source: other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Basic/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml@ 28237

Last change on this file since 28237 was 28237, checked in by ak19, 11 years ago

Rebilt those model-collections that needed accentfolding, casefol and stem (and defaultlevel document) set in their collect.cfg, as well as standar GS path placeholders in the archiveinf-doc and -src files.
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14 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Mary I of England half-sister of Elizabeth I 'Bloody Mary' : Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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34
35&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
36 &lt;tr&gt;
37 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
38 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
39&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In thee, O lord, is my trust, let me never be
40 confounded: if God be for us, who can be against us?' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
41 size=-1&gt;Mary Tudor's constant exclamation as queen of England&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
42 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
43 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
44 &lt;/tr&gt;
45 &lt;tr&gt;
46 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
47 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
48 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
49 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1cardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Queen Mary I&quot; width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
50 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
51 &lt;/tr&gt;
52 &lt;tr&gt;
53 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
54 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
55 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
56 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I, by a follower of Anthonis Mor, c.1555-58&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
57 &lt;blockquote&gt;
58 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
59 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
60 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
61 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Queen Mary I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
62 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
63 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmarygovt.html&quot;&gt;Marian
64 government policies and religious legislation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
65 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read
66 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;the letter Mary
67 wrote to Henry VIII, acknowledging her illegitimacy,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;A
68 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;her speech at the
69 Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;A
70 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary
71 description of the queen&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A
72 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;a letter from
73 Katharine of Aragon to her daughter&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
74 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
75 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit
76 the &lt;A
77 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of
78 Aragon site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Mary's mother. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
79 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
80 Grey&lt;/A&gt; site to learn more about Mary's cousin.&lt;br&gt;Visit the
81 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
82 Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; site to learn more about Mary's half-sister.&lt;/p&gt;
83 &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
84 &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Queen Mary's life at &lt;A
85 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
86 &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
87 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
88 A comprehensive exploration of Mary's life, featuring a lengthy
89 biography and numerous portraits.&amp;nbsp; It also has ancillary studies of
90 music, portraiture, genealogy, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
91 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
92 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
93 &lt;/td&gt;
94 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
95 &lt;/tr&gt;
96&lt;/table&gt;
97
98&lt;blockquote&gt;
99 &lt;blockquote&gt;
100 &lt;blockquote&gt;
101 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
102 &lt;hr&gt;
103 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have four certain and open enemies: the heretics
104 and schismatics, the rebels and adherents of the duke of Northumberland,
105 the king of France and Scotland, and the Lady Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
106 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;the Imperial ambassador Renard to Queen Mary, 1553&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
107 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
108 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
109&lt;/blockquote&gt;
110&lt;blockquote&gt;
111 &lt;blockquote&gt;
112 &lt;blockquote&gt;
113 &lt;hr&gt;
114 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
