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15	<Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
16	<Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
17	<Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
18	<Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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22	<Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period\|Monarchs</Metadata>
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34	<Content>
35
36	<table border="0" cellpadding="3" width="100%" height="667">
37	<tr>
38	<td width="25%" height="29"></td>
39	<td valign="top" width="50%" height="29"><p align="center">&nbsp;</td>
40	<td width="25%" height="29"></td>
41	</tr>
42	<tr>
43	<td width="25%" height="3"></td>
44	<td width="50%" height="3">
45	<p align="center">
46	<IMG height=98 alt="Queen Elizabeth I"
47	src="_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif" width=422></td>
48	<td width="25%" height="3"></td>
49	</tr>
50	<tr>
51	<td width="25%" height="610"></td>
52	<td valign="top" width="50%" height="610">
53	<p align="center">
54	<IMG height=476
55	alt="'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys"
56	src="_httpdocimg_/eliz1-metsys.jpg" width=350 border=2><blockquote>
57	<p align="left">
58	&nbsp;</blockquote>
59	<DIV align=left>Visit
60	<a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html">Elizabethan
61	Images</a> to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with
62	commentary.<BR>Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at <A
63	href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html">Primary
64	Sources</A>.</DIV>
65	<DIV align=left>&nbsp;</DIV>
66	<DIV align=left>Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen
67	Elizabeth I at <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html">
68	Secondary Sources</a>.<BR><BR>Visit <A
69	href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html">the Anne
70	Boleyn website</A> to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.<BR>Visit <A
71	href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html">the Mary,
72	queen of Scots website</A> to learn more about Elizabeth's
73	cousin.<BR><BR>Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at <A
74	href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html">Tudor
75	Quizzes</A>.</DIV>
76	<DIV align=left>&nbsp;</DIV>
77	<DIV align=left>Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
78	<a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth">The Virgin Queen
79	fanlisting</a>.</DIV>
80	<DIV align=left>&nbsp;</DIV>
81	</td>
82	<td width="25%" height="610"></td>
83	</tr>
84	</table>
85
86	<blockquote>
87	<blockquote>
88	<blockquote>
89	<hr>
90	</blockquote>
91	</blockquote>
92	<p><font size="4">'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my
93	Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be
94	ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
95	Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&nbsp;&nbsp; </font><I><FONT size=-1>Elizabeth I to
96	Parliament, 1559&nbsp;</FONT></I><font size="2"> </font></p>
97	<blockquote>
98	<blockquote>
99	<hr>
100
101	<P>Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered
102	religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&nbsp;
103	Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her
104	subjects' need for peace.&nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. </P>
105	<P>Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of
106	Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&nbsp; Henry's religious policies had
107	been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of
108	heresy.&nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded,
109	and that changed from year to year.&nbsp; Edward had been a devout
110	Protestant, as had his councilors.&nbsp; The six years of his rule
111	witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern
112	England.&nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and
113	Catholic.&nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with
114	genuine religious fervor.&nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to
115	England after a twenty-year absence.&nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the
116	throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the
117	treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&nbsp; </P>
118	<P>Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&nbsp; Her Protestant
119	councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if
120	their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&nbsp; They warned Elizabeth
121	that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and
122	strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&nbsp; But for the
123	queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&nbsp; If
124	they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private
125	worship.&nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as
126	they wished at home.&nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content
127	not to pry. </P>
128	<P>This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was
129	considered a weakness by many.&nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the
130	queen's promises. </P>
131	<P>Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&nbsp; The
132	new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&nbsp;
133	This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let
134	the past go.&nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to
135	court, though with a caustic wit.&nbsp; </P>
136	<P>Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&nbsp; The
137	royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England
138	- was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&nbsp; In the House
139	of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced
140	by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&nbsp;
141	Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she
142	felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent
143	Catholics.&nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it
144	was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive
145	to Catholics.&nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was
146	passed.&nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious
147	dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of
148	doctrine.&nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as
149	Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly
150	outlined.&nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from
151	positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&nbsp; In
152	total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&nbsp;</P>
153	<P>Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on
154	both sides felt it inadequate.&nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the
155	church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political
156	power in her person.</P>
157	<hr>
158	</blockquote>
159	</blockquote>
160	<p><font size="4">'From the very beginning&nbsp; of her reign she has treated all
161	religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she
162	seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not
163	entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... <BR>In my
164	opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both
165	creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of
166	her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&nbsp; </font>&nbsp;<I><FONT
167	size=-1>the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559</FONT></I></p>
168	<blockquote>
169	<blockquote>
170	<hr>
171	<P>This balance was maintained successfully through most of her
172	reign.&nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&nbsp;
173	The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&nbsp; This
174	extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal
175	supremacy.&nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by
176	continental Presbyterians.&nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule
177	only, that of Holy Scripture.&nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of
178	ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the
179	supervision of a group of elders.&nbsp; In other words, the parishes would
180	usurp the power of the queen. </P>
181	<P>For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of
182	England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&nbsp;
183	</P>
184	<P>Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement
185	underground.&nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in
186	1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed
187	reforms.&nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I
188	had created Protestant ones.&nbsp; He was also more interested in
189	establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&nbsp; A few
190	Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of
191	the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&nbsp; It
192	remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&nbsp;
193	Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however
194	unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&nbsp; Puritan attempts
195	to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation.
