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14 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
15 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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24 <Metadata name="dc.Subject">Tudor period|Monarchs</Metadata>
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37
38&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
39 &lt;tr&gt;
40 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
41 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
42 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
43 &lt;/tr&gt;
44 &lt;tr&gt;
45 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
46 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
47 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
48 &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot;
49 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
50 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
51 &lt;/tr&gt;
52 &lt;tr&gt;
53 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
54 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
55 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
56 &lt;IMG height=476
57 alt=&quot;'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys&quot;
58 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-metsys.jpg&quot; width=350 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
59 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
60 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
61 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
62 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan
63 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with
64 commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A
65 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
66 Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
67 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
68 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen
69 Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
70 Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
71 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne
72 Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
73 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary,
74 queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's
75 cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A
76 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
77 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
78 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
79 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
80 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen
81 fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
82 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
83 &lt;/td&gt;
84 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
85 &lt;/tr&gt;
86&lt;/table&gt;
87
88&lt;blockquote&gt;
89 &lt;blockquote&gt;
90 &lt;blockquote&gt;
91 &lt;hr&gt;
92 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
93 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
94 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my
95 Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be
96 ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
97 Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I to
98 Parliament, 1559&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
99 &lt;blockquote&gt;
100 &lt;blockquote&gt;
101 &lt;hr&gt;
102
103 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered
104 religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&amp;nbsp;
105 Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her
106 subjects' need for peace.&amp;nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. &lt;/P&gt;
107 &lt;P&gt;Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of
108 Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Henry's religious policies had
109 been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of
110 heresy.&amp;nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded,
111 and that changed from year to year.&amp;nbsp; Edward had been a devout
112 Protestant, as had his councilors.&amp;nbsp; The six years of his rule
113 witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern
114 England.&amp;nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and
115 Catholic.&amp;nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with
116 genuine religious fervor.&amp;nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to
117 England after a twenty-year absence.&amp;nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the
118 throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the
119 treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
120 &lt;P&gt;Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&amp;nbsp; Her Protestant
121 councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if
122 their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&amp;nbsp; They warned Elizabeth
123 that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and
124 strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&amp;nbsp; But for the
125 queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&amp;nbsp; If
126 they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private
127 worship.&amp;nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as
128 they wished at home.&amp;nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content
129 not to pry. &lt;/P&gt;
130 &lt;P&gt;This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was
131 considered a weakness by many.&amp;nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the
132 queen's promises. &lt;/P&gt;
133 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&amp;nbsp; The
134 new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&amp;nbsp;
135 This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let
136 the past go.&amp;nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to
137 court, though with a caustic wit.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
138 &lt;P&gt;Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&amp;nbsp; The
139 royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England
140 - was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&amp;nbsp; In the House
141 of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced
142 by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp;
143 Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she
144 felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent
145 Catholics.&amp;nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it
146 was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive
147 to Catholics.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was
148 passed.&amp;nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious
149 dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of
150 doctrine.&amp;nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as
151 Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly
152 outlined.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from
153 positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&amp;nbsp; In
154 total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
155 &lt;P&gt;Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on
156 both sides felt it inadequate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the
157 church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political
158 power in her person.&lt;/P&gt;
159 &lt;hr&gt;
160 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
161 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
162 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'From the very beginning&amp;nbsp; of her reign she has treated all
163 religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she
164 seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not
165 entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... &lt;BR&gt;In my
166 opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both
167 creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of
168 her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
169 size=-1&gt;the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
170 &lt;blockquote&gt;
171 &lt;blockquote&gt;
172 &lt;hr&gt;
173 &lt;P&gt;This balance was maintained successfully through most of her
174 reign.&amp;nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&amp;nbsp;
175 The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&amp;nbsp; This
176 extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal
177 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by
178 continental Presbyterians.&amp;nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule
179 only, that of Holy Scripture.&amp;nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of
180 ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the
181 supervision of a group of elders.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the parishes would
182 usurp the power of the queen. &lt;/P&gt;
183 &lt;P&gt;For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of
184 England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&amp;nbsp;
185&lt;/P&gt;
186 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement
187 underground.&amp;nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in
188 1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed
189 reforms.&amp;nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I
190 had created Protestant ones.&amp;nbsp; He was also more interested in
191 establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&amp;nbsp; A few
192 Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of
193 the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&amp;nbsp; It
194 remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&amp;nbsp;
195 Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however
196 unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; Puritan attempts
197 to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation.