115 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The sad life of England's first female
116 ruler is rendered even more tragic in comparison with her half-sister
117 and successor's reign.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary Tudor, destined - like her
118 half-brother and predecessor - to languish between those two giants of
119 English history, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Yet there is much to
120 warrant even a brief examination of her life and reign.&amp;nbsp; Though her
121 hated half-sister would outshine her in virtually every sphere -
122 physical, political, intellectual, artistic - Mary also had a formidable
123 impact upon English history.&amp;nbsp; Throughout the first thirty-seven
124 years of her life, she was tossed about by the whims of her father and,
125 later and perhaps more galling, her Protestant brother and his
126 council.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps inevitable that when she first tasted real
127 power, the experience would be both intoxicating and unfortunate.&lt;/FONT&gt;
128 &lt;/p&gt;
129
130 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;When Mary came to the throne, she
131 was thirty-seven years old.&amp;nbsp; She had never been married though, in
132 her youth, several matches had been suggested and abandoned.&amp;nbsp;
133 Contrary to later beliefs, Henry VIII was pleased with her birth in
134 1516, proudly displaying the infant Mary to visiting ambassadors and&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=387 alt=&quot;Princess Mary, age 28, painted by Master John&quot;
135 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryage28.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
136 noblemen.&amp;nbsp; It was only years later, with Mary as his sole
137 legitimate offspring, that Henry began his desperate search for a
138 son.&amp;nbsp; This search would forever brand him as a misogynist and cruel
139 tyrant who discarded, divorced, and beheaded the women who did not bear
140 him sons.&amp;nbsp; But one must be fair to Henry and judge him by the
141 standards of his time, which certainly his contemporaries did.&amp;nbsp; He
142 was only the second Tudor monarch and, as such, he understood the
143 necessity of stabilizing the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, his father
144 had only won the crown in 1485, barely thirty years before Mary's
145 birth.&amp;nbsp; And if Henry VII, born the unprepossessing earl of
146 Richmond, could steal the crown then his son's actions can be
147 understood.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, Henry VIII was determined the crown
148 would remain in Tudor hands.&amp;nbsp; Mary, like her half-sister Elizabeth,
149 was always recognized as his daughter.&amp;nbsp; But England had never had a
150 woman ruler, one who ruled in her own right without a male consort or as
151 regent for an infant son.&amp;nbsp; The only possible precedent was Matilda,
152 Henry I's heir, and the precedent was not good - Matilda was expelled by
153 the English barons and her cousin Stephen of Blois was made king.&amp;nbsp;
154 Though this had happened four centuries before, its lesson was still
155 valid.&lt;/FONT&gt;
156 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With this in mind, Henry's
157 treatment of Mary's mother becomes - if not palatable - at least
158 understandable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the petty cruelties and humiliations he
159 forced upon her were his own doing but the overall aim was to ensure the
160 Tudor succession.&amp;nbsp; But all this happened years after Mary's
161 birth.&amp;nbsp; From 1516 to about 1530, Mary led a happy, sheltered
162 life.&amp;nbsp; She was considered one of the most important European
163 princesses and Henry used her as every king used his daughter - as a
164 pawn in political negotiations.&amp;nbsp; She was also well-educated with a
165 fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic skill.&amp;nbsp; Her
166 mother, Katharine of Aragon, was deeply devoted to Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was
167 a reflection of Katharine's strongly domestic nature as well as the
168 numerous miscarriages she suffered.&amp;nbsp; Any mother would naturally
169 love a child but Katharine had lost enough children to make her
170 especially devoted to the one who survived.&amp;nbsp; When Henry proposed
171 the idea of divorce, Katharine fought it passionately, not least because
172 divorce would destroy her daughter's future.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was the
173 youngest daughter of those great Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragon
174 and Isabella of Castile, the 'Catholic Kings' who united Spain
175 geographically and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Through her mother, she could
176 trace her lineage to John of Gaunt, that legendary figure in English
177 history.&amp;nbsp; She grew up as an Infanta of Spain; and, unlike Henry,
178 her claim to royalty was not a mere few decades old.&amp;nbsp; As such, she
179 was naturally proud and dignified.&amp;nbsp; Mary inherited this pride as
180 well as her mother's enduring affection for Spain.&amp;nbsp; When she became
181 queen, this affection was to have terrible consequences.&lt;/FONT&gt;
182 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Educated by her mother and a ducal
183 governess, Mary was at last betrothed to her cousin, the Holy Roman
184 Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain.)&amp;nbsp; Charles made the