196	</P>
197	<P>The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very
198	life.&nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic
199	extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&nbsp; </P>
200	<P>The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively
201	quiet and content.&nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of
202	England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&nbsp; They believed
203	Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither
204	Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her
205	title.&nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&nbsp; The two
206	greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were
207	cautious but friendly.&nbsp; England had long been a balance between their
208	competing interests.&nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain
209	had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&nbsp; For her part, the queen took
210	care not to disturb calm waters. </P>
211	<P>But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&nbsp; In 1568, ten years into
212	her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and
213	choose sides.</P>
214	<P>Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&nbsp; There was a
215	Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip
216	<IMG height=216
217	alt="Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565"
218	src="_httpdocimg_/eliz3-maryqos1.jpg" width=160 border=2 align="left">II sent the duke of
219	Alva to crush it.&nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly
220	across the Channel from England.&nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only
221	wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he
222	then look to England?&nbsp; And that same year, <A
223	href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=0&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.ne%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html">Mary
224	Stuart</A> fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's
225	help.&nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant
226	rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&nbsp; Elizabeth
227	and her councilors were aghast.&nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England
228	in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&nbsp;
229	And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary
230	of Elizabeth's reign.&nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable
231	focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots
232	would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&nbsp; And if Elizabeth
233	should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the
234	English throne.&nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified;
235	what should they do with Mary Stuart? </P>
236	<P>Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by
237	the Englishman William Allen.&nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in
238	reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated
239	followers.&nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan
240	plots and propaganda. </P>
241	<P>For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully
242	maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&nbsp; She took the
243	precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure
244	castles.&nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an
245	inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&nbsp; She sincerely
246	believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&nbsp; She
247	never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet
248	sister'.&nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that
249	Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&nbsp; Her
250	infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of
251	Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&nbsp; The
252	Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with
253	evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&nbsp; Would
254	the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&nbsp; It was indeed
255	a vexing problem.&nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to
256	investigate the charges against Mary. </P>
257	<P>And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.</P>
258	<hr>
259	</blockquote>
260	</blockquote>
261	<p align="center"><font size="4">'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded
262	with the old popish doctrine.' <BR></font><I><FONT size=-1>Sir Ralph Sadler to
263	Sir William Cecil, 1569</FONT></I></p>
264	<blockquote>
265	<blockquote>
266	<hr>
267	<P>The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor
268	dynasty.&nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their
269	lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry
270	VII.&nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal
271	authority over the fractious northern earls.&nbsp; His son, Henry VIII,
272	was equally troubled.&nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern
273	rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&nbsp; Henry dealt
274	brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress
275	afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon
276	after their marriage.&nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the
277	north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&nbsp; She rode north
278	after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned
279	queen.&nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&nbsp; She
280	was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the
281	earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her
282	Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&nbsp; She showed Norfolk some
283	degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal
284	relatives.&nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious
285	differences.&nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England
286	and thus had great influence.&nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to
287	the queen.&nbsp; </P>
288	<P>The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in
289	1569.&nbsp; What would the queen do?&nbsp; Some of her councilors,
290	including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier
291	peer in England.&nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin
292	Norfolk.&nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his
293	opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&nbsp; Two problems could
294	possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled
295	in England and the succession would be assured.&nbsp; Elizabeth recognized
296	this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she
297	live after the marriage?&nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and
298	torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&nbsp; As
299	future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&nbsp; And what
300	support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to
301	sustain her?&nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant
302	and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&nbsp; </P>
303	<P>The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her
304	displeasure.&nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for
305	his country estate Kenninghall.&nbsp; He refused a summons to appear
306	before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&nbsp; Her anger was further
307	roused.&nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&nbsp; Norfolk and
308	his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&nbsp; The northern
309	earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not
310	plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&nbsp; He and Westmorland and
311	Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but
312	also including the erosion of their local authority.&nbsp; As hereditary
313	nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&nbsp;
