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15 <Metadata name="Content">Lady Jane Grey The Nine Days Queen biography portraits primary sources</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Tudor Relatives: Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources The Nine Days' Queen 1553</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Title">Lady Jane Grey: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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45
46&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
47 &lt;tr&gt;
48 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
49 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
50 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
51 &lt;/tr&gt;
52 &lt;tr&gt;
53 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
54 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
55 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;IMG height=47 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey&quot;
56 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey.gif&quot; width=320&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
57 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
58 &lt;/tr&gt;
59 &lt;tr&gt;
60 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
61 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
62 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
63 &lt;IMG height=287
64 alt=&quot;The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche&quot;
65 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janegrey-nga.jpg&quot; width=358 border=2&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
66 &lt;blockquote&gt;
67 &lt;p&gt;&lt;A
68 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fjanegrey.html#Biography&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
69 &lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;Read
70 the biography of Lady Jane Grey&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
71 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Primary Sources&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
72 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
73 of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;, 1553. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
74 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprijane1.html&quot;&gt;Jane's letter to
75 Queen Mary from the Tower of London&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
76 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;An eyewitness account
77 of Jane's execution&lt;/A&gt;, 1554. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
78 &lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2fimages.html&quot;&gt;Tudor England:
79 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of Jane.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit the &lt;A
80 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Lady
81 Catherine Grey site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's tragic
82 sister.&lt;BR&gt;Visit the &lt;A
83 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;King Edward
84 VI site&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Jane's cousin who left her the throne.
85 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test your knowledge of Jane Grey's life at &lt;A
86 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
87 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
88 &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Links&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
89 &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
90 Lady Jane Grey website&lt;/A&gt;. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A
91 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.bitterwisdom.com%2fladyjanegrey&quot;&gt;The Lady Jane Grey Internet
92 Museum&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
93 &lt;P&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Interact&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Meet other Tudor Dynasty enthusiasts at
94 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fquietly.still-inspired.com%2ftudor&quot;&gt;Tudor Rose: The Tudor
95 Dynasty Fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2ftudorhistory.org%2flists%2flist.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tudor Talk &lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This email discussion list is sponsored by Tudorhistory.org.&lt;br&gt;
96 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fgroups.yahoo.com%2fgroup%2fReign%5fof%5fthe%5fTudors%5frpg&quot;&gt;Reign
97 of the Tudors&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp; This is a role-playing game set in 16th century
98 England.&amp;nbsp; If you would like to 'play' Jane Grey or Anne Boleyn or
99 other Tudors, click the link to join.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
100 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
101 &lt;/td&gt;
102 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
103 &lt;/tr&gt;
104&lt;/table&gt;
105
106&lt;blockquote&gt;
107 &lt;blockquote&gt;
108 &lt;blockquote&gt;
109 &lt;p&gt;
110 &lt;A name=Biography&gt;&lt;/A&gt;
111 &lt;B&gt;Jane Grey remains one of the most compelling and tragic figures in
112 Tudor history.&amp;nbsp; She possessed royal blood through her grandmother,
113 Princess Mary Tudor, and this heritage brought her to the scaffold in
114 1554.&amp;nbsp; Jane had been named heiress to the English throne in her
115 great-uncle Henry VIII's will, but only if his son Edward and daughters
116 Mary and Elizabeth died without issue.&amp;nbsp; But Edward ruled for just six
117 years and his ambitious advisor, John Dudley, was determined to remain in
118 power.&amp;nbsp; To that end, he persuaded Edward to write his own will and
119 leave the throne to his pious cousin, Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; Though just fifteen
120 at the time, she was known for her Protestant piety and learning; it was
121 this religious devotion which persuaded Edward to alter the succession.&amp;nbsp;
122 Deeply pious himself, he could not leave the throne to his Catholic
123 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; Jane was quickly wed to Dudley's son and crowned queen
124 of England in July 1553.&amp;nbsp; But she ruled for just nine days, trapped
125 and unhappy.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor claimed the throne with great popular
126 support and Jane was imprisoned in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; Her
127 subsequent execution was a political necessity for Mary Tudor.&amp;nbsp;
128 Despite her youth, Jane met her end with great dignity and courage.&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
129 &lt;hr&gt;
130 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
131 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
132 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'I think that at the supper I neither receive flesh nor
133 blood, but bread and wine; which bread when it is broken, and the wine when it
134 is drunken, put me in remembrance how that for my sins the body of Christ was
135 broken, and his blood shed on the cross. ...I ground my faith upon God's word,
136 and not upon the church...&amp;nbsp; The faith of the church must be tried by
137 God's word, and not God's word by the church; neither yet my faith.'&amp;nbsp;
138 &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Jane Grey to John Feckenham,
139 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
140 &lt;blockquote&gt;
141 &lt;blockquote&gt;
142 &lt;hr&gt;
143 &lt;p&gt;&lt;B&gt;Biography&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;Ancestry&lt;/B&gt;
144 &lt;BR&gt;Lady Jane Grey was the eldest child of Lord Henry and Lady Frances
145 Grey, the duke and duchess of
146 &lt;IMG height=205
147 alt=&quot;Princess Mary Tudor, grandmother of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
148 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey1.jpg&quot; width=101 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; She was a viable heir to
149 the English throne because of her maternal grandmother, &lt;A
150 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Princess
151 Mary Tudor&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; After the death of her first husband, King Louis
152 XII of France in 1515, Mary secretly wed her true love, &lt;A
153 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fbrandon.html&quot;&gt;Charles
154 Brandon&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Brandon was her brother &lt;A
155 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhenry8.html&quot;&gt;Henry
156 VIII&lt;/A&gt;'s best friend; the king's friendship and Brandon's service to
157 the Crown led to his creation as duke of Suffolk in 1514.&amp;nbsp; He and
158 Mary had a son, Henry, who died as teenager.&amp;nbsp; Their next eldest
159 child was a daughter, Frances.&amp;nbsp; Under the terms of the Third Act of
160 Succession (1544) and Henry VIII's last will and testament (1547), the
161 Suffolk line would inherit the throne after Henry VIII's children died
162 childless.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the throne would pass to Henry's son &lt;A
163 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fedward6.html&quot;&gt;Edward&lt;/A&gt;;
164 if Edward died childless, it passed to Henry's eldest daughter &lt;A
165 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;Mary&lt;/A&gt;;
166 if she died childless, it passed to Henry's youngest daughter &lt;A
167 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz1.html&quot;&gt;Elizabeth&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
168 If Elizabeth died childless, the throne passed to Lady Frances.&amp;nbsp;
169 This plan completely disregarded the children of Henry's elder sister &lt;A
170 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmargaret.html&quot;&gt;Margaret&lt;/A&gt;,
171 the former queen of Scots.&amp;nbsp; Henry did not care for Margaret and,
172 more importantly, did not want the English throne in Scottish hands. &lt;/p&gt;
173 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So it was through Princess Mary that Jane Grey was
174 bequeathed her deadly heritage.&amp;nbsp; Still, no one in the 1540s
175 expected the Suffolk line to rule.&amp;nbsp; After all, Henry VIII had left
176 three heirs and it was unlikely all three would die childless.&amp;nbsp; Of
177 course, we know that this did occur and the Tudor dynasty died with
178 Elizabeth I in 1603.&amp;nbsp; It was only in 1552, with Edward VI's health
179 rapidly failing, that people realized there would be a succession
180 crisis.&amp;nbsp; According to parliament and Henry VIII's will, Mary was
181 Edward's heir - but she was Catholic, in her late thirties, and never
182 robust.&amp;nbsp; More importantly, Edward was a devout Protestant and did
183 not want Roman Catholicism restored in England.&amp;nbsp; Urged on by
184 self-interested advisors, he removed Mary from the succession on the
185 grounds of her illegitimacy (she was declared so by parliament in
186 1532.)&amp;nbsp; But if he removed Mary, he also had to remove Elizabeth
187 even though she was a Protestant; Elizabeth had also been declared a
188 bastard by parliament in 1536.&amp;nbsp; In his &lt;I&gt;Device for the
189 Succession&lt;/I&gt;, written in his own hand, Edward wrote that they were
190 both &quot;illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.&quot;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
191 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Edward's course of action removed the succession
192 from the heirs of Henry VIII and gave it to the heirs of Henry's younger
193 sister, Mary.&amp;nbsp; This was a tumultuous course for many reasons.&amp;nbsp;
194 For example, the king of France, Henry II, was raising &lt;A
195 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
196 Stuart&lt;/A&gt;, Margaret Tudor's granddaughter; he planned to marry this
197 ten-year-old &lt;A
198 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;queen
199 of Scots&lt;/A&gt; to his son and heir, Francois.&amp;nbsp; By all the accepted
200 laws of primogeniture, she had a better claim to the English throne than
201 her Suffolk cousins.&amp;nbsp; In fact, most European Catholics believed
202 Mary's claim better than her Tudor cousins, Mary and Elizabeth, since
203 both were illegitimate by acts of constitutional and canon law.&amp;nbsp;
204 However, Mary of Scotland was in France - not England; also, the
205 Suffolks were Protestant and she was not.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI never
206 considered leaving her the throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
207 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The above paragraph illustrates the complexity of
208 blood ties within the Tudor family.&amp;nbsp; And since Mary Tudor was
209 half-Spanish and thus cousin to the Holy Roman Emperor, the succession
210 crisis interested most of the major powers of Europe - France, the
211 Hapsburg Empire, Italy (the pope hoped to bring England back to his
212 authority), and the Protestant princes of Germany.&amp;nbsp; When Edward VI
213 died in 1553, all of these nations waited to see who would
214 triumph.&amp;nbsp; Mary....&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth....&amp;nbsp; Mary of
215 Scotland....&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey....&amp;nbsp; Which would become queen?&amp;nbsp;
216 &lt;/P&gt;
217 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Also, Europe waited to see how England would
218 welcome a queen as their sole ruler.&amp;nbsp; All of the possible
219 candidates for the throne were women, an unprecedented occurrence.&amp;nbsp;
220 The only woman to attempt to rule England as her father's sole heir had
221 been Matilda in the 12th century; she had been forced out of the country
222 by popular revolt and a male cousin named Stephen of Blois became
223 king.&amp;nbsp; Now it seemed the English had no choice but to accept a
224 woman ruler.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
225 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; And because of the secret marriage of Mary Tudor
226 and Charles Brandon, the first woman to rule England in her own right
227 would be Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
228 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Early Life and Education&lt;/B&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
229 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
230 &lt;p&gt;'I will tell you a truth which perchance ye will marvel
231 at.&amp;nbsp; One of the greatest benefits that God ever gave me is that
232 he sent me so sharp and severe parents and so gentle a
233 schoolmaster.&amp;nbsp; For when I am in the presence of Father or Mother,
234 whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand or go, eat, drink, be merry
235 or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing anything else, I must do
236 it as it were in such weight, measure and number, even so perfectly as
237 God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly
238 threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips and bobs and
239 other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them), so
240 without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell, till time
241 comes that I must go to Mr Aylmer, who teacheth me so gently, so
242 pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all
243 the time nothing while I am with him.&amp;nbsp; And when I am called from
244 him, I fall on weeping because whatsoever I do else but learning is
245 full of grief, trouble, fear and wholly misliking to me.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
246 &lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Lady Jane Grey to Roger Ascham,
247 1550&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
248 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
249 &lt;p&gt;Jane Grey was not close to her
250 parents.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was the marquess of Dorset; he became the duke
251 of Suffolk in 1551.&amp;nbsp; He married Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon's
