source: other-projects/nightly-tasks/diffcol/trunk/model-collect/Tudor-Enhanced/archives/HASH0173.dir/doc.xml@ 29015

Last change on this file since 29015 was 29015, checked in by ak19, 10 years ago

AUTOCOMMIT by gen-model-colls.sh script. Message: Clean rebuild of model collections 1/2. Clearing out deprecated archives and index.
File size: 41.9 KB
Line 
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
2<!DOCTYPE Archive SYSTEM "http://greenstone.org/dtd/Archive/1.0/Archive.dtd">
3<Archive>
4<Section>
5 <Description>
6 <Metadata name="gsdlsourcefilename">import/englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
7 <Metadata name="gsdldoctype">indexed_doc</Metadata>
8 <Metadata name="Plugin">HTMLPlugin</Metadata>
9 <Metadata name="FileSize">36127</Metadata>
10 <Metadata name="Source">mary1.html</Metadata>
11 <Metadata name="SourceFile">mary1.html</Metadata>
12 <Metadata name="Language">en</Metadata>
13 <Metadata name="Encoding">windows_1252</Metadata>
14 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Mary I of England half-sister of Elizabeth I 'Bloody Mary' : Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 1553-1558</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Mary I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="FileFormat">HTML</Metadata>
19 <Metadata name="URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
20 <Metadata name="UTF8URL">http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/mary1.html</Metadata>
21 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
22 <Metadata name="Identifier">HASH0173cf29888ba0debb219c61</Metadata>
23 <Metadata name="lastmodified">1398925756</Metadata>
24 <Metadata name="lastmodifieddate">20140501</Metadata>
25 <Metadata name="oailastmodified">1398926104</Metadata>
26 <Metadata name="oailastmodifieddate">20140501</Metadata>
27 <Metadata name="assocfilepath">HASH0173.dir</Metadata>
28 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1cardinal.gif:image/gif:</Metadata>
29 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">elizsister.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
30 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">maryage28.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
31 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">aragonhorenbout1.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
32 <Metadata name="gsdlassocfile">mary1-cr.jpg:image/jpeg:</Metadata>
33 </Description>
34 <Content>
35
36&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
37 &lt;tr&gt;
38 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
39 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;
40&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;'In thee, O lord, is my trust, let me never be
41 confounded: if God be for us, who can be against us?' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
42 size=-1&gt;Mary Tudor's constant exclamation as queen of England&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
43 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
44 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
45 &lt;/tr&gt;
46 &lt;tr&gt;
47 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
48 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
49 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
50 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1cardinal.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Queen Mary I&quot; width=&quot;455&quot; height=&quot;109&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
51 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
52 &lt;/tr&gt;
53 &lt;tr&gt;
54 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
55 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
56 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
57 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizsister.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I, by a follower of Anthonis Mor, c.1555-58&quot; width=&quot;350&quot; height=&quot;522&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
58 &lt;blockquote&gt;
59 &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
60 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
61 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html#Biography&quot;&gt;
62 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read the biography of Queen Mary I&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
63 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
64 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmarygovt.html&quot;&gt;Marian
65 government policies and religious legislation&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
66 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;br&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Read
67 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary1.html&quot;&gt;the letter Mary
68 wrote to Henry VIII, acknowledging her illegitimacy,&lt;/a&gt; &lt;A
69 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmaryspee.html&quot;&gt;her speech at the
70 Guildhall&lt;/A&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;A
71 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmarydesc.html&quot;&gt;a contemporary
72 description of the queen&lt;/A&gt;. &lt;BR&gt;Read &lt;A
