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15 <Metadata name="Author">Marilee Mongello</Metadata>
16 <Metadata name="Content">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
17 <Metadata name="Page_topic">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits with commentary, Primary Sources Elizabeth Tudor 1533 to 1603 The Virgin Queen Gloriana</Metadata>
18 <Metadata name="Title">Queen Elizabeth I: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources</Metadata>
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38
39&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; height=&quot;667&quot;&gt;
40 &lt;tr&gt;
41 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
42 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;
43 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
44 &lt;/tr&gt;
45 &lt;tr&gt;
46 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
47 &lt;td width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;
48 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
49 &lt;IMG height=98 alt=&quot;Queen Elizabeth I&quot;
50 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-queenuse.gif&quot; width=422&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
51 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
52 &lt;/tr&gt;
53 &lt;tr&gt;
54 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
55 &lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;
56 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
57 &lt;IMG height=476
58 alt=&quot;'The Sieve Portrait' of Elizabeth I by Quentin Metsys&quot;
59 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz1-metsys.jpg&quot; width=350 border=2&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
60 &lt;p align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;
61 &amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
62 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Visit
63 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.marileecody.com%2feliz1-images.html&quot;&gt;Elizabethan
64 Images&lt;/a&gt; to view portraits of the queen and her courtiers, with
65 commentary.&lt;BR&gt;Read poems, letters, and speeches by the queen at &lt;A
66 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fprimary.html&quot;&gt;Primary
67 Sources&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
68 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
69 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Read ES Beesly's 1892 biography of Queen
70 Elizabeth I at &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fsecondary.html&quot;&gt;
71 Secondary Sources&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
72 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2fboleyn.html&quot;&gt;the Anne
73 Boleyn website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's mother.&lt;BR&gt;Visit &lt;A
74 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;the Mary,
75 queen of Scots website&lt;/A&gt; to learn more about Elizabeth's
76 cousin.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;BR&gt;Test your knowledge of Elizabeth's life and times at &lt;A
77 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2ftudor1.html&quot;&gt;Tudor
78 Quizzes&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
79 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
80 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;Meet other Elizabethan enthusiasts at
81 &lt;a href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fwww.alassea.net%2ffl%2felizabeth&quot;&gt;The Virgin Queen
82 fanlisting&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/DIV&gt;
83 &lt;DIV align=left&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/DIV&gt;
84 &lt;/td&gt;
85 &lt;td width=&quot;25%&quot; height=&quot;610&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
86 &lt;/tr&gt;
87&lt;/table&gt;
88
89&lt;blockquote&gt;
90 &lt;blockquote&gt;
91 &lt;blockquote&gt;
92 &lt;hr&gt;
93 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
94 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
95 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'And to me it shall be a full satisfaction, both for the memorial of my
96 Name, and for my Glory also, if when I shall let my last breath, it be
97 ingraven upon my Marble Tomb, Here lieth Elizabeth, which Reigned a
98 Virgin, and died a Virgin.'&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Elizabeth I to
99 Parliament, 1559&amp;nbsp;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
100 &lt;blockquote&gt;
101 &lt;blockquote&gt;
102 &lt;hr&gt;
103
104 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth was content to ignore potential suitors; she considered
105 religion to be the most pressing and divisive issue in England.&amp;nbsp;
106 Having lived through years of spiritual upheaval, she well understood her
107 subjects' need for peace.&amp;nbsp; But it would not be easy to find. &lt;/P&gt;
108 &lt;P&gt;Both Protestants and Catholics had suffered throughout the reigns of
109 Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.&amp;nbsp; Henry's religious policies had
110 been muddled and disarming; no one, even the king, knew the definition of
111 heresy.&amp;nbsp; Or rather, they knew heresy was whatever the king commanded,
112 and that changed from year to year.&amp;nbsp; Edward had been a devout
113 Protestant, as had his councilors.&amp;nbsp; The six years of his rule
114 witnessed its political and social triumph, primarily through southern
115 England.&amp;nbsp; The independent north remained conservative and
116 Catholic.&amp;nbsp; Mary had been an equally devout Catholic, imbued with
117 genuine religious fervor.&amp;nbsp; She brought papal privilege back to
118 England after a twenty-year absence.&amp;nbsp; And now Elizabeth came to the
119 throne, having been Protestant and Catholic, for she had tacked to the
120 treacherous winds of her siblings' courts.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
