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14 <Metadata name="Content">Lady Jane Grey The Nine Days Queen biography portraits primary sources</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Nine Days' Queen 1553</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Title">Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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40
41&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
42 &lt;tr&gt;
43 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
44 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
45 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
46 &lt;/tr&gt;
47 &lt;tr&gt;
48 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
49 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
50 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;IMG height=47 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey&quot;
51 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey.gif&quot; width=320&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
52 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
53 &lt;/tr&gt;
54 &lt;tr&gt;
55 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
56 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
57 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
58 &lt;IMG height=287
59 alt=&quot;The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche&quot;
60 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey-nga.jpg&quot; width=358 border=2&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
61 &lt;blockquote&gt;
62 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
63 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
64 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read
65 the biography of Lady Jane Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
66 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
67 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
68 of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;, 1553. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
69 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;Jane's letter to
70 Queen Mary from the Tower of London&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
71 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
72 of Jane's execution&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
73 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
74 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;A
75 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
76 Catherine Grey site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's tragic
77 sister.&lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
78 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward
79 VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's cousin who left her the throne.
80 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Grey's life at &lt;A
81 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
82 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
83 &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
84 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
85 Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/A&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A
86 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bitterwisdom.com%2fladyjanegrey&quot;&gt;The Lady Jane Grey Internet
87 Museum&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
88 &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Tudor Dynasty enthusiasts at
89 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor
90 Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
91 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
92 of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
93 England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
94 other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
95 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
96 &lt;/td&gt;
97 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
98 &lt;/tr&gt;
99&lt;/table&gt;
100
101&lt;blockquote&gt;
102 &lt;blockquote&gt;
103 &lt;blockquote&gt;
104 &lt;p&gt;
105 &lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;
106 &lt;B&gt;Jane Grey remains one of the most compelling and tragic figures in
107 Tudor history.&amp;nbsp; She possessed royal blood through her grandmother,
108 Princess Mary Tudor, and this heritage brought her to the scaffold in
109 1554.&amp;nbsp; Jane had been named heiress to the English throne in her
110 great-uncle Henry VIII's will, but only if his son Edward and daughters
111 Mary and Elizabeth died without issue.&amp;nbsp; But Edward ruled for just six
112 years and his ambitious advisor, John Dudley, was determined to remain in
113 power.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he persuaded Edward to write his own will and
114 leave the throne to his pious cousin, Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; Though just fifteen
115 at the time, she was known for her Protestant piety and learning; it was
116 this religious devotion which persuaded Edward to alter the succession.&amp;nbsp;
117 Deeply pious himself, he could not leave the throne to his Catholic
118 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Jane was quickly wed to Dudley's son and crowned queen
119 of England in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; But she ruled for just nine days, trapped
120 and unhappy.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor claimed the throne with great popular
121 support and Jane was imprisoned in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; Her
122 subsequent execution was a political necessity for Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp;
123 Despite her youth, Jane met her end with great dignity and courage.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
124 &lt;hr&gt;
125 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
126 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
127 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I think that at the supper I neither receive flesh nor
128 blood, but bread and wine; which bread when it is broken, and the wine when it
129 is drunken, put me in remembrance how that for my sins the body of Christ was
130 broken, and his blood shed on the cross. ...I ground my faith upon God's word,
131 and not upon the church...&amp;nbsp; The faith of the church must be tried by
132 God's word, and not God's word by the church; neither yet my faith.'&amp;nbsp;
133 &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane Grey to John Feckenham,
134 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
135 &lt;blockquote&gt;
136 &lt;blockquote&gt;
137 &lt;hr&gt;
138 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Ancestry&lt;/B&gt;
139 &lt;BR&gt;Lady Jane Grey was the eldest child of Lord Henry and Lady Frances
140 Grey, the duke and duchess of
141 &lt;IMG height=205
142 alt=&quot;Princess Mary Tudor, grandmother of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
143 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey1.jpg&quot; width=101 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; She was a viable heir to
144 the English throne because of her maternal grandmother, &lt;A
145 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
146 Mary Tudor&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; After the death of her first husband, King Louis
147 XII of France in 1515, Mary secretly wed her true love, &lt;A
148 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Charles
149 Brandon&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was her brother &lt;A
150 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry
151 VIII&lt;/A&gt;'s best friend; the king's friendship and Brandon's service to
152 the Crown led to his creation as duke of Suffolk in 1514.&amp;nbsp; He and
153 Mary had a son, Henry, who died as teenager.&amp;nbsp; Their next eldest
154 child was a daughter, Frances.&amp;nbsp; Under the terms of the Third Act of
155 Succession (1544) and Henry VIII's last will and testament (1547), the
156 Suffolk line would inherit the throne after Henry VIII's children died
157 childless.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the throne would pass to Henry's son &lt;A
158 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward&lt;/A&gt;;
159 if Edward died childless, it passed to Henry's eldest daughter &lt;A
160 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/A&gt;;
161 if she died childless, it passed to Henry's youngest daughter &lt;A
162 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
163 If Elizabeth died childless, the throne passed to Lady Frances.&amp;nbsp;
164 This plan completely disregarded the children of Henry's elder sister &lt;A
165 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;Margaret&lt;/A&gt;,
166 the former queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not care for Margaret and,
167 more importantly, did not want the English throne in Scottish hands. &lt;/p&gt;
168 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So it was through Princess Mary that Jane Grey was
169 bequeathed her deadly heritage.&amp;nbsp; Still, no one in the 1540s
170 expected the Suffolk line to rule.&amp;nbsp; After all, Henry VIII had left
171 three heirs and it was unlikely all three would die childless.&amp;nbsp; Of
172 course, we know that this did occur and the Tudor dynasty died with
173 Elizabeth I in 1603.&amp;nbsp; It was only in 1552, with Edward VI's health
174 rapidly failing, that people realized there would be a succession
175 crisis.&amp;nbsp; According to parliament and Henry VIII's will, Mary was
176 Edward's heir - but she was Catholic, in her late thirties, and never
177 robust.&amp;nbsp; More importantly, Edward was a devout Protestant and did
178 not want Roman Catholicism restored in England.&amp;nbsp; Urged on by
179 self-interested advisors, he removed Mary from the succession on the
180 grounds of her illegitimacy (she was declared so by parliament in
181 1532.)&amp;nbsp; But if he removed Mary, he also had to remove Elizabeth
182 even though she was a Protestant; Elizabeth had also been declared a
183 bastard by parliament in 1536.&amp;nbsp; In his &lt;I&gt;Device for the
184 Succession&lt;/I&gt;, written in his own hand, Edward wrote that they were
185 both &quot;illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
186 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward's course of action removed the succession
187 from the heirs of Henry VIII and gave it to the heirs of Henry's younger
188 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was a tumultuous course for many reasons.&amp;nbsp;
189 For example, the king of France, Henry II, was raising &lt;A
190 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
191 Stuart&lt;/A&gt;, Margaret Tudor's granddaughter; he planned to marry this
192 ten-year-old &lt;A
193 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;queen
194 of Scots&lt;/A&gt; to his son and heir, Francois.&amp;nbsp; By all the accepted
195 laws of primogeniture, she had a better claim to the English throne than
196 her Suffolk cousins.&amp;nbsp; In fact, most European Catholics believed
197 Mary's claim better than her Tudor cousins, Mary and Elizabeth, since
198 both were illegitimate by acts of constitutional and canon law.&amp;nbsp;
199 However, Mary of Scotland was in France - not England; also, the
200 Suffolks were Protestant and she was not.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI never
201 considered leaving her the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
202 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The above paragraph illustrates the complexity of
203 blood ties within the Tudor family.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary Tudor was
204 half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor, the succession
205 crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the
206 Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the pope hoped to bring England back to his
207 authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI
208 died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would
209 triumph.&amp;nbsp; Mary....&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth....&amp;nbsp; Mary of
210 Scotland....&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey....&amp;nbsp; Which would become queen?&amp;nbsp;
211 &lt;/P&gt;
212 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Europe waited to see how England would
213 welcome a queen as their sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; All of the possible
214 candidates for the throne were women, an unprecedented occurrence.&amp;nbsp;
215 The only woman to attempt to rule England as her father's sole heir had
216 been Matilda in the 12th century; she had been forced out of the country
217 by popular revolt and a male cousin named Stephen of Blois became
218 king.&amp;nbsp; Now it seemed the English had no choice but to accept a
219 woman ruler.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
220 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And because of the secret marriage of Mary Tudor
221 and Charles Brandon, the first woman to rule England in her own right
222 would be Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
223 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Early Life and Education&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
224 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
225 &lt;p&gt;'I will tell you a truth which perchance ye will marvel
226 at.&amp;nbsp; One of the greatest benefits that God ever gave me is that
227 he sent me so sharp and severe parents and so gentle a
228 schoolmaster.&amp;nbsp; For when I am in the presence of Father or Mother,
229 whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry
230 or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do
231 it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as
232 God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly
233 threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and
234 other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them), so
235 without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time
236 comes that I must go to Mr Aylmer, who teacheth me so gently, so
237 pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all
238 the time nothing while I am with him.&amp;nbsp; And when I am called from
239 him, I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but learning is
240 full of grief, trouble, fear and wholly misliking to me.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
241 &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Lady Jane Grey to Roger Ascham,
242 1550&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
243 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
244 &lt;p&gt;Jane Grey was not close to her
245 parents.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was the marquess of Dorset; he became the duke
246 of Suffolk in 1551.&amp;nbsp; He married Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon's
247 eldest daughter Frances when she was sixteen.&amp;nbsp; At the time, Grey
248 was a ward of Brandon's.&amp;nbsp; He was also an appropriate match for a
249 Princess's daughter.&amp;nbsp; The Grey family had an ancient and impressive
250 lineage, originally receiving lands from Richard the Lionheart.&amp;nbsp;
251 Later, they rose to prominence under Edward IV; he had married Elizabeth
252 Woodville, the widow of Sir John Grey and mother of his two sons.&amp;nbsp;
253 When she became queen, she tirelessly promoted the interests of the Grey
254 family.&amp;nbsp; In fact, her eldest Grey son, Thomas, was created marquess
255 of Dorset during Edward IV's reign.&amp;nbsp; His son, also called Thomas,
256 was a companion to Charles Brandon - soldiering with him in France in
257 1513 and journeying there a year later to celebrate Princess Mary
258 Tudor's wedding to the French king.&amp;nbsp; In 1530, Thomas Grey died and