73 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;a letter from
74 Katharine of Aragon to her daughter&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
75 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
76 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit
77 the &lt;A
78 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2faragon.html&quot;&gt;Katharine of
79 Aragon site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Mary's mother. &lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
80 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
81 Grey&lt;/A&gt; site to learn more about Mary's cousin.&lt;br&gt;Visit the
82 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen
83 Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt; site to learn more about Mary's half-sister.&lt;/p&gt;
84 &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
85 &lt;P&gt;Test your knowledge of Queen Mary's life at &lt;A
86 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/P&gt;
87 &lt;P&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
88 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhome.earthlink.net%2f%7eelisale%2findex.html&quot;&gt;Mary Tudor&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;
89 A comprehensive exploration of Mary's life, featuring a lengthy
90 biography and numerous portraits.&amp;nbsp; It also has ancillary studies of
91 music, portraiture, genealogy, etc&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
92 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
93 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
94 &lt;/td&gt;
95 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
96 &lt;/tr&gt;
97&lt;/table&gt;
98
99&lt;blockquote&gt;
100 &lt;blockquote&gt;
101 &lt;blockquote&gt;
102 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
103 &lt;hr&gt;
104 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'You have four certain and open enemies: the heretics
105 and schismatics, the rebels and adherents of the duke of Northumberland,
106 the king of France and Scotland, and the Lady Elizabeth.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;i&gt;
107 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;the Imperial ambassador Renard to Queen Mary, 1553&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
108 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
109 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
110&lt;/blockquote&gt;
111&lt;blockquote&gt;
112 &lt;blockquote&gt;
113 &lt;blockquote&gt;
114 &lt;hr&gt;
115 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
116 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The sad life of England's first female
117 ruler is rendered even more tragic in comparison with her half-sister
118 and successor's reign.&amp;nbsp; Poor Mary Tudor, destined - like her
119 half-brother and predecessor - to languish between those two giants of
120 English history, Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.&amp;nbsp; Yet there is much to
121 warrant even a brief examination of her life and reign.&amp;nbsp; Though her
122 hated half-sister would outshine her in virtually every sphere -
123 physical, political, intellectual, artistic - Mary also had a formidable
124 impact upon English history.&amp;nbsp; Throughout the first thirty-seven
125 years of her life, she was tossed about by the whims of her father and,
126 later and perhaps more galling, her Protestant brother and his
127 council.&amp;nbsp; It was perhaps inevitable that when she first tasted real
128 power, the experience would be both intoxicating and unfortunate.&lt;/FONT&gt;
129 &lt;/p&gt;
130
131 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;When Mary came to the throne, she
132 was thirty-seven years old.&amp;nbsp; She had never been married though, in
133 her youth, several matches had been suggested and abandoned.&amp;nbsp;
134 Contrary to later beliefs, Henry VIII was pleased with her birth in
135 1516, proudly displaying the infant Mary to visiting ambassadors and&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=387 alt=&quot;Princess Mary, age 28, painted by Master John&quot;
136 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/maryage28.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
137 noblemen.&amp;nbsp; It was only years later, with Mary as his sole
138 legitimate offspring, that Henry began his desperate search for a
139 son.&amp;nbsp; This search would forever brand him as a misogynist and cruel
140 tyrant who discarded, divorced, and beheaded the women who did not bear
141 him sons.&amp;nbsp; But one must be fair to Henry and judge him by the
142 standards of his time, which certainly his contemporaries did.&amp;nbsp; He
143 was only the second Tudor monarch and, as such, he understood the
144 necessity of stabilizing the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, his father
145 had only won the crown in 1485, barely thirty years before Mary's
146 birth.&amp;nbsp; And if Henry VII, born the unprepossessing earl of
147 Richmond, could steal the crown then his son's actions can be
148 understood.&amp;nbsp; Above all else, Henry VIII was determined the crown
149 would remain in Tudor hands.&amp;nbsp; Mary, like her half-sister Elizabeth,