121 &lt;P&gt;Each faith harbored grievances against the other.&amp;nbsp; Her Protestant
122 councilors increasingly felt that Catholics were political traitors, as if
123 their very faith implied a lack of patriotism.&amp;nbsp; They warned Elizabeth
124 that the pope commanded her Catholic subjects, not she; only a swift and
125 strong blow could ensure their fear and forced loyalty.&amp;nbsp; But for the
126 queen, her Catholic subjects were also, quite simply, subjects.&amp;nbsp; If
127 they recognized her rule, she had no qualms about their private
128 worship.&amp;nbsp; Let them go publicly to Protestant services and then do as
129 they wished at home.&amp;nbsp; So long as they did not rebel, she was content
130 not to pry. &lt;/P&gt;
131 &lt;P&gt;This generosity, echoed in Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland, was
132 considered a weakness by many.&amp;nbsp; And many Catholics did not trust the
133 queen's promises. &lt;/P&gt;
134 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's first parliament met from January to April 1559.&amp;nbsp; The
135 new queen did not bother to revoke her illegitimacy, as Mary had.&amp;nbsp;
136 This was indicative of Elizabeth's self-confidence and her ability to let
137 the past go.&amp;nbsp; She even welcomed her former jailer Bedingfield to
138 court, though with a caustic wit.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
139 &lt;P&gt;Religious turmoil was soon the subject of impassioned debate.&amp;nbsp; The
140 royal supremacy - the royal title of Supreme Head of the Church of England
141 - was reinstated, though altered to 'Supreme Governor'.&amp;nbsp; In the House
142 of Lords, many bishops resisted the changes but they were quickly replaced
143 by others, led by Matthew Parker as archbishop of Canterbury.&amp;nbsp;
144 Elizabeth pressed for a restoration of the 1549 Prayer Book, which she
145 felt would be acceptable to Protestants and most complacent
146 Catholics.&amp;nbsp; But the new bishops preferred the 1552 Prayer Book; it
147 was rather vague about most controversial maters and thus less offensive
148 to Catholics.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth assented and the Act of Uniformity was
149 passed.&amp;nbsp; She was particularly successful in making religious
150 dissension a political matter, rather than a troublesome question of
151 doctrine.&amp;nbsp; In the Oath of Supremacy, in which her authority as
152 Supreme Governor was recognized, the queen's powers were explicitly
153 outlined.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple matter to remove Marian stalwarts from
154 positions of authority, and about 300 clergy were dismissed.&amp;nbsp; In
155 total, one third of parish clergy were replaced.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
156 &lt;P&gt;Most Englishmen were content with this settlement, though extremists on
157 both sides felt it inadequate.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth effectively placed the
158 church under control of the crown, thus merging religious and political
159 power in her person.&lt;/P&gt;
160 &lt;hr&gt;
161 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
162 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
163 &lt;p&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'From the very beginning&amp;nbsp; of her reign she has treated all
164 religious questions with so much caution and incredible prudence that she
165 seems both to protect the Catholic religion and at the same time not
166 entirely to condemn or outwardly reject the new Reformation.... &lt;BR&gt;In my
167 opinion, a very prudent action, intended to keep the adherents of both
168 creeds in subjection, for the less she ruffles them at the beginning of
169 her reign the more easily she will enthrall them later on.'&amp;nbsp; &lt;/font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT
170 size=-1&gt;the Imperial envoy Count con Helffstein, March 1559&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
171 &lt;blockquote&gt;
172 &lt;blockquote&gt;
173 &lt;hr&gt;
174 &lt;P&gt;This balance was maintained successfully through most of her
175 reign.&amp;nbsp; However, in later years, two great problems emerged.&amp;nbsp;
176 The first was the growing popularity of the Puritan movement.&amp;nbsp; This
177 extreme form of Protestantism was a direct attack upon the royal
178 supremacy.&amp;nbsp; In England, the Puritans were directly influenced by
179 continental Presbyterians.&amp;nbsp; They believed passionately in one rule
180 only, that of Holy Scripture.&amp;nbsp; They also believed in a fellowship of
181 ministers; parishes would elect their own religious leaders, under the
182 supervision of a group of elders.&amp;nbsp; In other words, the parishes would
183 usurp the power of the queen. &lt;/P&gt;
184 &lt;P&gt;For the Puritans, it became distressingly clear that the Church of
185 England was more dedicated to England and its ruler than to God.&amp;nbsp;
186&lt;/P&gt;
187 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement
188 underground.&amp;nbsp; John Whitgift, who became Archbishop of Canterbury in
189 1583, attempted to neutralize their cause by adopting some needed
190 reforms.&amp;nbsp; But he did not wish to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I
191 had created Protestant ones.&amp;nbsp; He was also more interested in
192 establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine.&amp;nbsp; A few
193 Puritans were executed and many others banished under Whitgift; his use of
194 the church courts robbed the new doctrine of its momentum.&amp;nbsp; It
195 remained troublesome to the queen, but never a real threat.&amp;nbsp;
196 Elizabeth's rule was preferable to any other; she had become, however
197 unwillingly, the champion of the Protestant cause.&amp;nbsp; Puritan attempts
198 to check the royal prerogative would only succeed in the next generation.
