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Last change on this file since 28237 was 28237, checked in by ak19, 11 years ago

Rebilt those model-collections that needed accentfolding, casefol and stem (and defaultlevel document) set in their collect.cfg, as well as standar GS path placeholders in the archiveinf-doc and -src files.
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14 <Metadata name="Content">Lady Jane Grey The Nine Days Queen biography portraits primary sources</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Nine Days' Queen 1553</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Title">Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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44
45&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
46 &lt;tr&gt;
47 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
48 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
49 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
50 &lt;/tr&gt;
51 &lt;tr&gt;
52 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
53 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
54 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;IMG height=47 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey&quot;
55 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey.gif&quot; width=320&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
56 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
57 &lt;/tr&gt;
58 &lt;tr&gt;
59 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
60 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
61 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
62 &lt;IMG height=287
63 alt=&quot;The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche&quot;
64 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey-nga.jpg&quot; width=358 border=2&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
65 &lt;blockquote&gt;
66 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
67 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
68 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read
69 the biography of Lady Jane Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
70 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
71 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
72 of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;, 1553. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
73 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;Jane's letter to
74 Queen Mary from the Tower of London&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
75 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
76 of Jane's execution&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
77 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
78 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;A
79 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
80 Catherine Grey site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's tragic
81 sister.&lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
82 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward
83 VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's cousin who left her the throne.
84 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Grey's life at &lt;A
85 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
86 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
87 &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
88 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
89 Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/A&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A
90 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bitterwisdom.com%2fladyjanegrey&quot;&gt;The Lady Jane Grey Internet
91 Museum&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
92 &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Tudor Dynasty enthusiasts at
93 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor
94 Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
95 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
96 of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
97 England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
98 other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
99 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
100 &lt;/td&gt;
101 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
102 &lt;/tr&gt;
103&lt;/table&gt;
104
105&lt;blockquote&gt;
106 &lt;blockquote&gt;
107 &lt;blockquote&gt;
108 &lt;p&gt;
109 &lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;
110 &lt;B&gt;Jane Grey remains one of the most compelling and tragic figures in
111 Tudor history.&amp;nbsp; She possessed royal blood through her grandmother,
112 Princess Mary Tudor, and this heritage brought her to the scaffold in
113 1554.&amp;nbsp; Jane had been named heiress to the English throne in her
114 great-uncle Henry VIII's will, but only if his son Edward and daughters
115 Mary and Elizabeth died without issue.&amp;nbsp; But Edward ruled for just six
116 years and his ambitious advisor, John Dudley, was determined to remain in
117 power.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he persuaded Edward to write his own will and
118 leave the throne to his pious cousin, Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; Though just fifteen
119 at the time, she was known for her Protestant piety and learning; it was
120 this religious devotion which persuaded Edward to alter the succession.&amp;nbsp;
121 Deeply pious himself, he could not leave the throne to his Catholic
122 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Jane was quickly wed to Dudley's son and crowned queen
123 of England in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; But she ruled for just nine days, trapped
124 and unhappy.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor claimed the throne with great popular
125 support and Jane was imprisoned in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; Her
126 subsequent execution was a political necessity for Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp;
127 Despite her youth, Jane met her end with great dignity and courage.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
128 &lt;hr&gt;
129 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
130 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
131 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I think that at the supper I neither receive flesh nor
132 blood, but bread and wine; which bread when it is broken, and the wine when it
133 is drunken, put me in remembrance how that for my sins the body of Christ was
134 broken, and his blood shed on the cross. ...I ground my faith upon God's word,
135 and not upon the church...&amp;nbsp; The faith of the church must be tried by
136 God's word, and not God's word by the church; neither yet my faith.'&amp;nbsp;
137 &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane Grey to John Feckenham,
138 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
139 &lt;blockquote&gt;
140 &lt;blockquote&gt;
141 &lt;hr&gt;
142 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Ancestry&lt;/B&gt;
143 &lt;BR&gt;Lady Jane Grey was the eldest child of Lord Henry and Lady Frances
144 Grey, the duke and duchess of
145 &lt;IMG height=205
146 alt=&quot;Princess Mary Tudor, grandmother of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
147 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey1.jpg&quot; width=101 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; She was a viable heir to
148 the English throne because of her maternal grandmother, &lt;A
149 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
150 Mary Tudor&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; After the death of her first husband, King Louis
151 XII of France in 1515, Mary secretly wed her true love, &lt;A
152 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Charles
153 Brandon&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was her brother &lt;A
154 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry
155 VIII&lt;/A&gt;'s best friend; the king's friendship and Brandon's service to
156 the Crown led to his creation as duke of Suffolk in 1514.&amp;nbsp; He and
157 Mary had a son, Henry, who died as teenager.&amp;nbsp; Their next eldest
158 child was a daughter, Frances.&amp;nbsp; Under the terms of the Third Act of
159 Succession (1544) and Henry VIII's last will and testament (1547), the
160 Suffolk line would inherit the throne after Henry VIII's children died
161 childless.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the throne would pass to Henry's son &lt;A
162 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward&lt;/A&gt;;
163 if Edward died childless, it passed to Henry's eldest daughter &lt;A
164 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/A&gt;;
165 if she died childless, it passed to Henry's youngest daughter &lt;A
166 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
167 If Elizabeth died childless, the throne passed to Lady Frances.&amp;nbsp;
168 This plan completely disregarded the children of Henry's elder sister &lt;A
169 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;Margaret&lt;/A&gt;,
170 the former queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not care for Margaret and,
171 more importantly, did not want the English throne in Scottish hands. &lt;/p&gt;
172 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So it was through Princess Mary that Jane Grey was
173 bequeathed her deadly heritage.&amp;nbsp; Still, no one in the 1540s
174 expected the Suffolk line to rule.&amp;nbsp; After all, Henry VIII had left
175 three heirs and it was unlikely all three would die childless.&amp;nbsp; Of
176 course, we know that this did occur and the Tudor dynasty died with
177 Elizabeth I in 1603.&amp;nbsp; It was only in 1552, with Edward VI's health
178 rapidly failing, that people realized there would be a succession
179 crisis.&amp;nbsp; According to parliament and Henry VIII's will, Mary was
180 Edward's heir - but she was Catholic, in her late thirties, and never
181 robust.&amp;nbsp; More importantly, Edward was a devout Protestant and did
182 not want Roman Catholicism restored in England.&amp;nbsp; Urged on by
183 self-interested advisors, he removed Mary from the succession on the
184 grounds of her illegitimacy (she was declared so by parliament in
185 1532.)&amp;nbsp; But if he removed Mary, he also had to remove Elizabeth
186 even though she was a Protestant; Elizabeth had also been declared a
187 bastard by parliament in 1536.&amp;nbsp; In his &lt;I&gt;Device for the
188 Succession&lt;/I&gt;, written in his own hand, Edward wrote that they were
189 both &quot;illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
190 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward's course of action removed the succession
191 from the heirs of Henry VIII and gave it to the heirs of Henry's younger
192 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was a tumultuous course for many reasons.&amp;nbsp;
193 For example, the king of France, Henry II, was raising &lt;A
194 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
195 Stuart&lt;/A&gt;, Margaret Tudor's granddaughter; he planned to marry this
196 ten-year-old &lt;A
197 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;queen
198 of Scots&lt;/A&gt; to his son and heir, Francois.&amp;nbsp; By all the accepted
199 laws of primogeniture, she had a better claim to the English throne than
200 her Suffolk cousins.&amp;nbsp; In fact, most European Catholics believed
201 Mary's claim better than her Tudor cousins, Mary and Elizabeth, since
202 both were illegitimate by acts of constitutional and canon law.&amp;nbsp;
203 However, Mary of Scotland was in France - not England; also, the
204 Suffolks were Protestant and she was not.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI never
205 considered leaving her the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
206 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The above paragraph illustrates the complexity of
207 blood ties within the Tudor family.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary Tudor was
208 half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor, the succession
209 crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the
210 Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the pope hoped to bring England back to his
211 authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI
212 died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would
213 triumph.&amp;nbsp; Mary....&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth....&amp;nbsp; Mary of
214 Scotland....&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey....&amp;nbsp; Which would become queen?&amp;nbsp;
215 &lt;/P&gt;
216 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Europe waited to see how England would
217 welcome a queen as their sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; All of the possible
218 candidates for the throne were women, an unprecedented occurrence.&amp;nbsp;
219 The only woman to attempt to rule England as her father's sole heir had
220 been Matilda in the 12th century; she had been forced out of the country
221 by popular revolt and a male cousin named Stephen of Blois became
222 king.&amp;nbsp; Now it seemed the English had no choice but to accept a
223 woman ruler.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
224 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And because of the secret marriage of Mary Tudor
225 and Charles Brandon, the first woman to rule England in her own right
226 would be Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
227 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Early Life and Education&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
228 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
229 &lt;p&gt;'I will tell you a truth which perchance ye will marvel
230 at.&amp;nbsp; One of the greatest benefits that God ever gave me is that
231 he sent me so sharp and severe parents and so gentle a
232 schoolmaster.&amp;nbsp; For when I am in the presence of Father or Mother,
233 whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry
234 or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do
235 it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as
236 God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly
237 threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and
238 other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them), so
239 without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time
240 comes that I must go to Mr Aylmer, who teacheth me so gently, so
241 pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all
242 the time nothing while I am with him.&amp;nbsp; And when I am called from
243 him, I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but learning is
244 full of grief, trouble, fear and wholly misliking to me.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
245 &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Lady Jane Grey to Roger Ascham,
246 1550&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
247 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
248 &lt;p&gt;Jane Grey was not close to her
249 parents.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was the marquess of Dorset; he became the duke
250 of Suffolk in 1551.&amp;nbsp; He married Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon's
251 eldest daughter Frances when she was sixteen.&amp;nbsp; At the time, Grey
252 was a ward of Brandon's.&amp;nbsp; He was also an appropriate match for a
253 Princess's daughter.&amp;nbsp; The Grey family had an ancient and impressive
254 lineage, originally receiving lands from Richard the Lionheart.&amp;nbsp;
255 Later, they rose to prominence under Edward IV; he had married Elizabeth
256 Woodville, the widow of Sir John Grey and mother of his two sons.&amp;nbsp;
257 When she became queen, she tirelessly promoted the interests of the Grey
258 family.&amp;nbsp; In fact, her eldest Grey son, Thomas, was created marquess
259 of Dorset during Edward IV's reign.&amp;nbsp; His son, also called Thomas,