150 was always recognized as his daughter.&amp;nbsp; But England had never had a
151 woman ruler, one who ruled in her own right without a male consort or as
152 regent for an infant son.&amp;nbsp; The only possible precedent was Matilda,
153 Henry I's heir, and the precedent was not good - Matilda was expelled by
154 the English barons and her cousin Stephen of Blois was made king.&amp;nbsp;
155 Though this had happened four centuries before, its lesson was still
156 valid.&lt;/FONT&gt;
157 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With this in mind, Henry's
158 treatment of Mary's mother becomes - if not palatable - at least
159 understandable.&amp;nbsp; Certainly the petty cruelties and humiliations he
160 forced upon her were his own doing but the overall aim was to ensure the
161 Tudor succession.&amp;nbsp; But all this happened years after Mary's
162 birth.&amp;nbsp; From 1516 to about 1530, Mary led a happy, sheltered
163 life.&amp;nbsp; She was considered one of the most important European
164 princesses and Henry used her as every king used his daughter - as a
165 pawn in political negotiations.&amp;nbsp; She was also well-educated with a
166 fine contralto singing voice and great linguistic skill.&amp;nbsp; Her
167 mother, Katharine of Aragon, was deeply devoted to Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was
168 a reflection of Katharine's strongly domestic nature as well as the
169 numerous miscarriages she suffered.&amp;nbsp; Any mother would naturally
170 love a child but Katharine had lost enough children to make her
171 especially devoted to the one who survived.&amp;nbsp; When Henry proposed
172 the idea of divorce, Katharine fought it passionately, not least because
173 divorce would destroy her daughter's future.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was the
174 youngest daughter of those great Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragon
175 and Isabella of Castile, the 'Catholic Kings' who united Spain
176 geographically and spiritually.&amp;nbsp; Through her mother, she could
177 trace her lineage to John of Gaunt, that legendary figure in English
178 history.&amp;nbsp; She grew up as an Infanta of Spain; and, unlike Henry,
179 her claim to royalty was not a mere few decades old.&amp;nbsp; As such, she
180 was naturally proud and dignified.&amp;nbsp; Mary inherited this pride as
181 well as her mother's enduring affection for Spain.&amp;nbsp; When she became
182 queen, this affection was to have terrible consequences.&lt;/FONT&gt;
183 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Educated by her mother and a ducal
184 governess, Mary was at last betrothed to her cousin, the Holy Roman
185 Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain.)&amp;nbsp; Charles made the
186 unfortunate demand that she come to Spain immediately, accompanied by a
187 huge cash dowry.&amp;nbsp; Henry ignored the request and Charles jilted
188 Mary, concluding a match with a more accommodating princess.&amp;nbsp;
189 Meanwhile, Henry invested his daughter as Princess of Wales in 1525 and
190 she held court at Ludlow Castle.&amp;nbsp; With this decision, Henry meant
191 to soothe Katharine's fears that Mary's position as the only legitimate
192 Tudor heir was being undermined.&amp;nbsp; Only a few weeks before the
193 investiture, Mary had attended a ceremony in which her father ennobled
194 his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as duke of Richmond (among various
195 other titles.)&amp;nbsp; And though he sharply rebuked Katharine for
196 criticizing his open affection for Fitzroy, and the accompanying titles
197 and wealth he gave the boy, Henry did not neglect his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In
198 fact, Mary was the first princess of Wales, and the first female royal
199 to hold court at Ludlow.&amp;nbsp; But of course, sending Mary to Wales was
200 not the same as sending a son and heir; Henry never intended her to rule
201 England, at least not as its sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; Her role in Wales would
202 be primarily symbolic, and she would be replaced as soon as he had a
203 legitimate male heir.&amp;nbsp; This elusive son - Henry's most fervent wish
204 - occupied his mind even as he continued to scour Europe for a suitable
205 husband for Mary.&lt;/FONT&gt;
206 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Yet even as new betrothal plans
207 were being made, the king's attention was increasingly elsewhere.&amp;nbsp;
208 Henry had met Anne Boleyn, daughter of a simple knight and sister of a
209 former mistress.&amp;nbsp; His passionate attraction to Anne, coupled with
210 the increased need for a male heir, made Henry restless.&amp;nbsp; He looked
211 at Katharine, nine years his senior and as domestic as Anne was exotic,
212 with new eyes.&amp;nbsp; At first he sought a quiet, amicable annulment of
213 their long
214 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Certainly such a decision was not revolutionary; Henry
215 could cite numerous examples in European history where kings had
216 annulled marriages to barren queens.&amp;nbsp; Since he and Katharine had a
