authored papers is 42.66%
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306 | ([343 / 804]), while the percentage of female authors who published in
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307 | female-only groups is 6.91% (15/217). Clearly, then, a female author is more
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308 | likely to co-publish than a male author, and more likely to publish in mixed
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309 | gender research teams.<p>
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310 |
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311 |
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312 | <pre>
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313 | single multiple single multiple multiple
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314 | male author authors, female authors, authors, male
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315 | male only author female only and female
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316 | number 300 343 41 15 161
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317 | percentage 34.9% 39.9% 4.8% 1.7% 18.7%
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318 |
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319 | </pre>
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320 | <p>
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321 | Table 7. Gender composition of publishing teams<p>
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322 | <p>
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323 | <b>4. Conclusions</b><p>
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324 | <b></b><p>
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325 | The high proportion of multiply-authored papers is characteristic of the
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326 | physical and life sciences rather than the social sciences. In the "hard"
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327 | sciences the percentage of co-authored articles is reported to range from
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328 | two-thirds and up ([5], [13]), with nearly universal co-authorship in fields
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329 | for which research is based on complex, expensive instruments/equipment ([14],
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330 | as reported in [9]). By way of contrast, the proportion of single-authored
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331 | papers is much higher in the humanities and social sciences: in philosophy, for
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332 | example, collaboration is so unusual that some researchers find it difficult to
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333 | imagine how a joint project could be produced [19]. Even in these disciplines,
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334 | however, sub-fields may vary in their degree of collaboration, often reflecting
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335 | equipment or team needs outside the norm for that discipline (for example,
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336 | biophysical and archaeological anthropology show higher degrees of
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337 | collaboration than sociocultural and linguistic anthropology [4]). IS, then,
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338 | seems to fit more into the multiply-authored norm of the physical or
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339 | experimental sciences than the humanities/social sciences.<p>
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340 | <p>
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341 | This point is slightly muddied, however, when comparing the mean number of
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342 | authors in IS with the mean of other fields (Table 8). IS articles tend to
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343 | have a smaller average number of co-authors than the "hard" sciences, even
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344 | though the rate of co-authorship is high. Two hypotheses present themselves:
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345 | that the experimental team needed to support IS research is smaller than the
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346 | team size necessary for managing the instruments for the physical sciences;
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347 | and/or that the support personnel for IS research may not be acknowledged with
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348 | authorship, as seems to be the case in some of the sciences.<p>
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349 | <p>
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350 |
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351 |
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352 | <pre>
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353 | Discipline authors/paper year(s) of study Reference
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354 | Library science 1.17 1989-90 [17]
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355 | Counseling 1.45 1971-1982 [8]
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356 | Anthropology 1.79 1983 [4]
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357 | Applied, physical, 2.13 1978-1980 [20]
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358 | analytical chemistry
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359 | Chemical engineering 2.13 [22]
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360 | Biomedicine (basic 2.21 1961-1978 [18]
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361 | life sciences)
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362 | Biomedicine 2.25 1961-1978 [18]
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363 | (preclinical basic
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364 | research)
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365 | Biochemistry 2.41 1978-1980 [20]
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366 | Biomedicine 2.71 1961-1978 [18]
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367 | (clinical research)
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368 | Biochemistry 2.72 [22]
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369 | Chemistry 2.82 1974-1975 [11]
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370 | Schistosomiasis 2.92 1972-1986 [15]
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371 | Political Science 3.54 1974-1975 [11]
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372 | Biology 3.97 1974-1975 [11]
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373 | Psychology 4.58 1974-1975 [11]
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374 | Astronomy &amp; 7.4 1974 [1]
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375 | astrophysics
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376 |
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377 | </pre>
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378 | <p>
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379 | Table 8. Average number of authors for a variety of fields<p>
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380 | <p>
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381 | The degree of collaboration in IS that crosses institutional and geographic
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382 | boundaries is significant, and warrants further attentionÂin particular,
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383 | to investigate the communication techniques that support co-authorship.
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384 | Traditionally, collaboration occurs through face-to-face meetings, telephone,
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385 | and postal correspondence; it is likely that email and other Internet-based
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386 | communication modes also see significant use, given the naturally high degree
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387 | of computer literacy in this field.<p>
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388 | <p>
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389 | <b>References</b><p>
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390 | <b></b><p>
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391 | [1]Abt, H. A. (1984) "Citations to single and multiauthored papers<i>,"
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392 | Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i> 96, 746-749.<p>
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393 | <p>
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394 | [2]Aisenberg, N., and Harrington, M. (1988) <i>Women of Academe</i>,
|
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395 | University of Massachusetts Press.<p>
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396 | <p>
|
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451 | sciences, preclinical basic and clinical research papers,"
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453 | <p>
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457 | <p>
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459 | chemistry and physics," <i>Scientometrics </i>4(4), 331-337.<p>
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460 | <p>
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465 | funding in biochemistry and chemical engineering," <i>International Forum on
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466 | Information and Documentation</i> 7, 26-.<p>
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467 | </Content>
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468 | </Section>
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469 | </Archive>
|
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