260 was a companion to Charles Brandon - soldiering with him in France in
261 1513 and journeying there a year later to celebrate Princess Mary
262 Tudor's wedding to the French king.&amp;nbsp; In 1530, Thomas Grey died and
263 Brandon became his son's guardian.&amp;nbsp; The marriage between Frances
264 and the heir, Henry Grey, was a satisfactory way to join two noble
265 families together.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
266 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their marriage was celebrated at Suffolk Place in
267 London.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor died some months later.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon
268 remarried, this time to an heiress called Catherine Willoughby.&amp;nbsp;
269 She bore him two sons (his son with Mary Tudor had recently died).&amp;nbsp;
270 When Brandon passed away in 1545, he and Catherine's eldest son, called
271 Henry after his late half-brother, became duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; He and
272 his younger brother died of the dreaded sweating sickness a few years
273 later.&amp;nbsp; This left the dukedom of Suffolk vacant until 1551, when
274 Edward VI would award it to Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
275 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry VIII had left the throne to
276 his children and, if they died without issue, &quot;to the heirs of the body
277 of the lady Frances our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister the
278 French Queen lawfully begotten....&quot;&amp;nbsp; This meant that the Grey
279 children (by this time Frances and Henry had 3 daughters - Jane born in
280 1537, Catherine born in 1540, and Mary born in 1545) had enhanced
281 social status.&amp;nbsp; In 1547, when the will was read, no one seriously
282 expected them to gain more.&amp;nbsp; Edward was small and blond, like his
283 long-dead uncle Arthur, lacking Henry VIII's robust athleticism and good
284 health.&amp;nbsp; But he was expected to live, marry, and provide
285 heirs.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, any immediate interest in the Grey children
286 centered on how Edward would favor them.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, it was
287 thought that he might marry the eldest, his cousin Jane.&amp;nbsp; They were
288 the same age, both precocious, very serious, and fervently
289 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
290 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane had been raised, with her two sisters, at
291 Bradgate.&amp;nbsp; This was the principal family home on the edge of
292 Charnwood Forest.&amp;nbsp; It was a beautiful and luxurious estate, suited
293 to the Grey's semi-regal status.&amp;nbsp; Lady Frances was very conscious
294 of her royal heritage and, as she grew older, became quite like her
295 uncle Henry.&amp;nbsp; She and her husband were well-known for their love of
296 riding, hunting, hawking and gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were not, however, the
297 most interested of parents.&amp;nbsp; In this, they resembled their
298 aristocratic contemporaries. They provided very well for their three
299 daughters.&amp;nbsp; While Frances and Henry spent time in London, their
300 daughters remained at Bradgate, in the hands of capable servants.&amp;nbsp;
301 Jane's nurse was a woman called Mrs Ellen and would remain with her
302 until Jane's execution; her first tutor was probably the house chaplain,
303 Dr Harding.&amp;nbsp; The first ten years of Jane's life, from her birth in
304 October 1537 (the exact date is not known) to her residence in Katharine
305 Parr's household in 1547, are not documented.&amp;nbsp; It is likely she
306 received the typical upper-class girl's education - its primary emphasis
307 would be on instilling good manners and the 'feminine' virtues of
308 obedience and docility.&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly learned needlework and was
309 taught dancing and how to play some musical instruments.&amp;nbsp; But
310 neither of her parents were scholars and no one in the sixteenth century
311 expected women to be well-educated.&amp;nbsp; She may have visited London,
312 accompanying her parents to Dorset Place in Westminster; she may have
313 met her royal cousins.&amp;nbsp; No one knows.&amp;nbsp; But in March 1547, Lady
314 Jane Grey finally emerges into the historical landscape.&amp;nbsp; It was
315 then that she entered the household of the dowager queen &lt;A
316 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
317 Parr&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's sixth and last wife.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
318 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine had retired from court upon Edward VI's
319 accession, though she remained close to London.&amp;nbsp; Her&lt;IMG height=191 alt=&quot;Jane's guardian, Katharine Parr&quot;
320 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; dower manor,
321 Chelsea, was in the suburbs.&amp;nbsp; It was a comfortable brick home with
322 modern amenities.&amp;nbsp; Here, Katharine planned to live with the man she
323 had longed to marry before Henry laid claim to her, Thomas Seymour,
324 Edward VI's uncle.&amp;nbsp; She also brought with her the 13 year old
325 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr was justly celebrated for her
326 warm and open nature; she was a good stepmother to all of Henry's
327 children, particularly the youngest two.&amp;nbsp; A few weeks after
328 Katharine and Elizabeth settled at Chelsea, Jane Grey came to join
329 them.&amp;nbsp; She was sent to acquire polish and learn social graces, a
330 common practice for daughters of the nobility.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
331 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane acquired much more than social skills at
332 Katharine's household.&amp;nbsp; For the first time in her young life, she
333 was truly happy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was a devout Protestant and the most
334 intellectual of Henry's queens.&amp;nbsp; Her home was the center of the
335 Protestant 'New Learning'; there was instruction and frequent
336 debates.&amp;nbsp; Jane, quiet and studious by nature, thrived.&amp;nbsp; And
337 though her parents were Protestant, it was at Katharine Parr's that she
338 became devoutly committed to the faith.&amp;nbsp; The Greys, after all, had
339 become Protestants like many nobles - because it was a matter of
340 political necessity.&amp;nbsp; At Katharine's, Jane became a Protestant
341 because she truly believed in its tenets.&amp;nbsp; This serious and intense
342 study of faith would remain with her throughout her short life.&amp;nbsp;
343 &lt;/P&gt;
344 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During Edward VI's reign, the Lord Protector was
345 Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr had married his
346 younger brother, Sir Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was very ambitious and
347 angered that his brother had so much authority while he had to be
348 content with a baronetcy, a seat on the Privy Council, and the office of
349 Lord Admiral.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Katharine Parr had planned to marry years
350 before but Henry's sudden interest in the twice-widowed heiress delayed
351 their plans.&amp;nbsp; Within months of his death, however, they were wed in
352 a secret ceremony; the exact date is not known but it was probably April
353 1547. Their whirlwind courtship offended some but Edward VI gave them
354 his blessing.&amp;nbsp; Some people remarked that the new Lord Admiral would
355 have preferred marrying Princess Elizabeth, such was his ambition.&amp;nbsp;
356 He certainly lacked the evangelical zeal of his new wife, always
357 remembering important business when it was time for prayers.&amp;nbsp; He
358 possessed great charm, particularly with women and children; and his
359 desire to advance his own career led to some indiscreet behavior -
360 notably bursting into Princess Elizabeth's bedroom in the early morning,
361 still in his bedclothes, to tickle her awake.&amp;nbsp; This was dangerous
362 play for an ambitious man and a thirteen-year-old heiress to the
363 throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
364 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Thomas had wed the dowager queen and
365 she loved him passionately.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, other supporters of his
366 brother Edward, the Lord Protector, were also rewarded for their
367 loyalty.&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, for example, became earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp;
368 Meanwhile, Thomas was also becoming interested in the other young
369 heiress who lived with his wife - Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When news of
370 Henry VIII's will came out, he wasted no time in becoming friends with
371 the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He sent his most trusted friend and servant, John
372 Harington, to talk to Jane's father, Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; Harington was to
373 use 'all the persuasions he could' to gain Jane Grey's wardship and
374 marriage rights.&amp;nbsp; Later, Harington would say he never promised
375 anything explicitly but Henry Grey remembered a guarantee that&amp;nbsp;
376 Jane would marry King Edward.&amp;nbsp; On this basis, Grey sold his
377 daughter to Seymour for the sum of £2000.&amp;nbsp; Seymour paid a few
378 hundred immediately, promising to pay the rest in installments.&amp;nbsp;
379 &lt;/P&gt;
380 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In other words, Thomas Seymour was hedging his
381 bets - if Edward VI died unexpectedly (as Tudor boys often did), he
382 could arrange something with the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; If Edward
383 lived, he could gain influence by marrying his ward, Jane Grey, to the
384 king.&amp;nbsp; Jane, of course, was oblivious to Seymour's plans.&amp;nbsp; She
385 remained in Katharine Parr's household, moving from Chelsea, to Hanworth
386 in Middlesex, or Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Her sensitive and eager
387 mind, long starved for affection and knowledge, was finally engaged on a
388 course of study - Latin, Greek and modern languages as well as religious
389 instruction.&amp;nbsp; As relations between the Seymour brothers
390 deteriorated for a variety of reasons, Katharine Parr became
391 pregnant.&amp;nbsp; About halfway through the pregnancy, she happened upon a
392 very unpleasant sight - her husband and stepdaughter, Princess
393 Elizabeth, locked in a passionate embrace.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's reaction
394 was a testament to her good character.&amp;nbsp; She successfully averted an
395 ugly scandal; a few weeks later, Elizabeth and her household staff were
396 sent to Cheshunt on a visit to old family friends.&amp;nbsp; She parted from
397 Katharine with real affection and sadness; Elizabeth undoubtedly felt
398 embarrassed and guilty.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
399 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey remained with Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There is
400 no evidence she was ever particularly close to Elizabeth; the gulf
401 between nine and thirteen is great.&amp;nbsp; Though they lived in the same
402 homes for over a year, there are no surviving letters or
403 reminisces.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane was grateful for Elizabeth's departure;
404 the princess was described as proud and disdainful, not good company for
405 a shy child.&amp;nbsp; On 13 June 1548 Jane accompanied Katharine and Thomas
406 to their Gloucestershire estate, Sudeley Castle.&amp;nbsp; On 30 August
407 Katharine gave birth to a baby daughter, Mary; within a week, the
408 dowager queen was dead, buried in the chapel at Sudeley.&amp;nbsp; She was
409 yet another victim of puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, small for her
410 age, freckled and with red hair, acted as chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
411 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents were becoming
412 restless.&amp;nbsp; More than a year had passed since Seymour purchased
413 their daughter's wardship.&amp;nbsp; In that time, no match had been made
414 with Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; Also, they wondered if it would be better to marry
415 Jane to the Lord Protector's son.&amp;nbsp; They wrote to Thomas Seymour,
416 consoling him on the loss of his wife and remarking that, since
417 Katharine was dead, her household would be dispersed - therefore, Jane
418 should be sent home; Seymour was not to be outfoxed.&amp;nbsp; He wrote that
419 his own mother was coming to Sudeley, to take charge of Katharine's
420 household (none of which would be dispersed); she would be 'as dear unto
421 Jane as though she were her own daughter.'&amp;nbsp; He did let Jane go home
422 briefly in September.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly an unpleasant journey for
423 the young girl.&amp;nbsp; However, Seymour was able to regain her parents'
424 favor.&amp;nbsp; He stressed his determination to wed her to Edward (the
425 greatest prize) and agreed to pay another £500 on his bond.&amp;nbsp; The
426 Greys were chronically short of cash and wanted this grand
427 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Jane returned to the Seymour household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
428 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the noose was tightening around Thomas
429 Seymour's neck.&amp;nbsp; He had been boasting about his intent to destroy
430 his overbearing brother and he had encouraged gossip that he would marry
431 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; This gossip was perhaps the most damaging,
432 particularly to the eyes of the young king.&amp;nbsp; Was Seymour attempting
433 to seize the throne?&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, earl of Warwick, had long waited
434 for the opportunity to destroy the Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to
435 be Lord Protector himself and was quite prepared to turn on his old
436 friend, Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He used the arrogant and ambitious Thomas
437 to destroy them both.&amp;nbsp; On 17 January 1549, Thomas Seymour was
438 arrested at Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey was immediately
439 brought home by her alarmed parents.&amp;nbsp; Because Parliament was in
440 session, it was decided that Thomas would not have a trial - instead a
441 bill of attainder was drawn up and passed through both houses in early
442 March.&amp;nbsp; All that was needed was for the Lord Protector to sign the
443 bill.&amp;nbsp; For about a week, Edward Seymour did nothing.&amp;nbsp; He was
444 understandably hesitant to execute his brother.&amp;nbsp; Seizing his
445 chance, Dudley urged the council to appeal to the king - flattering his
446 authority, they asked for him to sign the bill so they could proceed
447 without further troubling the Protector.&amp;nbsp; Edward cared little for
448 either of his uncles (the Protector kept him short of pocket money and
449 assigned him cold-hearted tutors.)&amp;nbsp; He signed the bill.&amp;nbsp; On 20
450 March 1549, Thomas Seymour was executed on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
451 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Dudley moved to take control of the
452 government.&amp;nbsp; The year 1549 was marked by discontent - rising
453 prices, high unemployment, bad harvests; also, people resented the
454 radical religious changes passed since Henry VIII's death.&amp;nbsp; There
455 were two serious revolts, in the West Country and Norfolk, both of which
456 alarmed the land-owning gentry.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had once been popular with