185 unfortunate demand that she come to Spain immediately, accompanied by a
186 huge cash dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry ignored the request and Charles jilted
187 Mary, concluding a match with a more accommodating princess.&amp;nbsp;
188 Meanwhile, Henry invested his daughter as Princess of Wales in 1525 and
189 she held court at Ludlow Castle.&amp;nbsp; With this decision, Henry meant
190 to soothe Katharine's fears that Mary's position as the only legitimate
191 Tudor heir was being undermined.&amp;nbsp; Only a few weeks before the
192 investiture, Mary had attended a ceremony in which her father ennobled
193 his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as duke of Richmond (among various
194 other titles.)&amp;nbsp; And though he sharply rebuked Katharine for
195 criticizing his open affection for Fitzroy, and the accompanying titles
196 and wealth he gave the boy, Henry did not neglect his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In
197 fact, Mary was the first princess of Wales, and the first female royal
198 to hold court at Ludlow.&amp;nbsp; But of course, sending Mary to Wales was
199 not the same as sending a son and heir; Henry never intended her to rule
200 England, at least not as its sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; Her role in Wales would
201 be primarily symbolic, and she would be replaced as soon as he had a
202 legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; This elusive son - Henry's most fervent wish
203 - occupied his mind even as he continued to scour Europe for a suitable
204 husband for Mary.&lt;/FONT&gt;
205 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Yet even as new betrothal plans
206 were being made, the king's attention was increasingly elsewhere.&amp;nbsp;
207 Henry had met Anne Boleyn, daughter of a simple knight and sister of a
208 former mistress.&amp;nbsp; His passionate attraction to Anne, coupled with
209 the increased need for a male heir, made Henry restless.&amp;nbsp; He looked
210 at Katharine, nine years his senior and as domestic as Anne was exotic,
211 with new eyes.&amp;nbsp; At first he sought a quiet, amicable annulment of
212 their long
213 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Certainly such a decision was not revolutionary; Henry
214 could cite numerous examples in European history where kings had
215 annulled marriages to barren queens.&amp;nbsp; Since he and Katharine had a
216 mutual respect and affection for one another, Henry anticipated her
217 cooperation.&amp;nbsp; Certainly he would tread with delicacy but - in the
218 end - his will would be done.&lt;/FONT&gt;
219 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;But Henry had not anticipated his
220 wife's immediate and intense anger.&amp;nbsp; For he had based his argument
221 upon theology - in short, Henry argued that because Katharine had been
222 briefly married to his brother, Arthur, her marriage to Henry was
223 incestuous.&amp;nbsp; Katharine responded that this matter was already
224 resolved.&amp;nbsp; Before she wed Henry, the Pope had granted a
225 dispensation.&amp;nbsp; He did so under political pressure from Henry VII
226 and Ferdinand - but also because Katharine swore she and Arthur had
227 never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a virgin when
228 she wed Henry, a fact Henry would be certain to know.&amp;nbsp; Cynics could
229 not help but mock the King's sudden attack of conscience, occurring some
230 twenty years into the marriage and in the midst of his affair with Anne
231 Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt;
232 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
233 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to argue
234 that Anne had no role in his decision.&amp;nbsp; In his mid-thirties, Henry
235 had entered into the most passionate romantic attachment of his
236 life.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, after her death, he would complain that Anne had
237 'bewitched' him.&amp;nbsp; It was true that Henry displayed an intensity of
238 feeling toward her which shocked their contemporaries.&amp;nbsp; Today we
239 can read his love letters to her; across the span of four centuries,
240 they retain their power.&amp;nbsp; Anne was not beautiful but she possessed
241 greater gifts - she was witty, graceful, and stylish.&amp;nbsp; She had been
242 educated at the glittering French court so she sang and danced
243 beautifully, skills which Henry admired.&amp;nbsp; She was also very
244 intelligent and confident.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her older sister Mary, Anne
245 Boleyn had no desire to be the king's temporary mistress.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
246 she had intended to wed Henry Percy, heir to the earl of Northumberland,
247 until the king - already enchanted - put a stop to the match.&amp;nbsp; He
248 wrote to Percy's father, arguing against the unsuitable match.&amp;nbsp; A
249 knight's daughter wed to one of the most important peers of the
250 realm?&amp;nbsp; Percy's angry father immediately sent for his son, ending
251 the romance but not the attachment.&amp;nbsp; Percy wrote poetry about Anne
252 and, at her trial, he had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the
253 other peers, he could not bear to sit in judgment of her.&amp;nbsp; For
254 Anne, the loss of Percy was undoubtedly galling.&amp;nbsp; After all, had
255 the king ended the engagement simply to make her his mistress?&amp;nbsp;
