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14	<Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
15	<Metadata name="Title">Tudor Citizens - Thomas Wolsey</Metadata>
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29	<Content>
30
31	<center><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey.gif" ALT="Thomas Wolsey" height=67 width=286>
32	<br>born c. 1465 in Ipswich
33	<br>died 29 November 1530 in Leicester</center>
34
35	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
36	He was a man
37	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
38	Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
39	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
40	Himself with princes...
41	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
42	His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
43	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
44	But his performance, as he is now, nothing...
45	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
46	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True; the History of King Henry VIII</i>.</font>
47	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
48	Katharine of Aragon is speaking of Cardinal Wolsey.</font>
49	<blockquote>&nbsp;</blockquote>
50	&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
51	O Cromwell, Cromwell!
52	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
53	Had I but served my God with half the zeal
54	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
55	I served my king, he would not in mine age
56	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
57	Have left me naked to mine enemies.
58	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
59	<i>All Is True</i>. Wolsey's speech in act IV.</font>
60	<br>&nbsp;
61	<br>&nbsp;
62	<p><img SRC="_httpdocimg_/wolsey-small.jpg" ALT="Cardinal Wolsey" BORDER=0 height=296 width=190 align=LEFT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
63	The life of Cardinal Wolsey is one of the great cautionary tales of Henry
64	VIII's reign; like his protÃ©gÃ©, Thomas Cromwell, Wolsey rose
65	and fell by the whim of a conflicted and contradictory king.&nbsp; He was
66	born in obscurity, the son of a butcher in Ipswich, a town in Suffolk.&nbsp;
67	But he was intelligent and ambitious enough to attend the University of
68	Oxford and in 1498 he was ordained a priest.&nbsp; Five years later, he
69	became the chaplain to the deputy lieutenant of Calais, a nobleman named
70	Sir Richard Nanfan.&nbsp; Nanfan recommended Wolsey's services to his king,
71	Henry VII, but Wolsey did not leave Calais until Nanfan's death in 1507.&nbsp;
72	Then he journeyed to London to begin his service to the king; Henry VII
73	was as impressed with Wolsey as Nanfan had been and, shortly before his
74	death in April 1509, appointed him dean of Lincoln.&nbsp; Upon Henry's
75	death Wolsey, about thirty years of age and blessed with energy and confidence,
76	found himself with a new master - an eighteen-year-old king determined
77	to achieve as much glory and renown as possible.
78	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey and Henry became close friends, or as close
79	as one could be to a king.&nbsp; Both men were determined to leave their
80	mark upon history but while Henry preferred costly wars and grandiloquent
81	diplomacy, Wolsey was committed to financial and judicial reform in England
82	and English-arbitrated European peace.&nbsp; Wolsey was always a churchman
83	though this should not imply ignorance of the material world.&nbsp; He
84	was determined to gain his own fortune, thus cementing his rise from obscurity,
85	but he also possessed a great legal mind and a shrewd understanding of
86	international affairs.&nbsp; He combined these attributes with his earlier
87	spiritual training to dominate both the secular and spiritual aspects of
88	English life.
89	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry VIII was quick to recognize Wolsey's intelligence
90	and appointed him royal almoner in November 1509 but, as the years passed,
91	delegated more and more authority to Wolsey.&nbsp; The early years of Henry's
92	reign were spent with the young monarch, regaled as the handsomest prince
93	in Europe, jousting, hunting, and debating visiting scholars.&nbsp; And
94	while Henry was interested in more practical affairs, he grew to depend
95	on Wolsey's assistance.&nbsp; Wolsey's position, however, was completely
96	changed by the French expedition of 1513.&nbsp; Henry VIII had long wanted
97	to prove English strength in battle against this old
98	<br>enemy.&nbsp; His wish is understandable; he was young and, like many
99	young people, had chafed at his father's authority.&nbsp; When Henry VII
100	died, his son saw this as an opportunity to reveal a new England to Europe.&nbsp;
101	Under this new Henry, England would no longer be solvent but boring, dependable
102	but not lively.&nbsp; Instead, it would be a court of artists, musicians,
103	dancers, and scholars, all presided over by the new king.
