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    <Metadata name="Title">Katharine / Katherine / Catherine of Aragon: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; height=&quot;674&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
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    &lt;tr&gt;
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      &lt;td height=&quot;39&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In this world I will confess
myself to be the king's true wife, and in the next they will know how
unreasonably I am afflicted.'&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
      &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon, 1532&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;/td&gt;
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      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td height=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
      &lt;/td&gt;
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      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
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      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragoncardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Katharine of Aragon&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;114&quot; width=&quot;443&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 
      &lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonsittow1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Michael Sittow, c1502&quot; border=&quot;2&quot; height=&quot;541&quot; width=&quot;351&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by 
      Michael Sittow, c1502&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The youngest surviving child of
the 'Catholic Kings' of Spain, Katharine was born on 16 December 1485,
the same year that Henry VII established the Tudor dynasty.&amp;nbsp; At
the age of three, she was betrothed to his infant son, Prince
Arthur.&amp;nbsp; In 1501, shortly before her sixteenth birthday, Katharine
sailed to England.&amp;nbsp; But her marriage to Arthur lasted less than
six months and was supposedly never consummated.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
then betrothed to Arthur's younger brother, Prince Henry.&amp;nbsp; When he
became king in 1509, at the age of eighteen, he promptly married
Katharine and they lived together happily for many years.&amp;nbsp; But
their marriage produced just one living child, a daughter called Mary,
and Henry was desperate for a male heir.&amp;nbsp; He also fell deeply in
love with another woman.&amp;nbsp; Cast aside, Katharine fought against
great odds to deny Henry an annulment.&amp;nbsp; But the king would not be
denied and when the Catholic church would not grant the annulment, he
declared himself head of a new English church.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was
banished from court and died on 7 January 1536, broken-hearted but
still defiant.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;blockquote&gt;
        &lt;blockquote&gt;
          &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpsamepagelink_#Biography&quot;&gt;
          &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Katharine of Aragon.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
        &lt;blockquote&gt;
          &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Primary Sources&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
Read &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;letters
written by Katharine&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fh8crown.html&quot;&gt;an account of her
coronation&lt;/a&gt; at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
          &lt;br&gt;
          &lt;b&gt;Secondary Sources&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Read JA Froude's 1891 work &lt;i&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;The Divorce 
          of Catherine of Aragon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
          &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Katharine.&lt;br&gt;
Visit the &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Queen
Mary I site&lt;/a&gt; to learn more about Katharine's daughter.&lt;/p&gt;
          &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Interact&lt;br&gt;
          &lt;/b&gt;Meet other Six Wives enthusiasts at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fladiesallfanlist.cjb.net&quot;&gt;Ladies All: A Fanlisting for
the Six Wives of Henry VIII&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt; Tudor Talk
          &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;This email discussion list is sponsored by
Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
          &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign of
the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/blockquote&gt;
        &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
      &lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;td height=&quot;610&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
      &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/tbody&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
  &lt;blockquote&gt;
    &lt;blockquote&gt;
      &lt;blockquote&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
        &lt;/a&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'My tribulations are so great, my life so
disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the king's wicked
intention, the surprises which the king gives me, with certain persons