259 Brandon became his son's guardian.&amp;nbsp; The marriage between Frances
260 and the heir, Henry Grey, was a satisfactory way to join two noble
261 families together.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
262 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their marriage was celebrated at Suffolk Place in
263 London.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor died some months later.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon
264 remarried, this time to an heiress called Catherine Willoughby.&amp;nbsp;
265 She bore him two sons (his son with Mary Tudor had recently died).&amp;nbsp;
266 When Brandon passed away in 1545, he and Catherine's eldest son, called
267 Henry after his late half-brother, became duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; He and
268 his younger brother died of the dreaded sweating sickness a few years
269 later.&amp;nbsp; This left the dukedom of Suffolk vacant until 1551, when
270 Edward VI would award it to Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
271 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry VIII had left the throne to
272 his children and, if they died without issue, &quot;to the heirs of the body
273 of the lady Frances our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister the
274 French Queen lawfully begotten....&quot;&amp;nbsp; This meant that the Grey
275 children (by this time Frances and Henry had 3 daughters - Jane born in
276 1537, Catherine born in 1540, and Mary born in 1545) had enhanced
277 social status.&amp;nbsp; In 1547, when the will was read, no one seriously
278 expected them to gain more.&amp;nbsp; Edward was small and blond, like his
279 long-dead uncle Arthur, lacking Henry VIII's robust athleticism and good
280 health.&amp;nbsp; But he was expected to live, marry, and provide
281 heirs.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, any immediate interest in the Grey children
282 centered on how Edward would favor them.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, it was
283 thought that he might marry the eldest, his cousin Jane.&amp;nbsp; They were
284 the same age, both precocious, very serious, and fervently
285 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
286 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane had been raised, with her two sisters, at
287 Bradgate.&amp;nbsp; This was the principal family home on the edge of
288 Charnwood Forest.&amp;nbsp; It was a beautiful and luxurious estate, suited
289 to the Grey's semi-regal status.&amp;nbsp; Lady Frances was very conscious
290 of her royal heritage and, as she grew older, became quite like her
291 uncle Henry.&amp;nbsp; She and her husband were well-known for their love of
292 riding, hunting, hawking and gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were not, however, the
293 most interested of parents.&amp;nbsp; In this, they resembled their
294 aristocratic contemporaries. They provided very well for their three
295 daughters.&amp;nbsp; While Frances and Henry spent time in London, their
296 daughters remained at Bradgate, in the hands of capable servants.&amp;nbsp;
297 Jane's nurse was a woman called Mrs Ellen and would remain with her
298 until Jane's execution; her first tutor was probably the house chaplain,
299 Dr Harding.&amp;nbsp; The first ten years of Jane's life, from her birth in
300 October 1537 (the exact date is not known) to her residence in Katharine
301 Parr's household in 1547, are not documented.&amp;nbsp; It is likely she
302 received the typical upper-class girl's education - its primary emphasis
303 would be on instilling good manners and the 'feminine' virtues of
304 obedience and docility.&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly learned needlework and was
305 taught dancing and how to play some musical instruments.&amp;nbsp; But
306 neither of her parents were scholars and no one in the sixteenth century
307 expected women to be well-educated.&amp;nbsp; She may have visited London,
308 accompanying her parents to Dorset Place in Westminster; she may have
309 met her royal cousins.&amp;nbsp; No one knows.&amp;nbsp; But in March 1547, Lady
310 Jane Grey finally emerges into the historical landscape.&amp;nbsp; It was
311 then that she entered the household of the dowager queen &lt;A
312 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
313 Parr&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's sixth and last wife.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
314 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine had retired from court upon Edward VI's
315 accession, though she remained close to London.&amp;nbsp; Her&lt;IMG height=191 alt=&quot;Jane's guardian, Katharine Parr&quot;
316 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; dower manor,
317 Chelsea, was in the suburbs.&amp;nbsp; It was a comfortable brick home with
318 modern amenities.&amp;nbsp; Here, Katharine planned to live with the man she
319 had longed to marry before Henry laid claim to her, Thomas Seymour,
320 Edward VI's uncle.&amp;nbsp; She also brought with her the 13 year old
321 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr was justly celebrated for her
322 warm and open nature; she was a good stepmother to all of Henry's
323 children, particularly the youngest two.&amp;nbsp; A few weeks after
324 Katharine and Elizabeth settled at Chelsea, Jane Grey came to join
325 them.&amp;nbsp; She was sent to acquire polish and learn social graces, a
326 common practice for daughters of the nobility.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
327 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane acquired much more than social skills at
328 Katharine's household.&amp;nbsp; For the first time in her young life, she
329 was truly happy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was a devout Protestant and the most
330 intellectual of Henry's queens.&amp;nbsp; Her home was the center of the
331 Protestant 'New Learning'; there was instruction and frequent
332 debates.&amp;nbsp; Jane, quiet and studious by nature, thrived.&amp;nbsp; And
333 though her parents were Protestant, it was at Katharine Parr's that she
334 became devoutly committed to the faith.&amp;nbsp; The Greys, after all, had
335 become Protestants like many nobles - because it was a matter of
336 political necessity.&amp;nbsp; At Katharine's, Jane became a Protestant
337 because she truly believed in its tenets.&amp;nbsp; This serious and intense
338 study of faith would remain with her throughout her short life.&amp;nbsp;
339 &lt;/P&gt;
340 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During Edward VI's reign, the Lord Protector was
341 Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr had married his
342 younger brother, Sir Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was very ambitious and
343 angered that his brother had so much authority while he had to be
344 content with a baronetcy, a seat on the Privy Council, and the office of
345 Lord Admiral.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Katharine Parr had planned to marry years
346 before but Henry's sudden interest in the twice-widowed heiress delayed
347 their plans.&amp;nbsp; Within months of his death, however, they were wed in
348 a secret ceremony; the exact date is not known but it was probably April
349 1547. Their whirlwind courtship offended some but Edward VI gave them
350 his blessing.&amp;nbsp; Some people remarked that the new Lord Admiral would
351 have preferred marrying Princess Elizabeth, such was his ambition.&amp;nbsp;
352 He certainly lacked the evangelical zeal of his new wife, always
353 remembering important business when it was time for prayers.&amp;nbsp; He
354 possessed great charm, particularly with women and children; and his
355 desire to advance his own career led to some indiscreet behavior -
356 notably bursting into Princess Elizabeth's bedroom in the early morning,
357 still in his bedclothes, to tickle her awake.&amp;nbsp; This was dangerous
358 play for an ambitious man and a thirteen-year-old heiress to the
359 throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
360 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Thomas had wed the dowager queen and
361 she loved him passionately.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, other supporters of his
362 brother Edward, the Lord Protector, were also rewarded for their
363 loyalty.&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, for example, became earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp;
364 Meanwhile, Thomas was also becoming interested in the other young
365 heiress who lived with his wife - Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When news of
366 Henry VIII's will came out, he wasted no time in becoming friends with
367 the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He sent his most trusted friend and servant, John
368 Harington, to talk to Jane's father, Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; Harington was to
369 use 'all the persuasions he could' to gain Jane Grey's wardship and
370 marriage rights.&amp;nbsp; Later, Harington would say he never promised
371 anything explicitly but Henry Grey remembered a guarantee that&amp;nbsp;
372 Jane would marry King Edward.&amp;nbsp; On this basis, Grey sold his
373 daughter to Seymour for the sum of £2000.&amp;nbsp; Seymour paid a few
374 hundred immediately, promising to pay the rest in installments.&amp;nbsp;
375 &lt;/P&gt;
376 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In other words, Thomas Seymour was hedging his
377 bets - if Edward VI died unexpectedly (as Tudor boys often did), he
378 could arrange something with the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; If Edward
379 lived, he could gain influence by marrying his ward, Jane Grey, to the
380 king.&amp;nbsp; Jane, of course, was oblivious to Seymour's plans.&amp;nbsp; She
381 remained in Katharine Parr's household, moving from Chelsea, to Hanworth
382 in Middlesex, or Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Her sensitive and eager
383 mind, long starved for affection and knowledge, was finally engaged on a
384 course of study - Latin, Greek and modern languages as well as religious
385 instruction.&amp;nbsp; As relations between the Seymour brothers
386 deteriorated for a variety of reasons, Katharine Parr became
387 pregnant.&amp;nbsp; About halfway through the pregnancy, she happened upon a
388 very unpleasant sight - her husband and stepdaughter, Princess
389 Elizabeth, locked in a passionate embrace.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's reaction
390 was a testament to her good character.&amp;nbsp; She successfully averted an
391 ugly scandal; a few weeks later, Elizabeth and her household staff were
392 sent to Cheshunt on a visit to old family friends.&amp;nbsp; She parted from
393 Katharine with real affection and sadness; Elizabeth undoubtedly felt
394 embarrassed and guilty.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
395 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey remained with Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There is
396 no evidence she was ever particularly close to Elizabeth; the gulf
397 between nine and thirteen is great.&amp;nbsp; Though they lived in the same
398 homes for over a year, there are no surviving letters or
399 reminisces.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane was grateful for Elizabeth's departure;
400 the princess was described as proud and disdainful, not good company for
401 a shy child.&amp;nbsp; On 13 June 1548 Jane accompanied Katharine and Thomas
402 to their Gloucestershire estate, Sudeley Castle.&amp;nbsp; On 30 August
403 Katharine gave birth to a baby daughter, Mary; within a week, the
404 dowager queen was dead, buried in the chapel at Sudeley.&amp;nbsp; She was
405 yet another victim of puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, small for her
406 age, freckled and with red hair, acted as chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
407 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents were becoming
408 restless.&amp;nbsp; More than a year had passed since Seymour purchased
409 their daughter's wardship.&amp;nbsp; In that time, no match had been made
410 with Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; Also, they wondered if it would be better to marry
411 Jane to the Lord Protector's son.&amp;nbsp; They wrote to Thomas Seymour,
412 consoling him on the loss of his wife and remarking that, since
413 Katharine was dead, her household would be dispersed - therefore, Jane
414 should be sent home; Seymour was not to be outfoxed.&amp;nbsp; He wrote that
415 his own mother was coming to Sudeley, to take charge of Katharine's
416 household (none of which would be dispersed); she would be 'as dear unto
417 Jane as though she were her own daughter.'&amp;nbsp; He did let Jane go home
418 briefly in September.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly an unpleasant journey for
419 the young girl.&amp;nbsp; However, Seymour was able to regain her parents'
420 favor.&amp;nbsp; He stressed his determination to wed her to Edward (the
421 greatest prize) and agreed to pay another £500 on his bond.&amp;nbsp; The
422 Greys were chronically short of cash and wanted this grand
423 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Jane returned to the Seymour household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
424 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the noose was tightening around Thomas
425 Seymour's neck.&amp;nbsp; He had been boasting about his intent to destroy
426 his overbearing brother and he had encouraged gossip that he would marry
427 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; This gossip was perhaps the most damaging,
428 particularly to the eyes of the young king.&amp;nbsp; Was Seymour attempting
429 to seize the throne?&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, earl of Warwick, had long waited
430 for the opportunity to destroy the Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to
431 be Lord Protector himself and was quite prepared to turn on his old
432 friend, Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He used the arrogant and ambitious Thomas
433 to destroy them both.&amp;nbsp; On 17 January 1549, Thomas Seymour was
434 arrested at Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey was immediately
435 brought home by her alarmed parents.&amp;nbsp; Because Parliament was in
436 session, it was decided that Thomas would not have a trial - instead a
437 bill of attainder was drawn up and passed through both houses in early
438 March.&amp;nbsp; All that was needed was for the Lord Protector to sign the
439 bill.&amp;nbsp; For about a week, Edward Seymour did nothing.&amp;nbsp; He was
440 understandably hesitant to execute his brother.&amp;nbsp; Seizing his
441 chance, Dudley urged the council to appeal to the king - flattering his
442 authority, they asked for him to sign the bill so they could proceed
443 without further troubling the Protector.&amp;nbsp; Edward cared little for
444 either of his uncles (the Protector kept him short of pocket money and
445 assigned him cold-hearted tutors.)&amp;nbsp; He signed the bill.&amp;nbsp; On 20
446 March 1549, Thomas Seymour was executed on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
447 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Dudley moved to take control of the
448 government.&amp;nbsp; The year 1549 was marked by discontent - rising
449 prices, high unemployment, bad harvests; also, people resented the
450 radical religious changes passed since Henry VIII's death.&amp;nbsp; There
451 were two serious revolts, in the West Country and Norfolk, both of which
452 alarmed the land-owning gentry.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had once been popular with
453 the common people but his execution of his own brother struck many as