457 the common people but his execution of his own brother struck many as
458 cold-blooded and evil.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had counted on this reaction.&amp;nbsp;
459 He also counted on the support of the gentry; he was a capable soldier
460 and put down the rebellion in the West Country.&amp;nbsp; This pleased the
461 landowners and the king.&amp;nbsp; Also, it allowed Dudley to gather a
462 well-armed and experienced group of soldiers about him.&amp;nbsp; On 10
463 October, he and his supporters captured the fleeing Edward Seymour at
464 Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; He was arrested and taken under guard to the
465 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Dudley became one of the six prime attendants on the King
466 but - very intelligently - did not take the title of Lord
467 Protector.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
468 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley was on the list of sixteen executors Henry
469 VIII had appointed in his will.&amp;nbsp; In 1543 he had been appointed Lord
470 High Admiral, a post he relinquished reluctantly to the unqualified
471 Thomas Seymour; in 1549, he regained that title.&amp;nbsp; He was also a
472 family man with several sons.&amp;nbsp; But Dudley had learned from his
473 dealings with Henry VIII; he knew to treat Edward not as one of his own
474 sons but as a king.&amp;nbsp; He flattered the king, allowed him greater
475 access to money, more physical freedom.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Dudley, his
476 coup coincided with Edward's own physical maturity.&amp;nbsp; He became a
477 sportsman, which Dudley encouraged, and began to travel a bit outside of
478 London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
479 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His cousin Jane was not so fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She
480 had returned to a home devoid of affection which also included physical
481 abuse normal in the sixteenth-century (smacks, pinches, and the
482 like).&amp;nbsp; The Greys were discovering that their daughter had matured
483 into a thoughtful, intelligent, and self-righteously pious young
484 woman.&amp;nbsp; She openly disapproved of their lack of piety, their
485 devotion to material gain and social advancement, as well as their
486 gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were happy to hire a tutor, John Aylmer, to
487 continue her education - and take her off their hands.&amp;nbsp; Aylmer was
488 a friend of Roger Ascham, the former tutor of Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
489 On a visit to Aylmer, Ascham met Jane Grey; she impressed him
490 greatly.&amp;nbsp; He preserved their meeting in his educational treatise,
491 &lt;I&gt;The Schoolmaster&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
492 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Were the Greys really such terrible parents?&amp;nbsp;
493 There is no doubt that Jane and her parents were not affectionate to one
494 another.&amp;nbsp; Yet this was normal in an age which expected children to
495 be dutiful and obedient and that discipline built character.&amp;nbsp; In
496 fairness to them, Jane was openly critical of their pleasure-loving
497 lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She encouraged the chaplain to deliver sermons against
498 gambling, told visitors that she found her parents foolish and
499 irritating, and she was very self-righteous.&amp;nbsp; What parent would
500 enjoy the company of such a devout thirteen-year-old?&amp;nbsp; At home,
501 Jane met John ab Ulmer, a Swiss Protestant and student of Henry
502 Bullinger, chief pastor of the Protestant church in Zurich.&amp;nbsp; They
503 were both friends of Aylmer and Ascham.&amp;nbsp; The four men corresponded
504 about the education of this most pious young girl.&amp;nbsp; There are many
505 surviving letters - Jane thanking Bullinger for sending a copy of his
506 treatise on Christian Perfection - and some reveal her as more than a
507 pious Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; In one, Aylmer is concerned that she is
508 taking too much of an interest in music and her appearance.&amp;nbsp; He was
509 distressed - but what good news for the student of Jane's life!&amp;nbsp;
510 She is human, after all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
511 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the European reformers were hopeful
512 that Edward VI would marry this most proper cousin.&amp;nbsp; Their union
513 would make England a most blessed Protestant realm.&amp;nbsp; But Jane
514 turned fourteen and was still not betrothed to anyone while Edward was
515 in serious talks to wed the French princess Elisabeth.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
516 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Charles Brandon's two sons with
517 Catherine Willoughby had died.&amp;nbsp; This meant that their half-sister
518 Frances Grey was sole surviving heir to the Brandon estates.&amp;nbsp; On 4
519 October 1551, the title of duke of Suffolk was given to her husband in
520 right of his wife.&amp;nbsp; And on 11 October, just a week later, Dudley
521 was made duke of Northumberland; two years of Edward's favor had
522 sufficiently emboldened him to petition the king.&amp;nbsp; He was the first
523 man to receive a ducal title who had no ties of marriage or blood to the
524 reigning royal family.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
525 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane Grey, that week in 1551 was to have
526 terrible consequences. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
527 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Marriage&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The political situation in England during
528 Edward's reign is fully explored in the Edward VI pages.&amp;nbsp; Suffice
529 to say, the duke of Northumberland, John Dudley, had replaced Edward
530 Seymour as the true power behind the throne.&amp;nbsp; In spring 1552, his
531 young master fell ill.&amp;nbsp; No one was especially concerned; Edward VI
532 had been ill before and recovered well enough.&amp;nbsp; But this time he
533 did not fully recover.&amp;nbsp; It seemed as if his physical resemblance to
534 the long-dead Prince Arthur went beyond their fair coloring and delicate
535 physique - they were both consumptive as well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
536 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This naturally terrified the Protestant lords who
537 had prospered during his six-year reign.&amp;nbsp; The Princesses Mary and
538 Elizabeth were rarely seen at the king's court, Mary in
539 particular.&amp;nbsp; She could no longer persuade herself that Edward was
540 simply a misguided Protestant pawn.&amp;nbsp; He had, like Henry before him,
541 ordered her to change her religion; he was king and expected
542 obedience.&amp;nbsp; He was closer to Elizabeth (only 4 years older than
543 him) and she was suitably Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she, too, was rarely at
544 court.&amp;nbsp; His Grey family, however, was increasingly present.&amp;nbsp;
545 &lt;/P&gt;
546 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary of Guise, mother of Mary queen of Scots
547 and regent of Scotland, visited England in November 1551, Mary and
548 Elizabeth were not invited.&amp;nbsp; But Frances and Henry Grey were there,
549 bringing their fourteen-year-old daughter Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary of Guise's
550 two-day visit to Hampton Court was Jane's official debut on the English
551 political scene.&amp;nbsp; In early February, Jane contracted an unspecified
552 illness.&amp;nbsp; It was serious enough to warrant mention from Aylmer (in
553 a letter to Ascham.)&amp;nbsp; After her recovery, Jane's parents persuaded
554 her to devote less time to study and more to social concerns.&amp;nbsp; Of
555 course, an educated and pious daughter was an asset but they also wanted
556 a daughter who could attract a king in marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
557 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 April 1552, Edward became ill with the
558 measles.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, he recovered somewhat - enough to&lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin, King Edward VI&quot;
559 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6-crop.jpg&quot; width=137 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; attend St
560 George's Day services at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; He also jousted,
561 played on the tennis courts, and went hunting.&amp;nbsp; And on 27 June, he
562 began his most extensive progress through the south and west of his
563 kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed himself (he had never traveled so far
564 outside London) but the pace was exhausting; combined with the illness
565 in April and his strenuous athletics, it wore him down.&amp;nbsp; Passer-by
566 thought he was ill; he was pale, losing weight, and lost his
567 appetite.&amp;nbsp; He returned to Windsor in mid-September.&amp;nbsp; By then,
568 the tuberculosis which killed him had begun in earnest.&amp;nbsp; By
569 Christmas 1552, his condition was obvious.&amp;nbsp; The holiday
570 celebrations were unusually festive, perhaps to take notice from the
571 king's health.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary came to visit in February but his
572 illness prevented their meeting for three days.&amp;nbsp; Still, the king's
573 illness meant an increased respect for Mary, his heir under Henry VIII's
574 will.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
575 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The exact nature and course of Edward's illness is
576 discussed at the Edward VI page.&amp;nbsp; It was tuberculosis, or
577 consumption as it was then called.&amp;nbsp; On 11 April 1553, Edward moved
578 his household to his favorite residence, Greenwich Palace.&amp;nbsp; He had
579 managed to open parliament in March but those who hadn't seen him since
580 the holidays were shocked at his appearance; he was terribly thin and,
581 oddly, his left shoulder seemed higher than his right.&amp;nbsp; It was
582 obvious Edward was suffering terribly.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland, his closest
583 advisor, was torn - he talked of retiring from political life but this
584 was a passing dream.&amp;nbsp; He had made too many enemies - particularly
585 the Catholic nobles and churchmen who would rally around Mary.&amp;nbsp; In
586 truth, if Mary succeeded, the best Dudley could hope for was complete
587 financial and political ruin.&amp;nbsp; More than likely, he would lose his
588 head.&amp;nbsp; He could, of course, attempt to marry Princess Elizabeth to
589 his one remaining unmarried son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; Why didn't he?&amp;nbsp;
590 It certainly seems less convoluted than attempting to place Jane Grey on
591 the throne.&amp;nbsp; The truth was that Elizabeth Tudor, nearly twenty
592 years old, had seasoned political acumen - she would never be Dudley's
593 pawn.&amp;nbsp; Dudley knew her well enough to guess as much.&amp;nbsp;
594 Therefore, only Jane Grey (fourth in line, after her mother Frances)
595 remained.&amp;nbsp; She would be amenable enough, the duke thought.&amp;nbsp;
596 &lt;/P&gt;
597 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Frances and Henry were happy enough to
598 encourage Dudley.&amp;nbsp; With Edward dying, there was no possibility of
599 Jane marrying him.&amp;nbsp; They may have been put off by Dudley's
600 ambition; he first attempted to marry Guildford to Eleanor Brandon's
601 only child, Margaret Clifford (Eleanor was Frances's younger
602 sister.)&amp;nbsp; But, swayed by the prospect of wealth and power, they
603 agreed to marry Jane to Guildford.&amp;nbsp; In late April or&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; alt=&quot;Cary Elwes and Helena Bonham Carter as Guildford and Jane in the 1986 film 'Lady Jane'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; early May, the
604 betrothal was announced.&amp;nbsp; Jane had protested the union but was
605 persuaded by 'the urgency of her mother and the violence of her father';
606 in other words, persuaded by verbal and physical abuse.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
607 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Many have argued that Jane protested because she
608 didn't like Guildford.&amp;nbsp; That is unlikely.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome
609 enough (like most of the Dudley men), fair-haired and about her
610 age.&amp;nbsp; He was arrogant and spoilt; his mother openly favored
611 him.&amp;nbsp; But he had no other documented flaws.&amp;nbsp; When considered
612 against other men of the age, he was a good match.&amp;nbsp; Jane's
613 reservations centered on his father.&amp;nbsp; She disliked and feared
614 Dudley, as most people did.&amp;nbsp; But the duke had a weapon against Jane
615 which he would wield effectively - religion.&amp;nbsp; She was a devout and
616 committed Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She didn't want Mary as queen any more than
617 he did.&amp;nbsp; And, unlike Dudley, Jane's desire was based on real
618 principle, not simple greed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
619 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So on 25 May 1553, Jane married Guildford at the
620 Dudley's London residence, Durham House.&amp;nbsp; It was one of the great
621 homes of Tudor England; her sister &lt;A
622 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt;
623 was also married that day, to the earl of Pembroke's heir.&amp;nbsp; Orders,
624 signed by the king, had been sent to the Master of the Wardrobe so that
625 the grandest clothing and jewels could be used.&amp;nbsp; Edward was
626 supposed to attend but was far too ill.&amp;nbsp; He did not watch as his
627 cousin marched down the aisle, richly appareled in cloth of gold and
628 silver, her red hair braided with pearls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
629 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For many, Jane and Guildford's marriage marks the
630 beginning of the attempt to change the line of succession.&amp;nbsp; In
631 reality, Edward VI had been pondering the problem for months.&amp;nbsp; Ever
632 since he became ill, he had wondered how to prevent his Catholic sister
633 from becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; His reasoning was purely religious.&amp;nbsp;
634 Edward was a devout Protestant; he wanted his nation, for its own sake,
635 to remain Protestant.&amp;nbsp; Just as Mary believed Catholicism was the
636 path to righteousness, Edward believed in Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; He was
637 king, charge by God with responsibility for his people's religious
638 welfare.&amp;nbsp; It was a sacred duty.&amp;nbsp; For the sake of his immortal
639 soul, Mary had to be prevented from leading England on the path to
640 damnation.&amp;nbsp; This necessity overcame all else.&amp;nbsp; What was Henry
641 VIII's will when compared to divine retribution?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
642 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So in late 1552/early 1553, he first began his
643 Device for the Succession.&amp;nbsp; At first he left the throne to Lady
644 Frances Grey and her male heirs, then to Jane Grey and her male
645 heirs.&amp;nbsp; But it was evident that Frances Grey would have no more
646 children and none of her daughters would bear children in time.&amp;nbsp; So
647 he made a change - simple and explosive - he left the throne to 'the
648 Lady Jane and her heirs male.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
649 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was the beginning of the end for Jane Grey.