of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that
it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
        &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;Katharine of Aragon to Charles V, November 1531&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
      &lt;/blockquote&gt;
    &lt;/blockquote&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Biography&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;
Katharine was born on 16 December 1485 at Alcala de Henares, in the
archbishop of Toledo's palace.&amp;nbsp; Her early life promised a future
of splendor and success, if not personal happiness.&amp;nbsp; Her parents,
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, were legends throughout
Europe.&amp;nbsp; Their marriage had united the kingdom of Spain and
together they had driven the Moors from Granada.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
mother was deeply pious and very intelligent.&amp;nbsp; Her children, even
the daughters, received excellent educations.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's brother
Juan and sister Joanna were married off into the powerful Hapsburg
family and two other sisters, Isabella and Maria, would each marry the
king of Portugal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was promised to England; the
betrothal contract was finalized before her fourth birthday.&amp;nbsp; The
island nation, so long torn between Plantagenet cousins vying for the
throne, was now ruled by Henry Tudor.&amp;nbsp; He had married the daughter
of the former Plantagenet king, Edward IV, and in 1486 had a male heir
and a desire to establish the stability and validity of his new
dynasty.&amp;nbsp; A match with a Spanish princess would give him
both.&amp;nbsp; And so Katharine, proud and solemn and accompanied by a
vast dowry, came to England in 1501.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt; She
wed Prince Arthur within a few weeks of her arrival.&amp;nbsp; It was a
grand celebration; all of London rejoiced and there was every
expectation of a glorious future for both husband and wife.&amp;nbsp; They
left for Ludlow Castle, the government seat of the Prince of Wales, and
within six months Arthur was dead.&amp;nbsp; It was the dreaded sweating
sickness.&amp;nbsp; The news devastated his parents.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
returned to London but was not sent home.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII was already
writing to her parents about another marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;Katharine was now promised to Arthur's younger brother,
Henry.&amp;nbsp; Born 28 June 1491, he was almost six years younger than
Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But he was robust and healthy, and already regarded as
a precocious intellect.&amp;nbsp; Before his brother's death, he had been
destined for the church and educated accordingly.&amp;nbsp; But now he was
the future king and as such he needed a future wife.&amp;nbsp; Henry VII
betrothed young Henry to his brother's widow, a plan which required a
papal dispensation.&amp;nbsp; Ferdinand, at odds with France, was anxious
to please his English ally; Isabella's piety may have ruined the plan
but she was dying and did not protest.&amp;nbsp; Katharine and her duenna,
Dona Elvira, both wrote that her marriage to Arthur had never been
consummated.&amp;nbsp; Pope Julius II granted the dispensation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;The new betrothal may have been spurred by Henry VII's legendary
avarice.&amp;nbsp; Katharine had brought half of her dowry with her upon
marriage to Arthur; if she returned home, her marriage contract
required that the dowry be returned.&amp;nbsp; Also, her inheritance as
dowager Princess of Wales was substantial.&amp;nbsp; If she left England,
so would that steady income.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;Katharine herself &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;wrote to her father&lt;/a&gt;
that she had no wish to remain in England but she would obey his
decision.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she had already learned enough of Henry VII's
character to know she would be shabbily treated.&amp;nbsp; Despite her
royal position, she lived in poverty.&amp;nbsp; The Spanish ambassador was
forced to buy her necessities and she was unable to pay her
attendants.&amp;nbsp; And soon enough Henry VII was implying that he would
break the Spanish betrothal.&amp;nbsp; Katharine spent the next seven years
in a state of political limbo.&amp;nbsp; And when he turned fourteen, Henry
VII had his son publicly repudiate the betrothal, claiming that the
marriage contract was made without his knowledge or consent.&amp;nbsp; Yet
Katharine remained in England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;In 1509, the situation was resolved with startling speed.&amp;nbsp;
Henry VII died and his eighteen year old son became king.&amp;nbsp;
Handsome, proud, and imbued with the romantic spirit of chivalry, he
promptly married Katharine.&amp;nbsp; Did he marry her out of a sense of
obligation?&amp;nbsp; Was it because, as he later claimed, he wished to
respect his father's last wish?&amp;nbsp; Were political councilors
encouraging the Spanish alliance?&amp;nbsp; Or did he love the dignified
and lovely young princess?&amp;nbsp; It is impossible to know.&amp;nbsp; But
they certainly acted like a loving and affectionate couple, far beyond
typical royal marriages.&amp;nbsp; There were public displays of affection,