454 cold-blooded and evil.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had counted on this reaction.&amp;nbsp;
455 He also counted on the support of the gentry; he was a capable soldier
456 and put down the rebellion in the West Country.&amp;nbsp; This pleased the
457 landowners and the king.&amp;nbsp; Also, it allowed Dudley to gather a
458 well-armed and experienced group of soldiers about him.&amp;nbsp; On 10
459 October, he and his supporters captured the fleeing Edward Seymour at
460 Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; He was arrested and taken under guard to the
461 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Dudley became one of the six prime attendants on the King
462 but - very intelligently - did not take the title of Lord
463 Protector.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
464 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley was on the list of sixteen executors Henry
465 VIII had appointed in his will.&amp;nbsp; In 1543 he had been appointed Lord
466 High Admiral, a post he relinquished reluctantly to the unqualified
467 Thomas Seymour; in 1549, he regained that title.&amp;nbsp; He was also a
468 family man with several sons.&amp;nbsp; But Dudley had learned from his
469 dealings with Henry VIII; he knew to treat Edward not as one of his own
470 sons but as a king.&amp;nbsp; He flattered the king, allowed him greater
471 access to money, more physical freedom.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Dudley, his
472 coup coincided with Edward's own physical maturity.&amp;nbsp; He became a
473 sportsman, which Dudley encouraged, and began to travel a bit outside of
474 London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
475 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His cousin Jane was not so fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She
476 had returned to a home devoid of affection which also included physical
477 abuse normal in the sixteenth-century (smacks, pinches, and the
478 like).&amp;nbsp; The Greys were discovering that their daughter had matured
479 into a thoughtful, intelligent, and self-righteously pious young
480 woman.&amp;nbsp; She openly disapproved of their lack of piety, their
481 devotion to material gain and social advancement, as well as their
482 gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were happy to hire a tutor, John Aylmer, to
483 continue her education - and take her off their hands.&amp;nbsp; Aylmer was
484 a friend of Roger Ascham, the former tutor of Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
485 On a visit to Aylmer, Ascham met Jane Grey; she impressed him
486 greatly.&amp;nbsp; He preserved their meeting in his educational treatise,
487 &lt;I&gt;The Schoolmaster&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
488 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Were the Greys really such terrible parents?&amp;nbsp;
489 There is no doubt that Jane and her parents were not affectionate to one
490 another.&amp;nbsp; Yet this was normal in an age which expected children to
491 be dutiful and obedient and that discipline built character.&amp;nbsp; In
492 fairness to them, Jane was openly critical of their pleasure-loving
493 lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She encouraged the chaplain to deliver sermons against
494 gambling, told visitors that she found her parents foolish and
495 irritating, and she was very self-righteous.&amp;nbsp; What parent would
496 enjoy the company of such a devout thirteen-year-old?&amp;nbsp; At home,
497 Jane met John ab Ulmer, a Swiss Protestant and student of Henry
498 Bullinger, chief pastor of the Protestant church in Zurich.&amp;nbsp; They
499 were both friends of Aylmer and Ascham.&amp;nbsp; The four men corresponded
500 about the education of this most pious young girl.&amp;nbsp; There are many
501 surviving letters - Jane thanking Bullinger for sending a copy of his
502 treatise on Christian Perfection - and some reveal her as more than a
503 pious Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; In one, Aylmer is concerned that she is
504 taking too much of an interest in music and her appearance.&amp;nbsp; He was
505 distressed - but what good news for the student of Jane's life!&amp;nbsp;
506 She is human, after all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
507 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the European reformers were hopeful
508 that Edward VI would marry this most proper cousin.&amp;nbsp; Their union
509 would make England a most blessed Protestant realm.&amp;nbsp; But Jane
510 turned fourteen and was still not betrothed to anyone while Edward was
511 in serious talks to wed the French princess Elisabeth.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
512 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Charles Brandon's two sons with
513 Catherine Willoughby had died.&amp;nbsp; This meant that their half-sister
514 Frances Grey was sole surviving heir to the Brandon estates.&amp;nbsp; On 4
515 October 1551, the title of duke of Suffolk was given to her husband in
516 right of his wife.&amp;nbsp; And on 11 October, just a week later, Dudley
517 was made duke of Northumberland; two years of Edward's favor had
518 sufficiently emboldened him to petition the king.&amp;nbsp; He was the first
519 man to receive a ducal title who had no ties of marriage or blood to the
520 reigning royal family.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
521 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane Grey, that week in 1551 was to have
522 terrible consequences. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
523 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Marriage&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The political situation in England during
524 Edward's reign is fully explored in the Edward VI pages.&amp;nbsp; Suffice
525 to say, the duke of Northumberland, John Dudley, had replaced Edward
526 Seymour as the true power behind the throne.&amp;nbsp; In spring 1552, his
527 young master fell ill.&amp;nbsp; No one was especially concerned; Edward VI
528 had been ill before and recovered well enough.&amp;nbsp; But this time he
529 did not fully recover.&amp;nbsp; It seemed as if his physical resemblance to
530 the long-dead Prince Arthur went beyond their fair coloring and delicate
531 physique - they were both consumptive as well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
532 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This naturally terrified the Protestant lords who
533 had prospered during his six-year reign.&amp;nbsp; The Princesses Mary and
534 Elizabeth were rarely seen at the king's court, Mary in
535 particular.&amp;nbsp; She could no longer persuade herself that Edward was
536 simply a misguided Protestant pawn.&amp;nbsp; He had, like Henry before him,
537 ordered her to change her religion; he was king and expected
538 obedience.&amp;nbsp; He was closer to Elizabeth (only 4 years older than
539 him) and she was suitably Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she, too, was rarely at
540 court.&amp;nbsp; His Grey family, however, was increasingly present.&amp;nbsp;
541 &lt;/P&gt;
542 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary of Guise, mother of Mary queen of Scots
543 and regent of Scotland, visited England in November 1551, Mary and
544 Elizabeth were not invited.&amp;nbsp; But Frances and Henry Grey were there,
545 bringing their fourteen-year-old daughter Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary of Guise's
546 two-day visit to Hampton Court was Jane's official debut on the English
547 political scene.&amp;nbsp; In early February, Jane contracted an unspecified
548 illness.&amp;nbsp; It was serious enough to warrant mention from Aylmer (in
549 a letter to Ascham.)&amp;nbsp; After her recovery, Jane's parents persuaded
550 her to devote less time to study and more to social concerns.&amp;nbsp; Of
551 course, an educated and pious daughter was an asset but they also wanted
552 a daughter who could attract a king in marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
553 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 April 1552, Edward became ill with the
554 measles.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, he recovered somewhat - enough to&lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin, King Edward VI&quot;
555 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6-crop.jpg&quot; width=137 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; attend St
556 George's Day services at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; He also jousted,
557 played on the tennis courts, and went hunting.&amp;nbsp; And on 27 June, he
558 began his most extensive progress through the south and west of his
559 kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed himself (he had never traveled so far
560 outside London) but the pace was exhausting; combined with the illness
561 in April and his strenuous athletics, it wore him down.&amp;nbsp; Passer-by
562 thought he was ill; he was pale, losing weight, and lost his
563 appetite.&amp;nbsp; He returned to Windsor in mid-September.&amp;nbsp; By then,
564 the tuberculosis which killed him had begun in earnest.&amp;nbsp; By
565 Christmas 1552, his condition was obvious.&amp;nbsp; The holiday
566 celebrations were unusually festive, perhaps to take notice from the
567 king's health.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary came to visit in February but his
568 illness prevented their meeting for three days.&amp;nbsp; Still, the king's
569 illness meant an increased respect for Mary, his heir under Henry VIII's
570 will.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
571 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The exact nature and course of Edward's illness is
572 discussed at the Edward VI page.&amp;nbsp; It was tuberculosis, or
573 consumption as it was then called.&amp;nbsp; On 11 April 1553, Edward moved
574 his household to his favorite residence, Greenwich Palace.&amp;nbsp; He had
575 managed to open parliament in March but those who hadn't seen him since
576 the holidays were shocked at his appearance; he was terribly thin and,
577 oddly, his left shoulder seemed higher than his right.&amp;nbsp; It was
578 obvious Edward was suffering terribly.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland, his closest
579 advisor, was torn - he talked of retiring from political life but this
580 was a passing dream.&amp;nbsp; He had made too many enemies - particularly
581 the Catholic nobles and churchmen who would rally around Mary.&amp;nbsp; In
582 truth, if Mary succeeded, the best Dudley could hope for was complete
583 financial and political ruin.&amp;nbsp; More than likely, he would lose his
584 head.&amp;nbsp; He could, of course, attempt to marry Princess Elizabeth to
585 his one remaining unmarried son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; Why didn't he?&amp;nbsp;
586 It certainly seems less convoluted than attempting to place Jane Grey on
587 the throne.&amp;nbsp; The truth was that Elizabeth Tudor, nearly twenty
588 years old, had seasoned political acumen - she would never be Dudley's
589 pawn.&amp;nbsp; Dudley knew her well enough to guess as much.&amp;nbsp;
590 Therefore, only Jane Grey (fourth in line, after her mother Frances)
591 remained.&amp;nbsp; She would be amenable enough, the duke thought.&amp;nbsp;
592 &lt;/P&gt;
593 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Frances and Henry were happy enough to
594 encourage Dudley.&amp;nbsp; With Edward dying, there was no possibility of
595 Jane marrying him.&amp;nbsp; They may have been put off by Dudley's
596 ambition; he first attempted to marry Guildford to Eleanor Brandon's
597 only child, Margaret Clifford (Eleanor was Frances's younger
598 sister.)&amp;nbsp; But, swayed by the prospect of wealth and power, they
599 agreed to marry Jane to Guildford.&amp;nbsp; In late April or&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; alt=&quot;Cary Elwes and Helena Bonham Carter as Guildford and Jane in the 1986 film 'Lady Jane'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; early May, the
600 betrothal was announced.&amp;nbsp; Jane had protested the union but was
601 persuaded by 'the urgency of her mother and the violence of her father';
602 in other words, persuaded by verbal and physical abuse.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
603 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Many have argued that Jane protested because she
604 didn't like Guildford.&amp;nbsp; That is unlikely.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome
605 enough (like most of the Dudley men), fair-haired and about her
606 age.&amp;nbsp; He was arrogant and spoilt; his mother openly favored
607 him.&amp;nbsp; But he had no other documented flaws.&amp;nbsp; When considered
608 against other men of the age, he was a good match.&amp;nbsp; Jane's
609 reservations centered on his father.&amp;nbsp; She disliked and feared
610 Dudley, as most people did.&amp;nbsp; But the duke had a weapon against Jane
611 which he would wield effectively - religion.&amp;nbsp; She was a devout and
612 committed Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She didn't want Mary as queen any more than
613 he did.&amp;nbsp; And, unlike Dudley, Jane's desire was based on real
614 principle, not simple greed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
615 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So on 25 May 1553, Jane married Guildford at the
616 Dudley's London residence, Durham House.&amp;nbsp; It was one of the great
617 homes of Tudor England; her sister &lt;A
618 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt;
619 was also married that day, to the earl of Pembroke's heir.&amp;nbsp; Orders,
620 signed by the king, had been sent to the Master of the Wardrobe so that
621 the grandest clothing and jewels could be used.&amp;nbsp; Edward was
622 supposed to attend but was far too ill.&amp;nbsp; He did not watch as his
623 cousin marched down the aisle, richly appareled in cloth of gold and
624 silver, her red hair braided with pearls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
625 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For many, Jane and Guildford's marriage marks the
626 beginning of the attempt to change the line of succession.&amp;nbsp; In
627 reality, Edward VI had been pondering the problem for months.&amp;nbsp; Ever
628 since he became ill, he had wondered how to prevent his Catholic sister
629 from becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; His reasoning was purely religious.&amp;nbsp;
630 Edward was a devout Protestant; he wanted his nation, for its own sake,
631 to remain Protestant.&amp;nbsp; Just as Mary believed Catholicism was the
632 path to righteousness, Edward believed in Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; He was
633 king, charge by God with responsibility for his people's religious
634 welfare.&amp;nbsp; It was a sacred duty.&amp;nbsp; For the sake of his immortal
635 soul, Mary had to be prevented from leading England on the path to
636 damnation.&amp;nbsp; This necessity overcame all else.&amp;nbsp; What was Henry
637 VIII's will when compared to divine retribution?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
638 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So in late 1552/early 1553, he first began his
639 Device for the Succession.&amp;nbsp; At first he left the throne to Lady
640 Frances Grey and her male heirs, then to Jane Grey and her male
641 heirs.&amp;nbsp; But it was evident that Frances Grey would have no more
642 children and none of her daughters would bear children in time.&amp;nbsp; So
643 he made a change - simple and explosive - he left the throne to 'the
644 Lady Jane and her heirs male.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
645 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was the beginning of the end for Jane Grey.