252 eldest daughter Frances when she was sixteen.&amp;nbsp; At the time, Grey
253 was a ward of Brandon's.&amp;nbsp; He was also an appropriate match for a
254 Princess's daughter.&amp;nbsp; The Grey family had an ancient and impressive
255 lineage, originally receiving lands from Richard the Lionheart.&amp;nbsp;
256 Later, they rose to prominence under Edward IV; he had married Elizabeth
257 Woodville, the widow of Sir John Grey and mother of his two sons.&amp;nbsp;
258 When she became queen, she tirelessly promoted the interests of the Grey
259 family.&amp;nbsp; In fact, her eldest Grey son, Thomas, was created marquess
260 of Dorset during Edward IV's reign.&amp;nbsp; His son, also called Thomas,
261 was a companion to Charles Brandon - soldiering with him in France in
262 1513 and journeying there a year later to celebrate Princess Mary
263 Tudor's wedding to the French king.&amp;nbsp; In 1530, Thomas Grey died and
264 Brandon became his son's guardian.&amp;nbsp; The marriage between Frances
265 and the heir, Henry Grey, was a satisfactory way to join two noble
266 families together.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
267 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Their marriage was celebrated at Suffolk Place in
268 London.&amp;nbsp; Mary Tudor died some months later.&amp;nbsp; Charles Brandon
269 remarried, this time to an heiress called Catherine Willoughby.&amp;nbsp;
270 She bore him two sons (his son with Mary Tudor had recently died).&amp;nbsp;
271 When Brandon passed away in 1545, he and Catherine's eldest son, called
272 Henry after his late half-brother, became duke of Suffolk.&amp;nbsp; He and
273 his younger brother died of the dreaded sweating sickness a few years
274 later.&amp;nbsp; This left the dukedom of Suffolk vacant until 1551, when
275 Edward VI would award it to Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
276 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, Henry VIII had left the throne to
277 his children and, if they died without issue, &quot;to the heirs of the body
278 of the lady Frances our niece, eldest daughter to our late sister the
279 French Queen lawfully begotten....&quot;&amp;nbsp; This meant that the Grey
280 children (by this time Frances and Henry had 3 daughters - Jane born in
281 1537, Catherine born in 1540, and Mary born in 1545) had enhanced
282 social status.&amp;nbsp; In 1547, when the will was read, no one seriously
283 expected them to gain more.&amp;nbsp; Edward was small and blond, like his
284 long-dead uncle Arthur, lacking Henry VIII's robust athleticism and good
285 health.&amp;nbsp; But he was expected to live, marry, and provide
286 heirs.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, any immediate interest in the Grey children
287 centered on how Edward would favor them.&amp;nbsp; Understandably, it was
288 thought that he might marry the eldest, his cousin Jane.&amp;nbsp; They were
289 the same age, both precocious, very serious, and fervently
290 Protestant.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
291 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane had been raised, with her two sisters, at
292 Bradgate.&amp;nbsp; This was the principal family home on the edge of
293 Charnwood Forest.&amp;nbsp; It was a beautiful and luxurious estate, suited
294 to the Grey's semi-regal status.&amp;nbsp; Lady Frances was very conscious
295 of her royal heritage and, as she grew older, became quite like her
296 uncle Henry.&amp;nbsp; She and her husband were well-known for their love of
297 riding, hunting, hawking and gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were not, however, the
298 most interested of parents.&amp;nbsp; In this, they resembled their
299 aristocratic contemporaries. They provided very well for their three
300 daughters.&amp;nbsp; While Frances and Henry spent time in London, their
301 daughters remained at Bradgate, in the hands of capable servants.&amp;nbsp;
302 Jane's nurse was a woman called Mrs Ellen and would remain with her
303 until Jane's execution; her first tutor was probably the house chaplain,
304 Dr Harding.&amp;nbsp; The first ten years of Jane's life, from her birth in
305 October 1537 (the exact date is not known) to her residence in Katharine
306 Parr's household in 1547, are not documented.&amp;nbsp; It is likely she
307 received the typical upper-class girl's education - its primary emphasis
308 would be on instilling good manners and the 'feminine' virtues of
309 obedience and docility.&amp;nbsp; She undoubtedly learned needlework and was
310 taught dancing and how to play some musical instruments.&amp;nbsp; But
311 neither of her parents were scholars and no one in the sixteenth century
312 expected women to be well-educated.&amp;nbsp; She may have visited London,
313 accompanying her parents to Dorset Place in Westminster; she may have
314 met her royal cousins.&amp;nbsp; No one knows.&amp;nbsp; But in March 1547, Lady
315 Jane Grey finally emerges into the historical landscape.&amp;nbsp; It was
316 then that she entered the household of the dowager queen &lt;A
317 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fparr.html&quot;&gt;Katharine
318 Parr&lt;/A&gt;, Henry VIII's sixth and last wife.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
319 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Katharine had retired from court upon Edward VI's
320 accession, though she remained close to London.&amp;nbsp; Her&lt;IMG height=191 alt=&quot;Jane's guardian, Katharine Parr&quot;
321 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/parr-cr.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; dower manor,
322 Chelsea, was in the suburbs.&amp;nbsp; It was a comfortable brick home with
323 modern amenities.&amp;nbsp; Here, Katharine planned to live with the man she
324 had longed to marry before Henry laid claim to her, Thomas Seymour,
325 Edward VI's uncle.&amp;nbsp; She also brought with her the 13 year old
326 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr was justly celebrated for her
327 warm and open nature; she was a good stepmother to all of Henry's
328 children, particularly the youngest two.&amp;nbsp; A few weeks after
329 Katharine and Elizabeth settled at Chelsea, Jane Grey came to join
330 them.&amp;nbsp; She was sent to acquire polish and learn social graces, a
331 common practice for daughters of the nobility.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
332 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane acquired much more than social skills at
333 Katharine's household.&amp;nbsp; For the first time in her young life, she
334 was truly happy.&amp;nbsp; Katharine was a devout Protestant and the most
335 intellectual of Henry's queens.&amp;nbsp; Her home was the center of the
336 Protestant 'New Learning'; there was instruction and frequent
337 debates.&amp;nbsp; Jane, quiet and studious by nature, thrived.&amp;nbsp; And
338 though her parents were Protestant, it was at Katharine Parr's that she
339 became devoutly committed to the faith.&amp;nbsp; The Greys, after all, had
340 become Protestants like many nobles - because it was a matter of
341 political necessity.&amp;nbsp; At Katharine's, Jane became a Protestant
342 because she truly believed in its tenets.&amp;nbsp; This serious and intense
343 study of faith would remain with her throughout her short life.&amp;nbsp;
344 &lt;/P&gt;
345 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; During Edward VI's reign, the Lord Protector was
346 Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset.&amp;nbsp; Katharine Parr had married his
347 younger brother, Sir Thomas Seymour.&amp;nbsp; Thomas was very ambitious and
348 angered that his brother had so much authority while he had to be
349 content with a baronetcy, a seat on the Privy Council, and the office of
350 Lord Admiral.&amp;nbsp; Thomas and Katharine Parr had planned to marry years
351 before but Henry's sudden interest in the twice-widowed heiress delayed
352 their plans.&amp;nbsp; Within months of his death, however, they were wed in
353 a secret ceremony; the exact date is not known but it was probably April
354 1547. Their whirlwind courtship offended some but Edward VI gave them
355 his blessing.&amp;nbsp; Some people remarked that the new Lord Admiral would
356 have preferred marrying Princess Elizabeth, such was his ambition.&amp;nbsp;
357 He certainly lacked the evangelical zeal of his new wife, always
358 remembering important business when it was time for prayers.&amp;nbsp; He
359 possessed great charm, particularly with women and children; and his
360 desire to advance his own career led to some indiscreet behavior -
361 notably bursting into Princess Elizabeth's bedroom in the early morning,
362 still in his bedclothes, to tickle her awake.&amp;nbsp; This was dangerous
363 play for an ambitious man and a thirteen-year-old heiress to the
364 throne.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
365 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At any rate, Thomas had wed the dowager queen and
366 she loved him passionately.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, other supporters of his
367 brother Edward, the Lord Protector, were also rewarded for their
368 loyalty.&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, for example, became earl of Warwick.&amp;nbsp;
369 Meanwhile, Thomas was also becoming interested in the other young
370 heiress who lived with his wife - Lady Jane Grey.&amp;nbsp; When news of
371 Henry VIII's will came out, he wasted no time in becoming friends with
372 the Greys.&amp;nbsp; He sent his most trusted friend and servant, John
373 Harington, to talk to Jane's father, Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp; Harington was to
374 use 'all the persuasions he could' to gain Jane Grey's wardship and
375 marriage rights.&amp;nbsp; Later, Harington would say he never promised
376 anything explicitly but Henry Grey remembered a guarantee that&amp;nbsp;
377 Jane would marry King Edward.&amp;nbsp; On this basis, Grey sold his
378 daughter to Seymour for the sum of £2000.&amp;nbsp; Seymour paid a few
379 hundred immediately, promising to pay the rest in installments.&amp;nbsp;
380 &lt;/P&gt;
381 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In other words, Thomas Seymour was hedging his
382 bets - if Edward VI died unexpectedly (as Tudor boys often did), he
383 could arrange something with the Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; If Edward
384 lived, he could gain influence by marrying his ward, Jane Grey, to the
385 king.&amp;nbsp; Jane, of course, was oblivious to Seymour's plans.&amp;nbsp; She
386 remained in Katharine Parr's household, moving from Chelsea, to Hanworth
387 in Middlesex, or Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Her sensitive and eager
388 mind, long starved for affection and knowledge, was finally engaged on a
389 course of study - Latin, Greek and modern languages as well as religious
390 instruction.&amp;nbsp; As relations between the Seymour brothers
391 deteriorated for a variety of reasons, Katharine Parr became
392 pregnant.&amp;nbsp; About halfway through the pregnancy, she happened upon a
393 very unpleasant sight - her husband and stepdaughter, Princess
394 Elizabeth, locked in a passionate embrace.&amp;nbsp; Katharine's reaction
395 was a testament to her good character.&amp;nbsp; She successfully averted an
396 ugly scandal; a few weeks later, Elizabeth and her household staff were
397 sent to Cheshunt on a visit to old family friends.&amp;nbsp; She parted from
398 Katharine with real affection and sadness; Elizabeth undoubtedly felt
399 embarrassed and guilty.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
400 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey remained with Katharine.&amp;nbsp; There is
401 no evidence she was ever particularly close to Elizabeth; the gulf
402 between nine and thirteen is great.&amp;nbsp; Though they lived in the same
403 homes for over a year, there are no surviving letters or
404 reminisces.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane was grateful for Elizabeth's departure;
405 the princess was described as proud and disdainful, not good company for
406 a shy child.&amp;nbsp; On 13 June 1548 Jane accompanied Katharine and Thomas
407 to their Gloucestershire estate, Sudeley Castle.&amp;nbsp; On 30 August
408 Katharine gave birth to a baby daughter, Mary; within a week, the
409 dowager queen was dead, buried in the chapel at Sudeley.&amp;nbsp; She was
410 yet another victim of puerperal fever.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, small for her
411 age, freckled and with red hair, acted as chief mourner.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
412 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents were becoming
413 restless.&amp;nbsp; More than a year had passed since Seymour purchased
414 their daughter's wardship.&amp;nbsp; In that time, no match had been made
415 with Edward VI.&amp;nbsp; Also, they wondered if it would be better to marry
416 Jane to the Lord Protector's son.&amp;nbsp; They wrote to Thomas Seymour,
417 consoling him on the loss of his wife and remarking that, since
418 Katharine was dead, her household would be dispersed - therefore, Jane
419 should be sent home; Seymour was not to be outfoxed.&amp;nbsp; He wrote that
420 his own mother was coming to Sudeley, to take charge of Katharine's
421 household (none of which would be dispersed); she would be 'as dear unto
422 Jane as though she were her own daughter.'&amp;nbsp; He did let Jane go home
423 briefly in September.&amp;nbsp; It was undoubtedly an unpleasant journey for
424 the young girl.&amp;nbsp; However, Seymour was able to regain her parents'
425 favor.&amp;nbsp; He stressed his determination to wed her to Edward (the
426 greatest prize) and agreed to pay another £500 on his bond.&amp;nbsp; The
427 Greys were chronically short of cash and wanted this grand
428 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Jane returned to the Seymour household.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
429 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the noose was tightening around Thomas
430 Seymour's neck.&amp;nbsp; He had been boasting about his intent to destroy
431 his overbearing brother and he had encouraged gossip that he would marry
432 Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; This gossip was perhaps the most damaging,
433 particularly to the eyes of the young king.&amp;nbsp; Was Seymour attempting
434 to seize the throne?&amp;nbsp; John Dudley, earl of Warwick, had long waited
435 for the opportunity to destroy the Seymour brothers.&amp;nbsp; He wanted to
436 be Lord Protector himself and was quite prepared to turn on his old
437 friend, Edward Seymour.&amp;nbsp; He used the arrogant and ambitious Thomas
438 to destroy them both.&amp;nbsp; On 17 January 1549, Thomas Seymour was
439 arrested at Seymour Place in London.&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey was immediately
440 brought home by her alarmed parents.&amp;nbsp; Because Parliament was in
441 session, it was decided that Thomas would not have a trial - instead a
442 bill of attainder was drawn up and passed through both houses in early
443 March.&amp;nbsp; All that was needed was for the Lord Protector to sign the
444 bill.&amp;nbsp; For about a week, Edward Seymour did nothing.&amp;nbsp; He was
445 understandably hesitant to execute his brother.&amp;nbsp; Seizing his
446 chance, Dudley urged the council to appeal to the king - flattering his
447 authority, they asked for him to sign the bill so they could proceed
448 without further troubling the Protector.&amp;nbsp; Edward cared little for
449 either of his uncles (the Protector kept him short of pocket money and
450 assigned him cold-hearted tutors.)&amp;nbsp; He signed the bill.&amp;nbsp; On 20
451 March 1549, Thomas Seymour was executed on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
452 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Dudley moved to take control of the
453 government.&amp;nbsp; The year 1549 was marked by discontent - rising
454 prices, high unemployment, bad harvests; also, people resented the