declarations of love and respect, and for a long while she was also a
close political adviser.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;Henry VIII's court was full of gaiety and celebration.&amp;nbsp; It
was a welcome change from the austerity of his father's rule.&amp;nbsp;
Katharine proved herself to be the perfect consort, even when politics
led her father to humiliate and betray Henry.&amp;nbsp; Katharine
recognized that she must choose between unwavering support of her
father and loyalty to her husband.&amp;nbsp; She chose Henry, though his
Lord Chancellor, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens%2fwolsey.html&quot;&gt;Cardinal
Wolsey&lt;/a&gt;, never trusted her and instead favored an Anglo-French
alliance.&amp;nbsp; His influence, and Henry's own suspicions, led the king
to disregard her political advice.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;Katharine's primary duty was both personal and political - to
bear children, as many as possible and preferably sons.&amp;nbsp; This was
especially important in England since Henry VIII was the sole surviving
son of his father.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was far from barren and did her
best; in the first nine years of their marriage, she conceived at least
six times.&amp;nbsp; She miscarried twice, once delivered a stillborn
daughter, and two sons died within weeks.&amp;nbsp; The only surviving
child was a daughter, Princess Mary, born in 1516.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
last recorded pregnancy was in 1518, when she was thirty-three years
old.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;Henry was not unhappy with the birth of Mary; he assured
ambassadors that if it were a daughter this time, a son would surely
follow.&amp;nbsp; But it was soon clear there would be no sons.&amp;nbsp; The
age difference between he and Katharine was now more noticeable.&amp;nbsp;
The queen, struggling with frequent pregnancies and constant stress,
looked older than her years.&amp;nbsp; Henry was a far more prudent king
than most; he had just two serious affairs during his marriage to
Katharine.&amp;nbsp; But one of his mistresses, Elizabeth Blount, bore him
a son.&amp;nbsp; It was clear he could have sons, but the queen could
not.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;By 1527, the question of the succession was the most pressing
issue facing the king.&amp;nbsp; Two years before, he had titled his
illegitimate son the duke of Richmond and granted him vast estates.&amp;nbsp;
Many, Katharine included, believed this was a preliminary step to
naming him heir to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This never occurred and Richmond
would die in 1536, but - until then - it was a possibility.&amp;nbsp; Henry
sent Princess Mary to Ludlow Castle as Princess of Wales and his
official heir, but even that did not stop the rumors or her mother's
concerns.&amp;nbsp; Katharine confronted Henry; he responded angrily and
dismissed several of her beloved Spanish attendants.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;The king by now had hopes of a legitimate heir.&amp;nbsp; He had
fallen in love the year previously with a young Englishwoman, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhtml%5ffiles%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne Boleyn&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
She was the sister of a former mistress and refused to take that
position herself.&amp;nbsp; Henry, who was also deeply pious and a student
of theology, now took a closer look at his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp;
In particular, he looked at the text in Leviticus which seemed to
directly reference his own life - 'If a man shall take his brother's
wife it is an unclean thing..... they shall be childless.'(Leviticus,
XX, 21)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;Of course, they were not childless but a daughter was not the
heir he needed.&amp;nbsp; No woman had attempted to rule England since the
disastrous Matilda centuries&lt;img src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;miniature portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;324&quot; width=&quot;329&quot;&gt; before.&amp;nbsp; Henry now firmly believed
that his incestuous marriage had been doomed from the start.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;But how could he annul the marriage?&amp;nbsp; He needed to convince
the current pope, Clement VII, that the dispensation of his predecessor
was inadequate.&amp;nbsp; It directly contradicted the Bible and had no
merit.&amp;nbsp; This should have been a simple enough matter.&amp;nbsp; Royal
marriages had been annulled for far less.&amp;nbsp; But Katharine's nephew,
Charles V, was the Holy Roman Emperor and he had no intention of
allowing his aunt to be cast off.&amp;nbsp; This was not out of personal
love or loyalty, but a purely political stance.&amp;nbsp; And after the
1527 'sack of Rome', Charles controlled the pope.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;Henry was soon thwarted, despite extensive work by Wolsey and
other advisers.&amp;nbsp; For her part, Katharine was kept in the dark for
as long as the king could manage it.&amp;nbsp; But she was no fool.&amp;nbsp;
She knew of the romance between her husband and Mistress Boleyn; she
knew Henry avoided her company, though he was scrupulous about
attending official functions with her.&amp;nbsp; He had always respected
her unassailable dignity and eloquence.&amp;nbsp; He did not wish to fight