256 Henry's disregard for her personal feelings, his interference in her
257 personal life, was not endearing.&amp;nbsp; But it convinced Anne of the
258 king's attraction and she resolved to be his wife or nothing.&lt;/FONT&gt;
259 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;For Mary, the sudden ascent of
260 Anne Boleyn signaled the end of her world.&amp;nbsp; Her beloved mother,
261 equally loved by the English people, was being forced aside by a former
262 lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Her father was determined to declare her a
263 bastard; in effect, Henry's charge of incest dissolved his marriage and
264 illegitimized his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this, Mary developed a
265 lasting hatred of Anne Boleyn which extended to Anne's daughter,
266 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She never openly blamed her father for his actions,
267 though she considered them unlawful and impious.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she
268 persuaded herself that he had been Anne Boleyn's pawn.&amp;nbsp; Such a
269 reaction was perhaps inevitable.&amp;nbsp; However, it was to have an
270 unfortunate impact upon Elizabeth's life.&lt;/FONT&gt;
271 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The Pope refused to recognize
272 Henry's argument for an annulment or divorce and thus began a power
273 struggle between the Vatican, Spain, and England.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
274 nephew, Charles V, naturally agreed with his aunt for personal and
275 political reasons. He exerted considerable military and political
276 pressure against the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry's numerous petitions were
277 disregarded.&amp;nbsp; Eventually he simply gave up and decided the matter
278 himself.&amp;nbsp; In 1534 Henry took the unprecedented step of breaking
279 with Rome, establishing the Church of England with himself as Supreme
280 Head.&amp;nbsp; The annulment was granted and Katharine and Mary were
281 officially outcasts.&lt;/FONT&gt;
282 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Mary continued
283 her somewhat restricted life.&amp;nbsp; Despite her declared illegitimacy,
284 Henry continued to propose various husbands for her.&amp;nbsp; The searches
285 were not particularly thorough or serious, however, and Mary remained a
286 spinster.&amp;nbsp; She was now in her late twenties, leaving behind her
287 youth and - most importantly for a woman - her safest reproductive
288 years.&lt;/FONT&gt;
289 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Even before the official decree,
290 Henry had stopped living with Katharine and recognizing her as
291 Queen.&amp;nbsp; He took Anne Boleyn with him to France to meet his rival
292 Francis I; this was an important state visit and her appearance was
293 commented upon.&amp;nbsp; Henry, however, had already ordered Katharine to
294 surrender her jewelry; Anne now wore it.&amp;nbsp; He also sent Katharine to
295 one decaying residence after another, dismissing several of her devoted
296 servants.&amp;nbsp; Though deprived of her title, home, jewels, and
297 companionship, Katharine never recognized the divorce.&amp;nbsp; She refused
298 the title of Princess Dowager, offered by Henry as recognition of her
299 marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She continued to assert that
300 she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, above
301 all else, she professed faith in the judgment of the Pope.&amp;nbsp; A
302 devout Catholic, daughter of the monarchs who introduced the Inquisition
303 to Spain, Katharine never acknowledged the Church of England.&amp;nbsp;
304 Since she had raised her daughter to be equally devout, Mary also
305 refused to acknowledge both the Church and her father's position as
306 Supreme Head.&lt;/FONT&gt;
307 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Henry
308 VIII, though ostensibly head of a new church which overthrew the
309 Catholic supremacy, remained a devout Catholic&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; throughout his
310 life.&amp;nbsp; He continued to attend Mass and heartily despised 'heretics'
311 like Martin Luther.&amp;nbsp; But Henry possessed the ability to separate
312 the secular from the spiritual, a quality which Mary completely lacked
313 and Elizabeth honed to fine perfection.&amp;nbsp; Though his son would
314 become a bigoted Protestant determined to stamp out Catholicism and his
315 eldest daughter a bigoted Catholic determined to stamp out
316 Protestantism, Henry was a Catholic who lapsed when it suited him.&amp;nbsp;
317 Of course, he always asserted theological justification for the lapses.&amp;nbsp;
318 However, he would not allow Katharine or Mary to deny his authority.&amp;nbsp;
319 Both paid a stiff penalty for their refusal to submit.&amp;nbsp; Katharine,
320 as noted, was sent from court and deprived of all accustomed luxuries.&amp;nbsp;
321 Mary was equally disgraced.&amp;nbsp; Now a bastard, declared such by
322 Parliament, she was denied any communication with her mother and made
323 lady-in-waiting to Anne and Henry's daughter, Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Unlike
324 Mary, Elizabeth was recognized as a Princess of the realm.&amp;nbsp; For the
325 seventeen-year-old Mary, the complete reversal of her fortune was
326 devastating.&amp;nbsp; She began to suffer from a variety of illnesses,
327 undoubtedly stress-related.&amp;nbsp; These plagued her until her death,
328 causing such symptoms as severe headaches, nausea, insomnia, and