646 &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
647 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jane the Quene'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Edward's &lt;I&gt;Device for the Succession&lt;/I&gt;
648 was eventually issued with the title &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
649 Limitation of the Crown&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It disinherited Mary and Elizabeth
650 because they were 'illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.'&amp;nbsp;
651 Furthermore, they were only half-sisters of the king, not entitled to
652 succeed him, and might marry foreign husbands who would 'tend to the
653 utter subversion of the commonwealth of this our realm.'&amp;nbsp; But
654 Edward's device would have no legal validity as long as Henry VIII's
655 1544 Act of Succession was still acknowledged by parliament.&amp;nbsp; But
656 there was no time to wipe that law from the statute book.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
657 Dudley planned to gain support from government and then carry out a coup
658 so quickly that its legality would not matter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
659 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To gain government support, he spent June 1553
660 persuading the Privy Council, judiciary, and various churchmen to
661 endorse Edward's device.&amp;nbsp; The Lord Chief Justice, Sir Edward
662 Montague, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were uneasy;
663 but Dudley was desperate and called them traitors.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
664 the king ordered them to obey.&amp;nbsp; So the &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
665 Limitation of the Crown &lt;/I&gt;was endorsed with the Great Seal on 21
666 June.&amp;nbsp; It was recognized by the Lord Chancellor, the Privy
667 Councilors, twenty-two peers of the realm, the Lord Mayor of London,
668 various aldermen and sheriffs, the secretaries of state (including
669 William Cecil, Elizabeth I's great statesman), and various judges and
670 churchmen.&amp;nbsp; King Edward VI did not live long after this
671 triumph.&amp;nbsp; After months of agony, he died in the early evening of
672 Thursday 6 July.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
673 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, meanwhile, had been married to
674 Guildford Dudley for almost six weeks.&amp;nbsp; She disliked her in-laws
675 more than she disliked her parents so, immediately after the marriage,
676 returned to Suffolk Place at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; From there, she moved to
677 her parents' new residence in London, a former Carthusian monastery they
678 were converting into a grand home.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's wife, the duchess of
679 Northumberland and Jane's mother-in-law, was not happy with this
680 arrangement.&amp;nbsp; She informed the Greys that Edward VI was dying and
681 Jane had been made heir to his throne; she must hold herself in
682 readiness (in other words, come to the Dudley home.)&amp;nbsp; Jane later
683 said this was the first she knew of the king's impending death.&amp;nbsp;
684 She didn't believe the duchess and told her as much; she accused the
685 Dudleys of lying so they could steal her away from her parents.&amp;nbsp;
686 The duchess accused the Greys of deliberating keeping Guildford and Jane
687 apart.&amp;nbsp; Such petty conflict indicated rougher waters ahead for all
688 involved.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
689 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the end, there was no reason Jane should not be
690 with her husband.&amp;nbsp; She went to the Dudley's residence, Durham
691 House, and possibly consummated her marriage.&amp;nbsp; But, after only a
692 few days, she became ill and accused the Dudleys of poisoning her.&amp;nbsp;
693 The charge was ludicrous (she was the key to their political salvation)
694 and showed a surprising lack of logic on Jane's part.&amp;nbsp; But the
695 Dudleys were concerned with her physical and mental state.&amp;nbsp; They
696 sent her to Chelsea, Catherine Parr's former home where Jane had been so
697 happy.&amp;nbsp; It was there that, on Sunday 9 July, Dudley's eldest
698 daughter, Mary Sidney, came to visit her; they were to leave Chelsea and
699 go to Syon House, a former convent on the Thames which Dudley
700 controlled.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
701 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At this point, it is right to question Jane's true
702 knowledge of Dudley's plans.&amp;nbsp; Remember, even if she knew Dudley
703 intended to make her queen, there was nothing she could do to prevent
704 it.&amp;nbsp; She was not stupid; the charge of poisoning was probably a
705 result of nervousness and hysteria.&amp;nbsp; She knew her own
706 lineage.&amp;nbsp; She knew that she was fourth in line for the English
707 throne, after Mary, Elizabeth and her own mother Frances.&amp;nbsp; She also
708 knew that, for some reason, the Dudleys and her parents were desperate
709 to marry her to Guildford as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; She also watched
710 her sister wed into another influential noble family on the same
711 day.&amp;nbsp; Something was afoot and she undoubtedly suspected Dudley's
712 plan.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her awareness of the plot was undoubtedly a
713 greater strain than ignorance.&amp;nbsp; After all, she could do nothing to
714 escape her family or in-laws.&amp;nbsp; She was, quite literally,
715 trapped.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
716 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When she arrived at Syon House with Mary Sidney,
717 she found her parents, in-laws, and a variety of distinguished nobles -
718 the earls of Arundel, Huntington, and Pembroke, and the marquess of
719 Northampton.&amp;nbsp; They greeted her very pleasantly and then knelt
720 before her in reverence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was naturally embarrassed.&amp;nbsp;
721 Dudley, in his capacity as President of the Council, then announced
722 Edward's death.&amp;nbsp; The young king had led a 'virtuous life' and
723 always cared for his kingdom - cared enough to disinherit his unworthy
724 sisters and appointed his cousin Jane as his successor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
725 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was stunned.&amp;nbsp; She may have suspected as
726 much but the actual moment of declaration was too much for her.&amp;nbsp;
727 She muttered that she was 'insufficient' for the task.&amp;nbsp; The Lords
728 of the Council then took a solemn oath to shed their blood in defense of
729 her claim.&amp;nbsp; Jane murmured a quick prayer - if it was God's will
730 that she be queen, then she would trust in God to help her govern
731 England for His glory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
732 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her reaction was not what those gathered
733 expected.&amp;nbsp; She was not openly thrilled, excited, or even
734 pleased.&amp;nbsp; She made no stirring speech to raise their spirits - she
735 simply uttered a prayer to God.&amp;nbsp; Did Jane want to be queen?&amp;nbsp;
736 That is a much-debated question, impossible to answer.&amp;nbsp; But
737 whatever her desire, she was queen and - for nine long days - ruled
738 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
739 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jana Regina'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;On Monday 10 July 1553, the new queen, Jane
740 Grey, was taken in full state from Syon to Westminster (this journey was
741 along the Thames in barges.)&amp;nbsp; They dined at the Dudley home, Durham
742 House, and then journeyed by barge again to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp;
743 It was an ancient custom that all new sovereigns must come tot the Tower
744 and take possession of it at the beginning of their reigns.&amp;nbsp; Jane
745 and her various attendants arrived at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.&amp;nbsp;
746 There was an eyewitness account by a Genoese merchant named Baptista
747 Spinola.&amp;nbsp; He was standing with a group of spectators outside the
748 main Tower gates, waiting to catch a glimpse of this new queen.&amp;nbsp; He
749 wrote:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
750 &lt;UL&gt;
751 &lt;p&gt;She is very short and thin, but prettily shaped and
752 graceful.&amp;nbsp; She has small features and a well-made nose, the mouth
753 flexible and the lips red.&amp;nbsp; The eyebrows are arched and darker
754 than her hair, which is nearly red.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are sparkling and
755 reddish brown in color. &lt;/p&gt;
756 &lt;/UL&gt;
757 &lt;p&gt;Her complexion was good, unmarked by the
758 pox, but freckled; she had sharp white teeth and a lovely smile.&amp;nbsp;
759 Because she was so short, she wore chopines; these were shoes with a
760 special cork sole designed to make her appear taller.&amp;nbsp; Her gown was
761 made of green velvet stamped with gold (the colors undoubtedly flattered
762 her red hair.)&amp;nbsp; Her husband Guildford, Spinola wrote, was 'a very
763 tall strong boy with light hair' and clothed in white and silver
764 velvet.&amp;nbsp; He 'paid her [Jane] much attention.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
765 &lt;P&gt;
766 &lt;IMG height=343 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey or Katharine Parr? by Master John&quot;
767 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=170 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once in the Tower, Jane was installed in the royal
768 apartments (now destroyed.)&amp;nbsp; There, another rift occurred between
769 her and the Dudleys, much more serious than the first.&amp;nbsp; Jane was
770 visited by the Lord Treasurer, the Marquess of Winchester, who brought a
771 selection of the royal jewels for her to try on.&amp;nbsp; Among them was
772 the crown.&amp;nbsp; Jane would later stress that she never asked for the
773 crown - it was brought to her.&amp;nbsp; Winchester asked her to check if it
774 fitted properly.&amp;nbsp; Jane would not.&amp;nbsp; She had played at being
775 queen for nearly twenty-four hours but this, the most sacred symbol of
776 the monarchy, was another reminder of the danger - and importance - of
777 her role.&amp;nbsp; If she put it on, there was no turning back.&amp;nbsp; This
778 was how she viewed it.&amp;nbsp; So she hesitated, would not take it from
779 Winchester.&amp;nbsp; He didn't recognize her uneasiness.&amp;nbsp; He told her
780 to take it, remarking that another would be made to crown her husband
781 king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
782 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was then Jane realized the extent of Dudley's
783 duplicity.&amp;nbsp; He had manipulated Edward, knowing the devout
784 Protestant king wanted the throne to go to his equally devout cousin
785 Jane; but, all along, Dudley simply wanted his own son crowned
786 king.&amp;nbsp; None of the lords cared whether England was a righteous
787 nation; no one cared about Edward's will.&amp;nbsp; Instead, her royal blood
788 was to be used to maintain Dudley's control of England, to make his
789 family into royalty.&amp;nbsp; She was outraged and angry.&amp;nbsp; And Jane
790 was a Tudor herself, as proud of her royal background as she had a right
791 to be.&amp;nbsp; The Dudleys, that arrogant, pretentious family, had no
792 right to exploit her.&amp;nbsp; She told those assembled that she would
793 gladly make Guildford a duke, but he would never be king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
794 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Guildford was present for this declaration.&amp;nbsp;
795 He rushed out and fetched his mother.&amp;nbsp; The duchess, no admirer of
796 Jane's anyway, joined her son in an attack - Jane was an unnatural wife
797 and behaved like a child; in the end, Jane did not give in.&amp;nbsp; The
798 duchess said Guildford would be leaving with her for Syon House.&amp;nbsp;
799 When they had left, Jane called in the earls of Arundel and
800 Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were ordered to prevent Guildford from
801 leaving.&amp;nbsp; Jane did not like her husband - she probably pitied him
802 for he was a pawn as well - but they had to stay together.&amp;nbsp; He was
803 the consort to the monarch and could not act like a spoiled child.&amp;nbsp;
804 &lt;/P&gt;
805 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Later, Jane would tell Mary I's officers this
806 story, adding, 'I was compelled to act as a woman who is obliged to live
807 on good terms with her husband; nevertheless I was not only deluded by
808 the duke and the Council, but maltreated by my husband and his
809 mother.'&amp;nbsp; The battle, however, had been domestic.&amp;nbsp; Jane would
810 soon have much greater problems to confront.&amp;nbsp; For, later that
811 evening, the Sheriff of London and various heralds and trumpeters,
812 marched to the Cross in Cheapside to proclaim Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; The
813 announcement was met with silence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
814 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane's father-in-law, the architect of the