650 &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
651 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jane the Quene'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Edward's &lt;I&gt;Device for the Succession&lt;/I&gt;
652 was eventually issued with the title &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
653 Limitation of the Crown&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It disinherited Mary and Elizabeth
654 because they were 'illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.'&amp;nbsp;
655 Furthermore, they were only half-sisters of the king, not entitled to
656 succeed him, and might marry foreign husbands who would 'tend to the
657 utter subversion of the commonwealth of this our realm.'&amp;nbsp; But
658 Edward's device would have no legal validity as long as Henry VIII's
659 1544 Act of Succession was still acknowledged by parliament.&amp;nbsp; But
660 there was no time to wipe that law from the statute book.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
661 Dudley planned to gain support from government and then carry out a coup
662 so quickly that its legality would not matter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
663 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To gain government support, he spent June 1553
664 persuading the Privy Council, judiciary, and various churchmen to
665 endorse Edward's device.&amp;nbsp; The Lord Chief Justice, Sir Edward
666 Montague, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were uneasy;
667 but Dudley was desperate and called them traitors.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
668 the king ordered them to obey.&amp;nbsp; So the &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
669 Limitation of the Crown &lt;/I&gt;was endorsed with the Great Seal on 21
670 June.&amp;nbsp; It was recognized by the Lord Chancellor, the Privy
671 Councilors, twenty-two peers of the realm, the Lord Mayor of London,
672 various aldermen and sheriffs, the secretaries of state (including
673 William Cecil, Elizabeth I's great statesman), and various judges and
674 churchmen.&amp;nbsp; King Edward VI did not live long after this
675 triumph.&amp;nbsp; After months of agony, he died in the early evening of
676 Thursday 6 July.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
677 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, meanwhile, had been married to
678 Guildford Dudley for almost six weeks.&amp;nbsp; She disliked her in-laws
679 more than she disliked her parents so, immediately after the marriage,
680 returned to Suffolk Place at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; From there, she moved to
681 her parents' new residence in London, a former Carthusian monastery they
682 were converting into a grand home.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's wife, the duchess of
683 Northumberland and Jane's mother-in-law, was not happy with this
684 arrangement.&amp;nbsp; She informed the Greys that Edward VI was dying and
685 Jane had been made heir to his throne; she must hold herself in
686 readiness (in other words, come to the Dudley home.)&amp;nbsp; Jane later
687 said this was the first she knew of the king's impending death.&amp;nbsp;
688 She didn't believe the duchess and told her as much; she accused the
689 Dudleys of lying so they could steal her away from her parents.&amp;nbsp;
690 The duchess accused the Greys of deliberating keeping Guildford and Jane
691 apart.&amp;nbsp; Such petty conflict indicated rougher waters ahead for all
692 involved.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
693 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the end, there was no reason Jane should not be
694 with her husband.&amp;nbsp; She went to the Dudley's residence, Durham
695 House, and possibly consummated her marriage.&amp;nbsp; But, after only a
696 few days, she became ill and accused the Dudleys of poisoning her.&amp;nbsp;
697 The charge was ludicrous (she was the key to their political salvation)
698 and showed a surprising lack of logic on Jane's part.&amp;nbsp; But the
699 Dudleys were concerned with her physical and mental state.&amp;nbsp; They
700 sent her to Chelsea, Catherine Parr's former home where Jane had been so
701 happy.&amp;nbsp; It was there that, on Sunday 9 July, Dudley's eldest
702 daughter, Mary Sidney, came to visit her; they were to leave Chelsea and
703 go to Syon House, a former convent on the Thames which Dudley
704 controlled.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
705 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At this point, it is right to question Jane's true
706 knowledge of Dudley's plans.&amp;nbsp; Remember, even if she knew Dudley
707 intended to make her queen, there was nothing she could do to prevent
708 it.&amp;nbsp; She was not stupid; the charge of poisoning was probably a
709 result of nervousness and hysteria.&amp;nbsp; She knew her own
710 lineage.&amp;nbsp; She knew that she was fourth in line for the English
711 throne, after Mary, Elizabeth and her own mother Frances.&amp;nbsp; She also
712 knew that, for some reason, the Dudleys and her parents were desperate
713 to marry her to Guildford as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; She also watched
714 her sister wed into another influential noble family on the same
715 day.&amp;nbsp; Something was afoot and she undoubtedly suspected Dudley's
716 plan.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her awareness of the plot was undoubtedly a
717 greater strain than ignorance.&amp;nbsp; After all, she could do nothing to
718 escape her family or in-laws.&amp;nbsp; She was, quite literally,
719 trapped.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
720 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When she arrived at Syon House with Mary Sidney,
721 she found her parents, in-laws, and a variety of distinguished nobles -
722 the earls of Arundel, Huntington, and Pembroke, and the marquess of
723 Northampton.&amp;nbsp; They greeted her very pleasantly and then knelt
724 before her in reverence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was naturally embarrassed.&amp;nbsp;
725 Dudley, in his capacity as President of the Council, then announced
726 Edward's death.&amp;nbsp; The young king had led a 'virtuous life' and
727 always cared for his kingdom - cared enough to disinherit his unworthy
728 sisters and appointed his cousin Jane as his successor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
729 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was stunned.&amp;nbsp; She may have suspected as
730 much but the actual moment of declaration was too much for her.&amp;nbsp;
731 She muttered that she was 'insufficient' for the task.&amp;nbsp; The Lords
732 of the Council then took a solemn oath to shed their blood in defense of
733 her claim.&amp;nbsp; Jane murmured a quick prayer - if it was God's will
734 that she be queen, then she would trust in God to help her govern
735 England for His glory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
736 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her reaction was not what those gathered
737 expected.&amp;nbsp; She was not openly thrilled, excited, or even
738 pleased.&amp;nbsp; She made no stirring speech to raise their spirits - she
739 simply uttered a prayer to God.&amp;nbsp; Did Jane want to be queen?&amp;nbsp;
740 That is a much-debated question, impossible to answer.&amp;nbsp; But
741 whatever her desire, she was queen and - for nine long days - ruled
742 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
743 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jana Regina'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;On Monday 10 July 1553, the new queen, Jane
744 Grey, was taken in full state from Syon to Westminster (this journey was
745 along the Thames in barges.)&amp;nbsp; They dined at the Dudley home, Durham
746 House, and then journeyed by barge again to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp;
747 It was an ancient custom that all new sovereigns must come tot the Tower
748 and take possession of it at the beginning of their reigns.&amp;nbsp; Jane
749 and her various attendants arrived at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.&amp;nbsp;
750 There was an eyewitness account by a Genoese merchant named Baptista
751 Spinola.&amp;nbsp; He was standing with a group of spectators outside the
752 main Tower gates, waiting to catch a glimpse of this new queen.&amp;nbsp; He
753 wrote:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
754 &lt;UL&gt;
755 &lt;p&gt;She is very short and thin, but prettily shaped and
756 graceful.&amp;nbsp; She has small features and a well-made nose, the mouth
757 flexible and the lips red.&amp;nbsp; The eyebrows are arched and darker
758 than her hair, which is nearly red.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are sparkling and
759 reddish brown in color. &lt;/p&gt;
760 &lt;/UL&gt;
761 &lt;p&gt;Her complexion was good, unmarked by the
762 pox, but freckled; she had sharp white teeth and a lovely smile.&amp;nbsp;
763 Because she was so short, she wore chopines; these were shoes with a
764 special cork sole designed to make her appear taller.&amp;nbsp; Her gown was
765 made of green velvet stamped with gold (the colors undoubtedly flattered
766 her red hair.)&amp;nbsp; Her husband Guildford, Spinola wrote, was 'a very
767 tall strong boy with light hair' and clothed in white and silver
768 velvet.&amp;nbsp; He 'paid her [Jane] much attention.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
769 &lt;P&gt;
770 &lt;IMG height=343 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey or Katharine Parr? by Master John&quot;
771 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=170 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once in the Tower, Jane was installed in the royal
772 apartments (now destroyed.)&amp;nbsp; There, another rift occurred between
773 her and the Dudleys, much more serious than the first.&amp;nbsp; Jane was
774 visited by the Lord Treasurer, the Marquess of Winchester, who brought a
775 selection of the royal jewels for her to try on.&amp;nbsp; Among them was
776 the crown.&amp;nbsp; Jane would later stress that she never asked for the
777 crown - it was brought to her.&amp;nbsp; Winchester asked her to check if it
778 fitted properly.&amp;nbsp; Jane would not.&amp;nbsp; She had played at being
779 queen for nearly twenty-four hours but this, the most sacred symbol of
780 the monarchy, was another reminder of the danger - and importance - of
781 her role.&amp;nbsp; If she put it on, there was no turning back.&amp;nbsp; This
782 was how she viewed it.&amp;nbsp; So she hesitated, would not take it from
783 Winchester.&amp;nbsp; He didn't recognize her uneasiness.&amp;nbsp; He told her
784 to take it, remarking that another would be made to crown her husband
785 king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
786 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was then Jane realized the extent of Dudley's
787 duplicity.&amp;nbsp; He had manipulated Edward, knowing the devout
788 Protestant king wanted the throne to go to his equally devout cousin
789 Jane; but, all along, Dudley simply wanted his own son crowned
790 king.&amp;nbsp; None of the lords cared whether England was a righteous
791 nation; no one cared about Edward's will.&amp;nbsp; Instead, her royal blood
792 was to be used to maintain Dudley's control of England, to make his
793 family into royalty.&amp;nbsp; She was outraged and angry.&amp;nbsp; And Jane
794 was a Tudor herself, as proud of her royal background as she had a right
795 to be.&amp;nbsp; The Dudleys, that arrogant, pretentious family, had no
796 right to exploit her.&amp;nbsp; She told those assembled that she would
797 gladly make Guildford a duke, but he would never be king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
798 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Guildford was present for this declaration.&amp;nbsp;
799 He rushed out and fetched his mother.&amp;nbsp; The duchess, no admirer of
800 Jane's anyway, joined her son in an attack - Jane was an unnatural wife
801 and behaved like a child; in the end, Jane did not give in.&amp;nbsp; The
802 duchess said Guildford would be leaving with her for Syon House.&amp;nbsp;
803 When they had left, Jane called in the earls of Arundel and
804 Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were ordered to prevent Guildford from
805 leaving.&amp;nbsp; Jane did not like her husband - she probably pitied him
806 for he was a pawn as well - but they had to stay together.&amp;nbsp; He was
807 the consort to the monarch and could not act like a spoiled child.&amp;nbsp;
808 &lt;/P&gt;
809 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Later, Jane would tell Mary I's officers this
810 story, adding, 'I was compelled to act as a woman who is obliged to live
811 on good terms with her husband; nevertheless I was not only deluded by
812 the duke and the Council, but maltreated by my husband and his
813 mother.'&amp;nbsp; The battle, however, had been domestic.&amp;nbsp; Jane would
814 soon have much greater problems to confront.&amp;nbsp; For, later that
815 evening, the Sheriff of London and various heralds and trumpeters,
816 marched to the Cross in Cheapside to proclaim Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; The
817 announcement was met with silence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
818 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane's father-in-law, the architect of the