329 infrequent menstruation.&lt;/FONT&gt;
330 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Anne took an equal dislike of
331 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple fact that if Anne and Elizabeth's fortunes
332 rose, Mary's would fall.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was legitimate only
333 if Mary was not, and vice versa.&amp;nbsp; Anne would have been foolish to
334 encourage any reconciliation between Henry and Mary, quite possibly she
335 did the opposite.&amp;nbsp; But after her fall from grace, Henry offered to
336 pardon Mary and restore her to favor - but only if Mary acknowledged him
337 as head of the Church of England and admitted the 'incestuous
338 illegality' of his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; To Mary's credit, she
339 refused to do so until her cousin, Charles V, persuaded her
340 otherwise.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A
341 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;She gave in to
342 Henry's demands&lt;/A&gt;, an action she was to always regret.&amp;nbsp;
343 Meanwhile, Katharine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton Castle, loving -
344 and defying - Henry to the last; &lt;A
345 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;her final letter&lt;/A&gt;
346 to him was signed 'Katharine the Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine and Mary had
347 not seen one another for years though they had written one another,
348 against Henry's orders, in great secrecy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's last
349 thoughts were undoubtedly of her daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt;
350 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry, however, was soon
351 reconciled to Mary.&amp;nbsp; Flush with marriage to the meek Jane Seymour
352 and her quick pregnancy, he welcomed Mary home.&amp;nbsp; She was given a
353 household befitting her position as his daughter and included in court
354 festivities; there were even rumors of a possible marriage in her
355 future.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour encouraged Henry's reconciliation with both
356 of his daughters.&amp;nbsp; Mary, in turn, respected and liked the new
357 queen.&amp;nbsp; She was named godmother to Henry and Jane's son, Prince
358 Edward, born in October 1537; and when Jane died shortly after her son's
359 birth, Mary was the chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; Their friendship was not so
360 unlikely.&amp;nbsp; They were relatively close in age and Mary, having lost
361 her mother and longing for her father's affection, was grateful for any
362 kindness.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, she had the satisfaction of knowing
363 Elizabeth, too, was bastardized; Anne Boleyn's execution on charges of
364 incest and treason had illegitimized her daughter.&amp;nbsp; It is revealing
365 to note that, upon her ascension, Mary revoked the Act of Parliament
366 which made her a bastard.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, upon ascension, didn't bother
367 to do so.&lt;/FONT&gt;
368 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;However, Mary and Elizabeth were
369 not forgotten.&amp;nbsp; After Jane's death, Henry determined the line of
370 succession as follows:&amp;nbsp; first, Edward or Edward's heirs; if Edward
371 died without issue, the throne passed to Mary; after Mary, to
372 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry recognized the fragility of his succession,
373 resting as it did upon just one son.&amp;nbsp; He, after all, was a second
374 son.&amp;nbsp; But there was little he could do.&amp;nbsp; His fourth marriage,
375 to Anne of Cleves, had ended disastrously.&amp;nbsp; She was too
376 unnattractive for the king so she was titled 'the king's sister' and
377 given a generous pension.&amp;nbsp; Anne preferred this solution to
378 returning home.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=352
379 alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-cr.jpg&quot; width=270
380 align=right border=2&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Soon
381 enough, Henry's attentions were captured elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; He wed
382 Catherine Howard, cousin to the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; It was a
383 pathetic match.&amp;nbsp; Henry was old enough to be her grandfather,
384 plainly in lust with a young woman who exuded sex appeal.&amp;nbsp; Mary's
385 opinion on the match is not known but it would be safe to assume that
386 even if she disapproved, she would never say so.&amp;nbsp; Mary recognized
387 her father's secular authority as king even as she disapproved of his
388 spiritual authority as head of the English Church.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
389 there was barely time to know Catherine before she, too, was executed on
390 charges of adultery.&amp;nbsp; Whether she was guilty is a matter of
391 conjecture; if she was, one can hardly blame her and, if she wasn't, she
392 was yet another blot upon Henry's conscience.&amp;nbsp; In her defense, she
393 refused the easy path of divorce.&amp;nbsp; Henry offered to recognize a
394 pre-contract with another nobleman.&amp;nbsp; If she, too, recognized it,
395 their marriage would be invalid.&amp;nbsp; Catherine would be divorced but
396 still alive.&amp;nbsp; She refused to admit such an arrangement, however,
397 and met her end at the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