815 plan to make her queen, her accession had gone smoothly.&amp;nbsp; He
816 controlled London - with the Tower and armory, the treasury, and navy -
817 and no councilors offered resistance.&amp;nbsp; Jane's only rival for the
818 crown was Mary Tudor, thirty-seven, often ill, with no organized support
819 or wealth.&amp;nbsp; Her situation was so dire that her champion, the
820 Emperor Charles V, urged his ambassador to be friendly with Dudley; he
821 wanted the duke's promise to protect Mary.&amp;nbsp; Every observer
822 considered the throne won by Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But none of these learned men
823 considered the feelings of ordinary Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; And they, unlike
824 their aristocratic lords, would not gain wealth of prestige by
825 supporting Jane or Mary.&amp;nbsp; So their support was based solely on
826 ideas of right and wrong - to them, it was wrong for Jane to be queen
827 and right for Mary to be queen.&amp;nbsp; It was that simple.&amp;nbsp; (&lt;FONT
828 size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;Click here
829 to read an eyewitness account of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
830 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley understood popular opinion.&amp;nbsp; He also
831 recognized the limits of his support - after all, most of the nobles
832 would not stand by him if things turned ugly.&amp;nbsp; But he believed that
833 a quick coup, eliminating all opposition, was the key to success.&amp;nbsp;
834 So he had to get hold of Mary and Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary, the daughter of
835 Katharine of Aragon, was much-loved by the English people.&amp;nbsp; They
836 had always been sympathetic to her mother's plight; most believed Mary
837 was legitimate, that Katharine had been forced aside by the king's lust
838 and Anne Boleyn's ambition.&amp;nbsp; Did Mary understand the importance of
839 this support?&amp;nbsp; She had been receiving regular letters from Dudley
840 about her brother's condition.&amp;nbsp; They were accurate for Dudley
841 wanted to remain in her good graces as long as possible.&amp;nbsp; In early
842 July, he sent summons for Mary to come to Edward's deathbed.&amp;nbsp; She
843 set out from Hunsdon (an old palace in Hertfordshire) but had not
844 traveled far before a message reached her - the summons was a
845 trap.&amp;nbsp; Mary, oddly for her, acted decisively and immediately turned
846 back.&amp;nbsp; With half a dozen attendants, she went to Kenninghall in
847 East Anglia.&amp;nbsp; She had friends there and, if need be, would be near
848 the coast and safety in the Spanish Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
849 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When he realized she had fled, Dudley sent his son
850 Robert after her.&amp;nbsp; But they couldn't capture her and, on 9 July, he
851 was forced to act without her in his power.&amp;nbsp; The Bishop of London,
852 Nicholas Ridley, preached at St Paul's Cross, calling Mary and Elizabeth
853 bastards, and specifically singling out Mary as a papist who would
854 destroy the true religion and make England the pawn of foreign
855 powers.&amp;nbsp; The next day, of course, Jane was proclaimed queen.&amp;nbsp;
856 But it was on that day that the Council received a letter from
857 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It expressed her surprise that they hadn't announced her
858 brother's death to her, his heir; furthermore, they were commanded to
859 proclaim her queen in London.&amp;nbsp; They responded by reminding her of
860 her illegitimacy and inability to inherit 'the Crown Imperial of this
861 realm'; she must demonstrate her obedience to the 'Sovereign Lady Queen
862 Jane' and turn herself over to the authorities.&amp;nbsp; It was hardly
863 reassuring for Mary.&amp;nbsp; Also, her old allies, the Spanish envoys,
864 were not responding to her desperate pleas for help.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
865 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane spent little time with her lords during her
866 nine days as queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent an order to the Master of the
867 Wardrobe for twenty yards of velvet, twenty-five ells of fine Holland
868 linen cloth, thirty-three ells of coarser material for lining; she also
869 collected the royal jewels, a motley assortment of fish-shaped
870 toothpicks and Henry VIII's shaving materials.&amp;nbsp; This reveals an
871 important fact about Jane's nine-day reign.&amp;nbsp; She made no explicit
872 political statements; she was Dudley's puppet.&amp;nbsp; He was the one who
873 met with the council, he was the one who wanted to capture Mary Tudor;
874 he was the one tried to shore up their perilous situation.&amp;nbsp; When
875 they fell from power, Jane never protested or attempted another
876 coup.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine that she felt relieved to be simply Lady
877 Jane Grey again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
878 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley spent the nine days attempting to
879 strengthen their position.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative to capture Mary; when
880 that failed, he needed to at least track her movements.&amp;nbsp; If he
881 could reach her potential supporters first, there was a chance he could
882 sway them to his side.&amp;nbsp; Dudley undoubtedly feared that (like his
883 father during Henry VIII's reign), he would be the sacrificial lamb of
884 Edward's unsuccessful government.&amp;nbsp; But he worked well under
885 pressure, leaving Jane to fight domestic battles with her husband and
886 mother-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
887 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, meanwhile, remained in the
888 country.&amp;nbsp; She was no admirer of her half-sister Mary but knew that
889 if Jane Grey was recognized as queen, her own claim to the crown was
890 forfeit.&amp;nbsp; So she chose the safest course - she remained quiet,
891 neither supporting nor rejecting Jane.&amp;nbsp; Like all of England and
892 most of Europe, she was watching and waiting.&amp;nbsp; It became evident on
893 11 July, just a day after her coronation, that Jane's hold on England
894 was flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had prepared a letter for circulation
895 to all the sheriffs and lieutenants in England; it announced Jane's
896 succession and ordered them to resist any appeal from Mary.&amp;nbsp; But
897 Dudley knew the issue would not be settled so easily.&amp;nbsp; It would be
898 decided on the field of battle.&amp;nbsp; He was an experienced soldier and
899 determined to succeed.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered a muster on 12 July at
900 Tothill Fields, offering 10 pence a day as pay (a very high rate.)&amp;nbsp;
901 Dudley intended to put Jane's father, Henry Grey, in charge of this army
902 and remain in London himself.&amp;nbsp; He realized that most of his hold on
903 the council was based on personal intimidation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
904 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen would not hear of it.&amp;nbsp; When
905 told that her father was going to battle, Jane burst into tears and
906 begged the council to let him remain at home, 'in her company.'&amp;nbsp;
907 The councilors were already preparing to make Dudley a scapegoat for
908 their treason.&amp;nbsp; Since the queen was so distraught, they argued, it
909 would be better for Dudley to command the army.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was
910 a great soldier, renowned for his defeat of the rebels in East Anglia
911 (that triumph had begun his rise to power.)&amp;nbsp; It was up to Dudley,
912 the councilors said, 'to remedy the matter.'&amp;nbsp; And Dudley had no
913 choice but to leave.&amp;nbsp; 'Since ye think it good, I and mine will go,
914 not doubting of your fidelity to the Queen's majesty which I leave in
915 your custody.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
916 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did doubt their fidelity and he had every
917 reason to doubt it.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't turn back now.&amp;nbsp; On 13
918 July he had his personal armor delivered and appointed a retinue to meet
919 him at Durham Place.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards, he addressed the councilors for
920 the last time.&amp;nbsp; They were to send reinforcements to meet him at
921 Newmarket, he said, for he and his companions would need much
922 support.&amp;nbsp; They were leaving their wives and children behind,
923 trusting in the loyalty of the council.&amp;nbsp; And, Dudley warned, if any
924 man thought to betray him or the queen, their punishment would be
925 eternal.&amp;nbsp; Remember, Dudley said, the oath you took 'to this
926 virtuous lady the Queen's highness, who by your and our enticement is
927 rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and
928 request.'&amp;nbsp; The assembled lords assured him of their loyalty; one of
929 them said, 'If we should shrink from you as one that were culpable,
930 which of us can excuse himself as guiltless?&amp;nbsp; Therefore herein your
931 doubt is too far cast.'&amp;nbsp; Dudley's final words?&amp;nbsp; 'I pray God it
932 be so,' he said and left for battle.&amp;nbsp; It was not an auspicious
933 beginning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
934 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did not trust the lords so he sent his
935 cousin Henry Dudley on a secret mission to France that day, promising
936 Calais and Ireland in exchange for immediate military assistance.&amp;nbsp;
937 He did not tell the lords of this; nor did they tell him they were
938 meeting secretly with the Imperial ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; A report arrived
939 that Buckinghamshire had declared Mary to be queen but Mary herself was
940 still unsure.&amp;nbsp; She retreated from Kenninghall to Framlingham
941 Castle, nearer the coast.&amp;nbsp; She sent an urgent message to the
942 Imperial envoys; if her cousin Charles V did not help her, she was
943 doomed.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this confusion and treachery, Dudley had
944 assembled an army of three thousand.&amp;nbsp; Early on Friday, the 14th of
945 July, he left Durham Place for Cambridge.&amp;nbsp; The villagers he passed
946 were silent, staring at the side of the road - 'The people press to see
947 us, but not one sayeth God speed us.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
948 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As Dudley marched on, his situation became more
949 perilous.&amp;nbsp; Norwich, one of the wealthiest towns in England,
950 declared Mary queen, as did Colchester, Devon, and Oxfordshire.&amp;nbsp;
951 Dudley had sent six royal ships to the port near Framlingham to cut off
952 Mary's possible escape; the ships deserted Dudley and, with crews and
953 heavy guns, proclaimed Mary queen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the loyal towns were
954 sending money, men, and supplies.&amp;nbsp; The ordinary Englishman, ordered
955 by his lord to fight in Dudley's army, refused to go.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's own
956 army was - understandably - racked with dissension; no one wanted to be
957 on the losing side.&amp;nbsp; Once the news had reached London that the
958 ships had deserted Dudley, the councilors decided to save
959 themselves.&amp;nbsp; They attempted to leave the Tower, where they had been
960 stationed since Dudley's departure.&amp;nbsp; On the 16th of July, at about
961 7 o'clock in the evening, the main gates of the Tower were locked; they
962 keys were delivered to Jane.&amp;nbsp; Jane suspected one of the lords
963 (possibly Winchester, the lord treasurer) of trying to leave the
964 city.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
965 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, she was continuing her rule - sending
966 out letters signed 'Jane the Quene' which instructed her loyal subjects
967 to suppress Mary's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; But she must have realized the
968 futility of it all.&amp;nbsp; She was just a teenage girl, inexperienced and
969 frightened.&amp;nbsp; It was simply a question of waiting for the end.&amp;nbsp;
970 On the 18th of July, most of her councilors had left the Tower on the
971 pretext of visiting the French ambassador.&amp;nbsp; In reality, they were
972 planning a visit to the Imperial embassy.&amp;nbsp; Once there, they assured
973 Charles V's envoys that they had always been loyal to Mary; they had
974 been kept prisoner by Dudley, forced to declare Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; But
975 now they were free and determined to proclaim Mary queen of
976 England.&amp;nbsp; They did so around 5 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday,
977 the 19th of July.&amp;nbsp; London erupted into a joyous celebration.&amp;nbsp;
978 The foreign ambassadors were astonished, with the French envoy writing:
979 'The atmosphere of this country and the nature of its people are so
980 changeable that I am compelled to make my despatches correspondingly
981 wavering and contradictory.'&amp;nbsp; They all agreed it owed more to
982 Providence than anything else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