217 mutual respect and affection for one another, Henry anticipated her
218 cooperation.&amp;nbsp; Certainly he would tread with delicacy but - in the
219 end - his will would be done.&lt;/FONT&gt;
220 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;But Henry had not anticipated his
221 wife's immediate and intense anger.&amp;nbsp; For he had based his argument
222 upon theology - in short, Henry argued that because Katharine had been
223 briefly married to his brother, Arthur, her marriage to Henry was
224 incestuous.&amp;nbsp; Katharine responded that this matter was already
225 resolved.&amp;nbsp; Before she wed Henry, the Pope had granted a
226 dispensation.&amp;nbsp; He did so under political pressure from Henry VII
227 and Ferdinand - but also because Katharine swore she and Arthur had
228 never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a virgin when
229 she wed Henry, a fact Henry would be certain to know.&amp;nbsp; Cynics could
230 not help but mock the King's sudden attack of conscience, occurring some
231 twenty years into the marriage and in the midst of his affair with Anne
232 Boleyn.&lt;/FONT&gt;
233 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
234 &lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/aragonhorenbout1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Katharine of Aragon by Lucas Horenbout&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; width=&quot;329&quot; height=&quot;324&quot;&gt;It would be impossible to argue
235 that Anne had no role in his decision.&amp;nbsp; In his mid-thirties, Henry
236 had entered into the most passionate romantic attachment of his
237 life.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, after her death, he would complain that Anne had
238 'bewitched' him.&amp;nbsp; It was true that Henry displayed an intensity of
239 feeling toward her which shocked their contemporaries.&amp;nbsp; Today we
240 can read his love letters to her; across the span of four centuries,
241 they retain their power.&amp;nbsp; Anne was not beautiful but she possessed
242 greater gifts - she was witty, graceful, and stylish.&amp;nbsp; She had been
243 educated at the glittering French court so she sang and danced
244 beautifully, skills which Henry admired.&amp;nbsp; She was also very
245 intelligent and confident.&amp;nbsp; Unlike her older sister Mary, Anne
246 Boleyn had no desire to be the king's temporary mistress.&amp;nbsp; In fact,
247 she had intended to wed Henry Percy, heir to the earl of Northumberland,
248 until the king - already enchanted - put a stop to the match.&amp;nbsp; He
249 wrote to Percy's father, arguing against the unsuitable match.&amp;nbsp; A
250 knight's daughter wed to one of the most important peers of the
251 realm?&amp;nbsp; Percy's angry father immediately sent for his son, ending
252 the romance but not the attachment.&amp;nbsp; Percy wrote poetry about Anne
253 and, at her trial, he had to be carried from the room.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the
254 other peers, he could not bear to sit in judgment of her.&amp;nbsp; For
255 Anne, the loss of Percy was undoubtedly galling.&amp;nbsp; After all, had
256 the king ended the engagement simply to make her his mistress?&amp;nbsp;
257 Henry's disregard for her personal feelings, his interference in her
258 personal life, was not endearing.&amp;nbsp; But it convinced Anne of the
259 king's attraction and she resolved to be his wife or nothing.&lt;/FONT&gt;
260 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;For Mary, the sudden ascent of
261 Anne Boleyn signaled the end of her world.&amp;nbsp; Her beloved mother,
262 equally loved by the English people, was being forced aside by a former
263 lady-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; Her father was determined to declare her a
264 bastard; in effect, Henry's charge of incest dissolved his marriage and
265 illegitimized his daughter.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this, Mary developed a
266 lasting hatred of Anne Boleyn which extended to Anne's daughter,
267 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; She never openly blamed her father for his actions,
268 though she considered them unlawful and impious.&amp;nbsp; Instead, she
269 persuaded herself that he had been Anne Boleyn's pawn.&amp;nbsp; Such a
270 reaction was perhaps inevitable.&amp;nbsp; However, it was to have an
271 unfortunate impact upon Elizabeth's life.&lt;/FONT&gt;
272 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;The Pope refused to recognize
273 Henry's argument for an annulment or divorce and thus began a power
274 struggle between the Vatican, Spain, and England.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's
275 nephew, Charles V, naturally agreed with his aunt for personal and
276 political reasons. He exerted considerable military and political
277 pressure against the Pope.&amp;nbsp; Henry's numerous petitions were
278 disregarded.&amp;nbsp; Eventually he simply gave up and decided the matter
279 himself.&amp;nbsp; In 1534 Henry took the unprecedented step of breaking
280 with Rome, establishing the Church of England with himself as Supreme
281 Head.&amp;nbsp; The annulment was granted and Katharine and Mary were