819 plan to make her queen, her accession had gone smoothly.&amp;nbsp; He
820 controlled London - with the Tower and armory, the treasury, and navy -
821 and no councilors offered resistance.&amp;nbsp; Jane's only rival for the
822 crown was Mary Tudor, thirty-seven, often ill, with no organized support
823 or wealth.&amp;nbsp; Her situation was so dire that her champion, the
824 Emperor Charles V, urged his ambassador to be friendly with Dudley; he
825 wanted the duke's promise to protect Mary.&amp;nbsp; Every observer
826 considered the throne won by Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But none of these learned men
827 considered the feelings of ordinary Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; And they, unlike
828 their aristocratic lords, would not gain wealth of prestige by
829 supporting Jane or Mary.&amp;nbsp; So their support was based solely on
830 ideas of right and wrong - to them, it was wrong for Jane to be queen
831 and right for Mary to be queen.&amp;nbsp; It was that simple.&amp;nbsp; (&lt;FONT
832 size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;Click here
833 to read an eyewitness account of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
834 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley understood popular opinion.&amp;nbsp; He also
835 recognized the limits of his support - after all, most of the nobles
836 would not stand by him if things turned ugly.&amp;nbsp; But he believed that
837 a quick coup, eliminating all opposition, was the key to success.&amp;nbsp;
838 So he had to get hold of Mary and Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary, the daughter of
839 Katharine of Aragon, was much-loved by the English people.&amp;nbsp; They
840 had always been sympathetic to her mother's plight; most believed Mary
841 was legitimate, that Katharine had been forced aside by the king's lust
842 and Anne Boleyn's ambition.&amp;nbsp; Did Mary understand the importance of
843 this support?&amp;nbsp; She had been receiving regular letters from Dudley
844 about her brother's condition.&amp;nbsp; They were accurate for Dudley
845 wanted to remain in her good graces as long as possible.&amp;nbsp; In early
846 July, he sent summons for Mary to come to Edward's deathbed.&amp;nbsp; She
847 set out from Hunsdon (an old palace in Hertfordshire) but had not
848 traveled far before a message reached her - the summons was a
849 trap.&amp;nbsp; Mary, oddly for her, acted decisively and immediately turned
850 back.&amp;nbsp; With half a dozen attendants, she went to Kenninghall in
851 East Anglia.&amp;nbsp; She had friends there and, if need be, would be near
852 the coast and safety in the Spanish Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
853 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When he realized she had fled, Dudley sent his son
854 Robert after her.&amp;nbsp; But they couldn't capture her and, on 9 July, he
855 was forced to act without her in his power.&amp;nbsp; The Bishop of London,
856 Nicholas Ridley, preached at St Paul's Cross, calling Mary and Elizabeth
857 bastards, and specifically singling out Mary as a papist who would
858 destroy the true religion and make England the pawn of foreign
859 powers.&amp;nbsp; The next day, of course, Jane was proclaimed queen.&amp;nbsp;
860 But it was on that day that the Council received a letter from
861 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It expressed her surprise that they hadn't announced her
862 brother's death to her, his heir; furthermore, they were commanded to
863 proclaim her queen in London.&amp;nbsp; They responded by reminding her of
864 her illegitimacy and inability to inherit 'the Crown Imperial of this
865 realm'; she must demonstrate her obedience to the 'Sovereign Lady Queen
866 Jane' and turn herself over to the authorities.&amp;nbsp; It was hardly
867 reassuring for Mary.&amp;nbsp; Also, her old allies, the Spanish envoys,
868 were not responding to her desperate pleas for help.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
869 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane spent little time with her lords during her
870 nine days as queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent an order to the Master of the
871 Wardrobe for twenty yards of velvet, twenty-five ells of fine Holland
872 linen cloth, thirty-three ells of coarser material for lining; she also
873 collected the royal jewels, a motley assortment of fish-shaped
874 toothpicks and Henry VIII's shaving materials.&amp;nbsp; This reveals an
875 important fact about Jane's nine-day reign.&amp;nbsp; She made no explicit
876 political statements; she was Dudley's puppet.&amp;nbsp; He was the one who
877 met with the council, he was the one who wanted to capture Mary Tudor;
878 he was the one tried to shore up their perilous situation.&amp;nbsp; When
879 they fell from power, Jane never protested or attempted another
880 coup.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine that she felt relieved to be simply Lady
881 Jane Grey again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
882 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley spent the nine days attempting to
883 strengthen their position.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative to capture Mary; when
884 that failed, he needed to at least track her movements.&amp;nbsp; If he
885 could reach her potential supporters first, there was a chance he could
886 sway them to his side.&amp;nbsp; Dudley undoubtedly feared that (like his
887 father during Henry VIII's reign), he would be the sacrificial lamb of
888 Edward's unsuccessful government.&amp;nbsp; But he worked well under
889 pressure, leaving Jane to fight domestic battles with her husband and
890 mother-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
891 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, meanwhile, remained in the
892 country.&amp;nbsp; She was no admirer of her half-sister Mary but knew that
893 if Jane Grey was recognized as queen, her own claim to the crown was
894 forfeit.&amp;nbsp; So she chose the safest course - she remained quiet,
895 neither supporting nor rejecting Jane.&amp;nbsp; Like all of England and
896 most of Europe, she was watching and waiting.&amp;nbsp; It became evident on
897 11 July, just a day after her coronation, that Jane's hold on England
898 was flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had prepared a letter for circulation
899 to all the sheriffs and lieutenants in England; it announced Jane's
900 succession and ordered them to resist any appeal from Mary.&amp;nbsp; But
901 Dudley knew the issue would not be settled so easily.&amp;nbsp; It would be
902 decided on the field of battle.&amp;nbsp; He was an experienced soldier and
903 determined to succeed.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered a muster on 12 July at
904 Tothill Fields, offering 10 pence a day as pay (a very high rate.)&amp;nbsp;
905 Dudley intended to put Jane's father, Henry Grey, in charge of this army
906 and remain in London himself.&amp;nbsp; He realized that most of his hold on
907 the council was based on personal intimidation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
908 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen would not hear of it.&amp;nbsp; When
909 told that her father was going to battle, Jane burst into tears and
910 begged the council to let him remain at home, 'in her company.'&amp;nbsp;
911 The councilors were already preparing to make Dudley a scapegoat for
912 their treason.&amp;nbsp; Since the queen was so distraught, they argued, it
913 would be better for Dudley to command the army.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was
914 a great soldier, renowned for his defeat of the rebels in East Anglia
915 (that triumph had begun his rise to power.)&amp;nbsp; It was up to Dudley,
916 the councilors said, 'to remedy the matter.'&amp;nbsp; And Dudley had no
917 choice but to leave.&amp;nbsp; 'Since ye think it good, I and mine will go,
918 not doubting of your fidelity to the Queen's majesty which I leave in
919 your custody.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
920 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did doubt their fidelity and he had every
921 reason to doubt it.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't turn back now.&amp;nbsp; On 13
922 July he had his personal armor delivered and appointed a retinue to meet
923 him at Durham Place.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards, he addressed the councilors for
924 the last time.&amp;nbsp; They were to send reinforcements to meet him at
925 Newmarket, he said, for he and his companions would need much
926 support.&amp;nbsp; They were leaving their wives and children behind,
927 trusting in the loyalty of the council.&amp;nbsp; And, Dudley warned, if any
928 man thought to betray him or the queen, their punishment would be
929 eternal.&amp;nbsp; Remember, Dudley said, the oath you took 'to this
930 virtuous lady the Queen's highness, who by your and our enticement is
931 rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and
932 request.'&amp;nbsp; The assembled lords assured him of their loyalty; one of
933 them said, 'If we should shrink from you as one that were culpable,
934 which of us can excuse himself as guiltless?&amp;nbsp; Therefore herein your
935 doubt is too far cast.'&amp;nbsp; Dudley's final words?&amp;nbsp; 'I pray God it
936 be so,' he said and left for battle.&amp;nbsp; It was not an auspicious
937 beginning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
938 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did not trust the lords so he sent his
939 cousin Henry Dudley on a secret mission to France that day, promising
940 Calais and Ireland in exchange for immediate military assistance.&amp;nbsp;
941 He did not tell the lords of this; nor did they tell him they were
942 meeting secretly with the Imperial ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; A report arrived
943 that Buckinghamshire had declared Mary to be queen but Mary herself was
944 still unsure.&amp;nbsp; She retreated from Kenninghall to Framlingham
945 Castle, nearer the coast.&amp;nbsp; She sent an urgent message to the
946 Imperial envoys; if her cousin Charles V did not help her, she was
947 doomed.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this confusion and treachery, Dudley had
948 assembled an army of three thousand.&amp;nbsp; Early on Friday, the 14th of
949 July, he left Durham Place for Cambridge.&amp;nbsp; The villagers he passed
950 were silent, staring at the side of the road - 'The people press to see
951 us, but not one sayeth God speed us.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
952 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As Dudley marched on, his situation became more
953 perilous.&amp;nbsp; Norwich, one of the wealthiest towns in England,
954 declared Mary queen, as did Colchester, Devon, and Oxfordshire.&amp;nbsp;
955 Dudley had sent six royal ships to the port near Framlingham to cut off
956 Mary's possible escape; the ships deserted Dudley and, with crews and
957 heavy guns, proclaimed Mary queen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the loyal towns were
958 sending money, men, and supplies.&amp;nbsp; The ordinary Englishman, ordered
959 by his lord to fight in Dudley's army, refused to go.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's own
960 army was - understandably - racked with dissension; no one wanted to be
961 on the losing side.&amp;nbsp; Once the news had reached London that the
962 ships had deserted Dudley, the councilors decided to save
963 themselves.&amp;nbsp; They attempted to leave the Tower, where they had been
964 stationed since Dudley's departure.&amp;nbsp; On the 16th of July, at about
965 7 o'clock in the evening, the main gates of the Tower were locked; they
966 keys were delivered to Jane.&amp;nbsp; Jane suspected one of the lords
967 (possibly Winchester, the lord treasurer) of trying to leave the
968 city.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
969 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, she was continuing her rule - sending
970 out letters signed 'Jane the Quene' which instructed her loyal subjects
971 to suppress Mary's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; But she must have realized the
972 futility of it all.&amp;nbsp; She was just a teenage girl, inexperienced and
973 frightened.&amp;nbsp; It was simply a question of waiting for the end.&amp;nbsp;
974 On the 18th of July, most of her councilors had left the Tower on the
975 pretext of visiting the French ambassador.&amp;nbsp; In reality, they were
976 planning a visit to the Imperial embassy.&amp;nbsp; Once there, they assured
977 Charles V's envoys that they had always been loyal to Mary; they had
978 been kept prisoner by Dudley, forced to declare Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; But
979 now they were free and determined to proclaim Mary queen of
980 England.&amp;nbsp; They did so around 5 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday,
981 the 19th of July.&amp;nbsp; London erupted into a joyous celebration.&amp;nbsp;
982 The foreign ambassadors were astonished, with the French envoy writing:
983 'The atmosphere of this country and the nature of its people are so
984 changeable that I am compelled to make my despatches correspondingly
985 wavering and contradictory.'&amp;nbsp; They all agreed it owed more to
986 Providence than anything else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