455 radical religious changes passed since Henry VIII's death.&amp;nbsp; There
456 were two serious revolts, in the West Country and Norfolk, both of which
457 alarmed the land-owning gentry.&amp;nbsp; Seymour had once been popular with
458 the common people but his execution of his own brother struck many as
459 cold-blooded and evil.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had counted on this reaction.&amp;nbsp;
460 He also counted on the support of the gentry; he was a capable soldier
461 and put down the rebellion in the West Country.&amp;nbsp; This pleased the
462 landowners and the king.&amp;nbsp; Also, it allowed Dudley to gather a
463 well-armed and experienced group of soldiers about him.&amp;nbsp; On 10
464 October, he and his supporters captured the fleeing Edward Seymour at
465 Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; He was arrested and taken under guard to the
466 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Dudley became one of the six prime attendants on the King
467 but - very intelligently - did not take the title of Lord
468 Protector.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
469 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley was on the list of sixteen executors Henry
470 VIII had appointed in his will.&amp;nbsp; In 1543 he had been appointed Lord
471 High Admiral, a post he relinquished reluctantly to the unqualified
472 Thomas Seymour; in 1549, he regained that title.&amp;nbsp; He was also a
473 family man with several sons.&amp;nbsp; But Dudley had learned from his
474 dealings with Henry VIII; he knew to treat Edward not as one of his own
475 sons but as a king.&amp;nbsp; He flattered the king, allowed him greater
476 access to money, more physical freedom.&amp;nbsp; Luckily for Dudley, his
477 coup coincided with Edward's own physical maturity.&amp;nbsp; He became a
478 sportsman, which Dudley encouraged, and began to travel a bit outside of
479 London.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
480 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; His cousin Jane was not so fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She
481 had returned to a home devoid of affection which also included physical
482 abuse normal in the sixteenth-century (smacks, pinches, and the
483 like).&amp;nbsp; The Greys were discovering that their daughter had matured
484 into a thoughtful, intelligent, and self-righteously pious young
485 woman.&amp;nbsp; She openly disapproved of their lack of piety, their
486 devotion to material gain and social advancement, as well as their
487 gambling.&amp;nbsp; They were happy to hire a tutor, John Aylmer, to
488 continue her education - and take her off their hands.&amp;nbsp; Aylmer was
489 a friend of Roger Ascham, the former tutor of Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
490 On a visit to Aylmer, Ascham met Jane Grey; she impressed him
491 greatly.&amp;nbsp; He preserved their meeting in his educational treatise,
492 &lt;I&gt;The Schoolmaster&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
493 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Were the Greys really such terrible parents?&amp;nbsp;
494 There is no doubt that Jane and her parents were not affectionate to one
495 another.&amp;nbsp; Yet this was normal in an age which expected children to
496 be dutiful and obedient and that discipline built character.&amp;nbsp; In
497 fairness to them, Jane was openly critical of their pleasure-loving
498 lifestyle.&amp;nbsp; She encouraged the chaplain to deliver sermons against
499 gambling, told visitors that she found her parents foolish and
500 irritating, and she was very self-righteous.&amp;nbsp; What parent would
501 enjoy the company of such a devout thirteen-year-old?&amp;nbsp; At home,
502 Jane met John ab Ulmer, a Swiss Protestant and student of Henry
503 Bullinger, chief pastor of the Protestant church in Zurich.&amp;nbsp; They
504 were both friends of Aylmer and Ascham.&amp;nbsp; The four men corresponded
505 about the education of this most pious young girl.&amp;nbsp; There are many
506 surviving letters - Jane thanking Bullinger for sending a copy of his
507 treatise on Christian Perfection - and some reveal her as more than a
508 pious Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp; In one, Aylmer is concerned that she is
509 taking too much of an interest in music and her appearance.&amp;nbsp; He was
510 distressed - but what good news for the student of Jane's life!&amp;nbsp;
511 She is human, after all.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
512 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Of course, the European reformers were hopeful
513 that Edward VI would marry this most proper cousin.&amp;nbsp; Their union
514 would make England a most blessed Protestant realm.&amp;nbsp; But Jane
515 turned fourteen and was still not betrothed to anyone while Edward was
516 in serious talks to wed the French princess Elisabeth.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
517 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Charles Brandon's two sons with
518 Catherine Willoughby had died.&amp;nbsp; This meant that their half-sister
519 Frances Grey was sole surviving heir to the Brandon estates.&amp;nbsp; On 4
520 October 1551, the title of duke of Suffolk was given to her husband in
521 right of his wife.&amp;nbsp; And on 11 October, just a week later, Dudley
522 was made duke of Northumberland; two years of Edward's favor had
523 sufficiently emboldened him to petition the king.&amp;nbsp; He was the first
524 man to receive a ducal title who had no ties of marriage or blood to the
525 reigning royal family.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
526 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane Grey, that week in 1551 was to have
527 terrible consequences. &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
528 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;Marriage&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The political situation in England during
529 Edward's reign is fully explored in the Edward VI pages.&amp;nbsp; Suffice
530 to say, the duke of Northumberland, John Dudley, had replaced Edward
531 Seymour as the true power behind the throne.&amp;nbsp; In spring 1552, his
532 young master fell ill.&amp;nbsp; No one was especially concerned; Edward VI
533 had been ill before and recovered well enough.&amp;nbsp; But this time he
534 did not fully recover.&amp;nbsp; It seemed as if his physical resemblance to
535 the long-dead Prince Arthur went beyond their fair coloring and delicate
536 physique - they were both consumptive as well.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
537 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; This naturally terrified the Protestant lords who
538 had prospered during his six-year reign.&amp;nbsp; The Princesses Mary and
539 Elizabeth were rarely seen at the king's court, Mary in
540 particular.&amp;nbsp; She could no longer persuade herself that Edward was
541 simply a misguided Protestant pawn.&amp;nbsp; He had, like Henry before him,
542 ordered her to change her religion; he was king and expected
543 obedience.&amp;nbsp; He was closer to Elizabeth (only 4 years older than
544 him) and she was suitably Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she, too, was rarely at
545 court.&amp;nbsp; His Grey family, however, was increasingly present.&amp;nbsp;
546 &lt;/P&gt;
547 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When Mary of Guise, mother of Mary queen of Scots
548 and regent of Scotland, visited England in November 1551, Mary and
549 Elizabeth were not invited.&amp;nbsp; But Frances and Henry Grey were there,
550 bringing their fourteen-year-old daughter Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary of Guise's
551 two-day visit to Hampton Court was Jane's official debut on the English
552 political scene.&amp;nbsp; In early February, Jane contracted an unspecified
553 illness.&amp;nbsp; It was serious enough to warrant mention from Aylmer (in
554 a letter to Ascham.)&amp;nbsp; After her recovery, Jane's parents persuaded
555 her to devote less time to study and more to social concerns.&amp;nbsp; Of
556 course, an educated and pious daughter was an asset but they also wanted
557 a daughter who could attract a king in marriage.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
558 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 April 1552, Edward became ill with the
559 measles.&amp;nbsp; As mentioned, he recovered somewhat - enough to&lt;IMG height=194 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin, King Edward VI&quot;
560 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/edward6-crop.jpg&quot; width=137 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; attend St
561 George's Day services at Westminster Abbey.&amp;nbsp; He also jousted,
562 played on the tennis courts, and went hunting.&amp;nbsp; And on 27 June, he
563 began his most extensive progress through the south and west of his
564 kingdom.&amp;nbsp; The king enjoyed himself (he had never traveled so far
565 outside London) but the pace was exhausting; combined with the illness
566 in April and his strenuous athletics, it wore him down.&amp;nbsp; Passer-by
567 thought he was ill; he was pale, losing weight, and lost his
568 appetite.&amp;nbsp; He returned to Windsor in mid-September.&amp;nbsp; By then,
569 the tuberculosis which killed him had begun in earnest.&amp;nbsp; By
570 Christmas 1552, his condition was obvious.&amp;nbsp; The holiday
571 celebrations were unusually festive, perhaps to take notice from the
572 king's health.&amp;nbsp; Princess Mary came to visit in February but his
573 illness prevented their meeting for three days.&amp;nbsp; Still, the king's
574 illness meant an increased respect for Mary, his heir under Henry VIII's
575 will.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
576 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The exact nature and course of Edward's illness is
577 discussed at the Edward VI page.&amp;nbsp; It was tuberculosis, or
578 consumption as it was then called.&amp;nbsp; On 11 April 1553, Edward moved
579 his household to his favorite residence, Greenwich Palace.&amp;nbsp; He had
580 managed to open parliament in March but those who hadn't seen him since
581 the holidays were shocked at his appearance; he was terribly thin and,
582 oddly, his left shoulder seemed higher than his right.&amp;nbsp; It was
583 obvious Edward was suffering terribly.&amp;nbsp; Northumberland, his closest
584 advisor, was torn - he talked of retiring from political life but this
585 was a passing dream.&amp;nbsp; He had made too many enemies - particularly
586 the Catholic nobles and churchmen who would rally around Mary.&amp;nbsp; In
587 truth, if Mary succeeded, the best Dudley could hope for was complete
588 financial and political ruin.&amp;nbsp; More than likely, he would lose his
589 head.&amp;nbsp; He could, of course, attempt to marry Princess Elizabeth to
590 his one remaining unmarried son, Guildford.&amp;nbsp; Why didn't he?&amp;nbsp;
591 It certainly seems less convoluted than attempting to place Jane Grey on
592 the throne.&amp;nbsp; The truth was that Elizabeth Tudor, nearly twenty
593 years old, had seasoned political acumen - she would never be Dudley's
594 pawn.&amp;nbsp; Dudley knew her well enough to guess as much.&amp;nbsp;
595 Therefore, only Jane Grey (fourth in line, after her mother Frances)
596 remained.&amp;nbsp; She would be amenable enough, the duke thought.&amp;nbsp;
597 &lt;/P&gt;
598 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Certainly Frances and Henry were happy enough to
599 encourage Dudley.&amp;nbsp; With Edward dying, there was no possibility of
600 Jane marrying him.&amp;nbsp; They may have been put off by Dudley's
601 ambition; he first attempted to marry Guildford to Eleanor Brandon's
602 only child, Margaret Clifford (Eleanor was Frances's younger
603 sister.)&amp;nbsp; But, swayed by the prospect of wealth and power, they
604 agreed to marry Jane to Guildford.&amp;nbsp; In late April or&lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/films2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;171&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; alt=&quot;Cary Elwes and Helena Bonham Carter as Guildford and Jane in the 1986 film 'Lady Jane'&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;&gt; early May, the
605 betrothal was announced.&amp;nbsp; Jane had protested the union but was
606 persuaded by 'the urgency of her mother and the violence of her father';
607 in other words, persuaded by verbal and physical abuse.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
608 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Many have argued that Jane protested because she
609 didn't like Guildford.&amp;nbsp; That is unlikely.&amp;nbsp; He was handsome
610 enough (like most of the Dudley men), fair-haired and about her
611 age.&amp;nbsp; He was arrogant and spoilt; his mother openly favored
612 him.&amp;nbsp; But he had no other documented flaws.&amp;nbsp; When considered
613 against other men of the age, he was a good match.&amp;nbsp; Jane's
614 reservations centered on his father.&amp;nbsp; She disliked and feared
615 Dudley, as most people did.&amp;nbsp; But the duke had a weapon against Jane
616 which he would wield effectively - religion.&amp;nbsp; She was a devout and
617 committed Protestant.&amp;nbsp; She didn't want Mary as queen any more than
618 he did.&amp;nbsp; And, unlike Dudley, Jane's desire was based on real
619 principle, not simple greed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
620 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So on 25 May 1553, Jane married Guildford at the
621 Dudley's London residence, Durham House.&amp;nbsp; It was one of the great
622 homes of Tudor England; her sister &lt;A
623 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fcathgrey.html&quot;&gt;Catherine&lt;/A&gt;
624 was also married that day, to the earl of Pembroke's heir.&amp;nbsp; Orders,
625 signed by the king, had been sent to the Master of the Wardrobe so that
626 the grandest clothing and jewels could be used.&amp;nbsp; Edward was
627 supposed to attend but was far too ill.&amp;nbsp; He did not watch as his
628 cousin marched down the aisle, richly appareled in cloth of gold and
629 silver, her red hair braided with pearls.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
630 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For many, Jane and Guildford's marriage marks the
631 beginning of the attempt to change the line of succession.&amp;nbsp; In
632 reality, Edward VI had been pondering the problem for months.&amp;nbsp; Ever
633 since he became ill, he had wondered how to prevent his Catholic sister
634 from becoming queen.&amp;nbsp; His reasoning was purely religious.&amp;nbsp;
635 Edward was a devout Protestant; he wanted his nation, for its own sake,
636 to remain Protestant.&amp;nbsp; Just as Mary believed Catholicism was the
637 path to righteousness, Edward believed in Protestantism.&amp;nbsp; He was
638 king, charge by God with responsibility for his people's religious
639 welfare.&amp;nbsp; It was a sacred duty.&amp;nbsp; For the sake of his immortal
640 soul, Mary had to be prevented from leading England on the path to
641 damnation.&amp;nbsp; This necessity overcame all else.&amp;nbsp; What was Henry
642 VIII's will when compared to divine retribution?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
643 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; So in late 1552/early 1553, he first began his
644 Device for the Succession.&amp;nbsp; At first he left the throne to Lady
645 Frances Grey and her male heirs, then to Jane Grey and her male
646 heirs.&amp;nbsp; But it was evident that Frances Grey would have no more
647 children and none of her daughters would bear children in time.&amp;nbsp; So
648 he made a change - simple and explosive - he left the throne to 'the
649 Lady Jane and her heirs male.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
650 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was the beginning of the end for Jane Grey.