398 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry's last queen was the
399 Protestant Katharine Parr, twice-widowed and chosen for her excellent
400 character and nursing abilities.&amp;nbsp; Like Jane Seymour, Katharine Parr
401 was determined to bring the royal family closer together.&amp;nbsp; To that
402 end, she provided the only true home and maternal guidance Edward and
403 Elizabeth would ever know.&amp;nbsp; She also befriended Mary, a difficult
404 task because of their opposing religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however,
405 did respect Katharine's intellectual accomplishments.&lt;/FONT&gt;
406 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr was the product of
407 the changing climate in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; When he ended Catholic
408 supremacy in England, dissolving the monasteries and granting their
409 lands to various nobles and the crown, Henry had begun a process whose
410 end he never foresaw.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry never became a
411 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But his decision to use Protestantism for his own ends
412 allowed Protestantism to flourish.&amp;nbsp; Toward the end of his reign,
413 there were few councilors who could remember the Catholic
414 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; They had benefited from the break with Rome, both
415 spiritually and materially; Henry, meanwhile, never understood the force
416 he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine made the mistake of arguing about
417 theology with him, she came very close to losing her head.&amp;nbsp; Only a
418 timely intervention and her own impassioned apology saved her.&amp;nbsp; But
419 upon Henry's death and Edward's ascension, the Protestant faction was in
420 control.&amp;nbsp; The new king, just nine years old, had Protestant tutors
421 and a Protestant step-mother.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, Edward VI is revealed in his
422 journal as a priggish, unfeeling boy who noted the executions of his
423 uncles with no trace of compassion.&amp;nbsp; His letters to Katharine Parr,
424 however, are the only examples of feeling and affection which he left
425 behind.&amp;nbsp; To her, he confided his insecurity and
426 vulnerability.&lt;/FONT&gt;
427 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr's influence on
428 Edward VI was to simply strengthen the Protestantism which his tutors
429 and the English court encouraged.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, the situation was
430 disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Edward, swayed by religious fervor and his advisors,
431 made English compulsory for church services.&amp;nbsp; Mary continued to
432 celebrate Mass in the old form and in Latin.&amp;nbsp; During the six years
433 of her brother's reign, she tread the fine line between piety and
434 treason.&amp;nbsp; Edward attempted to reason with her at court yet she
435 refused his advice.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was a woman in her thirties and he
436 was still a child.&amp;nbsp; Edward was also under the control of the Duke
437 of Somerset, Jane Seymour's staunchly Protestant brother.&amp;nbsp; Though
438 Henry VIII's will had specified a specific group of councilors to guide
439 his son's regency, his wishes were disregarded.&amp;nbsp; His fellow
440 councilors, most of whom had profited from the Catholic expulsion,
441 titled Somerset Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; The nine-year-old king had no deep
442 affection for his uncle; Somerset kept Edward short of pocket money and
443 hired harsh tutors who regularly beat the boy.&amp;nbsp; But their religious
444 sympathies were similar.&amp;nbsp; Mary managed to disregard the combined
445 pressure of Somerset and Edward, largely because she stayed away from
446 court.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was firm with her.&amp;nbsp; He told her she was
447 misguided and occasionally threatened her.&amp;nbsp; Mary was intelligent
448 enough to not risk open disobedience, preferring the quiet celebration
449 of Mass in her country home.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, in 1549, Somerset had
450 overstepped his authority and was executed.&amp;nbsp; His fall was largely
451 engineered by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and soon-to-be Duke of
452 Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; From then on, Edward was under Dudley's
453 control.&lt;/FONT&gt;
454 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Edward VI ruled for just seven
455 years.&amp;nbsp; The last year of his life was one of near-constant pain and
456 suffering.&amp;nbsp; Various illnesses have been suggested, &lt;/FONT&gt;
457 &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;consumption
458 being the most likely.&amp;nbsp; He had never been of robust health, unlike
459 his father, and the Protestant councilors did all they could to prolong
460 his life.&amp;nbsp; To that end, Edward was given arsenic and various other
461 poisons which were believed to prolong life even as they increased
462 suffering.&amp;nbsp; For Dudley and his supporters, Edward's death was
463 inevitable but they needed every available moment to prevent Mary from
464 ascending the throne.&amp;nbsp; They were not fools and knew their fate with
465 a Catholic queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley hurriedly married his son Guildford to &lt;A
466 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