987 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was terribly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She had long
988 fought with her parents but, upon becoming Dudley's pawn, had sought
989 support from them, particularly her father.&amp;nbsp; He came to Jane as she
990 ate supper that night and told her she was deposed.&amp;nbsp; Together, they
991 took down the cloth of estate from above her head.&amp;nbsp; He ordered his
992 men to leave their weapons and then went to Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Those near
993 him heard him mutter, 'I am but one man.'&amp;nbsp; He proclaimed Mary queen
994 and then left for his London residence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was left alone in the
995 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Lady Throckmorton, one of her ladies-in-waiting, returned
996 to the Tower for her duties but could not find Jane.&amp;nbsp; She asked for
997 the queen's whereabouts and was told that the &lt;I&gt;Lady&lt;/I&gt; Jane was now a
998 prisoner, detained elsewhere in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
999 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was in the deputy lieutenant's house,
1000 awaiting her fate.&amp;nbsp; The indignities began.&amp;nbsp; Her belongings
1001 were sorted through, all her money confiscated; within the day, she was
1002 accused of stealing valuables from the royal wardrobe.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
1003 riding to London, now accepted as queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was arrested by
1004 his former ally, the earl of Arundel.&amp;nbsp; His entire family was taken
1005 to the Tower; as they were marched through the streets, the crowd pelted
1006 them with filth and insults.&amp;nbsp; Even the Imperial envoy called it
1007 'dreadful' and 'a strange mutation.'&amp;nbsp; For Dudley's fall from power
1008 had been rapid, extraordinarily so - the nine days' progress from ruler
1009 to traitor was a confusing mix of treachery, rumor, and disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
1010 &lt;/P&gt;
1011 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary did release Dudley's wife from the Tower,
1012 almost immediately; the duchess hurried to the queen to beg for her
1013 family's release.&amp;nbsp; Mary ordered her from the city.&amp;nbsp; Her cousin
1014 Frances, however, was more fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She had a private audience
1015 with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Within days, Henry Grey (who had been arrested at
1016 his London home and sent to the Tower on the 28th) was released.&amp;nbsp;
1017 On 3 August, Mary made her state entry into London.&amp;nbsp; As she rode
1018 past cheering crowds, clad in purple velvet and rich jewels, Jane Grey
1019 waited in prison, along with her husband and father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1020 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What would be their fate?&amp;nbsp; All Europe
1021 pondered this, even as Jane prepared to plead her case.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
1022 &lt;/P&gt;
1023 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'I pray you despatch me quickly'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Grey possessed the
1024 committed idealism of a religious fanatic and the events following her
1025 brief reign allowed her a place in history as a Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp;
1026 Her cousin Mary never questioned her passionate Catholicism; Jane did
1027 question her own Protestantism but the quest for spiritual meaning only
1028 reinforced her
1029 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Princess Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I; also painted by Master John (note the stylistic similarities)&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;already strong convictions.&amp;nbsp; Had she remained queen,
1030 there is every possibility she would have persecuted Catholics with the
1031 same energy Mary persecuted Protestants (thus earning the nickname
1032 'Bloody Mary.')&amp;nbsp; Instead, Jane's fate was to be executed and later
1033 celebrated as a Protestant martyr, the greatest sacrificial lamb of
1034 Mary's misguided policies.&amp;nbsp; The truth is, of course, more
1035 complex.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not execute Jane because of their religious
1036 differences.&amp;nbsp; Rather, she was motivated by political necessity and
1037 her own desire to marry and reinstate the Catholic church in
1038 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1039 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Immediately after her accession, Mary had
1040 imprisoned Jane in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The former queen was
1041 well-treated but undoubtedly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She probably expected
1042 imminent execution for she had long since realized the severity of her
1043 crime.&amp;nbsp; Since it became clear no one would intercede for her, she
1044 wrote to Mary herself.&amp;nbsp; Only an Italian translation of the letter
1045 exists.&amp;nbsp; In it, Jane described events since her marriage to
1046 Guildford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She was wrong for accepting the crown - she
1047 freely admitted this; but she had relied on the advice of others.&amp;nbsp;
1048 She knew the queen's 'goodness and clemency'; Mary must realize that 'I
1049 might have taken upon me that of which I was not worthy, yet no one can
1050 ever say either that I sought it.... or that I was pleased with
1051 it.'&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her cousin, an honest, plain-spoken child, for
1052 all her heretical ways.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;(&lt;A
1053 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary%2fjanemary.html&quot;&gt;Click
1054 here to read Jane's letter to Mary&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
1055 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was in the midst of arranging her marriage to
1056 Philip of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; It was the
1057 culmination of a decades-old dream.&amp;nbsp; She had spent the last few
1058 years in the countryside, surrounded by a Catholic household and
1059 sympathetic nobles.&amp;nbsp; Thus, she never realized the extent of
1060 Protestantism in the vital areas of London and its surrounding
1061 countryside.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed all of England wanted to return to the
1062 early 1520s, the years before Henry VIII had decided to abandon her
1063 beloved mother and break with the church of Rome.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed
1064 that the popular support which had taken the throne from Jane&amp;nbsp;
1065 indicated support not simply for her rule - but for &lt;I&gt;Catholic&lt;/I&gt; rule
1066 in general.&amp;nbsp; In this misguided view, she was initially supported by
1067 her most trusted political advisor - a Spaniard named Simon Renard, the
1068 newly arrived Imperial ambassador.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1069 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles V had instructed Renard to guide Mary
1070 through the crucial first months of her reign.&amp;nbsp; At first, signs
1071 were good - Mary attended Mass with her privy councilors but, on 12
1072 August 1553, told her council that she would not 'compel or constrain
1073 other men's consciences.'&amp;nbsp; She hoped her subjects would open their
1074 hearts to the truth and, shortly thereafter, return to the religion she
1075 supported.&amp;nbsp; Renard was also instructed to urge moderate punishment
1076 upon those who had supported Jane.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not want his cousin
1077 to be too cruel; that would hurt her reputation.&amp;nbsp; He needn't have
1078 worried.&amp;nbsp; Mary was, in fact, too lenient for Renard.&amp;nbsp; 'As to
1079 Jane of Suffolk, whom they tried to make Queen, she [Mary] could not be
1080 induced to consent that she should die.'&amp;nbsp; Mary firmly believed her
1081 cousin was innocent of any intrigue; Jane had never intended to be
1082 queen, but had been the unwilling dupe of Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She could not
1083 put this innocent young woman to death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1084 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard admitted that Jane was 'morally' innocent
1085 but, nevertheless, she had worn the crown of England.&amp;nbsp; In times of
1086 trouble, those nine days may be used as a precedent for deposing Mary
1087 and restoring Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary was commended for her trusting nature but
1088 she must remember that kindness could be destroyed by duplicity.&amp;nbsp;
1089 Renard was somewhat mollified when, on 18 August, Dudley was sentenced
1090 to die.&amp;nbsp; He was convicted along with his eldest son and William
1091 Parr, marquess of Northampton.&amp;nbsp; The following day a group of lesser
1092 nobles were convicted.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's execution was set for Monday 21
1093 August but, at the last minute, Dudley announced he wanted to reconciled
1094 to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Did he hope to avert his own death,
1095 appealing to Mary's religion?&amp;nbsp; Or did he genuinely wish to
1096 convert?&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, his execution was delayed for one day
1097 while he made his peace with God.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock the next morning,
1098 he was escorted - with his son and Parr - to St Peter ad Vincula, the
1099 church within the Tower of London grounds.&amp;nbsp; There, he attended mass
1100 and, upon receiving the sacrament, Dudley addressed the crowd:&amp;nbsp;
1101&lt;/P&gt;
1102 &lt;UL&gt;
1103 &lt;p&gt;My masters, I let you all to understand that I do most faithfully
1104 believe this is the very right and true way, out of the which true
1105 religion you and I have been seduced these sixteen years past, by the
1106 false and erroneous preaching of the new preachers....&amp;nbsp; And I do
1107 believe the holy sacrament here most assuredly to be our Saviour and
1108 Redeemer Jesus Christ and this I pray you all to testify and pray for
1109 me. &lt;/p&gt;
1110 &lt;/UL&gt;
1111 &lt;p&gt;He died the next morning, before a great crowd of
1112 spectators.&amp;nbsp; He repeated his speech at the mass; it had a great
1113 effect on the crowd.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1114 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this point, Jane Grey knew she was safe from
1115 imminent death.&amp;nbsp; She was still in the Tower but treated with
1116 increasing respect.&amp;nbsp; A week after Dudley's execution, Rowland Lea
1117 (an official of the royal mint who lived in the Tower and was the author
1118 of the &lt;I&gt;Chronicle of Queen Jane&lt;/I&gt;) ate with her.&amp;nbsp; She had a
1119 staff of four (two attendant ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob, one
1120 manservant, and her nurse and lifelong companion, Mrs Ellen.)&amp;nbsp; The
1121 government paid them each 20 shillings a week; Jane was allowed a
1122 generous allowance of 90 shillings a week.&amp;nbsp; She was allowed books
1123 and spent most of her time reading and studying.&amp;nbsp; When she wished
1124 it, she walked in the Queen's garden.&amp;nbsp; She no longer had to deal
1125 with her parents or her in-laws, undoubtedly a welcome relief.&amp;nbsp; The
1126 gentleman gaoler, called Partridge, and his wife were kind and
1127 respectful.&amp;nbsp; Lea recorded Jane's comments on Dudley:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1128 &lt;UL&gt;
1129 &lt;p&gt;'Woe worth him! he hath brought me and our stock in most miserable
1130 calamity and misery by his exceeding ambition.&amp;nbsp; But for the
1131 answering that he hoped for life by his turning, though other men be
1132 of that opinion, I utterly am not; for what man is there living, I
1133 pray you, although he had been innocent, that would hope of life in
1134 that case; being in the field against the Queen in person as general,
1135 and after his taking so hated and evil spoken of by the commons? and
1136 at his coming into prison so wondered at [reviled] as the like was
1137 never heard by any man's time.&amp;nbsp; Who was judge that he should hope
1138 for pardon, whose life was odious to all men?&amp;nbsp; But what will ye
1139 more?&amp;nbsp; Like as his life was wicked and full of dissimulation, so
1140 was his end thereafter.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, I, nor no friend of mine,
1141 die so.&amp;nbsp; Should I, who am young and in my few years, forsake my
1142 faith for the love of life?&amp;nbsp; Nay, God forbid!&amp;nbsp; Much more he
1143 should not, whose fatal course, although he had lived his just number
1144 of years, could not have long continued.&amp;nbsp; But life was sweet, it
1145 appeared; so he might have lived, you will say, he did not care
1146 how.&amp;nbsp; Indeed the reason is good; for he that would have lived in
1147 chains to have had his life, by like would leave no other mean
1148 [un]attempted.&amp;nbsp; But God be merciful to us, for he sayeth, Whoso
1149 denieth him before me, he will not know him in his Father's Kingdom.'