651 &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
652 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jane the Quene'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Edward's &lt;I&gt;Device for the Succession&lt;/I&gt;
653 was eventually issued with the title &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
654 Limitation of the Crown&lt;/I&gt;.&amp;nbsp; It disinherited Mary and Elizabeth
655 because they were 'illegitimate and not lawfully begotten.'&amp;nbsp;
656 Furthermore, they were only half-sisters of the king, not entitled to
657 succeed him, and might marry foreign husbands who would 'tend to the
658 utter subversion of the commonwealth of this our realm.'&amp;nbsp; But
659 Edward's device would have no legal validity as long as Henry VIII's
660 1544 Act of Succession was still acknowledged by parliament.&amp;nbsp; But
661 there was no time to wipe that law from the statute book.&amp;nbsp; Instead,
662 Dudley planned to gain support from government and then carry out a coup
663 so quickly that its legality would not matter.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
664 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; To gain government support, he spent June 1553
665 persuading the Privy Council, judiciary, and various churchmen to
666 endorse Edward's device.&amp;nbsp; The Lord Chief Justice, Sir Edward
667 Montague, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were uneasy;
668 but Dudley was desperate and called them traitors.&amp;nbsp; Furthermore,
669 the king ordered them to obey.&amp;nbsp; So the &lt;I&gt;Letters Patent for the
670 Limitation of the Crown &lt;/I&gt;was endorsed with the Great Seal on 21
671 June.&amp;nbsp; It was recognized by the Lord Chancellor, the Privy
672 Councilors, twenty-two peers of the realm, the Lord Mayor of London,
673 various aldermen and sheriffs, the secretaries of state (including
674 William Cecil, Elizabeth I's great statesman), and various judges and
675 churchmen.&amp;nbsp; King Edward VI did not live long after this
676 triumph.&amp;nbsp; After months of agony, he died in the early evening of
677 Thursday 6 July.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
678 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane Grey, meanwhile, had been married to
679 Guildford Dudley for almost six weeks.&amp;nbsp; She disliked her in-laws
680 more than she disliked her parents so, immediately after the marriage,
681 returned to Suffolk Place at Westminster.&amp;nbsp; From there, she moved to
682 her parents' new residence in London, a former Carthusian monastery they
683 were converting into a grand home.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's wife, the duchess of
684 Northumberland and Jane's mother-in-law, was not happy with this
685 arrangement.&amp;nbsp; She informed the Greys that Edward VI was dying and
686 Jane had been made heir to his throne; she must hold herself in
687 readiness (in other words, come to the Dudley home.)&amp;nbsp; Jane later
688 said this was the first she knew of the king's impending death.&amp;nbsp;
689 She didn't believe the duchess and told her as much; she accused the
690 Dudleys of lying so they could steal her away from her parents.&amp;nbsp;
691 The duchess accused the Greys of deliberating keeping Guildford and Jane
692 apart.&amp;nbsp; Such petty conflict indicated rougher waters ahead for all
693 involved.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
694 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; In the end, there was no reason Jane should not be
695 with her husband.&amp;nbsp; She went to the Dudley's residence, Durham
696 House, and possibly consummated her marriage.&amp;nbsp; But, after only a
697 few days, she became ill and accused the Dudleys of poisoning her.&amp;nbsp;
698 The charge was ludicrous (she was the key to their political salvation)
699 and showed a surprising lack of logic on Jane's part.&amp;nbsp; But the
700 Dudleys were concerned with her physical and mental state.&amp;nbsp; They
701 sent her to Chelsea, Catherine Parr's former home where Jane had been so
702 happy.&amp;nbsp; It was there that, on Sunday 9 July, Dudley's eldest
703 daughter, Mary Sidney, came to visit her; they were to leave Chelsea and
704 go to Syon House, a former convent on the Thames which Dudley
705 controlled.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
706 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At this point, it is right to question Jane's true
707 knowledge of Dudley's plans.&amp;nbsp; Remember, even if she knew Dudley
708 intended to make her queen, there was nothing she could do to prevent
709 it.&amp;nbsp; She was not stupid; the charge of poisoning was probably a
710 result of nervousness and hysteria.&amp;nbsp; She knew her own
711 lineage.&amp;nbsp; She knew that she was fourth in line for the English
712 throne, after Mary, Elizabeth and her own mother Frances.&amp;nbsp; She also
713 knew that, for some reason, the Dudleys and her parents were desperate
714 to marry her to Guildford as quickly as possible.&amp;nbsp; She also watched
715 her sister wed into another influential noble family on the same
716 day.&amp;nbsp; Something was afoot and she undoubtedly suspected Dudley's
717 plan.&amp;nbsp; In the end, her awareness of the plot was undoubtedly a
718 greater strain than ignorance.&amp;nbsp; After all, she could do nothing to
719 escape her family or in-laws.&amp;nbsp; She was, quite literally,
720 trapped.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
721 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When she arrived at Syon House with Mary Sidney,
722 she found her parents, in-laws, and a variety of distinguished nobles -
723 the earls of Arundel, Huntington, and Pembroke, and the marquess of
724 Northampton.&amp;nbsp; They greeted her very pleasantly and then knelt
725 before her in reverence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was naturally embarrassed.&amp;nbsp;
726 Dudley, in his capacity as President of the Council, then announced
727 Edward's death.&amp;nbsp; The young king had led a 'virtuous life' and
728 always cared for his kingdom - cared enough to disinherit his unworthy
729 sisters and appointed his cousin Jane as his successor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
730 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was stunned.&amp;nbsp; She may have suspected as
731 much but the actual moment of declaration was too much for her.&amp;nbsp;
732 She muttered that she was 'insufficient' for the task.&amp;nbsp; The Lords
733 of the Council then took a solemn oath to shed their blood in defense of
734 her claim.&amp;nbsp; Jane murmured a quick prayer - if it was God's will
735 that she be queen, then she would trust in God to help her govern
736 England for His glory.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
737 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Her reaction was not what those gathered
738 expected.&amp;nbsp; She was not openly thrilled, excited, or even
739 pleased.&amp;nbsp; She made no stirring speech to raise their spirits - she
740 simply uttered a prayer to God.&amp;nbsp; Did Jane want to be queen?&amp;nbsp;
741 That is a much-debated question, impossible to answer.&amp;nbsp; But
742 whatever her desire, she was queen and - for nine long days - ruled
743 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
744 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'Jana Regina'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;On Monday 10 July 1553, the new queen, Jane
745 Grey, was taken in full state from Syon to Westminster (this journey was
746 along the Thames in barges.)&amp;nbsp; They dined at the Dudley home, Durham
747 House, and then journeyed by barge again to the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp;
748 It was an ancient custom that all new sovereigns must come tot the Tower
749 and take possession of it at the beginning of their reigns.&amp;nbsp; Jane
750 and her various attendants arrived at 3 o'clock in the afternoon.&amp;nbsp;
751 There was an eyewitness account by a Genoese merchant named Baptista
752 Spinola.&amp;nbsp; He was standing with a group of spectators outside the
753 main Tower gates, waiting to catch a glimpse of this new queen.&amp;nbsp; He
754 wrote:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
755 &lt;UL&gt;
756 &lt;p&gt;She is very short and thin, but prettily shaped and
757 graceful.&amp;nbsp; She has small features and a well-made nose, the mouth
758 flexible and the lips red.&amp;nbsp; The eyebrows are arched and darker
759 than her hair, which is nearly red.&amp;nbsp; Her eyes are sparkling and
760 reddish brown in color. &lt;/p&gt;
761 &lt;/UL&gt;
762 &lt;p&gt;Her complexion was good, unmarked by the
763 pox, but freckled; she had sharp white teeth and a lovely smile.&amp;nbsp;
764 Because she was so short, she wore chopines; these were shoes with a
765 special cork sole designed to make her appear taller.&amp;nbsp; Her gown was
766 made of green velvet stamped with gold (the colors undoubtedly flattered
767 her red hair.)&amp;nbsp; Her husband Guildford, Spinola wrote, was 'a very
768 tall strong boy with light hair' and clothed in white and silver
769 velvet.&amp;nbsp; He 'paid her [Jane] much attention.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
770 &lt;P&gt;
771 &lt;IMG height=343 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey or Katharine Parr? by Master John&quot;
772 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey3.jpg&quot; width=170 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Once in the Tower, Jane was installed in the royal
773 apartments (now destroyed.)&amp;nbsp; There, another rift occurred between
774 her and the Dudleys, much more serious than the first.&amp;nbsp; Jane was
775 visited by the Lord Treasurer, the Marquess of Winchester, who brought a
776 selection of the royal jewels for her to try on.&amp;nbsp; Among them was
777 the crown.&amp;nbsp; Jane would later stress that she never asked for the
778 crown - it was brought to her.&amp;nbsp; Winchester asked her to check if it
779 fitted properly.&amp;nbsp; Jane would not.&amp;nbsp; She had played at being
780 queen for nearly twenty-four hours but this, the most sacred symbol of
781 the monarchy, was another reminder of the danger - and importance - of
782 her role.&amp;nbsp; If she put it on, there was no turning back.&amp;nbsp; This
783 was how she viewed it.&amp;nbsp; So she hesitated, would not take it from
784 Winchester.&amp;nbsp; He didn't recognize her uneasiness.&amp;nbsp; He told her
785 to take it, remarking that another would be made to crown her husband
786 king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
787 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was then Jane realized the extent of Dudley's
788 duplicity.&amp;nbsp; He had manipulated Edward, knowing the devout
789 Protestant king wanted the throne to go to his equally devout cousin
790 Jane; but, all along, Dudley simply wanted his own son crowned
791 king.&amp;nbsp; None of the lords cared whether England was a righteous
792 nation; no one cared about Edward's will.&amp;nbsp; Instead, her royal blood
793 was to be used to maintain Dudley's control of England, to make his
794 family into royalty.&amp;nbsp; She was outraged and angry.&amp;nbsp; And Jane
795 was a Tudor herself, as proud of her royal background as she had a right
796 to be.&amp;nbsp; The Dudleys, that arrogant, pretentious family, had no
797 right to exploit her.&amp;nbsp; She told those assembled that she would
798 gladly make Guildford a duke, but he would never be king.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
799 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Guildford was present for this declaration.&amp;nbsp;
800 He rushed out and fetched his mother.&amp;nbsp; The duchess, no admirer of
801 Jane's anyway, joined her son in an attack - Jane was an unnatural wife
802 and behaved like a child; in the end, Jane did not give in.&amp;nbsp; The
803 duchess said Guildford would be leaving with her for Syon House.&amp;nbsp;
804 When they had left, Jane called in the earls of Arundel and
805 Pembroke.&amp;nbsp; They were ordered to prevent Guildford from
806 leaving.&amp;nbsp; Jane did not like her husband - she probably pitied him
807 for he was a pawn as well - but they had to stay together.&amp;nbsp; He was
808 the consort to the monarch and could not act like a spoiled child.&amp;nbsp;
809 &lt;/P&gt;
810 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Later, Jane would tell Mary I's officers this
811 story, adding, 'I was compelled to act as a woman who is obliged to live
812 on good terms with her husband; nevertheless I was not only deluded by
813 the duke and the Council, but maltreated by my husband and his
814 mother.'&amp;nbsp; The battle, however, had been domestic.&amp;nbsp; Jane would
815 soon have much greater problems to confront.&amp;nbsp; For, later that
816 evening, the Sheriff of London and various heralds and trumpeters,
817 marched to the Cross in Cheapside to proclaim Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; The
818 announcement was met with silence.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
