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14 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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21 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
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34
35&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
36 &lt;tr&gt;
37 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
38 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
39 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
40 &lt;/tr&gt;
41 &lt;tr&gt;
42 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
43 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
44 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
45 &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot;
46 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
47 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
48 &lt;/tr&gt;
49 &lt;tr&gt;
50 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
51 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
52 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
53 &lt;IMG height=476
54 alt=&quot;'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys&quot;
55 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-metsys.jpg&quot; width=350 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
56 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
57 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
58 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
59 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan
60 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with
61 commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A
62 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
63 Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
64 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
65 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen
66 Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
67 Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
68 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne
69 Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
70 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary,
71 queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's
72 cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A
73 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
74 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
75 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
76 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
77 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen
78 fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
79 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
80 &lt;/td&gt;
81 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
82 &lt;/tr&gt;
83&lt;/table&gt;
84
85&lt;blockquote&gt;
86 &lt;blockquote&gt;
87 &lt;blockquote&gt;
88 &lt;hr&gt;
89 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
90 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
91 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my
92 Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be
93 ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
94 Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I to
95 Parliament, 1559&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
96 &lt;blockquote&gt;
97 &lt;blockquote&gt;
98 &lt;hr&gt;
99
100 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered
101 religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&amp;nbsp;
102 Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her
103 subjects' need for peace.&amp;nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. &lt;/P&gt;
104 &lt;P&gt;Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of
105 Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Henry's religious policies had
106 been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of
107 heresy.&amp;nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded,
108 and that changed from year to year.&amp;nbsp; Edward had been a devout
109 Protestant, as had his councilors.&amp;nbsp; The six years of his rule
110 witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern
111 England.&amp;nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and
112 Catholic.&amp;nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with
113 genuine religious fervor.&amp;nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to
114 England after a twenty-year absence.&amp;nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the
115 throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the
116 treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
117 &lt;P&gt;Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&amp;nbsp; Her Protestant
118 councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if
119 their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&amp;nbsp; They warned Elizabeth
120 that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and
121 strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&amp;nbsp; But for the
122 queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&amp;nbsp; If
123 they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private
124 worship.&amp;nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as
125 they wished at home.&amp;nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content
126 not to pry. &lt;/P&gt;
127 &lt;P&gt;This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was
128 considered a weakness by many.&amp;nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the
129 queen's promises. &lt;/P&gt;
130 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&amp;nbsp; The
131 new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&amp;nbsp;
132 This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let
133 the past go.&amp;nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to
134 court, though with a caustic wit.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
135 &lt;P&gt;Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&amp;nbsp; The
136 royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England
137 - was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&amp;nbsp; In the House
138 of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced
139 by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp;
140 Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she
141 felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent
142 Catholics.&amp;nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it
143 was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive
144 to Catholics.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was
145 passed.&amp;nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious
146 dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of
147 doctrine.&amp;nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as
148 Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly
149 outlined.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from
150 positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&amp;nbsp; In
151 total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
152 &lt;P&gt;Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on
153 both sides felt it inadequate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the
154 church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political
155 power in her person.&lt;/P&gt;
156 &lt;hr&gt;
157 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
158 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
159 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'From the very beginning&amp;nbsp; of her reign she has treated all
160 religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she
161 seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not
162 entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... &lt;BR&gt;In my
163 opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both
164 creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of
165 her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
166 size=-1&gt;the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
167 &lt;blockquote&gt;
168 &lt;blockquote&gt;
169 &lt;hr&gt;
170 &lt;P&gt;This balance was maintained successfully through most of her
171 reign.&amp;nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&amp;nbsp;
172 The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&amp;nbsp; This
173 extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal
174 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by
175 continental Presbyterians.&amp;nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule
176 only, that of Holy Scripture.&amp;nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of
177 ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the
178 supervision of a group of elders.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the parishes would
179 usurp the power of the queen. &lt;/P&gt;
180 &lt;P&gt;For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of
181 England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&amp;nbsp;
182&lt;/P&gt;
183 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement
184 underground.&amp;nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in
185 1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed
186 reforms.&amp;nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I
187 had created Protestant ones.&amp;nbsp; He was also more interested in
188 establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&amp;nbsp; A few
189 Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of
190 the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&amp;nbsp; It
191 remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&amp;nbsp;
192 Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however
193 unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; Puritan attempts
194 to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation.