1150 &lt;/p&gt;
1151 &lt;/UL&gt;
1152 &lt;p&gt;Jane's intense religious convictions and her hatred of Dudley are
1153 evident in this passage.&amp;nbsp; She further demonstrated her religious
1154 intolerance when writing to Dr Harding, a former chaplain at her
1155 parents' home of Bradgate and her first tutor.&amp;nbsp; Harding had joined
1156 other Protestant chaplains in renouncing his reformed faith and becoming
1157 Catholic once again.&amp;nbsp; Jane was completely disgusted and appalled by
1158 his cowardice:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1159 &lt;UL&gt;
1160 &lt;p&gt;'I cannot but marvel at thee and lament thy case, who seemed
1161 sometime to be the lively member of Christ, but now the deformed imp
1162 of the devil; sometime the beautiful temple of God, but now the
1163 stinking and filthy kennel of Satan; sometime the unspotted spouse of
1164 Christ, but now the unshamefaced paramour of Antichrist; sometime my
1165 faithful brother, but now a stranger and apostate; sometime a stout
1166 Christian soldier, but now a cowardly runaway.&amp;nbsp; Yea, when I
1167 consider these things, I cannot but speak to thee, and cry out upon
1168 thee, thou seed of Satan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;Oh wretched and unhappy man, what
1169 art thou but dust and ashes?&amp;nbsp; And wilt thou resist thy Maker that
1170 fashioned thee and framed thee?&amp;nbsp; ....Wilt thou refuse the true
1171 God, and worship the invention of man, the golden calf, the whore of
1172 Babylon, the Romish religion, the abominable idol, the most wicked
1173 mass?' &lt;/p&gt;
1174 &lt;/UL&gt;
1175 &lt;p&gt;Such rhetoric reveals insight into Jane's character.&amp;nbsp;
1176 She was pious, devout, and kind - but she was also self-righteous and
1177 intolerant.&amp;nbsp; She and Mary were more alike than many realized.&amp;nbsp;
1178 Both were plain-spoken, transparently honest, and passionately believed
1179 their religion was the sole path to salvation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1180 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While Mary prepared for her coronation, Jane
1181 remained in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The Dudley brothers were now allowed to
1182 exercise on the roof of their prison, Beauchamp Tower, though there is
1183 no evidence that Jane and Guildford saw one another.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not
1184 speak of her imprisoned cousin.&amp;nbsp; Her time was taken up with her
1185 coronation and impending marriage, as well as the conflict her marriage
1186 was causing.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen did not want Mary to wed a Spaniard,
1187 for the same reasons Edward VI had excluded her from the succession -
1188 she was past middle-aged and would probably bear no children.&amp;nbsp;
1189 Therefore, she would leave the throne to a Catholic husband and England
1190 would become yet another state of the Imperial empire.&amp;nbsp; But as the
1191 weeks passed, Mary's leniency began to be questioned.&amp;nbsp; So Mary gave
1192 in to pressure and ordered Jane and the four Dudley sons to stand trial;
1193 the order had been prepared in mid-September but Mary did not allow the
1194 trial to take place until two months later.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1195 &lt;P&gt;
1196 &lt;IMG height=184 alt=&quot;engraving of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
1197 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey2.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As they were led out of the Tower to be arraigned
1198 at Guildhall, the executioner walked before them.&amp;nbsp; He carried an
1199 axe, as was the custom.&amp;nbsp; Jane dressed soberly for the occasion, as
1200 befitted a proper young lady of the reformed church.&amp;nbsp; She was clad
1201 all in black; she wore a black cloth gown, black cape trimmed with
1202 velvet, and a black French hood trimmed with velvet.&amp;nbsp; At her girdle
1203 hung a prayer book also bound in black velvet.&amp;nbsp; She held a book of
1204 prayers open in her hands as she walked behind Guildford.&amp;nbsp; She was
1205 attended by her two ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob.&amp;nbsp; The
1206 proceedings were a mere formality.&amp;nbsp; Jane and the four Dudleys pled
1207 guilty to the charge of high treason.&amp;nbsp; Sentence was passed against
1208 them; the men would be hung, drawn, and quartered and Jane would be
1209 burnt or beheaded at the Queen's pleasure.&amp;nbsp; They returned to the
1210 Tower, this time with the edge of the axe turned towards them.&amp;nbsp; In
1211 this way, spectators knew they were condemned.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1212 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the passing of the sentence was simply a
1213 formality.&amp;nbsp; As Renard reported in his subsequent dispatches, 'It is
1214 believed that Jane will not die' and, a week later, 'As for Jane, I am
1215 told her life is safe.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents had left the
1216 reformed church.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was forced to pay a 20000 pd fine but
1217 given a general pardon.&amp;nbsp; He returned to court.&amp;nbsp; His wife was
1218 Queen Mary's favorite lady and their two daughters, Catherine and Mary,
1219 were her ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Frances Grey was shown great
1220 favor at court, even gaining precedence over Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
1221 Most observers believed Jane would soon be pardoned and released, free
1222 to join her family at court.&amp;nbsp; The rehabilitation of the Greys
1223 seemed complete.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1224 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary's fervent desire to wed Philip of
1225 Spain was soon to have tragic consequences for the sixteen-year-old Jane
1226 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1227 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'So perish all the Queen's enemies'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The complexities of
1228 Mary Tudor's decision to marry the twenty-six widower, Philip of Spain,
1229 are discussed at her &lt;A
1230 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;website&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
1231 They can be outlined briefly here.&amp;nbsp; Mary - and most of her
1232 contemporaries - believed she must marry; she needed a husband for
1233 support and guidance.&amp;nbsp; No woman had ruled England in her own right
1234 before.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen wanted Mary to wed the great-grandson of
1235 Edward IV, Edward Courtenay.&amp;nbsp; He was the last of the Plantagenets,
1236 young, good-looking, and charming; his high birth led him to spend most
1237 of his youth in prison.&amp;nbsp; Mary was kind to him.&amp;nbsp; She released
1238 him from the Tower and restored he and his mother to favor.&amp;nbsp; She
1239 remembered that Edward's parents had supported her mother during the
1240 great divorce.&amp;nbsp; But she also made it clear she would not marry
1241 him.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, whose life had possessed little happiness and peace
1242 after her adolescence, had always turned to her mother's family for
1243 advice and support.&amp;nbsp; And she continued to do so when she became
1244 queen.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Philip of Spain, heir to the Hapsburg empire, was
1245 the most sought-after prince in Europe.&amp;nbsp; But he was also the
1246 grandson of her aunt, which meant a great deal to the sentimental Mary
1247 Tudor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1248 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, she did not immediately plan to marry
1249 him.&amp;nbsp; She was deeply religious and had spent the past twenty years
1250 essentially alone and unloved.&amp;nbsp; She was naturally fearful of
1251 marriage.&amp;nbsp; She asked Renard - was Philip too young for her?&amp;nbsp;
1252 would she be able to satisfy him for she was ignorant of 'that which was
1253 called love' ?&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a deeply devout and chaste maiden
1254 and he was a twenty-six-year-old widower.&amp;nbsp; Would he be happy with
1255 her?&amp;nbsp; Renard assured her that Philip was delighted to wed
1256 Mary.&amp;nbsp; And, he added, they would have children together, providing
1257 England with a Catholic succession.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she had
1258 never considered marriage until God had raised her to the throne but -
1259 now that she was queen - she would lead her subjects down the path of
1260 righteousness.&amp;nbsp; With the might of the Holy Roman Empire behind her,
1261 her faith would be triumphant.&amp;nbsp; So she agreed to marry Philip in
1262 late October 1553; their engagement was made official.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1263 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was faced with a hostile reaction.&amp;nbsp; Both
1264 her subjects and the king of France made their anger known.&amp;nbsp; Many
1265 Englishmen believed Charles V wanted to drag England into war against
1266 France, another costly and ineffectual enterprise.&amp;nbsp; In truth,
1267 Charles really wanted control of that vital sea route between Spain and
1268 the Netherlands; he needed to control the English coast in order for his
1269 trade route to operate at its maximum profitability.&amp;nbsp; But England
1270 has always been an insular nation.&amp;nbsp; With Protestant propagandists
1271 and the French ambassador spreading all sorts of rumors (from Spanish
1272 invasions to immediate wars), the people were in an uproar.&amp;nbsp;
1273 Furthermore, Mary's councilors were an ineffectual bunch and their
1274 policies were roundly criticized.&amp;nbsp; It seemed that, just months into
1275 her reign, Mary was steadily falling from favor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1276 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 January 1554, Charles V's envoys arrived to
1277 iron out the details of the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; To secure his
1278 valuable trade route, Charles was prepared to be generous.&amp;nbsp; In
1279 fact, he included every provision possible to stifle English
1280 fears.&amp;nbsp; But it was no use.&amp;nbsp; The people didn't want the
1281 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, word reached London of uprisings in the
1282 countryside - Carew in Devonshire, Wyatt in Kent, Crofts in
1283 Wales....&amp;nbsp; The councilors were alarmed.&amp;nbsp; And then word reached
1284 them that Henry Grey, the duke of Suffolk, had disappeared from his
1285 country home, Sheen.&amp;nbsp; They had planned the uprising for March when
1286 Philip was due to arrive but Courtenay, timid after years in the Tower,
1287 betrayed them.&amp;nbsp; So the conspirators were forced into action.&amp;nbsp;
1288 Carew could not raise his force without Courtenay's help so he fled to
1289 France and Crofts plans fell through.&amp;nbsp; But, by the end of January,
1290 Wyatt had taken Rochester and the royal ships at the Medway.&amp;nbsp; The
1291 duke of Norfolk left with a force from London but many men
1292 deserted.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt was encouraged and pressed on to London.&amp;nbsp; For
1293 two days, the fate of the Spanish marriage hung in the balance.&amp;nbsp;
1294 Londoners were undecided; Mary decided to sway the balance.&amp;nbsp; She
1295 went to Guildhall and made a rousing speech exhorting the Londoners to
1296 support her.&amp;nbsp; She did so against the advice of her council for they
1297 feared for her safety.&amp;nbsp; They needn't have worried.&amp;nbsp; When Wyatt
1298 reached London, he found the bridge closed to him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1299 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused to let the Tower guns be turned
1300 on the traitors.&amp;nbsp; She feared the innocent citizens of Southwark
1301 would be harmed if they were fired.&amp;nbsp; The rebels eventually
1302 surrendered but Mary had learned a valuable lesson - she discovered the
1303 depth of her subjects' hatred of the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it did
1304 not cause her to change her plans.&amp;nbsp; She was bewildered and angry
1305 but also hurt.&amp;nbsp; She had shown mercy and&lt;IMG height=226 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin Mary Tudor in 1554, by Hans Eworth&quot;
1306 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworthcr.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; forgiveness and was
1307 rewarded by rebellion.&amp;nbsp; She was now particularly susceptible to Renard's advice.&amp;nbsp; Renard immediately questioned Mary's safety as
1308 well as Philip's - would the prince be safe when rebellions were
1309 occurring throughout the nation?&amp;nbsp; The queen was exhorted to ensure
1310 his safety.&amp;nbsp; She must do this by punishing the rebels so none would
1311 dare rebel again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1312 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard's advice was supported by Mary's