467 Grey&lt;/A&gt;, Edward VI's Protestant, scholarly cousin.&amp;nbsp; Like Edward,
468 Jane was a pawn in Dudley's schemes.&amp;nbsp; She was the granddaughter of
469 Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor and, thus, a remote claimant to
470 the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Working together, Edward and Dudley
471 disregarded Henry VIII's will yet again and barred both Mary and
472 Elizabeth from the succession.&amp;nbsp; In turn, Edward willed the throne
473 to Jane and her heirs.&amp;nbsp; When he finally died, Jane was declared
474 Queen by Dudley and the Protestant lords.&lt;/FONT&gt;
475 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Jane Grey's ascension to the
476 throne lasted but nine days.&amp;nbsp; Though the Protestant councilors were
477 not fond of Mary's religious views, many still regarded her as the
478 rightful heir.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, Bluff King Hal's daughter.&amp;nbsp;
479 Like her mother, Mary had enormous sympathy from the English people, a
480 gift she was to squander recklessly.&amp;nbsp; Many viewed her as the poor
481 victim of Anne Boleyn's scheming, a quiet, kindly, and pious woman.&amp;nbsp;
482 It should be noted that &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;the
483 English people cared not so much for her religious views as they did her
484 parentage.&amp;nbsp; She was the old king's child and therefore, she should
485 follow Edward to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This loyalty to Mary's dynastic
486 claims was something she never fully understood.&amp;nbsp; As queen, Mary
487 was capable of both extreme affection and disdain for her English
488 subjects.&lt;/FONT&gt;
489 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With Jane declared queen, Mary
490 fled to Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though her closest friends advised against it,
491 she soon decided to ride to London and stake her own claim to the
492 throne.&amp;nbsp; The people of London welcomed her ecstatically.&amp;nbsp; Mary
493 arrested Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley, though she displayed her
494 typical leniency by not immediately executing them.&amp;nbsp; When Jane's
495 fugitive father attempted to lead an uprising for her, Mary had him
496 executed along with John Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Jane and Guildford, however,
497 remained in the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
498 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
499 &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
500
501 &lt;blockquote&gt;
502
503 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
504 &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
505 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;The PRIMARY
506 SOURCES section contains many documents related to Queen Mary:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
507 &lt;FONT
508 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;-&lt;/B&gt;read a letter to Mary from her mother, Katharine of
509 Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
510 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read the entire text of Mary's letter to her father, in which
511 she acknowledged Henry as head of the church of England, the dissolution
512 of his marriage to Katharine of Aragon &amp;amp; her own illegitimacy (a
513 letter she later disavowed)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
514 &lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a journal entry of
515 Edward VI, in which he recorded a religious dispute with
516 Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
517 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;- read a letter from Catherine Parr to Mary&lt;/FONT&gt;
518 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read Mary's speech
519 at the Guildhall, in which she asked for loyalty in the face of Wyatt's
520 uprising&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
521 &lt;FONT
522 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a letter from Lady Jane Grey to Mary, in which Jane
523 explains the circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine
524 days&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
525 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford
526 Dudley&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
527 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the execution of Archbishop Thomas
528 Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
529 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a contemporary description of Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt;
530 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/FONT&gt;
531
532 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
533
534 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
535 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;/font&gt;
536 &lt;CENTER&gt;
537 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
538 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
539 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
540 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
541 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
542 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
543 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
544&lt;/blockquote&gt;
545
546
547
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550</Content>
551</Section>
552</Archive>
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