819 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; For Jane's father-in-law, the architect of the
820 plan to make her queen, her accession had gone smoothly.&amp;nbsp; He
821 controlled London - with the Tower and armory, the treasury, and navy -
822 and no councilors offered resistance.&amp;nbsp; Jane's only rival for the
823 crown was Mary Tudor, thirty-seven, often ill, with no organized support
824 or wealth.&amp;nbsp; Her situation was so dire that her champion, the
825 Emperor Charles V, urged his ambassador to be friendly with Dudley; he
826 wanted the duke's promise to protect Mary.&amp;nbsp; Every observer
827 considered the throne won by Dudley.&amp;nbsp; But none of these learned men
828 considered the feelings of ordinary Englishmen.&amp;nbsp; And they, unlike
829 their aristocratic lords, would not gain wealth of prestige by
830 supporting Jane or Mary.&amp;nbsp; So their support was based solely on
831 ideas of right and wrong - to them, it was wrong for Jane to be queen
832 and right for Mary to be queen.&amp;nbsp; It was that simple.&amp;nbsp; (&lt;FONT
833 size=-1&gt;&lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fjane1.html&quot;&gt;Click here
834 to read an eyewitness account of Jane's coronation&lt;/A&gt;.)&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
835 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley understood popular opinion.&amp;nbsp; He also
836 recognized the limits of his support - after all, most of the nobles
837 would not stand by him if things turned ugly.&amp;nbsp; But he believed that
838 a quick coup, eliminating all opposition, was the key to success.&amp;nbsp;
839 So he had to get hold of Mary and Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; Mary, the daughter of
840 Katharine of Aragon, was much-loved by the English people.&amp;nbsp; They
841 had always been sympathetic to her mother's plight; most believed Mary
842 was legitimate, that Katharine had been forced aside by the king's lust
843 and Anne Boleyn's ambition.&amp;nbsp; Did Mary understand the importance of
844 this support?&amp;nbsp; She had been receiving regular letters from Dudley
845 about her brother's condition.&amp;nbsp; They were accurate for Dudley
846 wanted to remain in her good graces as long as possible.&amp;nbsp; In early
847 July, he sent summons for Mary to come to Edward's deathbed.&amp;nbsp; She
848 set out from Hunsdon (an old palace in Hertfordshire) but had not
849 traveled far before a message reached her - the summons was a
850 trap.&amp;nbsp; Mary, oddly for her, acted decisively and immediately turned
851 back.&amp;nbsp; With half a dozen attendants, she went to Kenninghall in
852 East Anglia.&amp;nbsp; She had friends there and, if need be, would be near
853 the coast and safety in the Spanish Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
854 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; When he realized she had fled, Dudley sent his son
855 Robert after her.&amp;nbsp; But they couldn't capture her and, on 9 July, he
856 was forced to act without her in his power.&amp;nbsp; The Bishop of London,
857 Nicholas Ridley, preached at St Paul's Cross, calling Mary and Elizabeth
858 bastards, and specifically singling out Mary as a papist who would
859 destroy the true religion and make England the pawn of foreign
860 powers.&amp;nbsp; The next day, of course, Jane was proclaimed queen.&amp;nbsp;
861 But it was on that day that the Council received a letter from
862 Mary.&amp;nbsp; It expressed her surprise that they hadn't announced her
863 brother's death to her, his heir; furthermore, they were commanded to
864 proclaim her queen in London.&amp;nbsp; They responded by reminding her of
865 her illegitimacy and inability to inherit 'the Crown Imperial of this
866 realm'; she must demonstrate her obedience to the 'Sovereign Lady Queen
867 Jane' and turn herself over to the authorities.&amp;nbsp; It was hardly
868 reassuring for Mary.&amp;nbsp; Also, her old allies, the Spanish envoys,
869 were not responding to her desperate pleas for help.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
870 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane spent little time with her lords during her
871 nine days as queen.&amp;nbsp; She sent an order to the Master of the
872 Wardrobe for twenty yards of velvet, twenty-five ells of fine Holland
873 linen cloth, thirty-three ells of coarser material for lining; she also
874 collected the royal jewels, a motley assortment of fish-shaped
875 toothpicks and Henry VIII's shaving materials.&amp;nbsp; This reveals an
876 important fact about Jane's nine-day reign.&amp;nbsp; She made no explicit
877 political statements; she was Dudley's puppet.&amp;nbsp; He was the one who
878 met with the council, he was the one who wanted to capture Mary Tudor;
879 he was the one tried to shore up their perilous situation.&amp;nbsp; When
880 they fell from power, Jane never protested or attempted another
881 coup.&amp;nbsp; One can imagine that she felt relieved to be simply Lady
882 Jane Grey again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
883 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley spent the nine days attempting to
884 strengthen their position.&amp;nbsp; It was imperative to capture Mary; when
885 that failed, he needed to at least track her movements.&amp;nbsp; If he
886 could reach her potential supporters first, there was a chance he could
887 sway them to his side.&amp;nbsp; Dudley undoubtedly feared that (like his
888 father during Henry VIII's reign), he would be the sacrificial lamb of
889 Edward's unsuccessful government.&amp;nbsp; But he worked well under
890 pressure, leaving Jane to fight domestic battles with her husband and
891 mother-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
892 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth, meanwhile, remained in the
893 country.&amp;nbsp; She was no admirer of her half-sister Mary but knew that
894 if Jane Grey was recognized as queen, her own claim to the crown was
895 forfeit.&amp;nbsp; So she chose the safest course - she remained quiet,
896 neither supporting nor rejecting Jane.&amp;nbsp; Like all of England and
897 most of Europe, she was watching and waiting.&amp;nbsp; It became evident on
898 11 July, just a day after her coronation, that Jane's hold on England
899 was flimsy at best.&amp;nbsp; Dudley had prepared a letter for circulation
900 to all the sheriffs and lieutenants in England; it announced Jane's
901 succession and ordered them to resist any appeal from Mary.&amp;nbsp; But
902 Dudley knew the issue would not be settled so easily.&amp;nbsp; It would be
903 decided on the field of battle.&amp;nbsp; He was an experienced soldier and
904 determined to succeed.&amp;nbsp; So he ordered a muster on 12 July at
905 Tothill Fields, offering 10 pence a day as pay (a very high rate.)&amp;nbsp;
906 Dudley intended to put Jane's father, Henry Grey, in charge of this army
907 and remain in London himself.&amp;nbsp; He realized that most of his hold on
908 the council was based on personal intimidation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
909 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the queen would not hear of it.&amp;nbsp; When
910 told that her father was going to battle, Jane burst into tears and
911 begged the council to let him remain at home, 'in her company.'&amp;nbsp;
912 The councilors were already preparing to make Dudley a scapegoat for
913 their treason.&amp;nbsp; Since the queen was so distraught, they argued, it
914 would be better for Dudley to command the army.&amp;nbsp; After all, he was
915 a great soldier, renowned for his defeat of the rebels in East Anglia
916 (that triumph had begun his rise to power.)&amp;nbsp; It was up to Dudley,
917 the councilors said, 'to remedy the matter.'&amp;nbsp; And Dudley had no
918 choice but to leave.&amp;nbsp; 'Since ye think it good, I and mine will go,
919 not doubting of your fidelity to the Queen's majesty which I leave in
920 your custody.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
921 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did doubt their fidelity and he had every
922 reason to doubt it.&amp;nbsp; But he couldn't turn back now.&amp;nbsp; On 13
923 July he had his personal armor delivered and appointed a retinue to meet
924 him at Durham Place.&amp;nbsp; Afterwards, he addressed the councilors for
925 the last time.&amp;nbsp; They were to send reinforcements to meet him at
926 Newmarket, he said, for he and his companions would need much
927 support.&amp;nbsp; They were leaving their wives and children behind,
928 trusting in the loyalty of the council.&amp;nbsp; And, Dudley warned, if any
929 man thought to betray him or the queen, their punishment would be
930 eternal.&amp;nbsp; Remember, Dudley said, the oath you took 'to this
931 virtuous lady the Queen's highness, who by your and our enticement is
932 rather of force placed therein than by her own seeking and
933 request.'&amp;nbsp; The assembled lords assured him of their loyalty; one of
934 them said, 'If we should shrink from you as one that were culpable,
935 which of us can excuse himself as guiltless?&amp;nbsp; Therefore herein your
936 doubt is too far cast.'&amp;nbsp; Dudley's final words?&amp;nbsp; 'I pray God it
937 be so,' he said and left for battle.&amp;nbsp; It was not an auspicious
938 beginning.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
939 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dudley did not trust the lords so he sent his
940 cousin Henry Dudley on a secret mission to France that day, promising
941 Calais and Ireland in exchange for immediate military assistance.&amp;nbsp;
942 He did not tell the lords of this; nor did they tell him they were
943 meeting secretly with the Imperial ambassadors.&amp;nbsp; A report arrived
944 that Buckinghamshire had declared Mary to be queen but Mary herself was
945 still unsure.&amp;nbsp; She retreated from Kenninghall to Framlingham
946 Castle, nearer the coast.&amp;nbsp; She sent an urgent message to the
947 Imperial envoys; if her cousin Charles V did not help her, she was
948 doomed.&amp;nbsp; In the midst of this confusion and treachery, Dudley had
949 assembled an army of three thousand.&amp;nbsp; Early on Friday, the 14th of
950 July, he left Durham Place for Cambridge.&amp;nbsp; The villagers he passed
951 were silent, staring at the side of the road - 'The people press to see
952 us, but not one sayeth God speed us.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
953 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As Dudley marched on, his situation became more
954 perilous.&amp;nbsp; Norwich, one of the wealthiest towns in England,
955 declared Mary queen, as did Colchester, Devon, and Oxfordshire.&amp;nbsp;
956 Dudley had sent six royal ships to the port near Framlingham to cut off
957 Mary's possible escape; the ships deserted Dudley and, with crews and
958 heavy guns, proclaimed Mary queen.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, the loyal towns were
959 sending money, men, and supplies.&amp;nbsp; The ordinary Englishman, ordered
960 by his lord to fight in Dudley's army, refused to go.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's own
961 army was - understandably - racked with dissension; no one wanted to be
962 on the losing side.&amp;nbsp; Once the news had reached London that the
963 ships had deserted Dudley, the councilors decided to save
964 themselves.&amp;nbsp; They attempted to leave the Tower, where they had been
965 stationed since Dudley's departure.&amp;nbsp; On the 16th of July, at about
966 7 o'clock in the evening, the main gates of the Tower were locked; they
967 keys were delivered to Jane.&amp;nbsp; Jane suspected one of the lords
968 (possibly Winchester, the lord treasurer) of trying to leave the
969 city.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
970 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, she was continuing her rule - sending
971 out letters signed 'Jane the Quene' which instructed her loyal subjects
972 to suppress Mary's rebellion.&amp;nbsp; But she must have realized the
973 futility of it all.&amp;nbsp; She was just a teenage girl, inexperienced and
974 frightened.&amp;nbsp; It was simply a question of waiting for the end.&amp;nbsp;
975 On the 18th of July, most of her councilors had left the Tower on the
976 pretext of visiting the French ambassador.&amp;nbsp; In reality, they were
977 planning a visit to the Imperial embassy.&amp;nbsp; Once there, they assured
978 Charles V's envoys that they had always been loyal to Mary; they had
979 been kept prisoner by Dudley, forced to declare Jane queen.&amp;nbsp; But
980 now they were free and determined to proclaim Mary queen of
981 England.&amp;nbsp; They did so around 5 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday,
982 the 19th of July.&amp;nbsp; London erupted into a joyous celebration.&amp;nbsp;
983 The foreign ambassadors were astonished, with the French envoy writing:
984 'The atmosphere of this country and the nature of its people are so
985 changeable that I am compelled to make my despatches correspondingly
986 wavering and contradictory.'&amp;nbsp; They all agreed it owed more to
987 Providence than anything else.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