282 officially outcasts.&lt;/FONT&gt;
283 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;In the meantime, Mary continued
284 her somewhat restricted life.&amp;nbsp; Despite her declared illegitimacy,
285 Henry continued to propose various husbands for her.&amp;nbsp; The searches
286 were not particularly thorough or serious, however, and Mary remained a
287 spinster.&amp;nbsp; She was now in her late twenties, leaving behind her
288 youth and - most importantly for a woman - her safest reproductive
289 years.&lt;/FONT&gt;
290 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Even before the official decree,
291 Henry had stopped living with Katharine and recognizing her as
292 Queen.&amp;nbsp; He took Anne Boleyn with him to France to meet his rival
293 Francis I; this was an important state visit and her appearance was
294 commented upon.&amp;nbsp; Henry, however, had already ordered Katharine to
295 surrender her jewelry; Anne now wore it.&amp;nbsp; He also sent Katharine to
296 one decaying residence after another, dismissing several of her devoted
297 servants.&amp;nbsp; Though deprived of her title, home, jewels, and
298 companionship, Katharine never recognized the divorce.&amp;nbsp; She refused
299 the title of Princess Dowager, offered by Henry as recognition of her
300 marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.&amp;nbsp; She continued to assert that
301 she and Arthur had never consummated their marriage.&amp;nbsp; And, above
302 all else, she professed faith in the judgment of the Pope.&amp;nbsp; A
303 devout Catholic, daughter of the monarchs who introduced the Inquisition
304 to Spain, Katharine never acknowledged the Church of England.&amp;nbsp;
305 Since she had raised her daughter to be equally devout, Mary also
306 refused to acknowledge both the Church and her father's position as
307 Supreme Head.&lt;/FONT&gt;
308 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;It should be noted that Henry
309 VIII, though ostensibly head of a new church which overthrew the
310 Catholic supremacy, remained a devout Catholic&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt; throughout his
311 life.&amp;nbsp; He continued to attend Mass and heartily despised 'heretics'
312 like Martin Luther.&amp;nbsp; But Henry possessed the ability to separate
313 the secular from the spiritual, a quality which Mary completely lacked
314 and Elizabeth honed to fine perfection.&amp;nbsp; Though his son would
315 become a bigoted Protestant determined to stamp out Catholicism and his
316 eldest daughter a bigoted Catholic determined to stamp out
317 Protestantism, Henry was a Catholic who lapsed when it suited him.&amp;nbsp;
318 Of course, he always asserted theological justification for the lapses.&amp;nbsp;
319 However, he would not allow Katharine or Mary to deny his authority.&amp;nbsp;
320 Both paid a stiff penalty for their refusal to submit.&amp;nbsp; Katharine,
321 as noted, was sent from court and deprived of all accustomed luxuries.&amp;nbsp;
322 Mary was equally disgraced.&amp;nbsp; Now a bastard, declared such by
323 Parliament, she was denied any communication with her mother and made
324 lady-in-waiting to Anne and Henry's daughter, Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Unlike
325 Mary, Elizabeth was recognized as a Princess of the realm.&amp;nbsp; For the
326 seventeen-year-old Mary, the complete reversal of her fortune was
327 devastating.&amp;nbsp; She began to suffer from a variety of illnesses,
328 undoubtedly stress-related.&amp;nbsp; These plagued her until her death,
329 causing such symptoms as severe headaches, nausea, insomnia, and
330 infrequent menstruation.&lt;/FONT&gt;
331 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Anne took an equal dislike of
332 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple fact that if Anne and Elizabeth's fortunes
333 rose, Mary's would fall.&amp;nbsp; After all, Elizabeth was legitimate only
334 if Mary was not, and vice versa.&amp;nbsp; Anne would have been foolish to
335 encourage any reconciliation between Henry and Mary, quite possibly she
336 did the opposite.&amp;nbsp; But after her fall from grace, Henry offered to
337 pardon Mary and restore her to favor - but only if Mary acknowledged him
338 as head of the Church of England and admitted the 'incestuous
339 illegality' of his marriage to Katharine.&amp;nbsp; To Mary's credit, she
340 refused to do so until her cousin, Charles V, persuaded her
341 otherwise.&amp;nbsp; &lt;A
342 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;She gave in to
343 Henry's demands&lt;/A&gt;, an action she was to always regret.&amp;nbsp;
344 Meanwhile, Katharine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton Castle, loving -
345 and defying - Henry to the last; &lt;A
346 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fletters.html&quot;&gt;her final letter&lt;/A&gt;
347 to him was signed 'Katharine the Queen.'&amp;nbsp; Katharine and Mary had
348 not seen one another for years though they had written one another,
349 against Henry's orders, in great secrecy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's last
350 thoughts were undoubtedly of her daughter.&lt;/FONT&gt;