314	This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as
315	well.</P>
316	<P>But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland
317	and distrusted her character.&nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for
318	Norfolk to be king.&nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act
319	of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&nbsp; As
320	their proclamation asserted: </P>
321	<BLOCKQUOTE>
322	<p>Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of
323	Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her
324	highness's people sendeth greeting:&nbsp; Whereas divers new set up
325	nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to
326	overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also
327	misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve
328	years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy
329	contrary to God's word.&nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof
330	divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will
331	be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same
332	.....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for
333	the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort
334	unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any
335	of you have.</p>
336	</BLOCKQUOTE>
337	<p>And throughout the north, they found ready
338	adherents for their cause.&nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth
339	that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her
340	subjects.&nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex,
341	sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&nbsp; </p>
342	<P>It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&nbsp;
343	Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for
344	the possibility of<IMG height=345 alt="portrait of Elizabeth I"
345	src="_httpdocimg_/elizfan.jpg" width=300 border=2 align="right"> becoming king?&nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of
346	Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&nbsp; The rebels
347	themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their
348	church.&nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&nbsp;
349	The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their
350	property to the crown.&nbsp; </P>
351	<P>The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended
352	satisfactorily enough.&nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England
353	must be more carefully watched and controlled.&nbsp; And as a result of
354	the rebellion, <I>Regnans in excelsis</I> was issued by the papacy in
355	March 1570.&nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth
356	I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all
357	loyalty and obedience to her office.&nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe
358	were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&nbsp; She was a
359	heretic and enemy of the true faith.&nbsp; This moment had been long
360	expected in England.&nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant
361	councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. </P>
362	<P>A papal bull could be a powerful document.&nbsp; It could be used by
363	any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her
364	former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&nbsp; In 1571,
365	parliament took action.&nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a
366	heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&nbsp; The fines for recusants,
367	those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased
368	dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&nbsp; Many noble
369	Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines;
370	they were driven into poverty.&nbsp; In later years, it would become
371	treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to
372	leave England.&nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against
373	Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&nbsp; Many of these plots were led
374	by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to
375	England.&nbsp; </P>
376	<P>Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&nbsp;
377	Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and
378	Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&nbsp; English Catholics were
379	deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from
380	European allies was slowly being cut off.&nbsp; This support was
381	particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert
382	Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political
383	treason.&nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and
384	it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise
385	in Puritanism.&nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects'
386	ingratitude.&nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only
387	of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. </P>
388	<P>Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the
389	queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&nbsp; They were
390	condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&nbsp; </P>
391	<P>The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she
392	was forced into continental affairs.&nbsp; This was not of her
393	choosing.&nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal
394	actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the
395	role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of
396	Protestantism in Europe.&nbsp; </P>
397	<P>At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with
398	France.&nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by
399	considering a possible marriage.&nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of
400	accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&nbsp; But then
401	Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to
402	systematically attack its Protestant population.&nbsp; They in turn sought
403	Elizabeth's aid.&nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under
404	attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of
405	1572. </P>
406	<P>Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished
407	with the Netherlands?&nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying
408	English trade or invasion.&nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned
409	by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged
410	caution.&nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she
411	faced wars with France and Spain.&nbsp; She would save her precious
412	treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence
413	loathed to part with money.&nbsp; </P>
414	<P>She prevaricated as much as possible.&nbsp; She allowed English ships
415	under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from
416	the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she
417	gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&nbsp; She sent small contingents
418	of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily
419	over the next several years.&nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting
420	insurrection in Ireland. </P>
421	<P>This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots
422	continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.</P>
423	<P align="center">&nbsp;</P>
424	<P align="center"><B><A
425	href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html">CONTINUE
426	READING</A></B> <BR>&nbsp; </P>
427	<P align="center"><FONT size=-1><A
428	href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html">to Tudor
429	Monarchs</A><BR><A
430	href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html">back to Queen
431	Elizabeth I, part two</A></FONT></P>
432	</blockquote>
433	</blockquote>
434	</blockquote>
435
436
437
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440	</Content>
441	</Section>
442	</Archive>

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