199 &lt;/P&gt;
200 &lt;P&gt;The Catholics, however, became a genuine threat to the queen's very
201 life.&amp;nbsp; While the Puritans used words against the queen, the Catholic
202 extremists were eventually prepared to kill her.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
203 &lt;P&gt;The first decade of Elizabeth's reign found the Catholics relatively
204 quiet and content.&amp;nbsp; They were settled mainly in the north and west of
205 England, and accepted the 1559 religious settlement.&amp;nbsp; They believed
206 Elizabeth to be illegitimate and thus ineligible to be queen, but neither
207 Pope Paul IV or his successor, Pius IV, seriously challenged her
208 title.&amp;nbsp; She was not even excommunicated until 1570.&amp;nbsp; The two
209 greatest European powers, Spain (the Hapsburg Empire) and France, were
210 cautious but friendly.&amp;nbsp; England had long been a balance between their
211 competing interests.&amp;nbsp; And as mentioned earlier, Philip II of Spain
212 had even sought to marry Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; For her part, the queen took
213 care not to disturb calm waters. &lt;/P&gt;
214 &lt;P&gt;But calm can be deceptive and misleading.&amp;nbsp; In 1568, ten years into
215 her reign, Elizabeth was forced to abandon her studied disinterest and
216 choose sides.&lt;/P&gt;
217 &lt;P&gt;Europe was caught in bloody religious turmoil.&amp;nbsp; There was a
218 Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands and Philip
219 &lt;IMG height=216
220 alt=&quot;Elizabeth I's troublesome cousin, Mary queen of Scots, c1565&quot;
221 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/eliz3-maryqos1.jpg&quot; width=160 border=2 align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;II sent the duke of
222 Alva to crush it.&amp;nbsp; There was now a massive military power directly
223 across the Channel from England.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth's council could only
224 wonder - once Alva's force completed its bloody business there, would he
225 then look to England?&amp;nbsp; And that same year, &lt;A
226 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=0&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.ne%2ftudor%2frelative%2fmaryqos.html&quot;&gt;Mary
227 Stuart&lt;/A&gt; fled her disastrous reign in Scotland to seek Elizabeth's
228 help.&amp;nbsp; She needed an army to recover her throne from Protestant
229 rebels who had forced her abdication and imprisoned her.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth
230 and her councilors were aghast.&amp;nbsp; Mary was the true queen of England
231 in the eyes of Catholic Europe, as well as some Catholic Englishmen.&amp;nbsp;
232 And she was now in England, on her way to becoming the greatest quandary
233 of Elizabeth's reign.&amp;nbsp; Just as Elizabeth had been the inevitable
234 focus of conspiracies and plots against Mary I's rule, Mary queen of Scots
235 would be the focus of discontent against Elizabeth.&amp;nbsp; And if Elizabeth
236 should die, naturally or otherwise, Mary had the strongest claim to the
237 English throne.&amp;nbsp; All of the Protestant councilors were terrified;
238 what should they do with Mary Stuart? &lt;/P&gt;
239 &lt;P&gt;Also, a Catholic missionary college was founded at Douai in Flanders by
240 the Englishman William Allen.&amp;nbsp; He planned to take a proactive role in
241 reasserting his faith in England, and he attracted many dedicated
242 followers.&amp;nbsp; Douai was soon a flourishing center for anti-Elizabethan
243 plots and propaganda. &lt;/P&gt;
244 &lt;P&gt;For the queen, her cherished and precarious balance, successfully
245 maintained for a decade, was falling to pieces.&amp;nbsp; She took the
246 precaution of imprisoning Mary queen of Scots in a variety of secure
247 castles.&amp;nbsp; At first, this 'imprisonment' was little more than an
248 inconvenience since Mary wished to return home.&amp;nbsp; She sincerely
249 believed Elizabeth would help her, as a fellow queen and cousin.&amp;nbsp; She
250 never recognized the political danger she brought to bear upon her 'sweet
251 sister'.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth was told by the Protestant lords in Scotland that
252 Mary was unwelcome; she faced certain death if she returned.&amp;nbsp; Her
253 infant son (whose birth caused Elizabeth to exclaim, 'Alack, the Queen of
254 Scots is lighter of a bonny son, and I am but of barren stock!') was now king.&amp;nbsp; The
255 Scots also plied Elizabeth's council with
256 evidence of Mary's complicity in her second husband's murder.&amp;nbsp; Would
257 the queen of England lend her support to such a woman?&amp;nbsp; It was indeed
258 a vexing problem.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth settled upon appointing a commission to