104	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry's plan to gain this European respect was simple:
105	a successful military strike against France.&nbsp; After one failure, he
106	went in person to achieve glory in August 1513 at the Battle of the Spurs.&nbsp;
107	Only a month later, the English defeated the Scots at Flodden Field where
108	Henry's brother-in-law James IV was killed.&nbsp; Of course, the English
109	couldn't sustain a permanent presence in France so they decided on to make
110	peace.&nbsp; Henry's youngest sister Mary was the sacrificial lamb.&nbsp;
111	At eighteen, she was married to the sixty-year-old Louis XII of France.&nbsp;
112	The bridegroom survived just three months of marriage and Mary angered
113	her brother by secretly following her heart and marrying Henry's best friend
114	Charles Brandon just weeks after Louis XII's death.&nbsp; Mary and Brandon
115	were the grandparents of <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html">Lady
116	Jane Grey</a>.
117	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry was exultant at his French victory; this success
118	was Europe's true introduction to his reign.&nbsp; England would be taken
119	seriously as a European power broker, courted by the French and Spanish
120	and mediating between these nations and the vulnerable papacy.&nbsp; Henry
121	was generous in rewarding Wolsey for his service.&nbsp; Upon Henry's recommendation,
122	Pope Leo X made Wolsey bishop of Lincoln in February 1514 and, just nine
123	months later, archbishop of York.&nbsp; But the honors did not end there.&nbsp;
124	The next year he was made Cardinal and, in December 1515, lord chancellor
125	of England.
126	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Perhaps even more importantly for Wolsey, he was
127	taken into Henry's complete confidence.&nbsp; He was friend, confidante,
128	and advisor to a king increasingly conflicted in his personal life.&nbsp;
129	Eventually, Henry would want a divorce from Katharine of Aragon to marry
130	Anne Boleyn and secure his throne.&nbsp; Whether motivated solely by personal
131	dissatisfaction or spiritual unrest or both, Henry was determined to end
132	his marriage.&nbsp; And, once determined on his course, he was committed
133	to it.&nbsp; Naturally enough, he turned to his most capable and trusted
134	servant, Wolsey, for help.
135	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before the divorce issue, Wolsey had quickly established
136	himself as second only to Henry in power.&nbsp; This naturally angered
137	the old nobility who made up the privy council and dominated Parliament.&nbsp;
138	They were indignant that Wolsey, son of a butcher, controlled access to
139	the king.&nbsp; They were also angry that Wolsey refused to treat them
140	as they deserved - simply put, they were nobility and he, despite the honors
141	the king heaped upon him, was a commoner.&nbsp; In the natural order, he
142	was their inferior.&nbsp; His refusal to act inferior was galling to them,
143	particularly the powerful dukes.
144	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; Certainly Henry was even more proud that his nobles.&nbsp;
145	That begs the question - was he ever insulted by Wolsey's supposedly overbearing
146	arrogance?&nbsp; No; in fact, Henry displayed his typical cunning by selecting
147	his advisor based on both ability and indebtedness.&nbsp; Wolsey was his
148	creation - his to reward or, as he did eventually, destroy.
149	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wolsey was also careful to never offend or anger
150	Henry.&nbsp; It was a careful dance and a tribute to his own intelligence
151	that he succeeded in managing this most unmanageable king.&nbsp; (The complexity
152	of Henry's character, both as man and monarch, cannot be adequately addressed
153	here.&nbsp; I highly recommend L. B. Smith's <i>Henry VIII: The Mask of
154	Royalty</i>, a wonderful study of the nature of kingship, life in 16th
155	century England, and Henry's moral universe.)&nbsp; Wolsey appealed to
156	Henry's vanity by crediting all success to the king and all failures to
157	his own inadequacies.&nbsp; For a long while, there were no failures.&nbsp;
158	In 1518, the pope made him a special papal representative a latere.&nbsp;
159	With his incredible secular and ecclesiastical authority, Wolsey was able
160	to achieve wealth and influence second only to the king.&nbsp; At Hampton
161	Court Palace, over four hundred servants waited to attend him in their
162	richly embroidered livery.&nbsp; People scurried to win his favor for they
163	knew that the only way to Henry was through Wolsey.&nbsp; But his ties
164	to Rome, including his religious training, would prove the Cardinal's undoing.&nbsp;
165	He could not serve two masters.
166	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before his loyalties were divided between Rome and
167	Henry, Wolsey was able to serve Henry's European interests.&nbsp; As stated
168	before, they wanted England to be the balancing power in Europe.&nbsp;
169	At the time, Europe was dominated by the two rival powers of France and
170	the Holy Roman Empire of the Hapsburgs.&nbsp; The situation became even
171	more complicated when Katharine of Aragon's nephew Charles became Holy
172	Roman Emperor in 1519.&nbsp; Originally, Wolsey and Henry favored an alliance
173	with the Imperial power.&nbsp; This was based on economics (English trade
174	with the Lowlands), history (England was
175	<br>rarely at peace with France), and also family (after all, Charles was
176	Katharine's nephew.)&nbsp; Furthermore, Charles recognized Wolsey's ambition
177	and intimated he could influence the papal elections in the Cardinal's
178	favor.&nbsp; But first Wolsey tried his hand at peace by arranging meetings
179	between Henry and the two rival monarchs in 1520.
