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14	<Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
15	<Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
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29
30	<center><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif" ALT="Thomas Wolsey" height=67 width=286>
31	<br>born c. 1465 in Ipswich
32	<br>died 29 November 1530 in Leicester</center>
33
34	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
35	He was a man
36	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
37	Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
38	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
39	Himself with princes...
40	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
41	His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
42	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
43	But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
44	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
45	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII</i>.</font>
46	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
47	Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.</font>
48	<blockquote>&nbsp;</blockquote>
49	&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
50	O Cromwell, Cromwell!
51	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
52	Had I but served my God with half the zeal
53	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
54	I served my king, he would not in mine age
55	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
56	Have left me naked to mine enemies.
57	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
58	<i>All Is True</i>. Wolsey's speech in act IV.</font>
59	<br>&nbsp;
60	<br>&nbsp;
61	<p><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg" ALT="Cardinal Wolsey" BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
62	The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
63	VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
64	and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&nbsp; He was
65	born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&nbsp;
66	But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
67	Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&nbsp; Five years later, he
68	became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
69	Sir Richard Nanfan.&nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
70	Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&nbsp;
71	Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
72	was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
73	death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&nbsp; Upon Henry's
74	death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
75	found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
76	to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
77	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
78	as one could be to a king.&nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
79	mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
80	diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
81	and English-arbitrated European peace.&nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
82	though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&nbsp; He
83	was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
84	but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
85	international affairs.&nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
86	spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
87	English life.
88	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
89	and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
90	delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&nbsp; The early years of Henry's
91	reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
92	in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&nbsp; And
93	while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
94	on Wolsey's assistance.&nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
95	changed by the French expedition of 1513.&nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
96	to prove English strength in battle against this old
97	<br>enemy.&nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
98	young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&nbsp; When Henry VII
99	died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&nbsp;
100	Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
101	but not lively.&nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
102	dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
103	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
104	a successful military strike against France.&nbsp; After one failure, he
105	went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&nbsp;
106	Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
107	Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&nbsp; Of course, the English
108	couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
109	peace.&nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&nbsp;
110	At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&nbsp;
111	The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
112	her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
113	Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&nbsp; Mary and Brandon
114	were the grandparents of <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html">Lady
115	Jane Grey</a>.
116	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
117	was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&nbsp; England would be taken
118	seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
119	and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&nbsp; Henry
120	was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
121	Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
122	months later, archbishop of York.&nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&nbsp;
123	The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
124	of England.
125	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
126	taken into Henry's complete confidence.&nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
127	and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&nbsp;
128	Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
129	Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
130	dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
131	his marriage.&nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
132	to it.&nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
133	servant, Wolsey, for help.
134	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
135	himself as second only to Henry in power.&nbsp; This naturally angered
136	the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&nbsp;
137	They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
138	the king.&nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
139	as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
140	the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&nbsp; In the natural order, he
141	was their inferior.&nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
142	particularly the powerful dukes.
143	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&nbsp;
144	That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
145	arrogance?&nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
146	his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&nbsp; Wolsey was his
147	creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
148	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
149	Henry.&nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
150	that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&nbsp; (The complexity
151	of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
152	here.&nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's <i>Henry VIII: The Mask of
153	Royalty</i>, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
154	century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
155	Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
156	his own inadequacies.&nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&nbsp;
157	In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&nbsp;
158	With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
159	to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&nbsp; At Hampton
160	Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
161	richly embroidered livery.&nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
162	knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&nbsp; But his ties
163	to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&nbsp;
164	He could not serve two masters.
165	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
166	Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&nbsp; As stated
167	before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&nbsp;
168	At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
169	the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&nbsp; The situation became even
170	more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
171	Roman Emperor in 1519.&nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
172	with the Imperial power.&nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
173	with the Lowlands), history (England was
174	<br>rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
175	Katharine's nephew.)&nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
176	and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
177	favor.&nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
178	between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
179	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
180	broke out in 1521.&nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
181	Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&nbsp; But war costs a great deal
182	of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&nbsp;
183	And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&nbsp; This unpleasant
184	task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
185	and, accordingly, take the blame.
186	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
187	taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&nbsp; In 1528, the English
188	were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
189	1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&nbsp; It
190	was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
191	troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&nbsp; The Emperor
192	Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
193	of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
194	sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&nbsp; However, Charles - and
195	the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
196	and the pope.
197	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
198	judicial system.&nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
199	Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&nbsp; He was determined to extend
200	justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&nbsp; Only their
201	code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
202	murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
203	matter entirely.&nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
204	his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
205	the law - at least more equal than before.&nbsp; He also developed
206	<br>committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
207	the Court of Requests in 1529.
208	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
209	successful.&nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
210	to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&nbsp; Also,
211	his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
212	titles.&nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
213	children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
214	ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
215	leadership.&nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
216	some reforms.&nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
217	pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&nbsp;
218	Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&nbsp;
219	Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&nbsp; And, ironically,
220	most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
221	instigation or approval.&nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
222	as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
223	nobles.&nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
224	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
225	opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
226	which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
227	as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
228	own.&nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
229	desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&nbsp;
230	His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&nbsp; Poor Wolsey
231	- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
232	his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
233	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
234	though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&nbsp; He suggested
235	that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
236	wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
237	Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&nbsp;
238	The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
239	a nunnery and marry Anne.&nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
240	of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&nbsp; From 1527 to
241	1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
242	solutions but these were unsuccessful.&nbsp; After all, England did not
243	have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
244	make an independent decision.&nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
245	would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
246	for monarchs throughout Europe.&nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
247	is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&nbsp;
248	He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
249	legally married to Katharine.
250	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
251	virtually any support at the English court.&nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
252	Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
253	he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
254	to her and Henry's marriage.&nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
255	torn between Katharine and Anne.&nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
256	both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&nbsp;
257	This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&nbsp;
258	Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
259	to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
260	English knight's daughter.
261	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
262	an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&nbsp; He was now all too
263	willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
264	so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&nbsp;
265	It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
266	direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
267	papal jurisdiction.&nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
268	authority and so had broken the law himself.&nbsp; This did not matter.&nbsp;
269	Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
270	9
271	<br>October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
272	York.&nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
273	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
274	and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
275	with the French king.&nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
276	still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
277	majesty.&nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
278	and taken from York Palace.&nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
279	at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&nbsp; The group escorting him were
280	concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
281	quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
282	<br>His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
283	<br>&nbsp;
284	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
285	This cardinal,
286	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
287	Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
288	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
289	Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
290	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
291	He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
292	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
293	Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
294	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
295	Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
296	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
297	But to those men that sought him sweet as
298	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
299	summer.
300	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
301	And though he were unsatisfied in getting
302	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
303	Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
304	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
305	He was most princely: ever witness for him
306	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
307	Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
308	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
309	Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
310	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
311	him,
312	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
313	Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
314	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
315	The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
316	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
317	So excellent in art, and still so rising,
318	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
319	That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
320	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
321	His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
322	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
323	For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
324	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
325	And found the blessedness of being little:
326	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
327	And, to add greater honors to his age
328	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
329	Than man could give him, he died fearing
330	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
331	God.
332	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
333	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True</i>.</font>
334	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
335	Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.</font>
336	<center>
337	<p>Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html">Primary
338	Sources</a> section.
339	<br>
340	<hr WIDTH="100%">
341	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html">to
342	Tudor Citizens</a></font>
343	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html">to Tudor
344	England</a></font></center>
345
346
347
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