259 investigate the charges against Mary. &lt;/P&gt;
260 &lt;P&gt;And soon enough, she had even more pressing concerns.&lt;/P&gt;
261 &lt;hr&gt;
262 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
263 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
264 &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;4&quot;&gt;'The common people are ignorant, superstitious, and altogether blinded
265 with the old popish doctrine.' &lt;BR&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;I&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;Sir Ralph Sadler to
266 Sir William Cecil, 1569&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
267 &lt;blockquote&gt;
268 &lt;blockquote&gt;
269 &lt;hr&gt;
270 &lt;P&gt;The conservative north had never been friendly to the Tudor
271 dynasty.&amp;nbsp; The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, had been their
272 lord; they led rebellions against his killer and successor, Henry
273 VII.&amp;nbsp; The first Tudor king succeeded in establishing nominal
274 authority over the fractious northern earls.&amp;nbsp; His son, Henry VIII,
275 was equally troubled.&amp;nbsp; His Reformation led to the great northern
276 rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.&amp;nbsp; Henry dealt
277 brutally with the rebels and made only one northern progress
278 afterwards, taking his fifth queen, Catherine Howard, to York soon
279 after their marriage.&amp;nbsp; Edward VI's Protestant council was also troubled by the
280 north while the Catholic Mary I gained her greatest support there.&amp;nbsp; She rode north
281 after Dudley seized control of London and had Lady Jane Grey crowned
282 queen.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth had long recognized its intransigence.&amp;nbsp; She
283 was never particularly close to the great northern lords of her reign, the
284 earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, and the only duke in England, her
285 Howard cousin Thomas, 4th duke of Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; She showed Norfolk some
286 degree of personal affection, as she did all of her maternal
287 relatives.&amp;nbsp; But she recognized his ambition and their religious
288 differences.&amp;nbsp; As a duke, he was one of the wealthiest men in England
289 and thus had great influence.&amp;nbsp; Yet he was never a close advisor to
290 the queen.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
291 &lt;P&gt;The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great topic at Elizabeth's court in
292 1569.&amp;nbsp; What would the queen do?&amp;nbsp; Some of her councilors,
293 including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier
294 peer in England.&amp;nbsp; This was, of course, the queen's cousin
295 Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; Cecil was vehemently opposed; he disliked Norfolk and his
296 opposition only strengthened Dudley's support.&amp;nbsp; Two problems could
297 possibly be solved by the marriage - Mary Stuart would be safely settled
298 in England and the succession would be assured.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth recognized
299 this short-sighted solution for the mirage it was, for how long would she
300 live after the marriage?&amp;nbsp; Her realm would be bitterly divided and
301 torn, with rival factions centered upon herself and Norfolk.&amp;nbsp; As
302 future king of England, he might dare to rebel against her.&amp;nbsp; And what
303 support would she gain, a 'Virgin Queen' with only her subjects' love to
304 sustain her?&amp;nbsp; And despite her pragmatism, Elizabeth was Protestant
305 and the Norfolk marriage would be a Catholic triumph.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
306 &lt;P&gt;The queen soon let both Dudley and Norfolk know of her
307 displeasure.&amp;nbsp; Dudley was roundly chastised and Norfolk left court for
308 his country estate Kenninghall.&amp;nbsp; He refused a summons to appear
309 before Elizabeth at Windsor Castle.&amp;nbsp; Her anger was further
310 roused.&amp;nbsp; There were whispers of a rebellion, that&amp;nbsp; Norfolk and
311 his supporters would free Mary and march on London.&amp;nbsp; The northern
312 earls were less keen on the marriage; as Northumberland put it, he did not
313 plan 'to hazard myself for the marriage.'&amp;nbsp; He and Westmorland and
314 Lord Dacre had local grievances against the queen, mainly religious but
315 also including the erosion of their local authority.&amp;nbsp; As hereditary
316 nobles, they felt pushed aside at court and not given the proper respect.&amp;nbsp;
317 This had been a common aristocratic complaint during her father's reign as
318 well.&lt;/P&gt;
319 &lt;P&gt;But they had also heard stories of Mary Stuart's behavior in Scotland