180	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The meetings were unsuccessful, however, and war
181	broke out in 1521.&nbsp; In 1523 Henry and Wolsey agreed to support the
182	Hapsburgs by sending troops to France.&nbsp; But war costs a great deal
183	of money and then, as now, the way to raise money was to raise taxes.&nbsp;
184	And then, as now, the decision was incredibly unpopular.&nbsp; This unpleasant
185	task fell to Wolsey - Henry was careful to let Wolsey implement the collection
186	and, accordingly, take the blame.
187	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also, the foreign policy which demanded this increased
188	taxation became inconsistent and illogical.&nbsp; In 1528, the English
189	were supporting their former enemy, France, against the Hapsburgs; in August
190	1529, France and the Hapsburgs made peace and isolated England.&nbsp; It
191	was a confusing and contradictory mess, further complicated when the hired
192	troops of the Holy Roman Emperor sacked Rome in 1527.&nbsp; The Emperor
193	Charles had to face the unpleasant task of explaining how he, the protector
194	of Christendom, had allowed the Eternal City to be pillaged and the pope
195	sent fleeing through an underground tunnel.&nbsp; However, Charles - and
196	the rest of Europe - were quick to recognize that he now controlled Rome
197	and the pope.
198	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; During this time, Wolsey was also reforming the English
199	judicial system.&nbsp; The end result - Wolsey was despised by both ordinary
200	Englishmen and the aristocracy alike.&nbsp; He was determined to extend
201	justice to the nobility who were essentially lawless.&nbsp; Only their
202	code of honor determined their behavior for Henry often excused rape and
203	murder on the part of his fellow nobles; treason against him was another
204	matter entirely.&nbsp; Wolsey used the power of the Star Chamber to impose
205	his new laws, thus making the noble and the commoner - if not equal under
206	the law - at least more equal than before.&nbsp; He also developed
207	<br>committees to hear cases involving the poor; these became known as
208	the Court of Requests in 1529.
209	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; His attempts to reform the English church were less
210	successful.&nbsp; After all, he was unable to devote much time or effort
211	to the cause since his duties as lord chancellor were so great.&nbsp; Also,
212	his own life was, in many ways, at odds with his spiritual training and
213	titles.&nbsp; His wealth was tremendous and ostentatious, he had two illegitimate
214	children, and he struck many as greedy and vain.&nbsp; Undoubtedly, the
215	ordinary churchman was not impressed with the moral foundations of Wolsey's
216	leadership.&nbsp; But despite the appearance of hypocrisy, he did institute
217	some reforms.&nbsp; Most notably, he suppressed nearly 30 monasteries to
218	pay for Cardinal's College at Oxford, later called Christ Church.&nbsp;
219	Understandably, these actions alienated the clergy and concerned the papacy.&nbsp;
220	Wolsey had by now offended everyone except the king.&nbsp; And, ironically,
221	most of his offensive policies were always implemented either at Henry's
222	instigation or approval.&nbsp; Many historians have portrayed Henry VIII
223	as a credulous monarch manipulated by Wolsey, Cromwell, and his unruly
224	nobles.&nbsp; The truth is far more complex.
225	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Henry did not turn on Wolsey until after the Cardinal's
226	opulent lifestyle first aroused his envy.&nbsp; Jealousy planted a seed
227	which Wolsey sensed too late; for example, he gave Hampton Court to Henry
228	as a gift once the king remarked it was a finer palace than any of his
229	own.&nbsp; In the late 1520s, Henry was not simply envious; he was also
230	desperate for personal happiness, spiritual freedom, and a secure succession.&nbsp;
231	His only hope was a divorce from Katharine of Aragon.&nbsp; Poor Wolsey
232	- his spiritual master, the Pope, was a paawn of Emperor Charles V, and
233	his temporal master wanted a divorce from the emperor's aunt.
