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14 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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33
34&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
35 &lt;tr&gt;
36 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
37 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
38 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
39 &lt;/tr&gt;
40 &lt;tr&gt;
41 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
42 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
43 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
44 &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot;
45 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
46 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
47 &lt;/tr&gt;
48 &lt;tr&gt;
49 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
50 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
51 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
52 &lt;IMG height=476
53 alt=&quot;'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys&quot;
54 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-metsys.jpg&quot; width=350 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
55 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
56 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
57 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
58 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan
59 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with
60 commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A
61 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
62 Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
63 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
64 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen
65 Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
66 Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
67 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne
68 Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
69 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary,
70 queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's
71 cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A
72 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
73 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
74 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
75 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
76 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen
77 fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
78 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
79 &lt;/td&gt;
80 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
81 &lt;/tr&gt;
82&lt;/table&gt;
83
84&lt;blockquote&gt;
85 &lt;blockquote&gt;
86 &lt;blockquote&gt;
87 &lt;hr&gt;
88 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
89 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
90 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my
91 Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be
92 ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
93 Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I to
94 Parliament, 1559&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
95 &lt;blockquote&gt;
96 &lt;blockquote&gt;
97 &lt;hr&gt;
98
99 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered
100 religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&amp;nbsp;
101 Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her
102 subjects' need for peace.&amp;nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. &lt;/P&gt;
103 &lt;P&gt;Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of
104 Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Henry's religious policies had
105 been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of
106 heresy.&amp;nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded,
107 and that changed from year to year.&amp;nbsp; Edward had been a devout
108 Protestant, as had his councilors.&amp;nbsp; The six years of his rule
109 witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern
110 England.&amp;nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and
111 Catholic.&amp;nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with
112 genuine religious fervor.&amp;nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to
113 England after a twenty-year absence.&amp;nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the
114 throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the
115 treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
116 &lt;P&gt;Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&amp;nbsp; Her Protestant
117 councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if
118 their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&amp;nbsp; They warned Elizabeth
119 that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and
120 strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&amp;nbsp; But for the
121 queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&amp;nbsp; If
122 they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private
123 worship.&amp;nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as
124 they wished at home.&amp;nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content
125 not to pry. &lt;/P&gt;
126 &lt;P&gt;This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was
127 considered a weakness by many.&amp;nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the
128 queen's promises. &lt;/P&gt;
129 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&amp;nbsp; The
130 new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&amp;nbsp;
131 This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let
132 the past go.&amp;nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to
133 court, though with a caustic wit.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
134 &lt;P&gt;Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&amp;nbsp; The
135 royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England
136 - was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&amp;nbsp; In the House
137 of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced
138 by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp;
139 Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she
140 felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent
141 Catholics.&amp;nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it
142 was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive
143 to Catholics.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was
144 passed.&amp;nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious
145 dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of
146 doctrine.&amp;nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as
147 Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly
148 outlined.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from
149 positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&amp;nbsp; In
150 total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
151 &lt;P&gt;Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on
152 both sides felt it inadequate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the
153 church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political
154 power in her person.&lt;/P&gt;
155 &lt;hr&gt;
156 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
157 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
158 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'From the very beginning&amp;nbsp; of her reign she has treated all
159 religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she
160 seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not
161 entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... &lt;BR&gt;In my
162 opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both
163 creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of
164 her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
165 size=-1&gt;the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
166 &lt;blockquote&gt;
167 &lt;blockquote&gt;
168 &lt;hr&gt;
169 &lt;P&gt;This balance was maintained successfully through most of her
170 reign.&amp;nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&amp;nbsp;
171 The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&amp;nbsp; This
172 extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal
173 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by
174 continental Presbyterians.&amp;nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule
175 only, that of Holy Scripture.&amp;nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of
176 ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the
177 supervision of a group of elders.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the parishes would
178 usurp the power of the queen. &lt;/P&gt;
179 &lt;P&gt;For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of
180 England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&amp;nbsp;
181&lt;/P&gt;
182 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement
183 underground.&amp;nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in
184 1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed
185 reforms.&amp;nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I
186 had created Protestant ones.&amp;nbsp; He was also more interested in
187 establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&amp;nbsp; A few
188 Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of
189 the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&amp;nbsp; It
190 remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&amp;nbsp;
191 Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however
192 unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; Puritan attempts
193 to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation.