351 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry, however, was soon
352 reconciled to Mary.&amp;nbsp; Flush with marriage to the meek Jane Seymour
353 and her quick pregnancy, he welcomed Mary home.&amp;nbsp; She was given a
354 household befitting her position as his daughter and included in court
355 festivities; there were even rumors of a possible marriage in her
356 future.&amp;nbsp; Jane Seymour encouraged Henry's reconciliation with both
357 of his daughters.&amp;nbsp; Mary, in turn, respected and liked the new
358 queen.&amp;nbsp; She was named godmother to Henry and Jane's son, Prince
359 Edward, born in October 1537; and when Jane died shortly after her son's
360 birth, Mary was the chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; Their friendship was not so
361 unlikely.&amp;nbsp; They were relatively close in age and Mary, having lost
362 her mother and longing for her father's affection, was grateful for any
363 kindness.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore, she had the satisfaction of knowing
364 Elizabeth, too, was bastardized; Anne Boleyn's execution on charges of
365 incest and treason had illegitimized her daughter.&amp;nbsp; It is revealing
366 to note that, upon her ascension, Mary revoked the Act of Parliament
367 which made her a bastard.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, upon ascension, didn't bother
368 to do so.&lt;/FONT&gt;
369 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;However, Mary and Elizabeth were
370 not forgotten.&amp;nbsp; After Jane's death, Henry determined the line of
371 succession as follows:&amp;nbsp; first, Edward or Edward's heirs; if Edward
372 died without issue, the throne passed to Mary; after Mary, to
373 Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Henry recognized the fragility of his succession,
374 resting as it did upon just one son.&amp;nbsp; He, after all, was a second
375 son.&amp;nbsp; But there was little he could do.&amp;nbsp; His fourth marriage,
376 to Anne of Cleves, had ended disastrously.&amp;nbsp; She was too
377 unnattractive for the king so she was titled 'the king's sister' and
378 given a generous pension.&amp;nbsp; Anne preferred this solution to
379 returning home.&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;IMG height=352
380 alt=&quot;portrait of Queen Mary I&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-cr.jpg&quot; width=270
381 align=right border=2&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; Soon
382 enough, Henry's attentions were captured elsewhere.&amp;nbsp; He wed
383 Catherine Howard, cousin to the infamous Anne Boleyn.&amp;nbsp; It was a
384 pathetic match.&amp;nbsp; Henry was old enough to be her grandfather,
385 plainly in lust with a young woman who exuded sex appeal.&amp;nbsp; Mary's
386 opinion on the match is not known but it would be safe to assume that
387 even if she disapproved, she would never say so.&amp;nbsp; Mary recognized
388 her father's secular authority as king even as she disapproved of his
389 spiritual authority as head of the English Church.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
390 there was barely time to know Catherine before she, too, was executed on
391 charges of adultery.&amp;nbsp; Whether she was guilty is a matter of
392 conjecture; if she was, one can hardly blame her and, if she wasn't, she
393 was yet another blot upon Henry's conscience.&amp;nbsp; In her defense, she
394 refused the easy path of divorce.&amp;nbsp; Henry offered to recognize a
395 pre-contract with another nobleman.&amp;nbsp; If she, too, recognized it,
396 their marriage would be invalid.&amp;nbsp; Catherine would be divorced but
397 still alive.&amp;nbsp; She refused to admit such an arrangement, however,
398 and met her end at the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
399 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Henry's last queen was the
400 Protestant Katharine Parr, twice-widowed and chosen for her excellent
401 character and nursing abilities.&amp;nbsp; Like Jane Seymour, Katharine Parr
402 was determined to bring the royal family closer together.&amp;nbsp; To that
403 end, she provided the only true home and maternal guidance Edward and
404 Elizabeth would ever know.&amp;nbsp; She also befriended Mary, a difficult
405 task because of their opposing religious beliefs.&amp;nbsp; Mary, however,
406 did respect Katharine's intellectual accomplishments.&lt;/FONT&gt;
407 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr was the product of
408 the changing climate in Tudor England.&amp;nbsp; When he ended Catholic
409 supremacy in England, dissolving the monasteries and granting their
410 lands to various nobles and the crown, Henry had begun a process whose
411 end he never foresaw.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry never became a
412 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But his decision to use Protestantism for his own ends
413 allowed Protestantism to flourish.&amp;nbsp; Toward the end of his reign,
414 there were few councilors who could remember the Catholic
415 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; They had benefited from the break with Rome, both