195 &lt;/P&gt;
196 &lt;P&gt;The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very
197 life.&amp;nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic
198 extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
199 &lt;P&gt;The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively
200 quiet and content.&amp;nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of
201 England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&amp;nbsp; They believed
202 Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither
203 Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her
204 title.&amp;nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&amp;nbsp; The two
205 greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were
206 cautious but friendly.&amp;nbsp; England had long been a balance between their
207 competing interests.&amp;nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain
208 had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For her part, the queen took
209 care not to disturb calm waters. &lt;/P&gt;
210 &lt;P&gt;But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&amp;nbsp; In 1568, ten years into
211 her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and
212 choose sides.&lt;/P&gt;
213 &lt;P&gt;Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp; There was a
214 Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip
215 &lt;IMG height=216
216 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565&quot;
217 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz3-maryqos1.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;II sent the duke of
218 Alva to crush it.&amp;nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly
219 across the Channel from England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only
220 wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he
221 then look to England?&amp;nbsp; And that same year, &lt;A
222 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.ne%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
223 Stuart&lt;/A&gt; fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's
224 help.&amp;nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant
225 rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth
226 and her councilors were aghast.&amp;nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England
227 in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&amp;nbsp;
228 And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary
229 of Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable
230 focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots
231 would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And if Elizabeth
232 should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the
233 English throne.&amp;nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified;
234 what should they do with Mary Stuart? &lt;/P&gt;
235 &lt;P&gt;Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by
236 the Englishman William Allen.&amp;nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in
237 reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated
238 followers.&amp;nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan
239 plots and propaganda. &lt;/P&gt;
240 &lt;P&gt;For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully
241 maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&amp;nbsp; She took the
242 precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure
243 castles.&amp;nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an
244 inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&amp;nbsp; She sincerely
245 believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&amp;nbsp; She
246 never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet
247 sister'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that
248 Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&amp;nbsp; Her
249 infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of
250 Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&amp;nbsp; The
251 Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with
252 evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&amp;nbsp; Would
253 the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&amp;nbsp; It was indeed
254 a vexing problem.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to
255 investigate the charges against Mary. &lt;/P&gt;
256 &lt;P&gt;And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
257 &lt;hr&gt;
258 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
259 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
260 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded
261 with the old popish doctrine.' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Sir Ralph Sadler to
262 Sir William Cecil, 1569&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
263 &lt;blockquote&gt;
264 &lt;blockquote&gt;
265 &lt;hr&gt;
266 &lt;P&gt;The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor
267 dynasty.&amp;nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their
268 lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry
269 VII.&amp;nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal
270 authority over the fractious northern earls.&amp;nbsp; His son, Henry VIII,
271 was equally troubled.&amp;nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern
272 rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&amp;nbsp; Henry dealt
273 brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress
274 afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon
275 after their marriage.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the
276 north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&amp;nbsp; She rode north
277 after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned
278 queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&amp;nbsp; She
279 was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the
280 earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her
281 Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; She showed Norfolk some
282 degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal
283 relatives.&amp;nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious
284 differences.&amp;nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England
285 and thus had great influence.&amp;nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to
286 the queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
287 &lt;P&gt;The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in
288 1569.&amp;nbsp; What would the queen do?&amp;nbsp; Some of her councilors,
289 including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier
290 peer in England.&amp;nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin
291 Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his
292 opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&amp;nbsp; Two problems could
293 possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled
294 in England and the succession would be assured.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth recognized
295 this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she
296 live after the marriage?&amp;nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and
297 torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; As
298 future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&amp;nbsp; And what
299 support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to
300 sustain her?&amp;nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant
301 and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
302 &lt;P&gt;The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her
303 displeasure.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for
304 his country estate Kenninghall.&amp;nbsp; He refused a summons to appear
305 before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; Her anger was further
306 roused.&amp;nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and
307 his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&amp;nbsp; The northern
308 earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not
309 plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&amp;nbsp; He and Westmorland and
310 Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but
311 also including the erosion of their local authority.&amp;nbsp; As hereditary
312 nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&amp;nbsp;
313 This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as
314 well.&lt;/P&gt;
315 &lt;P&gt;But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland
316 and distrusted her character.&amp;nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for
317 Norfolk to be king.&amp;nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act
318 of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&amp;nbsp; As
319 their proclamation asserted: &lt;/P&gt;
320 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
321 &lt;p&gt;Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of
322 Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her
323 highness's people sendeth greeting:&amp;nbsp; Whereas divers new set up
324 nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to
325 overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also
326 misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve
327 years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy
328 contrary to God's word.&amp;nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof
329 divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will
330 be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same
331 .....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for
332 the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort
333 unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any
334 of you have.&lt;/p&gt;
335 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
336 &lt;p&gt;And throughout the north, they found ready
337 adherents for their cause.&amp;nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth
338 that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her
339 subjects.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex,
340 sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
341 &lt;P&gt;It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&amp;nbsp;
342 Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for
343 the possibility of&lt;IMG height=345 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I&quot;
344 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfan.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; becoming king?&amp;nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of
345 Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&amp;nbsp; The rebels
346 themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their
347 church.&amp;nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&amp;nbsp;
348 The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their
349 property to the crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
350 &lt;P&gt;The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended
351 satisfactorily enough.&amp;nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England
352 must be more carefully watched and controlled.&amp;nbsp; And as a result of
353 the rebellion, &lt;I&gt;Regnans in excelsis&lt;/I&gt; was issued by the papacy in
354 March 1570.&amp;nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth
355 I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all
356 loyalty and obedience to her office.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe
357 were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&amp;nbsp; She was a
358 heretic and enemy of the true faith.&amp;nbsp; This moment had been long
359 expected in England.&amp;nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant
360 councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. &lt;/P&gt;
361 &lt;P&gt;A papal bull could be a powerful document.&amp;nbsp; It could be used by
362 any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her
363 former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&amp;nbsp; In 1571,
364 parliament took action.&amp;nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a
365 heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; The fines for recusants,
366 those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased
367 dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&amp;nbsp; Many noble
368 Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines;
369 they were driven into poverty.&amp;nbsp; In later years, it would become
370 treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to
371 leave England.&amp;nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against
372 Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&amp;nbsp; Many of these plots were led
373 by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to
374 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
375 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&amp;nbsp;
376 Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and
377 Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&amp;nbsp; English Catholics were
378 deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from
379 European allies was slowly being cut off.&amp;nbsp; This support was
380 particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert
381 Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political
382 treason.&amp;nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and
383 it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise
384 in Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects'
385 ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only
386 of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. &lt;/P&gt;
387 &lt;P&gt;Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the
388 queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&amp;nbsp; They were
389 condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
390 &lt;P&gt;The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she
391 was forced into continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; This was not of her
392 choosing.&amp;nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal
393 actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the
394 role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of
395 Protestantism in Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
396 &lt;P&gt;At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with
397 France.&amp;nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by
398 considering a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of
399 accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&amp;nbsp; But then
400 Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to
401 systematically attack its Protestant population.&amp;nbsp; They in turn sought
402 Elizabeth's aid.&amp;nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under
403 attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of
404 1572. &lt;/P&gt;
405 &lt;P&gt;Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished
406 with the Netherlands?&amp;nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying
407 English trade or invasion.&amp;nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned
408 by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged
409 caution.&amp;nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she
410 faced wars with France and Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would save her precious
411 treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence
412 loathed to part with money.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
413 &lt;P&gt;She prevaricated as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; She allowed English ships
414 under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from
415 the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she
416 gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&amp;nbsp; She sent small contingents
417 of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily
418 over the next several years.&amp;nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting
419 insurrection in Ireland. &lt;/P&gt;
420 &lt;P&gt;This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots
421 continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.&lt;/P&gt;
422 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
423 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A
424 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE
425 READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
426 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
427 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
428 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
429 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen
430 Elizabeth I, part two&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
431 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
432 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
433&lt;/blockquote&gt;
434
435
436
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439</Content>
440</Section>
441</Archive>
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