194 &lt;/P&gt;
195 &lt;P&gt;The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very
196 life.&amp;nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic
197 extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
198 &lt;P&gt;The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively
199 quiet and content.&amp;nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of
200 England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&amp;nbsp; They believed
201 Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither
202 Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her
203 title.&amp;nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&amp;nbsp; The two
204 greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were
205 cautious but friendly.&amp;nbsp; England had long been a balance between their
206 competing interests.&amp;nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain
207 had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For her part, the queen took
208 care not to disturb calm waters. &lt;/P&gt;
209 &lt;P&gt;But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&amp;nbsp; In 1568, ten years into
210 her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and
211 choose sides.&lt;/P&gt;
212 &lt;P&gt;Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp; There was a
213 Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip
214 &lt;IMG height=216
215 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565&quot;
216 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz3-maryqos1.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;II sent the duke of
217 Alva to crush it.&amp;nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly
218 across the Channel from England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only
219 wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he
220 then look to England?&amp;nbsp; And that same year, &lt;A
221 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.ne%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
222 Stuart&lt;/A&gt; fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's
223 help.&amp;nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant
224 rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth
225 and her councilors were aghast.&amp;nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England
226 in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&amp;nbsp;
227 And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary
228 of Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable
229 focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots
230 would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And if Elizabeth
231 should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the
232 English throne.&amp;nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified;
233 what should they do with Mary Stuart? &lt;/P&gt;
234 &lt;P&gt;Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by
235 the Englishman William Allen.&amp;nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in
236 reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated
237 followers.&amp;nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan
238 plots and propaganda. &lt;/P&gt;
239 &lt;P&gt;For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully
240 maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&amp;nbsp; She took the
241 precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure
242 castles.&amp;nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an
243 inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&amp;nbsp; She sincerely
244 believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&amp;nbsp; She
245 never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet
246 sister'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that
247 Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&amp;nbsp; Her
248 infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of
249 Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&amp;nbsp; The
250 Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with
251 evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&amp;nbsp; Would
252 the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&amp;nbsp; It was indeed
253 a vexing problem.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to
254 investigate the charges against Mary. &lt;/P&gt;
255 &lt;P&gt;And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
256 &lt;hr&gt;
257 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
258 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
259 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded
260 with the old popish doctrine.' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Sir Ralph Sadler to
261 Sir William Cecil, 1569&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
262 &lt;blockquote&gt;
263 &lt;blockquote&gt;
264 &lt;hr&gt;
265 &lt;P&gt;The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor
266 dynasty.&amp;nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their
267 lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry
268 VII.&amp;nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal
269 authority over the fractious northern earls.&amp;nbsp; His son, Henry VIII,
270 was equally troubled.&amp;nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern
271 rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&amp;nbsp; Henry dealt
272 brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress
273 afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon
274 after their marriage.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the
275 north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&amp;nbsp; She rode north
276 after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned
277 queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&amp;nbsp; She
278 was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the
279 earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her
280 Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; She showed Norfolk some
281 degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal
282 relatives.&amp;nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious
283 differences.&amp;nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England
284 and thus had great influence.&amp;nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to
285 the queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
286 &lt;P&gt;The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in
287 1569.&amp;nbsp; What would the queen do?&amp;nbsp; Some of her councilors,
288 including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier
289 peer in England.&amp;nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin
290 Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his
291 opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&amp;nbsp; Two problems could
292 possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled
293 in England and the succession would be assured.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth recognized
294 this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she
295 live after the marriage?&amp;nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and
296 torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; As
297 future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&amp;nbsp; And what
298 support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to
299 sustain her?&amp;nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant
300 and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
301 &lt;P&gt;The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her
302 displeasure.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for
303 his country estate Kenninghall.&amp;nbsp; He refused a summons to appear
304 before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; Her anger was further
305 roused.&amp;nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and
306 his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&amp;nbsp; The northern
307 earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not
308 plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&amp;nbsp; He and Westmorland and
309 Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but
310 also including the erosion of their local authority.&amp;nbsp; As hereditary
311 nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&amp;nbsp;
312 This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as
313 well.&lt;/P&gt;
314 &lt;P&gt;But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland
315 and distrusted her character.&amp;nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for
316 Norfolk to be king.&amp;nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act
317 of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&amp;nbsp; As
318 their proclamation asserted: &lt;/P&gt;
319 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
320 &lt;p&gt;Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of
321 Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her
322 highness's people sendeth greeting:&amp;nbsp; Whereas divers new set up
323 nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to
324 overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also
325 misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve
326 years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy
327 contrary to God's word.&amp;nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof
328 divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will
329 be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same
330 .....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for
331 the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort
332 unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any
333 of you have.&lt;/p&gt;
334 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
335 &lt;p&gt;And throughout the north, they found ready
336 adherents for their cause.&amp;nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth
337 that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her
338 subjects.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex,
339 sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
340 &lt;P&gt;It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&amp;nbsp;
341 Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for
342 the possibility of&lt;IMG height=345 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I&quot;
343 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfan.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; becoming king?&amp;nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of
344 Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&amp;nbsp; The rebels
345 themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their
346 church.&amp;nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&amp;nbsp;
347 The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their
348 property to the crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
349 &lt;P&gt;The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended
350 satisfactorily enough.&amp;nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England
351 must be more carefully watched and controlled.&amp;nbsp; And as a result of
352 the rebellion, &lt;I&gt;Regnans in excelsis&lt;/I&gt; was issued by the papacy in
353 March 1570.&amp;nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth
354 I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all
355 loyalty and obedience to her office.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe
356 were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&amp;nbsp; She was a
357 heretic and enemy of the true faith.&amp;nbsp; This moment had been long
358 expected in England.&amp;nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant
359 councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. &lt;/P&gt;
360 &lt;P&gt;A papal bull could be a powerful document.&amp;nbsp; It could be used by
361 any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her
362 former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&amp;nbsp; In 1571,
363 parliament took action.&amp;nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a
364 heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; The fines for recusants,
365 those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased
366 dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&amp;nbsp; Many noble
367 Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines;
368 they were driven into poverty.&amp;nbsp; In later years, it would become
369 treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to
370 leave England.&amp;nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against
371 Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&amp;nbsp; Many of these plots were led
372 by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to
373 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
374 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&amp;nbsp;
375 Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and
376 Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&amp;nbsp; English Catholics were
377 deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from
378 European allies was slowly being cut off.&amp;nbsp; This support was
379 particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert
380 Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political
381 treason.&amp;nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and
382 it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise
383 in Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects'
384 ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only
385 of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. &lt;/P&gt;
386 &lt;P&gt;Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the
387 queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&amp;nbsp; They were
388 condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
389 &lt;P&gt;The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she
390 was forced into continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; This was not of her
391 choosing.&amp;nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal
392 actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the
393 role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of
394 Protestantism in Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
395 &lt;P&gt;At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with
396 France.&amp;nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by
397 considering a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of
398 accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&amp;nbsp; But then
399 Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to
400 systematically attack its Protestant population.&amp;nbsp; They in turn sought
401 Elizabeth's aid.&amp;nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under
402 attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of
403 1572. &lt;/P&gt;
404 &lt;P&gt;Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished
405 with the Netherlands?&amp;nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying
406 English trade or invasion.&amp;nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned
407 by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged
408 caution.&amp;nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she
409 faced wars with France and Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would save her precious
410 treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence
411 loathed to part with money.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
412 &lt;P&gt;She prevaricated as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; She allowed English ships
413 under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from
414 the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she
415 gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&amp;nbsp; She sent small contingents
416 of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily
417 over the next several years.&amp;nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting
418 insurrection in Ireland. &lt;/P&gt;
419 &lt;P&gt;This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots
420 continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.&lt;/P&gt;
421 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
422 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A
423 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE
424 READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
425 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
426 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
427 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
428 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen
429 Elizabeth I, part two&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
430 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
431 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
432&lt;/blockquote&gt;
433
434
435
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438</Content>
439</Section>
440</Archive>
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