Katharine; he wanted an amicable end to their union and he was prepared
to be generous.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;When news of his intentions became official, she was given
counsel but only that chosen by the king.&amp;nbsp; She turned to the
Spanish ambassador and close friends at court for support.&amp;nbsp; Anne
Boleyn was not popular and Katharine was a respected and beloved
queen.&amp;nbsp; The king soon came under popular scorn for his
plans.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;But Henry was as firmly convinced of the righteousness of his
cause as Katharine was of hers.&amp;nbsp; He had read the Bible; he had
debated the issue with prominent theologians; he even sponsored
hearings of the case at European universities.&amp;nbsp; Both king and pope
knew there was a valid basis for the annulment, and a pressing national
need for it.&amp;nbsp; Clement could have granted it without troubling his
conscience.&amp;nbsp; And with the spread of Lutheranism in the German
states, Clement had no wish to antagonize the loyal and devoted king of
England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;But the English king could not be helped at the Holy Roman Emperor's 
    expense.&amp;nbsp; This was soon made abundantly clear.&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;The pope prevaricated; he could do little else.&amp;nbsp; And for
several years, the 'King's Great Matter' consumed England and
fascinated Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;Henry inevitably tired of the endless parade of papal legates
and repetitious hearings.&amp;nbsp; He was growing older and Anne was
growing impatient.&amp;nbsp; Her youth was being wasted to no purpose, she
told the king.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Katharine encouraged Mary to be
obstinate in protecting her rights as princess.&amp;nbsp; Mary lost her
father's favor and was forbidden to visit her mother.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;Finally, in 1533, Henry did the only thing he could to end the
marriage - he rejected the authority of the Holy See and declared
himself Supreme Head of a new Church of England.&amp;nbsp; His archbishop
of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, issued the long-awaited decree of
nullity.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was no longer queen of England but 'Princess
dowager of Wales'.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary was now illegitimate, and rumors
spread that Anne Boleyn had finally succumbed to the king and was
pregnant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt; Katharine was exiled from court and to a
succession of damp and unpleasant castles.&amp;nbsp; She had but a handful
of servants for few would call her queen and she refused to be called
princess.&amp;nbsp; It was a mark of her early education that she was meek,
deeply pious and believed in obedience to her husband - but she was
also a proud and intelligent princess of Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would never
allow her dignity, or that of her daughter, to be destroyed.&amp;nbsp; In
the end, this stubborn spirit did both her and Mary far more harm than
good.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was undoubtedly truthful when she declared her
marriage to Arthur unconsummated but the truth was cold comfort in the
last years of her life.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;Her final years were lonely and sad; the Spanish ambassador kept
her informed of outside events and smuggled letters to her daughter,
but she was often ill and at prayer.&amp;nbsp; The wrongs she had suffered
from Henry filled her with sadness rather than anger.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she
was inspired by her motto, Humble and Loyal, for that is how she
remained.&lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;She died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536, three weeks
after her fiftieth birthday.&amp;nbsp; There were rumors that she had been
poisoned.&amp;nbsp; But if Henry had been so inclined, he would have
attempted it years before and spared himself much trouble.&amp;nbsp; A
lingering illness and the psychological effects of her exile were the
obvious causes.&amp;nbsp; She was buried at Peterborough Abbey with all the
ceremony befitting the widow of the prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; Henry did
not attend the funeral; we do not know if he read Katharine's &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;last letter&lt;/a&gt; to
him.&amp;nbsp; It was a love letter and she signed it 'Katherine the
Queen'.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;The tragedy of their annulment was that both he and Katharine
were equally convinced of their causes.&amp;nbsp; For the modern reader,
both arguments are persuasive.&amp;nbsp; It is an ironic footnote to her
life story that Katharine, such a devoted and pious Catholic,
unintentionally brought the Reformation to England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
  &lt;center&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fwives.html&quot;&gt;to the Six
Wives main page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt; &lt;br&gt;
  &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to
Tudor England&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt; to Primary Sources&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/center&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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