983 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was terribly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She had long
984 fought with her parents but, upon becoming Dudley's pawn, had sought
985 support from them, particularly her father.&amp;nbsp; He came to Jane as she
986 ate supper that night and told her she was deposed.&amp;nbsp; Together, they
987 took down the cloth of estate from above her head.&amp;nbsp; He ordered his
988 men to leave their weapons and then went to Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Those near
989 him heard him mutter, 'I am but one man.'&amp;nbsp; He proclaimed Mary queen
990 and then left for his London residence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was left alone in the
991 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Lady Throckmorton, one of her ladies-in-waiting, returned
992 to the Tower for her duties but could not find Jane.&amp;nbsp; She asked for
993 the queen's whereabouts and was told that the &lt;I&gt;Lady&lt;/I&gt; Jane was now a
994 prisoner, detained elsewhere in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
995 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was in the deputy lieutenant's house,
996 awaiting her fate.&amp;nbsp; The indignities began.&amp;nbsp; Her belongings
997 were sorted through, all her money confiscated; within the day, she was
998 accused of stealing valuables from the royal wardrobe.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
999 riding to London, now accepted as queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was arrested by
1000 his former ally, the earl of Arundel.&amp;nbsp; His entire family was taken
1001 to the Tower; as they were marched through the streets, the crowd pelted
1002 them with filth and insults.&amp;nbsp; Even the Imperial envoy called it
1003 'dreadful' and 'a strange mutation.'&amp;nbsp; For Dudley's fall from power
1004 had been rapid, extraordinarily so - the nine days' progress from ruler
1005 to traitor was a confusing mix of treachery, rumor, and disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
1006 &lt;/P&gt;
1007 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary did release Dudley's wife from the Tower,
1008 almost immediately; the duchess hurried to the queen to beg for her
1009 family's release.&amp;nbsp; Mary ordered her from the city.&amp;nbsp; Her cousin
1010 Frances, however, was more fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She had a private audience
1011 with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Within days, Henry Grey (who had been arrested at
1012 his London home and sent to the Tower on the 28th) was released.&amp;nbsp;
1013 On 3 August, Mary made her state entry into London.&amp;nbsp; As she rode
1014 past cheering crowds, clad in purple velvet and rich jewels, Jane Grey
1015 waited in prison, along with her husband and father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1016 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What would be their fate?&amp;nbsp; All Europe
1017 pondered this, even as Jane prepared to plead her case.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
1018 &lt;/P&gt;
1019 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'I pray you despatch me quickly'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Grey possessed the
1020 committed idealism of a religious fanatic and the events following her
1021 brief reign allowed her a place in history as a Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp;
1022 Her cousin Mary never questioned her passionate Catholicism; Jane did
1023 question her own Protestantism but the quest for spiritual meaning only
1024 reinforced her
1025 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Princess Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I; also painted by Master John (note the stylistic similarities)&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;already strong convictions.&amp;nbsp; Had she remained queen,
1026 there is every possibility she would have persecuted Catholics with the
1027 same energy Mary persecuted Protestants (thus earning the nickname
1028 'Bloody Mary.')&amp;nbsp; Instead, Jane's fate was to be executed and later
1029 celebrated as a Protestant martyr, the greatest sacrificial lamb of
1030 Mary's misguided policies.&amp;nbsp; The truth is, of course, more
1031 complex.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not execute Jane because of their religious
1032 differences.&amp;nbsp; Rather, she was motivated by political necessity and
1033 her own desire to marry and reinstate the Catholic church in
1034 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1035 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Immediately after her accession, Mary had
1036 imprisoned Jane in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The former queen was
1037 well-treated but undoubtedly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She probably expected
1038 imminent execution for she had long since realized the severity of her
1039 crime.&amp;nbsp; Since it became clear no one would intercede for her, she
1040 wrote to Mary herself.&amp;nbsp; Only an Italian translation of the letter
1041 exists.&amp;nbsp; In it, Jane described events since her marriage to
1042 Guildford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She was wrong for accepting the crown - she
1043 freely admitted this; but she had relied on the advice of others.&amp;nbsp;
1044 She knew the queen's 'goodness and clemency'; Mary must realize that 'I
1045 might have taken upon me that of which I was not worthy, yet no one can
1046 ever say either that I sought it.... or that I was pleased with
1047 it.'&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her cousin, an honest, plain-spoken child, for
1048 all her heretical ways.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;(&lt;A
1049 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary%2fjanemary.html&quot;&gt;Click
1050 here to read Jane's letter to Mary&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
1051 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was in the midst of arranging her marriage to
1052 Philip of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; It was the
1053 culmination of a decades-old dream.&amp;nbsp; She had spent the last few
1054 years in the countryside, surrounded by a Catholic household and
1055 sympathetic nobles.&amp;nbsp; Thus, she never realized the extent of
1056 Protestantism in the vital areas of London and its surrounding
1057 countryside.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed all of England wanted to return to the
1058 early 1520s, the years before Henry VIII had decided to abandon her
1059 beloved mother and break with the church of Rome.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed
1060 that the popular support which had taken the throne from Jane&amp;nbsp;
1061 indicated support not simply for her rule - but for &lt;I&gt;Catholic&lt;/I&gt; rule
1062 in general.&amp;nbsp; In this misguided view, she was initially supported by
1063 her most trusted political advisor - a Spaniard named Simon Renard, the
1064 newly arrived Imperial ambassador.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1065 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles V had instructed Renard to guide Mary
1066 through the crucial first months of her reign.&amp;nbsp; At first, signs
1067 were good - Mary attended Mass with her privy councilors but, on 12
1068 August 1553, told her council that she would not 'compel or constrain
1069 other men's consciences.'&amp;nbsp; She hoped her subjects would open their
1070 hearts to the truth and, shortly thereafter, return to the religion she
1071 supported.&amp;nbsp; Renard was also instructed to urge moderate punishment
1072 upon those who had supported Jane.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not want his cousin
1073 to be too cruel; that would hurt her reputation.&amp;nbsp; He needn't have
1074 worried.&amp;nbsp; Mary was, in fact, too lenient for Renard.&amp;nbsp; 'As to
1075 Jane of Suffolk, whom they tried to make Queen, she [Mary] could not be
1076 induced to consent that she should die.'&amp;nbsp; Mary firmly believed her
1077 cousin was innocent of any intrigue; Jane had never intended to be
1078 queen, but had been the unwilling dupe of Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She could not
1079 put this innocent young woman to death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1080 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard admitted that Jane was 'morally' innocent
1081 but, nevertheless, she had worn the crown of England.&amp;nbsp; In times of
1082 trouble, those nine days may be used as a precedent for deposing Mary
1083 and restoring Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary was commended for her trusting nature but
1084 she must remember that kindness could be destroyed by duplicity.&amp;nbsp;
1085 Renard was somewhat mollified when, on 18 August, Dudley was sentenced
1086 to die.&amp;nbsp; He was convicted along with his eldest son and William
1087 Parr, marquess of Northampton.&amp;nbsp; The following day a group of lesser
1088 nobles were convicted.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's execution was set for Monday 21
1089 August but, at the last minute, Dudley announced he wanted to reconciled
1090 to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Did he hope to avert his own death,
1091 appealing to Mary's religion?&amp;nbsp; Or did he genuinely wish to
1092 convert?&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, his execution was delayed for one day
1093 while he made his peace with God.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock the next morning,
1094 he was escorted - with his son and Parr - to St Peter ad Vincula, the
1095 church within the Tower of London grounds.&amp;nbsp; There, he attended mass
1096 and, upon receiving the sacrament, Dudley addressed the crowd:&amp;nbsp;
1097&lt;/P&gt;
1098 &lt;UL&gt;
1099 &lt;p&gt;My masters, I let you all to understand that I do most faithfully
1100 believe this is the very right and true way, out of the which true
1101 religion you and I have been seduced these sixteen years past, by the
1102 false and erroneous preaching of the new preachers....&amp;nbsp; And I do
1103 believe the holy sacrament here most assuredly to be our Saviour and
1104 Redeemer Jesus Christ and this I pray you all to testify and pray for
1105 me. &lt;/p&gt;
1106 &lt;/UL&gt;
1107 &lt;p&gt;He died the next morning, before a great crowd of
1108 spectators.&amp;nbsp; He repeated his speech at the mass; it had a great
1109 effect on the crowd.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1110 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this point, Jane Grey knew she was safe from
1111 imminent death.&amp;nbsp; She was still in the Tower but treated with
1112 increasing respect.&amp;nbsp; A week after Dudley's execution, Rowland Lea
1113 (an official of the royal mint who lived in the Tower and was the author
1114 of the &lt;I&gt;Chronicle of Queen Jane&lt;/I&gt;) ate with her.&amp;nbsp; She had a
1115 staff of four (two attendant ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob, one
1116 manservant, and her nurse and lifelong companion, Mrs Ellen.)&amp;nbsp; The
1117 government paid them each 20 shillings a week; Jane was allowed a
1118 generous allowance of 90 shillings a week.&amp;nbsp; She was allowed books
1119 and spent most of her time reading and studying.&amp;nbsp; When she wished
1120 it, she walked in the Queen's garden.&amp;nbsp; She no longer had to deal
1121 with her parents or her in-laws, undoubtedly a welcome relief.&amp;nbsp; The
1122 gentleman gaoler, called Partridge, and his wife were kind and
1123 respectful.&amp;nbsp; Lea recorded Jane's comments on Dudley:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1124 &lt;UL&gt;
1125 &lt;p&gt;'Woe worth him! he hath brought me and our stock in most miserable
1126 calamity and misery by his exceeding ambition.&amp;nbsp; But for the
1127 answering that he hoped for life by his turning, though other men be
1128 of that opinion, I utterly am not; for what man is there living, I
1129 pray you, although he had been innocent, that would hope of life in
1130 that case; being in the field against the Queen in person as general,
1131 and after his taking so hated and evil spoken of by the commons? and
1132 at his coming into prison so wondered at [reviled] as the like was
1133 never heard by any man's time.&amp;nbsp; Who was judge that he should hope
1134 for pardon, whose life was odious to all men?&amp;nbsp; But what will ye
1135 more?&amp;nbsp; Like as his life was wicked and full of dissimulation, so
1136 was his end thereafter.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, I, nor no friend of mine,
1137 die so.&amp;nbsp; Should I, who am young and in my few years, forsake my
1138 faith for the love of life?&amp;nbsp; Nay, God forbid!&amp;nbsp; Much more he
1139 should not, whose fatal course, although he had lived his just number
1140 of years, could not have long continued.&amp;nbsp; But life was sweet, it
1141 appeared; so he might have lived, you will say, he did not care
1142 how.&amp;nbsp; Indeed the reason is good; for he that would have lived in
1143 chains to have had his life, by like would leave no other mean
1144 [un]attempted.&amp;nbsp; But God be merciful to us, for he sayeth, Whoso
1145 denieth him before me, he will not know him in his Father's Kingdom.'