234	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Pope had no choice but to obey Charles's wishes
235	though he struggled to appease Henry as much as possible.&nbsp; He suggested
236	that Henry's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond, should
237	wed Katharine and Henry's daughter Mary.&nbsp; He told Henry to take Anne
238	Boleyn as his mistress and promised to legitimize their children.&nbsp;
239	The pope even suggested bigamy, advising the king to send Katharine to
240	a nunnery and marry Anne.&nbsp; But Henry wanted no doubt of the legitimacy
241	of his second marriage and its hoped-for offspring.&nbsp; From 1527 to
242	1529, he was content to let Wolsey try the usual diplomatic and military
243	solutions but these were unsuccessful.&nbsp; After all, England did not
244	have the military might to force Charles from Italy and free the Pope to
245	make an independent decision.&nbsp; Had he been free of Charles, the Pope
246	would undoubtedly have ruled in Henry's favor; it had been done before
247	for monarchs throughout Europe.&nbsp; In fact, though the term 'divorce'
248	is most often used in this case, Henry wasn't actually seeking a divorce.&nbsp;
249	He was actually seeking an annulment - he argued that he had never been
250	legally married to Katharine.
251	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Matters were further complicated because Wolsey lacked
252	virtually any support at the English court.&nbsp; Henry's infatuation with
253	Anne Boleyn had also cost the Cardinal for Anne, while kind to Wolsey when
254	he was still powerful, recognized him as a rival - and, later, an obstacle
255	to her and Henry's marriage.&nbsp; In fact, Wolsey's sympathies were probably
256	torn between Katharine and Anne.&nbsp; Though portrayed as an enemy to
257	both women, he was undoubtedly unable to choose which side to support.&nbsp;
258	This, too, was a result of his conflicting loyalties to the Pope and Henry.&nbsp;
259	Also, Wolsey had usually supported peace with the Hapsburgs and was loathe
260	to offend the powerful emperor by helping Henry discard Katharine for an
261	English knight's daughter.
262	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But as Wolsey, near sixty-five, failed to secure
263	an acceptable solution, Henry became impatient.&nbsp; He was now all too
264	willing to listen to his outraged nobles; having suffered with Wolsey for
265	so long, they used their king's impatience to secure his destruction.&nbsp;
266	It was suddenly remembered that Wolsey's office of papal legate was in
267	direct violation of the ancient Statute of Praemunire which outlawed direct
268	papal jurisdiction.&nbsp; Of course, Henry had sanctioned Wolsey's legatine
269	authority and so had broken the law himself.&nbsp; This did not matter.&nbsp;
270	Wolsey was no longer useful to his increasingly ruthless master and on
271	9
272	<br>October 1529, he was deprived of everything but the archbishopric of
273	York.&nbsp; He left London for York in April 1530.
274	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But Wolsey's enemies wanted him completely destroyed
275	and evidence, probably fabricated, was produced which showed he was corresponding
276	with the French king.&nbsp; This was argued to be high treason; the Cardinal
277	still believed himself to be invulnerable and fit to represent the king's
278	majesty.&nbsp; On 4 November, Wolsey was arrested on charges of treason
279	and taken from York Palace.&nbsp; On his way south to face dubious justice
280	at the Tower of London, he grew ill.&nbsp; The group escorting him were
281	concerned enough to stop at Leicester.&nbsp; There, Wolsey's condition
282	quickly worsened and he died on 29 November.
283	<br>His death was timely for it saved him from being executed as a traitor.
284	<br>&nbsp;
285	<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
286	This cardinal,
287	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
288	Though from an humble stock, undoubtedly
289	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
290	Was fashion'd to much honor from his cradle.
291	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
292	He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one;
293	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
294	Exceeding wise, fair-spoken, and persuading:
295	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
296	Lofty and sour to them that loved him not;
297	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
298	But to those men that sought him sweet as
299	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
300	summer.
301	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
302	And though he were unsatisfied in getting
303	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
304	Which was a sin, yet in bestowing, madam,
305	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
306	He was most princely: ever witness for him
307	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
308	Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
309	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
310	Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with
311	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
312	him,
313	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
314	Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;
315	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
316	The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,
317	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
318	So excellent in art, and still so rising,
319	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
320	That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.
321	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
322	His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
323	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
324	For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
325	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
326	And found the blessedness of being little:
327	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
328	And, to add greater honors to his age
329	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
330	Than man could give him, he died fearing
331	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
332	God.
333	<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
334	Shakespeare and Fletcher, <i>All Is True</i>.</font>
335	<br><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
336	Griffith tells of Wolsey's death, Act IV.</font>
337	<center>
338	<p>Read a contemporary account of Wolsey's fall from grace at the <a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html">Primary
339	Sources</a> section.
340	<br>
341	<hr WIDTH="100%">
342	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fcitizens.html">to
343	Tudor Citizens</a></font>
344	<br><font size=-1><a href="_httpextlink_&amp;rl=1&amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html">to Tudor
345	England</a></font></center>
346
347
348
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351	</Content>
352	</Section>
353	</Archive>

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