416 spiritually and materially; Henry, meanwhile, never understood the force
417 he had unleashed.&amp;nbsp; When Katharine made the mistake of arguing about
418 theology with him, she came very close to losing her head.&amp;nbsp; Only a
419 timely intervention and her own impassioned apology saved her.&amp;nbsp; But
420 upon Henry's death and Edward's ascension, the Protestant faction was in
421 control.&amp;nbsp; The new king, just nine years old, had Protestant tutors
422 and a Protestant step-mother.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, Edward VI is revealed in his
423 journal as a priggish, unfeeling boy who noted the executions of his
424 uncles with no trace of compassion.&amp;nbsp; His letters to Katharine Parr,
425 however, are the only examples of feeling and affection which he left
426 behind.&amp;nbsp; To her, he confided his insecurity and
427 vulnerability.&lt;/FONT&gt;
428 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Katharine Parr's influence on
429 Edward VI was to simply strengthen the Protestantism which his tutors
430 and the English court encouraged.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, the situation was
431 disastrous.&amp;nbsp; Edward, swayed by religious fervor and his advisors,
432 made English compulsory for church services.&amp;nbsp; Mary continued to
433 celebrate Mass in the old form and in Latin.&amp;nbsp; During the six years
434 of her brother's reign, she tread the fine line between piety and
435 treason.&amp;nbsp; Edward attempted to reason with her at court yet she
436 refused his advice.&amp;nbsp; Indeed, she was a woman in her thirties and he
437 was still a child.&amp;nbsp; Edward was also under the control of the Duke
438 of Somerset, Jane Seymour's staunchly Protestant brother.&amp;nbsp; Though
439 Henry VIII's will had specified a specific group of councilors to guide
440 his son's regency, his wishes were disregarded.&amp;nbsp; His fellow
441 councilors, most of whom had profited from the Catholic expulsion,
442 titled Somerset Lord Protector.&amp;nbsp; The nine-year-old king had no deep
443 affection for his uncle; Somerset kept Edward short of pocket money and
444 hired harsh tutors who regularly beat the boy.&amp;nbsp; But their religious
445 sympathies were similar.&amp;nbsp; Mary managed to disregard the combined
446 pressure of Somerset and Edward, largely because she stayed away from
447 court.&amp;nbsp; Her brother was firm with her.&amp;nbsp; He told her she was
448 misguided and occasionally threatened her.&amp;nbsp; Mary was intelligent
449 enough to not risk open disobedience, preferring the quiet celebration
450 of Mass in her country home.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, in 1549, Somerset had
451 overstepped his authority and was executed.&amp;nbsp; His fall was largely
452 engineered by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and soon-to-be Duke of
453 Northumberland.&amp;nbsp; From then on, Edward was under Dudley's
454 control.&lt;/FONT&gt;
455 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Edward VI ruled for just seven
456 years.&amp;nbsp; The last year of his life was one of near-constant pain and
457 suffering.&amp;nbsp; Various illnesses have been suggested, &lt;/FONT&gt;
458 &lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;consumption
459 being the most likely.&amp;nbsp; He had never been of robust health, unlike
460 his father, and the Protestant councilors did all they could to prolong
461 his life.&amp;nbsp; To that end, Edward was given arsenic and various other
462 poisons which were believed to prolong life even as they increased
463 suffering.&amp;nbsp; For Dudley and his supporters, Edward's death was
464 inevitable but they needed every available moment to prevent Mary from
465 ascending the throne.&amp;nbsp; They were not fools and knew their fate with
466 a Catholic queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley hurriedly married his son Guildford to &lt;A
467 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady Jane
468 Grey&lt;/A&gt;, Edward VI's Protestant, scholarly cousin.&amp;nbsp; Like Edward,
469 Jane was a pawn in Dudley's schemes.&amp;nbsp; She was the granddaughter of
470 Henry VIII's younger sister Mary Tudor and, thus, a remote claimant to
471 the English throne.&amp;nbsp; Working together, Edward and Dudley
472 disregarded Henry VIII's will yet again and barred both Mary and
473 Elizabeth from the succession.&amp;nbsp; In turn, Edward willed the throne
474 to Jane and her heirs.&amp;nbsp; When he finally died, Jane was declared
475 Queen by Dudley and the Protestant lords.&lt;/FONT&gt;
476 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;Jane Grey's ascension to the
477 throne lasted but nine days.&amp;nbsp; Though the Protestant councilors were
478 not fond of Mary's religious views, many still regarded her as the
479 rightful heir.&amp;nbsp; She was, after all, Bluff King Hal's daughter.&amp;nbsp;
480 Like her mother, Mary had enormous sympathy from the English people, a
481 gift she was to squander recklessly.&amp;nbsp; Many viewed her as the poor
482 victim of Anne Boleyn's scheming, a quiet, kindly, and pious woman.&amp;nbsp;
483 It should be noted that &lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;the