1146 &lt;/p&gt;
1147 &lt;/UL&gt;
1148 &lt;p&gt;Jane's intense religious convictions and her hatred of Dudley are
1149 evident in this passage.&amp;nbsp; She further demonstrated her religious
1150 intolerance when writing to Dr Harding, a former chaplain at her
1151 parents' home of Bradgate and her first tutor.&amp;nbsp; Harding had joined
1152 other Protestant chaplains in renouncing his reformed faith and becoming
1153 Catholic once again.&amp;nbsp; Jane was completely disgusted and appalled by
1154 his cowardice:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1155 &lt;UL&gt;
1156 &lt;p&gt;'I cannot but marvel at thee and lament thy case, who seemed
1157 sometime to be the lively member of Christ, but now the deformed imp
1158 of the devil; sometime the beautiful temple of God, but now the
1159 stinking and filthy kennel of Satan; sometime the unspotted spouse of
1160 Christ, but now the unshamefaced paramour of Antichrist; sometime my
1161 faithful brother, but now a stranger and apostate; sometime a stout
1162 Christian soldier, but now a cowardly runaway.&amp;nbsp; Yea, when I
1163 consider these things, I cannot but speak to thee, and cry out upon
1164 thee, thou seed of Satan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;Oh wretched and unhappy man, what
1165 art thou but dust and ashes?&amp;nbsp; And wilt thou resist thy Maker that
1166 fashioned thee and framed thee?&amp;nbsp; ....Wilt thou refuse the true
1167 God, and worship the invention of man, the golden calf, the whore of
1168 Babylon, the Romish religion, the abominable idol, the most wicked
1169 mass?' &lt;/p&gt;
1170 &lt;/UL&gt;
1171 &lt;p&gt;Such rhetoric reveals insight into Jane's character.&amp;nbsp;
1172 She was pious, devout, and kind - but she was also self-righteous and
1173 intolerant.&amp;nbsp; She and Mary were more alike than many realized.&amp;nbsp;
1174 Both were plain-spoken, transparently honest, and passionately believed
1175 their religion was the sole path to salvation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1176 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While Mary prepared for her coronation, Jane
1177 remained in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The Dudley brothers were now allowed to
1178 exercise on the roof of their prison, Beauchamp Tower, though there is
1179 no evidence that Jane and Guildford saw one another.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not
1180 speak of her imprisoned cousin.&amp;nbsp; Her time was taken up with her
1181 coronation and impending marriage, as well as the conflict her marriage
1182 was causing.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen did not want Mary to wed a Spaniard,
1183 for the same reasons Edward VI had excluded her from the succession -
1184 she was past middle-aged and would probably bear no children.&amp;nbsp;
1185 Therefore, she would leave the throne to a Catholic husband and England
1186 would become yet another state of the Imperial empire.&amp;nbsp; But as the
1187 weeks passed, Mary's leniency began to be questioned.&amp;nbsp; So Mary gave
1188 in to pressure and ordered Jane and the four Dudley sons to stand trial;
1189 the order had been prepared in mid-September but Mary did not allow the
1190 trial to take place until two months later.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1191 &lt;P&gt;
1192 &lt;IMG height=184 alt=&quot;engraving of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
1193 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey2.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As they were led out of the Tower to be arraigned
1194 at Guildhall, the executioner walked before them.&amp;nbsp; He carried an
1195 axe, as was the custom.&amp;nbsp; Jane dressed soberly for the occasion, as
1196 befitted a proper young lady of the reformed church.&amp;nbsp; She was clad
1197 all in black; she wore a black cloth gown, black cape trimmed with
1198 velvet, and a black French hood trimmed with velvet.&amp;nbsp; At her girdle
1199 hung a prayer book also bound in black velvet.&amp;nbsp; She held a book of
1200 prayers open in her hands as she walked behind Guildford.&amp;nbsp; She was
1201 attended by her two ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob.&amp;nbsp; The
1202 proceedings were a mere formality.&amp;nbsp; Jane and the four Dudleys pled
1203 guilty to the charge of high treason.&amp;nbsp; Sentence was passed against
1204 them; the men would be hung, drawn, and quartered and Jane would be
1205 burnt or beheaded at the Queen's pleasure.&amp;nbsp; They returned to the
1206 Tower, this time with the edge of the axe turned towards them.&amp;nbsp; In
1207 this way, spectators knew they were condemned.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1208 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the passing of the sentence was simply a
1209 formality.&amp;nbsp; As Renard reported in his subsequent dispatches, 'It is
1210 believed that Jane will not die' and, a week later, 'As for Jane, I am
1211 told her life is safe.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents had left the
1212 reformed church.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was forced to pay a 20000 pd fine but
1213 given a general pardon.&amp;nbsp; He returned to court.&amp;nbsp; His wife was
1214 Queen Mary's favorite lady and their two daughters, Catherine and Mary,
1215 were her ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Frances Grey was shown great
1216 favor at court, even gaining precedence over Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
1217 Most observers believed Jane would soon be pardoned and released, free
1218 to join her family at court.&amp;nbsp; The rehabilitation of the Greys
1219 seemed complete.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1220 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary's fervent desire to wed Philip of
1221 Spain was soon to have tragic consequences for the sixteen-year-old Jane
1222 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1223 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'So perish all the Queen's enemies'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The complexities of
1224 Mary Tudor's decision to marry the twenty-six widower, Philip of Spain,
1225 are discussed at her &lt;A
1226 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;website&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
1227 They can be outlined briefly here.&amp;nbsp; Mary - and most of her
1228 contemporaries - believed she must marry; she needed a husband for
1229 support and guidance.&amp;nbsp; No woman had ruled England in her own right
1230 before.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen wanted Mary to wed the great-grandson of
1231 Edward IV, Edward Courtenay.&amp;nbsp; He was the last of the Plantagenets,
1232 young, good-looking, and charming; his high birth led him to spend most
1233 of his youth in prison.&amp;nbsp; Mary was kind to him.&amp;nbsp; She released
1234 him from the Tower and restored he and his mother to favor.&amp;nbsp; She
1235 remembered that Edward's parents had supported her mother during the
1236 great divorce.&amp;nbsp; But she also made it clear she would not marry
1237 him.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, whose life had possessed little happiness and peace
1238 after her adolescence, had always turned to her mother's family for
1239 advice and support.&amp;nbsp; And she continued to do so when she became
1240 queen.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Philip of Spain, heir to the Hapsburg empire, was
1241 the most sought-after prince in Europe.&amp;nbsp; But he was also the
1242 grandson of her aunt, which meant a great deal to the sentimental Mary
1243 Tudor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1244 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, she did not immediately plan to marry
1245 him.&amp;nbsp; She was deeply religious and had spent the past twenty years
1246 essentially alone and unloved.&amp;nbsp; She was naturally fearful of
1247 marriage.&amp;nbsp; She asked Renard - was Philip too young for her?&amp;nbsp;
1248 would she be able to satisfy him for she was ignorant of 'that which was
1249 called love' ?&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a deeply devout and chaste maiden
1250 and he was a twenty-six-year-old widower.&amp;nbsp; Would he be happy with
1251 her?&amp;nbsp; Renard assured her that Philip was delighted to wed
1252 Mary.&amp;nbsp; And, he added, they would have children together, providing
1253 England with a Catholic succession.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she had
1254 never considered marriage until God had raised her to the throne but -
1255 now that she was queen - she would lead her subjects down the path of
1256 righteousness.&amp;nbsp; With the might of the Holy Roman Empire behind her,
1257 her faith would be triumphant.&amp;nbsp; So she agreed to marry Philip in
1258 late October 1553; their engagement was made official.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1259 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was faced with a hostile reaction.&amp;nbsp; Both
1260 her subjects and the king of France made their anger known.&amp;nbsp; Many
1261 Englishmen believed Charles V wanted to drag England into war against
1262 France, another costly and ineffectual enterprise.&amp;nbsp; In truth,
1263 Charles really wanted control of that vital sea route between Spain and
1264 the Netherlands; he needed to control the English coast in order for his
1265 trade route to operate at its maximum profitability.&amp;nbsp; But England
1266 has always been an insular nation.&amp;nbsp; With Protestant propagandists
1267 and the French ambassador spreading all sorts of rumors (from Spanish
1268 invasions to immediate wars), the people were in an uproar.&amp;nbsp;
1269 Furthermore, Mary's councilors were an ineffectual bunch and their
1270 policies were roundly criticized.&amp;nbsp; It seemed that, just months into
1271 her reign, Mary was steadily falling from favor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1272 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 January 1554, Charles V's envoys arrived to
1273 iron out the details of the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; To secure his
1274 valuable trade route, Charles was prepared to be generous.&amp;nbsp; In
1275 fact, he included every provision possible to stifle English
1276 fears.&amp;nbsp; But it was no use.&amp;nbsp; The people didn't want the
1277 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, word reached London of uprisings in the
1278 countryside - Carew in Devonshire, Wyatt in Kent, Crofts in
1279 Wales....&amp;nbsp; The councilors were alarmed.&amp;nbsp; And then word reached
1280 them that Henry Grey, the duke of Suffolk, had disappeared from his
1281 country home, Sheen.&amp;nbsp; They had planned the uprising for March when
1282 Philip was due to arrive but Courtenay, timid after years in the Tower,
1283 betrayed them.&amp;nbsp; So the conspirators were forced into action.&amp;nbsp;
1284 Carew could not raise his force without Courtenay's help so he fled to
1285 France and Crofts plans fell through.&amp;nbsp; But, by the end of January,
1286 Wyatt had taken Rochester and the royal ships at the Medway.&amp;nbsp; The
1287 duke of Norfolk left with a force from London but many men
1288 deserted.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt was encouraged and pressed on to London.&amp;nbsp; For
1289 two days, the fate of the Spanish marriage hung in the balance.&amp;nbsp;
1290 Londoners were undecided; Mary decided to sway the balance.&amp;nbsp; She
1291 went to Guildhall and made a rousing speech exhorting the Londoners to
1292 support her.&amp;nbsp; She did so against the advice of her council for they
1293 feared for her safety.&amp;nbsp; They needn't have worried.&amp;nbsp; When Wyatt
1294 reached London, he found the bridge closed to him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1295 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused to let the Tower guns be turned
1296 on the traitors.&amp;nbsp; She feared the innocent citizens of Southwark
1297 would be harmed if they were fired.&amp;nbsp; The rebels eventually
1298 surrendered but Mary had learned a valuable lesson - she discovered the
1299 depth of her subjects' hatred of the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it did
1300 not cause her to change her plans.&amp;nbsp; She was bewildered and angry
1301 but also hurt.&amp;nbsp; She had shown mercy and&lt;IMG height=226 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin Mary Tudor in 1554, by Hans Eworth&quot;
1302 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworthcr.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; forgiveness and was
1303 rewarded by rebellion.&amp;nbsp; She was now particularly susceptible to Renard's advice.&amp;nbsp; Renard immediately questioned Mary's safety as
1304 well as Philip's - would the prince be safe when rebellions were
1305 occurring throughout the nation?&amp;nbsp; The queen was exhorted to ensure
1306 his safety.&amp;nbsp; She must do this by punishing the rebels so none would
1307 dare rebel again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1308 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard's advice was supported by Mary's