198 &lt;/P&gt;
199 &lt;P&gt;The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very
200 life.&amp;nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic
201 extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
202 &lt;P&gt;The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively
203 quiet and content.&amp;nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of
204 England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&amp;nbsp; They believed
205 Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither
206 Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her
207 title.&amp;nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&amp;nbsp; The two
208 greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were
209 cautious but friendly.&amp;nbsp; England had long been a balance between their
210 competing interests.&amp;nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain
211 had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For her part, the queen took
212 care not to disturb calm waters. &lt;/P&gt;
213 &lt;P&gt;But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&amp;nbsp; In 1568, ten years into
214 her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and
215 choose sides.&lt;/P&gt;
216 &lt;P&gt;Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp; There was a
217 Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip
218 &lt;IMG height=216
219 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565&quot;
220 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz3-maryqos1.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;II sent the duke of
221 Alva to crush it.&amp;nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly
222 across the Channel from England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only
223 wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he
224 then look to England?&amp;nbsp; And that same year, &lt;A
225 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.ne%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
226 Stuart&lt;/A&gt; fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's
227 help.&amp;nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant
228 rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth
229 and her councilors were aghast.&amp;nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England
230 in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&amp;nbsp;
231 And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary
232 of Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable
233 focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots
234 would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And if Elizabeth
235 should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the
236 English throne.&amp;nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified;
237 what should they do with Mary Stuart? &lt;/P&gt;
238 &lt;P&gt;Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by
239 the Englishman William Allen.&amp;nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in
240 reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated
241 followers.&amp;nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan
242 plots and propaganda. &lt;/P&gt;
243 &lt;P&gt;For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully
244 maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&amp;nbsp; She took the
245 precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure
246 castles.&amp;nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an
247 inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&amp;nbsp; She sincerely
248 believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&amp;nbsp; She
249 never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet
250 sister'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that
251 Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&amp;nbsp; Her
252 infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of
253 Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&amp;nbsp; The
254 Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with
255 evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&amp;nbsp; Would
256 the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&amp;nbsp; It was indeed
257 a vexing problem.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to
258 investigate the charges against Mary. &lt;/P&gt;
259 &lt;P&gt;And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
260 &lt;hr&gt;
261 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
262 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
263 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded
264 with the old popish doctrine.' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Sir Ralph Sadler to
265 Sir William Cecil, 1569&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
266 &lt;blockquote&gt;
267 &lt;blockquote&gt;
268 &lt;hr&gt;
269 &lt;P&gt;The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor
270 dynasty.&amp;nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their
271 lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry
272 VII.&amp;nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal
273 authority over the fractious northern earls.&amp;nbsp; His son, Henry VIII,
274 was equally troubled.&amp;nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern
275 rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&amp;nbsp; Henry dealt
276 brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress
277 afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon
278 after their marriage.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the
279 north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&amp;nbsp; She rode north
280 after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned
281 queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&amp;nbsp; She
282 was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the
283 earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her
284 Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; She showed Norfolk some
285 degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal
286 relatives.&amp;nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious
287 differences.&amp;nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England
288 and thus had great influence.&amp;nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to
289 the queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
290 &lt;P&gt;The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in
291 1569.&amp;nbsp; What would the queen do?&amp;nbsp; Some of her councilors,
292 including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier
293 peer in England.&amp;nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin
294 Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his
295 opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&amp;nbsp; Two problems could
296 possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled
297 in England and the succession would be assured.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth recognized
298 this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she
299 live after the marriage?&amp;nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and
300 torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; As
301 future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&amp;nbsp; And what
302 support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to
303 sustain her?&amp;nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant
304 and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
305 &lt;P&gt;The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her
306 displeasure.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for
307 his country estate Kenninghall.&amp;nbsp; He refused a summons to appear
308 before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; Her anger was further
309 roused.&amp;nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and
310 his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&amp;nbsp; The northern
311 earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not
312 plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&amp;nbsp; He and Westmorland and
313 Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but
314 also including the erosion of their local authority.&amp;nbsp; As hereditary
315 nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&amp;nbsp;
316 This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as
317 well.&lt;/P&gt;
318 &lt;P&gt;But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland
319 and distrusted her character.&amp;nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for
320 Norfolk to be king.&amp;nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act
321 of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&amp;nbsp; As
322 their proclamation asserted: &lt;/P&gt;
323 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
324 &lt;p&gt;Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of
325 Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her
326 highness's people sendeth greeting:&amp;nbsp; Whereas divers new set up
327 nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to
328 overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also
329 misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve
330 years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy
331 contrary to God's word.&amp;nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof
332 divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will
333 be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same
334 .....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for
335 the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort
336 unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any
337 of you have.&lt;/p&gt;
338 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
339 &lt;p&gt;And throughout the north, they found ready
340 adherents for their cause.&amp;nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth
341 that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her
342 subjects.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex,
343 sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
344 &lt;P&gt;It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&amp;nbsp;
345 Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for
346 the possibility of&lt;IMG height=345 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I&quot;
347 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfan.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; becoming king?&amp;nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of
348 Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&amp;nbsp; The rebels
349 themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their
350 church.&amp;nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&amp;nbsp;
351 The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their
352 property to the crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
353 &lt;P&gt;The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended
354 satisfactorily enough.&amp;nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England
355 must be more carefully watched and controlled.&amp;nbsp; And as a result of
356 the rebellion, &lt;I&gt;Regnans in excelsis&lt;/I&gt; was issued by the papacy in
357 March 1570.&amp;nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth
358 I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all
359 loyalty and obedience to her office.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe
360 were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&amp;nbsp; She was a
361 heretic and enemy of the true faith.&amp;nbsp; This moment had been long
362 expected in England.&amp;nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant
363 councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. &lt;/P&gt;
364 &lt;P&gt;A papal bull could be a powerful document.&amp;nbsp; It could be used by
365 any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her
366 former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&amp;nbsp; In 1571,
367 parliament took action.&amp;nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a
368 heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; The fines for recusants,
369 those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased
370 dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&amp;nbsp; Many noble
371 Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines;
372 they were driven into poverty.&amp;nbsp; In later years, it would become
373 treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to
374 leave England.&amp;nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against
375 Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&amp;nbsp; Many of these plots were led
376 by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to
377 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
378 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&amp;nbsp;
379 Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and
380 Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&amp;nbsp; English Catholics were
381 deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from
382 European allies was slowly being cut off.&amp;nbsp; This support was
383 particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert
384 Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political
385 treason.&amp;nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and
386 it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise
387 in Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects'
388 ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only
389 of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. &lt;/P&gt;
390 &lt;P&gt;Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the
391 queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&amp;nbsp; They were
392 condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
393 &lt;P&gt;The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she
394 was forced into continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; This was not of her
395 choosing.&amp;nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal
396 actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the
397 role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of
398 Protestantism in Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
399 &lt;P&gt;At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with
400 France.&amp;nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by
401 considering a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of
402 accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&amp;nbsp; But then
403 Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to
404 systematically attack its Protestant population.&amp;nbsp; They in turn sought
405 Elizabeth's aid.&amp;nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under
406 attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of
407 1572. &lt;/P&gt;
408 &lt;P&gt;Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished
409 with the Netherlands?&amp;nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying
410 English trade or invasion.&amp;nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned
411 by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged
412 caution.&amp;nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she
413 faced wars with France and Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would save her precious
414 treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence
415 loathed to part with money.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
416 &lt;P&gt;She prevaricated as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; She allowed English ships
417 under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from
418 the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she
419 gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&amp;nbsp; She sent small contingents
420 of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily
421 over the next several years.&amp;nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting
422 insurrection in Ireland. &lt;/P&gt;
423 &lt;P&gt;This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots
424 continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.&lt;/P&gt;
425 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
426 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A
427 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE
428 READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
429 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
430 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
431 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
432 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen
433 Elizabeth I, part two&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
434 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
435 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
436&lt;/blockquote&gt;
437
438
439
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442</Content>
443</Section>
444</Archive>
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