988 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was terribly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She had long
989 fought with her parents but, upon becoming Dudley's pawn, had sought
990 support from them, particularly her father.&amp;nbsp; He came to Jane as she
991 ate supper that night and told her she was deposed.&amp;nbsp; Together, they
992 took down the cloth of estate from above her head.&amp;nbsp; He ordered his
993 men to leave their weapons and then went to Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Those near
994 him heard him mutter, 'I am but one man.'&amp;nbsp; He proclaimed Mary queen
995 and then left for his London residence.&amp;nbsp; Jane was left alone in the
996 Tower.&amp;nbsp; Lady Throckmorton, one of her ladies-in-waiting, returned
997 to the Tower for her duties but could not find Jane.&amp;nbsp; She asked for
998 the queen's whereabouts and was told that the &lt;I&gt;Lady&lt;/I&gt; Jane was now a
999 prisoner, detained elsewhere in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1000 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane was in the deputy lieutenant's house,
1001 awaiting her fate.&amp;nbsp; The indignities began.&amp;nbsp; Her belongings
1002 were sorted through, all her money confiscated; within the day, she was
1003 accused of stealing valuables from the royal wardrobe.&amp;nbsp; Mary was
1004 riding to London, now accepted as queen.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was arrested by
1005 his former ally, the earl of Arundel.&amp;nbsp; His entire family was taken
1006 to the Tower; as they were marched through the streets, the crowd pelted
1007 them with filth and insults.&amp;nbsp; Even the Imperial envoy called it
1008 'dreadful' and 'a strange mutation.'&amp;nbsp; For Dudley's fall from power
1009 had been rapid, extraordinarily so - the nine days' progress from ruler
1010 to traitor was a confusing mix of treachery, rumor, and disgrace.&amp;nbsp;
1011 &lt;/P&gt;
1012 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary did release Dudley's wife from the Tower,
1013 almost immediately; the duchess hurried to the queen to beg for her
1014 family's release.&amp;nbsp; Mary ordered her from the city.&amp;nbsp; Her cousin
1015 Frances, however, was more fortunate.&amp;nbsp; She had a private audience
1016 with the queen.&amp;nbsp; Within days, Henry Grey (who had been arrested at
1017 his London home and sent to the Tower on the 28th) was released.&amp;nbsp;
1018 On 3 August, Mary made her state entry into London.&amp;nbsp; As she rode
1019 past cheering crowds, clad in purple velvet and rich jewels, Jane Grey
1020 waited in prison, along with her husband and father-in-law.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1021 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What would be their fate?&amp;nbsp; All Europe
1022 pondered this, even as Jane prepared to plead her case.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp;
1023 &lt;/P&gt;
1024 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'I pray you despatch me quickly'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;Jane Grey possessed the
1025 committed idealism of a religious fanatic and the events following her
1026 brief reign allowed her a place in history as a Protestant martyr.&amp;nbsp;
1027 Her cousin Mary never questioned her passionate Catholicism; Jane did
1028 question her own Protestantism but the quest for spiritual meaning only
1029 reinforced her
1030 &lt;img border=&quot;2&quot; src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1faq.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;portrait of Princess Mary Tudor, later Queen Mary I; also painted by Master John (note the stylistic similarities)&quot; width=&quot;165&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;already strong convictions.&amp;nbsp; Had she remained queen,
1031 there is every possibility she would have persecuted Catholics with the
1032 same energy Mary persecuted Protestants (thus earning the nickname
1033 'Bloody Mary.')&amp;nbsp; Instead, Jane's fate was to be executed and later
1034 celebrated as a Protestant martyr, the greatest sacrificial lamb of
1035 Mary's misguided policies.&amp;nbsp; The truth is, of course, more
1036 complex.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not execute Jane because of their religious
1037 differences.&amp;nbsp; Rather, she was motivated by political necessity and
1038 her own desire to marry and reinstate the Catholic church in
1039 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1040 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Immediately after her accession, Mary had
1041 imprisoned Jane in the Tower of London.&amp;nbsp; The former queen was
1042 well-treated but undoubtedly frightened.&amp;nbsp; She probably expected
1043 imminent execution for she had long since realized the severity of her
1044 crime.&amp;nbsp; Since it became clear no one would intercede for her, she
1045 wrote to Mary herself.&amp;nbsp; Only an Italian translation of the letter
1046 exists.&amp;nbsp; In it, Jane described events since her marriage to
1047 Guildford Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She was wrong for accepting the crown - she
1048 freely admitted this; but she had relied on the advice of others.&amp;nbsp;
1049 She knew the queen's 'goodness and clemency'; Mary must realize that 'I
1050 might have taken upon me that of which I was not worthy, yet no one can
1051 ever say either that I sought it.... or that I was pleased with
1052 it.'&amp;nbsp; Mary believed her cousin, an honest, plain-spoken child, for
1053 all her heretical ways.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;(&lt;A
1054 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.englishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary%2fjanemary.html&quot;&gt;Click
1055 here to read Jane's letter to Mary&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;/P&gt;
1056 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary was in the midst of arranging her marriage to
1057 Philip of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V.&amp;nbsp; It was the
1058 culmination of a decades-old dream.&amp;nbsp; She had spent the last few
1059 years in the countryside, surrounded by a Catholic household and
1060 sympathetic nobles.&amp;nbsp; Thus, she never realized the extent of
1061 Protestantism in the vital areas of London and its surrounding
1062 countryside.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed all of England wanted to return to the
1063 early 1520s, the years before Henry VIII had decided to abandon her
1064 beloved mother and break with the church of Rome.&amp;nbsp; Mary assumed
1065 that the popular support which had taken the throne from Jane&amp;nbsp;
1066 indicated support not simply for her rule - but for &lt;I&gt;Catholic&lt;/I&gt; rule
1067 in general.&amp;nbsp; In this misguided view, she was initially supported by
1068 her most trusted political advisor - a Spaniard named Simon Renard, the
1069 newly arrived Imperial ambassador.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1070 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Charles V had instructed Renard to guide Mary
1071 through the crucial first months of her reign.&amp;nbsp; At first, signs
1072 were good - Mary attended Mass with her privy councilors but, on 12
1073 August 1553, told her council that she would not 'compel or constrain
1074 other men's consciences.'&amp;nbsp; She hoped her subjects would open their
1075 hearts to the truth and, shortly thereafter, return to the religion she
1076 supported.&amp;nbsp; Renard was also instructed to urge moderate punishment
1077 upon those who had supported Jane.&amp;nbsp; Charles did not want his cousin
1078 to be too cruel; that would hurt her reputation.&amp;nbsp; He needn't have
1079 worried.&amp;nbsp; Mary was, in fact, too lenient for Renard.&amp;nbsp; 'As to
1080 Jane of Suffolk, whom they tried to make Queen, she [Mary] could not be
1081 induced to consent that she should die.'&amp;nbsp; Mary firmly believed her
1082 cousin was innocent of any intrigue; Jane had never intended to be
1083 queen, but had been the unwilling dupe of Dudley.&amp;nbsp; She could not
1084 put this innocent young woman to death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1085 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard admitted that Jane was 'morally' innocent
1086 but, nevertheless, she had worn the crown of England.&amp;nbsp; In times of
1087 trouble, those nine days may be used as a precedent for deposing Mary
1088 and restoring Jane.&amp;nbsp; Mary was commended for her trusting nature but
1089 she must remember that kindness could be destroyed by duplicity.&amp;nbsp;
1090 Renard was somewhat mollified when, on 18 August, Dudley was sentenced
1091 to die.&amp;nbsp; He was convicted along with his eldest son and William
1092 Parr, marquess of Northampton.&amp;nbsp; The following day a group of lesser
1093 nobles were convicted.&amp;nbsp; Dudley's execution was set for Monday 21
1094 August but, at the last minute, Dudley announced he wanted to reconciled
1095 to the Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Did he hope to avert his own death,
1096 appealing to Mary's religion?&amp;nbsp; Or did he genuinely wish to
1097 convert?&amp;nbsp; Whatever the case, his execution was delayed for one day
1098 while he made his peace with God.&amp;nbsp; At 9 o'clock the next morning,
1099 he was escorted - with his son and Parr - to St Peter ad Vincula, the
1100 church within the Tower of London grounds.&amp;nbsp; There, he attended mass
1101 and, upon receiving the sacrament, Dudley addressed the crowd:&amp;nbsp;
1102&lt;/P&gt;
1103 &lt;UL&gt;
1104 &lt;p&gt;My masters, I let you all to understand that I do most faithfully
1105 believe this is the very right and true way, out of the which true
1106 religion you and I have been seduced these sixteen years past, by the
1107 false and erroneous preaching of the new preachers....&amp;nbsp; And I do
1108 believe the holy sacrament here most assuredly to be our Saviour and
1109 Redeemer Jesus Christ and this I pray you all to testify and pray for
1110 me. &lt;/p&gt;
1111 &lt;/UL&gt;
1112 &lt;p&gt;He died the next morning, before a great crowd of
1113 spectators.&amp;nbsp; He repeated his speech at the mass; it had a great
1114 effect on the crowd.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1115 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; By this point, Jane Grey knew she was safe from
1116 imminent death.&amp;nbsp; She was still in the Tower but treated with
1117 increasing respect.&amp;nbsp; A week after Dudley's execution, Rowland Lea
1118 (an official of the royal mint who lived in the Tower and was the author
1119 of the &lt;I&gt;Chronicle of Queen Jane&lt;/I&gt;) ate with her.&amp;nbsp; She had a
1120 staff of four (two attendant ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob, one
1121 manservant, and her nurse and lifelong companion, Mrs Ellen.)&amp;nbsp; The
1122 government paid them each 20 shillings a week; Jane was allowed a
1123 generous allowance of 90 shillings a week.&amp;nbsp; She was allowed books
1124 and spent most of her time reading and studying.&amp;nbsp; When she wished
1125 it, she walked in the Queen's garden.&amp;nbsp; She no longer had to deal
1126 with her parents or her in-laws, undoubtedly a welcome relief.&amp;nbsp; The
1127 gentleman gaoler, called Partridge, and his wife were kind and
1128 respectful.&amp;nbsp; Lea recorded Jane's comments on Dudley:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1129 &lt;UL&gt;
1130 &lt;p&gt;'Woe worth him! he hath brought me and our stock in most miserable
1131 calamity and misery by his exceeding ambition.&amp;nbsp; But for the
1132 answering that he hoped for life by his turning, though other men be
1133 of that opinion, I utterly am not; for what man is there living, I
1134 pray you, although he had been innocent, that would hope of life in
1135 that case; being in the field against the Queen in person as general,
1136 and after his taking so hated and evil spoken of by the commons? and
1137 at his coming into prison so wondered at [reviled] as the like was
1138 never heard by any man's time.&amp;nbsp; Who was judge that he should hope
1139 for pardon, whose life was odious to all men?&amp;nbsp; But what will ye
1140 more?&amp;nbsp; Like as his life was wicked and full of dissimulation, so
1141 was his end thereafter.&amp;nbsp; I pray God, I, nor no friend of mine,
1142 die so.&amp;nbsp; Should I, who am young and in my few years, forsake my
1143 faith for the love of life?&amp;nbsp; Nay, God forbid!&amp;nbsp; Much more he
1144 should not, whose fatal course, although he had lived his just number
1145 of years, could not have long continued.&amp;nbsp; But life was sweet, it
1146 appeared; so he might have lived, you will say, he did not care
1147 how.&amp;nbsp; Indeed the reason is good; for he that would have lived in
1148 chains to have had his life, by like would leave no other mean
1149 [un]attempted.&amp;nbsp; But God be merciful to us, for he sayeth, Whoso
1150 denieth him before me, he will not know him in his Father's Kingdom.'