1313 council.&amp;nbsp; Inevitably, all her advisors urged Mary to execute Jane
1314 Grey.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt had been supported by the vanished Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp;
1315 When he had disappeared from Sheen, he had gone to raise an army against
1316 the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But he gained little support.&amp;nbsp; Grey
1317 owed his life to Mary's kindness and he responded by seeking to
1318 overthrow her.&amp;nbsp; His intent was to lead men of the midland shires
1319 and join Wyatt near London.&amp;nbsp; His actual course fell far short of
1320 this goal - he fled from one county to another until he reached his
1321 manor of Astley.&amp;nbsp; He apparently hid in a tree trunk or under some
1322 hay; accounts vary.&amp;nbsp; He was promptly arrested by the earl of
1323 Huntingdon.&amp;nbsp; Later, rumors spread that he had proclaimed Jane queen
1324 during his ride through the midlands.&amp;nbsp; This was untrue but it
1325 didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; Jane had once been queen and, as Mary's advisors
1326 put it, she would be the figurehead of any Protestant plot.&amp;nbsp; Once
1327 again, she was &lt;I&gt;morally&lt;/I&gt; innocent but she was still
1328 dangerous.&amp;nbsp; She had to die.&amp;nbsp; To this, Renard added that Philip
1329 could not arrive until the Protestant threat had been destroyed.&amp;nbsp;
1330 All the opposition to her marriage had simply made the obstinate Mary
1331 more determined to marry Philip.&amp;nbsp; So the suspended sentence on Jane
1332 was revoked and she was condemned to die immediately.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1333 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The date of the execution was set for Friday 9
1334 February 1554.&amp;nbsp; Mary, who so hated executing her cousin, tried one
1335 last time to save her soul.&amp;nbsp; She sent John Feckenham, dean of St
1336 Paul's, to Jane.&amp;nbsp; He was given a few days to sway Jane to the
1337 Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Jane, long deprived of intellectual company and
1338 theological debate, was polite.&amp;nbsp; But she rebutted each of
1339 Feckenham's arguments with her own.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she relished this last
1340 chance to elucidate her precious faith.&amp;nbsp; After hours of argument,
1341 she remained Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she had also come to like Feckenham
1342 very much.&amp;nbsp; So she accepted his offer to accompany her to the
1343 scaffold and she promised to 'pray God in the bowels of his mercy to
1344 send you his Holy Spirit; for he hath given you his great gift of
1345 utterance, if it pleased him also to open the eyes of your heart.'&amp;nbsp;
1346 &lt;/P&gt;
1347 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Feckenham's work had delayed the executions until
1348 Monday 12 February.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Jane was also preparing to die with
1349 as much grace and dignity she could summon.&amp;nbsp; She chose her dress,
1350 composed her speech, and appointed the two members of her household who
1351 would accompany her and dispose of her body.&amp;nbsp; She sent a letter to
1352 her sister Catherine and one to her father (brought to the Tower on 10
1353 February.)&amp;nbsp; The latter included a remonstration that his actions
1354 had hastened her death.&amp;nbsp; But she did not write to her mother nor
1355 did Frances attempt to visit her or her husband.&amp;nbsp; There exists a
1356 story that Guildford asked to see Jane before they died and that Mary
1357 granted his request.&amp;nbsp; Jane, however, refused to see him, waiting
1358 until they met 'in a better place.'&amp;nbsp; But there is no evidence the
1359 story is true.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Jane and her husband showed no interest in
1360 seeing one another while in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1361 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane did watch her husband's execution.&amp;nbsp; He
1362 was taken from Beauchamp Tower at 10 o'clock in the morning and led to
1363 the execution area on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Jane stood by her window and
1364 watched as he went to his death.&amp;nbsp; Guildford died with great courage
1365 and dignity and, when the cart rolled past carrying his corpse, Jane
1366 muttered his name and a comment about 'the bitterness of death.'&amp;nbsp;
1367 Perhaps she realized that he had been a victim, too.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
1368 she saw his blood-splattered body, thrown atop equally stained straw,
1369 driven to St Peter-ad-Vincula; his head was wrapped in a cloth beside
1370 the body.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1371 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was now Jane's turn to face death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1372 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;(Click here to read
1373 an eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SMALL&gt;She
1374 wore the &lt;IMG height=360
1375 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey kneeling before the block, from Delaroche's painting&quot;
1376 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janecrop.jpg&quot; width=165 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;same black outfit she had worn at her trial.&amp;nbsp; She carried
1377 her prayer book in her hands; she was escorted by Sir John Brydges, the
1378 lieutenant of the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Her nurse, Mrs Ellen, and her attendant,
1379 Mrs Tylney, also accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; They both cried but Jane was
1380 calm and composed.&amp;nbsp; She had, after all, watched her scaffold being
1381 erected near the White Tower; her rooms provided an excellent view of
1382 its construction.&amp;nbsp; Since she was a princess of royal blood, her
1383 execution was private.&amp;nbsp; Only a small crowd had been invited.&amp;nbsp;
1384 &lt;/P&gt;
1385 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At the steps of the scaffold, he greeted
1386 Feckenham: 'God grant you all your desires and accept my own hearty
1387 thanks for all your attention to me. Although indeed, those attentions
1388 have tried me more than death can now terrify me.' She then ascended the
1389 steps and addressed the crowd.&amp;nbsp; She admitted she had committed
1390 treason when she accepted the crown but 'I do wash my hands in innocency, before God and the face of you, good Christian people this
1391 day.'&amp;nbsp; She wrung her hands and asked that they witness her death,
1392 and affirm that she died a good Christian.&amp;nbsp; She ended with yet
1393 another indication of her strong Protestant faith; she said, 'And now,
1394 good people, while I am alive, I pray you to assist me with your
1395 prayers.'&amp;nbsp; Protestants, unlike Catholics, did not believe in
1396 prayers for the dead.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt and asked Feckenham, 'Shall I
1397 say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; She read the fifty-first psalm in English and he
1398 followed her in Latin.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1399 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the prayer, she told Feckenham, 'God I
1400 beseech Him abundantly reward you for your kindness to me.'&amp;nbsp; She
1401 then rose to her feet and completed her final duties.&amp;nbsp; She handed
1402 her gloves and handkerchief to her attendant, Mrs Tylney and her
1403 prayer-book to the lieutenant's brother, Thomas Brydges.&amp;nbsp; She then
1404 began to untie her gown; as was the tradition, the executioner stepped
1405 forward.&amp;nbsp; It was the custom that the victim's outer garments became
1406 the executioner's property.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane did not know this; or
1407 perhaps she was simply terrified as that masked figure came toward
1408 her.&amp;nbsp; She stepped back and 'desired him to leave her alone.'&amp;nbsp;
1409 Her attendants completed the unlacing.&amp;nbsp; They then gave her a
1410 handkerchief to tie over her eyes.&amp;nbsp; Next, the executioner knelt
1411 before her and begged her forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; This, too, was a custom and
1412 one Jane had expected.&amp;nbsp; She gave her forgiveness 'most
1413 willingly.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1414 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now there was nothing to do but end it all.&amp;nbsp;
1415 The executioner asked her to stand upon the straw.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she saw
1416 the actual block for the first time.&amp;nbsp; Her composure faltered for
1417 just a brief moment.&amp;nbsp; She whispered, 'I pray you despatch me
1418 quickly,' and began to kneel.&amp;nbsp; She hesitated and asked, 'Will you
1419 take it off before I lay me down?', referring to the blindfold.&amp;nbsp;
1420 The executioner replied, 'No, madame' and so she tied the handkerchief
1421 around her eyes.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt but, blindfolded, could not find
1422 the block.&amp;nbsp; Her arms flailed about for several moments and she
1423 cried out, 'What shall I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; Those standing on
1424 the scaffold were hesitant - should they help her?&amp;nbsp; A member of the
1425 crowd climbed the scaffold and helped her.&amp;nbsp; He guided her hands to
1426 the block.&amp;nbsp; She lowered her head and stretched forth her body; her
1427 last words were, 'Lord into thy hands I commend my spirit.'&amp;nbsp; The
1428 executioner swung his axe and severed her head.&amp;nbsp; Blood splattered
1429 across the scaffold and many of the witnesses.&amp;nbsp; The executioner
1430 then lifted her head and said, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies.
1431 Behold, the head of a traitor.'&amp;nbsp; It was the end of Lady Jane
1432 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1433 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Permission had to be granted for her burial at St
1434 Peter-ad-Vincula since the church had recently become Catholic
1435 again.&amp;nbsp; Feckenham was forced to go to court for the
1436 permission.&amp;nbsp; So Jane's body lay exposed and unattended for nearly
1437 four hours, spread obscenely across the blood-soaked straw.&amp;nbsp; The
1438 French ambassador reported seeing it there hours after the
1439 execution.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants kept watch, though they were not allowed
1440 to cover the corpse.&amp;nbsp; Finally, Feckenham returned and Jane's body
1441 was laid to rest between the bodies of two other headless queens -
1442 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne
1443 Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; and
1444 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; During the reign of her Protestant
1445 cousin, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;, Jane was celebrated as a martyr to her faith
1446 and she remains one of the most famous queens of England.&lt;/P&gt;
1447 &lt;hr&gt;
1448 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1449 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1450 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Live still to die, that by death you may purchase eternal life.... As
1451 the preacher sayeth, there is a time to be born and a time to die; and the
1452 day of death is better than the day of our birth.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
1453 size=-1&gt;Jane Grey's message to John Brydges, lieutenant of the Tower of
1454 London, 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
1455 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1456 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1457 &lt;hr&gt;
1458 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1459 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
1460 lovely tribute to Lady Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;; it's a wonderful website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1461 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1462 &lt;CENTER&gt;
1463 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1464 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1465 Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1466 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1467 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1468 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favorite
1469 biographies of Lady Jane Grey are by Hester Chapman and Alison Plowden.&amp;nbsp;
1470 Thanks for reading / exploring this website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1471 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1472 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1473&lt;/blockquote&gt;
1474
1475
1476
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1479</Content>
1480</Section>
1481</Archive>
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