1309 council.&amp;nbsp; Inevitably, all her advisors urged Mary to execute Jane
1310 Grey.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt had been supported by the vanished Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp;
1311 When he had disappeared from Sheen, he had gone to raise an army against
1312 the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But he gained little support.&amp;nbsp; Grey
1313 owed his life to Mary's kindness and he responded by seeking to
1314 overthrow her.&amp;nbsp; His intent was to lead men of the midland shires
1315 and join Wyatt near London.&amp;nbsp; His actual course fell far short of
1316 this goal - he fled from one county to another until he reached his
1317 manor of Astley.&amp;nbsp; He apparently hid in a tree trunk or under some
1318 hay; accounts vary.&amp;nbsp; He was promptly arrested by the earl of
1319 Huntingdon.&amp;nbsp; Later, rumors spread that he had proclaimed Jane queen
1320 during his ride through the midlands.&amp;nbsp; This was untrue but it
1321 didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; Jane had once been queen and, as Mary's advisors
1322 put it, she would be the figurehead of any Protestant plot.&amp;nbsp; Once
1323 again, she was &lt;I&gt;morally&lt;/I&gt; innocent but she was still
1324 dangerous.&amp;nbsp; She had to die.&amp;nbsp; To this, Renard added that Philip
1325 could not arrive until the Protestant threat had been destroyed.&amp;nbsp;
1326 All the opposition to her marriage had simply made the obstinate Mary
1327 more determined to marry Philip.&amp;nbsp; So the suspended sentence on Jane
1328 was revoked and she was condemned to die immediately.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1329 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The date of the execution was set for Friday 9
1330 February 1554.&amp;nbsp; Mary, who so hated executing her cousin, tried one
1331 last time to save her soul.&amp;nbsp; She sent John Feckenham, dean of St
1332 Paul's, to Jane.&amp;nbsp; He was given a few days to sway Jane to the
1333 Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Jane, long deprived of intellectual company and
1334 theological debate, was polite.&amp;nbsp; But she rebutted each of
1335 Feckenham's arguments with her own.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she relished this last
1336 chance to elucidate her precious faith.&amp;nbsp; After hours of argument,
1337 she remained Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she had also come to like Feckenham
1338 very much.&amp;nbsp; So she accepted his offer to accompany her to the
1339 scaffold and she promised to 'pray God in the bowels of his mercy to
1340 send you his Holy Spirit; for he hath given you his great gift of
1341 utterance, if it pleased him also to open the eyes of your heart.'&amp;nbsp;
1342 &lt;/P&gt;
1343 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Feckenham's work had delayed the executions until
1344 Monday 12 February.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Jane was also preparing to die with
1345 as much grace and dignity she could summon.&amp;nbsp; She chose her dress,
1346 composed her speech, and appointed the two members of her household who
1347 would accompany her and dispose of her body.&amp;nbsp; She sent a letter to
1348 her sister Catherine and one to her father (brought to the Tower on 10
1349 February.)&amp;nbsp; The latter included a remonstration that his actions
1350 had hastened her death.&amp;nbsp; But she did not write to her mother nor
1351 did Frances attempt to visit her or her husband.&amp;nbsp; There exists a
1352 story that Guildford asked to see Jane before they died and that Mary
1353 granted his request.&amp;nbsp; Jane, however, refused to see him, waiting
1354 until they met 'in a better place.'&amp;nbsp; But there is no evidence the
1355 story is true.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Jane and her husband showed no interest in
1356 seeing one another while in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1357 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane did watch her husband's execution.&amp;nbsp; He
1358 was taken from Beauchamp Tower at 10 o'clock in the morning and led to
1359 the execution area on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Jane stood by her window and
1360 watched as he went to his death.&amp;nbsp; Guildford died with great courage
1361 and dignity and, when the cart rolled past carrying his corpse, Jane
1362 muttered his name and a comment about 'the bitterness of death.'&amp;nbsp;
1363 Perhaps she realized that he had been a victim, too.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
1364 she saw his blood-splattered body, thrown atop equally stained straw,
1365 driven to St Peter-ad-Vincula; his head was wrapped in a cloth beside
1366 the body.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1367 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was now Jane's turn to face death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1368 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;(Click here to read
1369 an eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SMALL&gt;She
1370 wore the &lt;IMG height=360
1371 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey kneeling before the block, from Delaroche's painting&quot;
1372 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janecrop.jpg&quot; width=165 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;same black outfit she had worn at her trial.&amp;nbsp; She carried
1373 her prayer book in her hands; she was escorted by Sir John Brydges, the
1374 lieutenant of the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Her nurse, Mrs Ellen, and her attendant,
1375 Mrs Tylney, also accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; They both cried but Jane was
1376 calm and composed.&amp;nbsp; She had, after all, watched her scaffold being
1377 erected near the White Tower; her rooms provided an excellent view of
1378 its construction.&amp;nbsp; Since she was a princess of royal blood, her
1379 execution was private.&amp;nbsp; Only a small crowd had been invited.&amp;nbsp;
1380 &lt;/P&gt;
1381 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At the steps of the scaffold, he greeted
1382 Feckenham: 'God grant you all your desires and accept my own hearty
1383 thanks for all your attention to me. Although indeed, those attentions
1384 have tried me more than death can now terrify me.' She then ascended the
1385 steps and addressed the crowd.&amp;nbsp; She admitted she had committed
1386 treason when she accepted the crown but 'I do wash my hands in innocency, before God and the face of you, good Christian people this
1387 day.'&amp;nbsp; She wrung her hands and asked that they witness her death,
1388 and affirm that she died a good Christian.&amp;nbsp; She ended with yet
1389 another indication of her strong Protestant faith; she said, 'And now,
1390 good people, while I am alive, I pray you to assist me with your
1391 prayers.'&amp;nbsp; Protestants, unlike Catholics, did not believe in
1392 prayers for the dead.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt and asked Feckenham, 'Shall I
1393 say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; She read the fifty-first psalm in English and he
1394 followed her in Latin.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1395 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the prayer, she told Feckenham, 'God I
1396 beseech Him abundantly reward you for your kindness to me.'&amp;nbsp; She
1397 then rose to her feet and completed her final duties.&amp;nbsp; She handed
1398 her gloves and handkerchief to her attendant, Mrs Tylney and her
1399 prayer-book to the lieutenant's brother, Thomas Brydges.&amp;nbsp; She then
1400 began to untie her gown; as was the tradition, the executioner stepped
1401 forward.&amp;nbsp; It was the custom that the victim's outer garments became
1402 the executioner's property.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane did not know this; or
1403 perhaps she was simply terrified as that masked figure came toward
1404 her.&amp;nbsp; She stepped back and 'desired him to leave her alone.'&amp;nbsp;
1405 Her attendants completed the unlacing.&amp;nbsp; They then gave her a
1406 handkerchief to tie over her eyes.&amp;nbsp; Next, the executioner knelt
1407 before her and begged her forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; This, too, was a custom and
1408 one Jane had expected.&amp;nbsp; She gave her forgiveness 'most
1409 willingly.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1410 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now there was nothing to do but end it all.&amp;nbsp;
1411 The executioner asked her to stand upon the straw.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she saw
1412 the actual block for the first time.&amp;nbsp; Her composure faltered for
1413 just a brief moment.&amp;nbsp; She whispered, 'I pray you despatch me
1414 quickly,' and began to kneel.&amp;nbsp; She hesitated and asked, 'Will you
1415 take it off before I lay me down?', referring to the blindfold.&amp;nbsp;
1416 The executioner replied, 'No, madame' and so she tied the handkerchief
1417 around her eyes.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt but, blindfolded, could not find
1418 the block.&amp;nbsp; Her arms flailed about for several moments and she
1419 cried out, 'What shall I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; Those standing on
1420 the scaffold were hesitant - should they help her?&amp;nbsp; A member of the
1421 crowd climbed the scaffold and helped her.&amp;nbsp; He guided her hands to
1422 the block.&amp;nbsp; She lowered her head and stretched forth her body; her
1423 last words were, 'Lord into thy hands I commend my spirit.'&amp;nbsp; The
1424 executioner swung his axe and severed her head.&amp;nbsp; Blood splattered
1425 across the scaffold and many of the witnesses.&amp;nbsp; The executioner
1426 then lifted her head and said, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies.
1427 Behold, the head of a traitor.'&amp;nbsp; It was the end of Lady Jane
1428 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1429 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Permission had to be granted for her burial at St
1430 Peter-ad-Vincula since the church had recently become Catholic
1431 again.&amp;nbsp; Feckenham was forced to go to court for the
1432 permission.&amp;nbsp; So Jane's body lay exposed and unattended for nearly
1433 four hours, spread obscenely across the blood-soaked straw.&amp;nbsp; The
1434 French ambassador reported seeing it there hours after the
1435 execution.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants kept watch, though they were not allowed
1436 to cover the corpse.&amp;nbsp; Finally, Feckenham returned and Jane's body
1437 was laid to rest between the bodies of two other headless queens -
1438 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne
1439 Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; and
1440 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; During the reign of her Protestant
1441 cousin, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;, Jane was celebrated as a martyr to her faith
1442 and she remains one of the most famous queens of England.&lt;/P&gt;
1443 &lt;hr&gt;
1444 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1445 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1446 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Live still to die, that by death you may purchase eternal life.... As
1447 the preacher sayeth, there is a time to be born and a time to die; and the
1448 day of death is better than the day of our birth.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
1449 size=-1&gt;Jane Grey's message to John Brydges, lieutenant of the Tower of
1450 London, 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
1451 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1452 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1453 &lt;hr&gt;
1454 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1455 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
1456 lovely tribute to Lady Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;; it's a wonderful website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1457 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1458 &lt;CENTER&gt;
1459 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1460 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1461 Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1462 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1463 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1464 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favorite
1465 biographies of Lady Jane Grey are by Hester Chapman and Alison Plowden.&amp;nbsp;
1466 Thanks for reading / exploring this website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1467 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1468 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1469&lt;/blockquote&gt;
1470
1471
1472
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1475</Content>
1476</Section>
1477</Archive>
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