1151 &lt;/p&gt;
1152 &lt;/UL&gt;
1153 &lt;p&gt;Jane's intense religious convictions and her hatred of Dudley are
1154 evident in this passage.&amp;nbsp; She further demonstrated her religious
1155 intolerance when writing to Dr Harding, a former chaplain at her
1156 parents' home of Bradgate and her first tutor.&amp;nbsp; Harding had joined
1157 other Protestant chaplains in renouncing his reformed faith and becoming
1158 Catholic once again.&amp;nbsp; Jane was completely disgusted and appalled by
1159 his cowardice:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1160 &lt;UL&gt;
1161 &lt;p&gt;'I cannot but marvel at thee and lament thy case, who seemed
1162 sometime to be the lively member of Christ, but now the deformed imp
1163 of the devil; sometime the beautiful temple of God, but now the
1164 stinking and filthy kennel of Satan; sometime the unspotted spouse of
1165 Christ, but now the unshamefaced paramour of Antichrist; sometime my
1166 faithful brother, but now a stranger and apostate; sometime a stout
1167 Christian soldier, but now a cowardly runaway.&amp;nbsp; Yea, when I
1168 consider these things, I cannot but speak to thee, and cry out upon
1169 thee, thou seed of Satan.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;Oh wretched and unhappy man, what
1170 art thou but dust and ashes?&amp;nbsp; And wilt thou resist thy Maker that
1171 fashioned thee and framed thee?&amp;nbsp; ....Wilt thou refuse the true
1172 God, and worship the invention of man, the golden calf, the whore of
1173 Babylon, the Romish religion, the abominable idol, the most wicked
1174 mass?' &lt;/p&gt;
1175 &lt;/UL&gt;
1176 &lt;p&gt;Such rhetoric reveals insight into Jane's character.&amp;nbsp;
1177 She was pious, devout, and kind - but she was also self-righteous and
1178 intolerant.&amp;nbsp; She and Mary were more alike than many realized.&amp;nbsp;
1179 Both were plain-spoken, transparently honest, and passionately believed
1180 their religion was the sole path to salvation.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
1181 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While Mary prepared for her coronation, Jane
1182 remained in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; The Dudley brothers were now allowed to
1183 exercise on the roof of their prison, Beauchamp Tower, though there is
1184 no evidence that Jane and Guildford saw one another.&amp;nbsp; Mary did not
1185 speak of her imprisoned cousin.&amp;nbsp; Her time was taken up with her
1186 coronation and impending marriage, as well as the conflict her marriage
1187 was causing.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen did not want Mary to wed a Spaniard,
1188 for the same reasons Edward VI had excluded her from the succession -
1189 she was past middle-aged and would probably bear no children.&amp;nbsp;
1190 Therefore, she would leave the throne to a Catholic husband and England
1191 would become yet another state of the Imperial empire.&amp;nbsp; But as the
1192 weeks passed, Mary's leniency began to be questioned.&amp;nbsp; So Mary gave
1193 in to pressure and ordered Jane and the four Dudley sons to stand trial;
1194 the order had been prepared in mid-September but Mary did not allow the
1195 trial to take place until two months later.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1196 &lt;P&gt;
1197 &lt;IMG height=184 alt=&quot;engraving of Lady Jane Grey&quot;
1198 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/grey2.jpg&quot; width=150 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; As they were led out of the Tower to be arraigned
1199 at Guildhall, the executioner walked before them.&amp;nbsp; He carried an
1200 axe, as was the custom.&amp;nbsp; Jane dressed soberly for the occasion, as
1201 befitted a proper young lady of the reformed church.&amp;nbsp; She was clad
1202 all in black; she wore a black cloth gown, black cape trimmed with
1203 velvet, and a black French hood trimmed with velvet.&amp;nbsp; At her girdle
1204 hung a prayer book also bound in black velvet.&amp;nbsp; She held a book of
1205 prayers open in her hands as she walked behind Guildford.&amp;nbsp; She was
1206 attended by her two ladies, Mrs Tilney and Mrs Jacob.&amp;nbsp; The
1207 proceedings were a mere formality.&amp;nbsp; Jane and the four Dudleys pled
1208 guilty to the charge of high treason.&amp;nbsp; Sentence was passed against
1209 them; the men would be hung, drawn, and quartered and Jane would be
1210 burnt or beheaded at the Queen's pleasure.&amp;nbsp; They returned to the
1211 Tower, this time with the edge of the axe turned towards them.&amp;nbsp; In
1212 this way, spectators knew they were condemned.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1213 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; But the passing of the sentence was simply a
1214 formality.&amp;nbsp; As Renard reported in his subsequent dispatches, 'It is
1215 believed that Jane will not die' and, a week later, 'As for Jane, I am
1216 told her life is safe.'&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, her parents had left the
1217 reformed church.&amp;nbsp; Henry Grey was forced to pay a 20000 pd fine but
1218 given a general pardon.&amp;nbsp; He returned to court.&amp;nbsp; His wife was
1219 Queen Mary's favorite lady and their two daughters, Catherine and Mary,
1220 were her ladies-in-waiting.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Frances Grey was shown great
1221 favor at court, even gaining precedence over Princess Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp;
1222 Most observers believed Jane would soon be pardoned and released, free
1223 to join her family at court.&amp;nbsp; The rehabilitation of the Greys
1224 seemed complete.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1225 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; However, Mary's fervent desire to wed Philip of
1226 Spain was soon to have tragic consequences for the sixteen-year-old Jane
1227 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1228 &lt;P&gt;&lt;B&gt;'So perish all the Queen's enemies'&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;The complexities of
1229 Mary Tudor's decision to marry the twenty-six widower, Philip of Spain,
1230 are discussed at her &lt;A
1231 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fmary1.html&quot;&gt;website&lt;/A&gt;.&amp;nbsp;
1232 They can be outlined briefly here.&amp;nbsp; Mary - and most of her
1233 contemporaries - believed she must marry; she needed a husband for
1234 support and guidance.&amp;nbsp; No woman had ruled England in her own right
1235 before.&amp;nbsp; Most Englishmen wanted Mary to wed the great-grandson of
1236 Edward IV, Edward Courtenay.&amp;nbsp; He was the last of the Plantagenets,
1237 young, good-looking, and charming; his high birth led him to spend most
1238 of his youth in prison.&amp;nbsp; Mary was kind to him.&amp;nbsp; She released
1239 him from the Tower and restored he and his mother to favor.&amp;nbsp; She
1240 remembered that Edward's parents had supported her mother during the
1241 great divorce.&amp;nbsp; But she also made it clear she would not marry
1242 him.&amp;nbsp; For Mary, whose life had possessed little happiness and peace
1243 after her adolescence, had always turned to her mother's family for
1244 advice and support.&amp;nbsp; And she continued to do so when she became
1245 queen.&amp;nbsp; Certainly Philip of Spain, heir to the Hapsburg empire, was
1246 the most sought-after prince in Europe.&amp;nbsp; But he was also the
1247 grandson of her aunt, which meant a great deal to the sentimental Mary
1248 Tudor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1249 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Still, she did not immediately plan to marry
1250 him.&amp;nbsp; She was deeply religious and had spent the past twenty years
1251 essentially alone and unloved.&amp;nbsp; She was naturally fearful of
1252 marriage.&amp;nbsp; She asked Renard - was Philip too young for her?&amp;nbsp;
1253 would she be able to satisfy him for she was ignorant of 'that which was
1254 called love' ?&amp;nbsp; In short, she was a deeply devout and chaste maiden
1255 and he was a twenty-six-year-old widower.&amp;nbsp; Would he be happy with
1256 her?&amp;nbsp; Renard assured her that Philip was delighted to wed
1257 Mary.&amp;nbsp; And, he added, they would have children together, providing
1258 England with a Catholic succession.&amp;nbsp; Mary replied that she had
1259 never considered marriage until God had raised her to the throne but -
1260 now that she was queen - she would lead her subjects down the path of
1261 righteousness.&amp;nbsp; With the might of the Holy Roman Empire behind her,
1262 her faith would be triumphant.&amp;nbsp; So she agreed to marry Philip in
1263 late October 1553; their engagement was made official.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1264 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; She was faced with a hostile reaction.&amp;nbsp; Both
1265 her subjects and the king of France made their anger known.&amp;nbsp; Many
1266 Englishmen believed Charles V wanted to drag England into war against
1267 France, another costly and ineffectual enterprise.&amp;nbsp; In truth,
1268 Charles really wanted control of that vital sea route between Spain and
1269 the Netherlands; he needed to control the English coast in order for his
1270 trade route to operate at its maximum profitability.&amp;nbsp; But England
1271 has always been an insular nation.&amp;nbsp; With Protestant propagandists
1272 and the French ambassador spreading all sorts of rumors (from Spanish
1273 invasions to immediate wars), the people were in an uproar.&amp;nbsp;
1274 Furthermore, Mary's councilors were an ineffectual bunch and their
1275 policies were roundly criticized.&amp;nbsp; It seemed that, just months into
1276 her reign, Mary was steadily falling from favor.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1277 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; On 2 January 1554, Charles V's envoys arrived to
1278 iron out the details of the marriage contract.&amp;nbsp; To secure his
1279 valuable trade route, Charles was prepared to be generous.&amp;nbsp; In
1280 fact, he included every provision possible to stifle English
1281 fears.&amp;nbsp; But it was no use.&amp;nbsp; The people didn't want the
1282 marriage.&amp;nbsp; Soon enough, word reached London of uprisings in the
1283 countryside - Carew in Devonshire, Wyatt in Kent, Crofts in
1284 Wales....&amp;nbsp; The councilors were alarmed.&amp;nbsp; And then word reached
1285 them that Henry Grey, the duke of Suffolk, had disappeared from his
1286 country home, Sheen.&amp;nbsp; They had planned the uprising for March when
1287 Philip was due to arrive but Courtenay, timid after years in the Tower,
1288 betrayed them.&amp;nbsp; So the conspirators were forced into action.&amp;nbsp;
1289 Carew could not raise his force without Courtenay's help so he fled to
1290 France and Crofts plans fell through.&amp;nbsp; But, by the end of January,
1291 Wyatt had taken Rochester and the royal ships at the Medway.&amp;nbsp; The
1292 duke of Norfolk left with a force from London but many men
1293 deserted.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt was encouraged and pressed on to London.&amp;nbsp; For
1294 two days, the fate of the Spanish marriage hung in the balance.&amp;nbsp;
1295 Londoners were undecided; Mary decided to sway the balance.&amp;nbsp; She
1296 went to Guildhall and made a rousing speech exhorting the Londoners to
1297 support her.&amp;nbsp; She did so against the advice of her council for they
1298 feared for her safety.&amp;nbsp; They needn't have worried.&amp;nbsp; When Wyatt
1299 reached London, he found the bridge closed to him.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1300 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mary had refused to let the Tower guns be turned
1301 on the traitors.&amp;nbsp; She feared the innocent citizens of Southwark
1302 would be harmed if they were fired.&amp;nbsp; The rebels eventually
1303 surrendered but Mary had learned a valuable lesson - she discovered the
1304 depth of her subjects' hatred of the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But it did
1305 not cause her to change her plans.&amp;nbsp; She was bewildered and angry
1306 but also hurt.&amp;nbsp; She had shown mercy and&lt;IMG height=226 alt=&quot;Jane's cousin Mary Tudor in 1554, by Hans Eworth&quot;
1307 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/mary1-eworthcr.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; forgiveness and was
1308 rewarded by rebellion.&amp;nbsp; She was now particularly susceptible to Renard's advice.&amp;nbsp; Renard immediately questioned Mary's safety as
1309 well as Philip's - would the prince be safe when rebellions were
1310 occurring throughout the nation?&amp;nbsp; The queen was exhorted to ensure
1311 his safety.&amp;nbsp; She must do this by punishing the rebels so none would
1312 dare rebel again.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1313 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Renard's advice was supported by Mary's
1314 council.&amp;nbsp; Inevitably, all her advisors urged Mary to execute Jane