484 English people cared not so much for her religious views as they did her
485 parentage.&amp;nbsp; She was the old king's child and therefore, she should
486 follow Edward to the throne.&amp;nbsp; This loyalty to Mary's dynastic
487 claims was something she never fully understood.&amp;nbsp; As queen, Mary
488 was capable of both extreme affection and disdain for her English
489 subjects.&lt;/FONT&gt;
490 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;With Jane declared queen, Mary
491 fled to Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Though her closest friends advised against it,
492 she soon decided to ride to London and stake her own claim to the
493 throne.&amp;nbsp; The people of London welcomed her ecstatically.&amp;nbsp; Mary
494 arrested Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley, though she displayed her
495 typical leniency by not immediately executing them.&amp;nbsp; When Jane's
496 fugitive father attempted to lead an uprising for her, Mary had him
497 executed along with John Dudley.&amp;nbsp; Jane and Guildford, however,
498 remained in the Tower of London.&lt;/FONT&gt;
499 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;P&gt;
500 &lt;HR width=&quot;100%&quot;&gt;
501
502 &lt;blockquote&gt;
503
504 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;
505 &lt;font face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;
506 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;The PRIMARY
507 SOURCES section contains many documents related to Queen Mary:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
508 &lt;FONT
509 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;-&lt;/B&gt;read a letter to Mary from her mother, Katharine of
510 Aragon&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
511 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read the entire text of Mary's letter to her father, in which
512 she acknowledged Henry as head of the church of England, the dissolution
513 of his marriage to Katharine of Aragon &amp;amp; her own illegitimacy (a
514 letter she later disavowed)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
515 &lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a journal entry of
516 Edward VI, in which he recorded a religious dispute with
517 Mary&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
518 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;- read a letter from Catherine Parr to Mary&lt;/FONT&gt;
519 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read Mary's speech
520 at the Guildhall, in which she asked for loyalty in the face of Wyatt's
521 uprising&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;
522 &lt;FONT
523 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a letter from Lady Jane Grey to Mary, in which Jane
524 explains the circumstances which led to her becoming queen for nine
525 days&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
526 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the executions of Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guildford
527 Dudley&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
528 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read about the execution of Archbishop Thomas
529 Cranmer&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT
530 size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;-read a contemporary description of Mary I&lt;/FONT&gt;
531 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1 face=&quot;Times New Roman,Times&quot;&gt;etc.&lt;/FONT&gt;
532
533 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
534
535 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fmary1images.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
536 England: Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Mary, with commentary. &lt;/font&gt;
537 &lt;CENTER&gt;
538 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
539 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
540 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
541 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
542 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;
543 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
544 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
545&lt;/blockquote&gt;
546
547
548
549&lt;!-- text below generated by server. PLEASE REMOVE --&gt;&lt;!-- Counter/Statistics data collection code --&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;JavaScript&quot; src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fhostingprod.com%2fjs%5fsource%2fgeov2.js&quot;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;script language=&quot;javascript&quot;&gt;geovisit();&lt;/script&gt;&lt;noscript&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://visit.webhosting.yahoo.com/visit.gif?us1108082562&quot; alt=&quot;setstats&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/noscript&gt;
550&lt;IMG SRC=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;el=direct&amp;amp;href=http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=76001524&amp;t=1108082562&quot; ALT=1 WIDTH=1 HEIGHT=1&gt;
551</Content>
552</Section>
553</Archive>
Note: See TracBrowser for help on using the repository browser.