1315 Grey.&amp;nbsp; Wyatt had been supported by the vanished Henry Grey.&amp;nbsp;
1316 When he had disappeared from Sheen, he had gone to raise an army against
1317 the Spanish marriage.&amp;nbsp; But he gained little support.&amp;nbsp; Grey
1318 owed his life to Mary's kindness and he responded by seeking to
1319 overthrow her.&amp;nbsp; His intent was to lead men of the midland shires
1320 and join Wyatt near London.&amp;nbsp; His actual course fell far short of
1321 this goal - he fled from one county to another until he reached his
1322 manor of Astley.&amp;nbsp; He apparently hid in a tree trunk or under some
1323 hay; accounts vary.&amp;nbsp; He was promptly arrested by the earl of
1324 Huntingdon.&amp;nbsp; Later, rumors spread that he had proclaimed Jane queen
1325 during his ride through the midlands.&amp;nbsp; This was untrue but it
1326 didn't matter.&amp;nbsp; Jane had once been queen and, as Mary's advisors
1327 put it, she would be the figurehead of any Protestant plot.&amp;nbsp; Once
1328 again, she was &lt;I&gt;morally&lt;/I&gt; innocent but she was still
1329 dangerous.&amp;nbsp; She had to die.&amp;nbsp; To this, Renard added that Philip
1330 could not arrive until the Protestant threat had been destroyed.&amp;nbsp;
1331 All the opposition to her marriage had simply made the obstinate Mary
1332 more determined to marry Philip.&amp;nbsp; So the suspended sentence on Jane
1333 was revoked and she was condemned to die immediately.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1334 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The date of the execution was set for Friday 9
1335 February 1554.&amp;nbsp; Mary, who so hated executing her cousin, tried one
1336 last time to save her soul.&amp;nbsp; She sent John Feckenham, dean of St
1337 Paul's, to Jane.&amp;nbsp; He was given a few days to sway Jane to the
1338 Catholic faith.&amp;nbsp; Jane, long deprived of intellectual company and
1339 theological debate, was polite.&amp;nbsp; But she rebutted each of
1340 Feckenham's arguments with her own.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she relished this last
1341 chance to elucidate her precious faith.&amp;nbsp; After hours of argument,
1342 she remained Protestant.&amp;nbsp; But she had also come to like Feckenham
1343 very much.&amp;nbsp; So she accepted his offer to accompany her to the
1344 scaffold and she promised to 'pray God in the bowels of his mercy to
1345 send you his Holy Spirit; for he hath given you his great gift of
1346 utterance, if it pleased him also to open the eyes of your heart.'&amp;nbsp;
1347 &lt;/P&gt;
1348 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Feckenham's work had delayed the executions until
1349 Monday 12 February.&amp;nbsp; Meanwhile, Jane was also preparing to die with
1350 as much grace and dignity she could summon.&amp;nbsp; She chose her dress,
1351 composed her speech, and appointed the two members of her household who
1352 would accompany her and dispose of her body.&amp;nbsp; She sent a letter to
1353 her sister Catherine and one to her father (brought to the Tower on 10
1354 February.)&amp;nbsp; The latter included a remonstration that his actions
1355 had hastened her death.&amp;nbsp; But she did not write to her mother nor
1356 did Frances attempt to visit her or her husband.&amp;nbsp; There exists a
1357 story that Guildford asked to see Jane before they died and that Mary
1358 granted his request.&amp;nbsp; Jane, however, refused to see him, waiting
1359 until they met 'in a better place.'&amp;nbsp; But there is no evidence the
1360 story is true.&amp;nbsp; In fact, Jane and her husband showed no interest in
1361 seeing one another while in the Tower.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1362 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jane did watch her husband's execution.&amp;nbsp; He
1363 was taken from Beauchamp Tower at 10 o'clock in the morning and led to
1364 the execution area on Tower Hill.&amp;nbsp; Jane stood by her window and
1365 watched as he went to his death.&amp;nbsp; Guildford died with great courage
1366 and dignity and, when the cart rolled past carrying his corpse, Jane
1367 muttered his name and a comment about 'the bitterness of death.'&amp;nbsp;
1368 Perhaps she realized that he had been a victim, too.&amp;nbsp; In any case,
1369 she saw his blood-splattered body, thrown atop equally stained straw,
1370 driven to St Peter-ad-Vincula; his head was wrapped in a cloth beside
1371 the body.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1372 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; It was now Jane's turn to face death.&amp;nbsp; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1373 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;(Click here to read
1374 an eyewitness account of her execution&lt;/A&gt;.)&amp;nbsp; &lt;/SMALL&gt;She
1375 wore the &lt;IMG height=360
1376 alt=&quot;Lady Jane Grey kneeling before the block, from Delaroche's painting&quot;
1377 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/janecrop.jpg&quot; width=165 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;same black outfit she had worn at her trial.&amp;nbsp; She carried
1378 her prayer book in her hands; she was escorted by Sir John Brydges, the
1379 lieutenant of the Tower.&amp;nbsp; Her nurse, Mrs Ellen, and her attendant,
1380 Mrs Tylney, also accompanied her.&amp;nbsp; They both cried but Jane was
1381 calm and composed.&amp;nbsp; She had, after all, watched her scaffold being
1382 erected near the White Tower; her rooms provided an excellent view of
1383 its construction.&amp;nbsp; Since she was a princess of royal blood, her
1384 execution was private.&amp;nbsp; Only a small crowd had been invited.&amp;nbsp;
1385 &lt;/P&gt;
1386 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; At the steps of the scaffold, he greeted
1387 Feckenham: 'God grant you all your desires and accept my own hearty
1388 thanks for all your attention to me. Although indeed, those attentions
1389 have tried me more than death can now terrify me.' She then ascended the
1390 steps and addressed the crowd.&amp;nbsp; She admitted she had committed
1391 treason when she accepted the crown but 'I do wash my hands in innocency, before God and the face of you, good Christian people this
1392 day.'&amp;nbsp; She wrung her hands and asked that they witness her death,
1393 and affirm that she died a good Christian.&amp;nbsp; She ended with yet
1394 another indication of her strong Protestant faith; she said, 'And now,
1395 good people, while I am alive, I pray you to assist me with your
1396 prayers.'&amp;nbsp; Protestants, unlike Catholics, did not believe in
1397 prayers for the dead.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt and asked Feckenham, 'Shall I
1398 say this psalm?'&amp;nbsp; She read the fifty-first psalm in English and he
1399 followed her in Latin.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1400 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; After the prayer, she told Feckenham, 'God I
1401 beseech Him abundantly reward you for your kindness to me.'&amp;nbsp; She
1402 then rose to her feet and completed her final duties.&amp;nbsp; She handed
1403 her gloves and handkerchief to her attendant, Mrs Tylney and her
1404 prayer-book to the lieutenant's brother, Thomas Brydges.&amp;nbsp; She then
1405 began to untie her gown; as was the tradition, the executioner stepped
1406 forward.&amp;nbsp; It was the custom that the victim's outer garments became
1407 the executioner's property.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps Jane did not know this; or
1408 perhaps she was simply terrified as that masked figure came toward
1409 her.&amp;nbsp; She stepped back and 'desired him to leave her alone.'&amp;nbsp;
1410 Her attendants completed the unlacing.&amp;nbsp; They then gave her a
1411 handkerchief to tie over her eyes.&amp;nbsp; Next, the executioner knelt
1412 before her and begged her forgiveness.&amp;nbsp; This, too, was a custom and
1413 one Jane had expected.&amp;nbsp; She gave her forgiveness 'most
1414 willingly.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1415 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Now there was nothing to do but end it all.&amp;nbsp;
1416 The executioner asked her to stand upon the straw.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she saw
1417 the actual block for the first time.&amp;nbsp; Her composure faltered for
1418 just a brief moment.&amp;nbsp; She whispered, 'I pray you despatch me
1419 quickly,' and began to kneel.&amp;nbsp; She hesitated and asked, 'Will you
1420 take it off before I lay me down?', referring to the blindfold.&amp;nbsp;
1421 The executioner replied, 'No, madame' and so she tied the handkerchief
1422 around her eyes.&amp;nbsp; She then knelt but, blindfolded, could not find
1423 the block.&amp;nbsp; Her arms flailed about for several moments and she
1424 cried out, 'What shall I do?&amp;nbsp; Where is it?'&amp;nbsp; Those standing on
1425 the scaffold were hesitant - should they help her?&amp;nbsp; A member of the
1426 crowd climbed the scaffold and helped her.&amp;nbsp; He guided her hands to
1427 the block.&amp;nbsp; She lowered her head and stretched forth her body; her
1428 last words were, 'Lord into thy hands I commend my spirit.'&amp;nbsp; The
1429 executioner swung his axe and severed her head.&amp;nbsp; Blood splattered
1430 across the scaffold and many of the witnesses.&amp;nbsp; The executioner
1431 then lifted her head and said, 'So perish all the Queen's enemies.
1432 Behold, the head of a traitor.'&amp;nbsp; It was the end of Lady Jane
1433 Grey.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
1434 &lt;P&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Permission had to be granted for her burial at St
1435 Peter-ad-Vincula since the church had recently become Catholic
1436 again.&amp;nbsp; Feckenham was forced to go to court for the
1437 permission.&amp;nbsp; So Jane's body lay exposed and unattended for nearly
1438 four hours, spread obscenely across the blood-soaked straw.&amp;nbsp; The
1439 French ambassador reported seeing it there hours after the
1440 execution.&amp;nbsp; Her attendants kept watch, though they were not allowed
1441 to cover the corpse.&amp;nbsp; Finally, Feckenham returned and Jane's body
1442 was laid to rest between the bodies of two other headless queens -
1443 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;Anne
1444 Boleyn&lt;/a&gt; and
1445 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fhoward.html&quot;&gt;Catherine Howard&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; During the reign of her Protestant
1446 cousin, &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz.html&quot;&gt;Queen Elizabeth I&lt;/a&gt;, Jane was celebrated as a martyr to her faith
1447 and she remains one of the most famous queens of England.&lt;/P&gt;
1448 &lt;hr&gt;
1449 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1450 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1451 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'Live still to die, that by death you may purchase eternal life.... As
1452 the preacher sayeth, there is a time to be born and a time to die; and the
1453 day of death is better than the day of our birth.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
1454 size=-1&gt;Jane Grey's message to John Brydges, lieutenant of the Tower of
1455 London, 1554&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
1456 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1457 &lt;blockquote&gt;
1458 &lt;hr&gt;
1459 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt; &lt;SMALL&gt;&lt;A
1460 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fexjane.html&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/SMALL&gt; &lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Visit &lt;A href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.geocities.com%2fjane%5fthe%5fquene&quot;&gt;Sarah's
1461 lovely tribute to Lady Jane Grey&lt;/A&gt;; it's a wonderful website.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1462 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1463 &lt;CENTER&gt;
1464 &lt;P&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1465 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelatives.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1466 Relatives&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
1467 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
1468 England&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/CENTER&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
1469 &lt;P align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note: &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;My favorite
1470 biographies of Lady Jane Grey are by Hester Chapman and Alison Plowden.&amp;nbsp;
1471 Thanks for reading / exploring this website.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;-Marilee&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
1472 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1473 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
1474&lt;/blockquote&gt;
1475
1476
1477
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1480</Content>
1481</Section>
1482</Archive>
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