320 and distrusted her character.&amp;nbsp; It is also not certain they wished for
321 Norfolk to be king.&amp;nbsp; Their primary purpose was to undo the 1559 Act
322 of Uniformity and crush the 'new found religion and heresy.'&amp;nbsp; As
323 their proclamation asserted: &lt;/P&gt;
324 &lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
325 &lt;p&gt;Thomas, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles, Earl of
326 Westmorland, the queen's most true and lawful subjects and to all her
327 highness's people sendeth greeting:&amp;nbsp; Whereas divers new set up
328 nobles about the Queen's Majesty have and do daily, not only go about to
329 overthrow and put down the ancient nobility of this realm but have also
330 misused the Queen's own person and have also by the space of twelve
331 years now past set up and maintained a new found religion and heresy
332 contrary to God's word.&amp;nbsp; For the amending and redressing thereof
333 divers foreign powers do purpose shortly to invade this realm which will
334 be to our utter destruction if we do not speedily forfend the same
335 .....we will and require each and every of you as your duty to God for
336 the setting forth of his true and Catholic religion ....come and resort
337 unto us with all speed with all the armour and furniture as you or any
338 of you have.&lt;/p&gt;
339 &lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;
340 &lt;p&gt;And throughout the north, they found ready
341 adherents for their cause.&amp;nbsp; The rebellion made clear to Elizabeth
342 that a quiet decade had not eased religious change upon all her
343 subjects.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic appeal was so strong that the earl of Sussex,
344 sent to crush the rebellion, did not fully trust his own forces.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/p&gt;
345 &lt;P&gt;It began in 1569, but the queen was fortunate in her enemies.&amp;nbsp;
346 Norfolk was indecisive; should he risk his grand title and privileges for
347 the possibility of&lt;IMG height=345 alt=&quot;portrait of Elizabeth I&quot;
348 src=&quot;_httpdocimg_/elizfan.jpg&quot; width=300 border=2 align=&quot;right&quot;&gt; becoming king?&amp;nbsp; While he hesitated, the earl of
349 Sussex led his troops on a steady course north.&amp;nbsp; The rebels
350 themselves were often conflicted in their duties to the queen and their
351 church.&amp;nbsp; When faced with the queen's army, they returned home.&amp;nbsp;
352 The noble leaders escaped abroad or bought their freedom by giving their
353 property to the crown.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
354 &lt;P&gt;The Northern Rebellion was a frightening experience, but it ended
355 satisfactorily enough.&amp;nbsp; It was clear, however, that northern England
356 must be more carefully watched and controlled.&amp;nbsp; And as a result of
357 the rebellion, &lt;I&gt;Regnans in excelsis&lt;/I&gt; was issued by the papacy in
358 March 1570.&amp;nbsp; This was the official excommunication of Queen Elizabeth
359 I; she was formally deposed and her Catholic subjects absolved of all
360 loyalty and obedience to her office.&amp;nbsp; The Catholic powers of Europe
361 were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen.&amp;nbsp; She was a
362 heretic and enemy of the true faith.&amp;nbsp; This moment had been long
363 expected in England.&amp;nbsp; And it brought fresh impetus to the Protestant
364 councilors to protect Elizabeth's life. &lt;/P&gt;
365 &lt;P&gt;A papal bull could be a powerful document.&amp;nbsp; It could be used by
366 any Catholic prince, though Elizabeth's mind turned immediately to her
367 former brother-in-law Philip II, to justify an invasion.&amp;nbsp; In 1571,
368 parliament took action.&amp;nbsp; It was now treason to declare Elizabeth a
369 heretic or impugn her claim to the throne.&amp;nbsp; The fines for recusants,
370 those who did not attend Protestant church services, were increased
371 dramatically, from a shilling a week to 20 pds a month.&amp;nbsp; Many noble
372 Catholic families would not compromise their faith and paid the fines;
373 they were driven into poverty.&amp;nbsp; In later years, it would become
374 treason to convert to Catholicism and all Catholic priests were ordered to
375 leave England.&amp;nbsp; This happened only after Catholic plots against
376 Elizabeth's life had been discovered.&amp;nbsp; Many of these plots were led
377 by agents from Douai, dozens of whom had secretly returned to
378 England.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
379 &lt;P&gt;Elizabeth had reason to hope these measures would be successful.&amp;nbsp;
380 Mary Stuart's son was growing up safely Protestant in Scotland and
381 Elizabeth was friendly with his ministers.&amp;nbsp; English Catholics were
382 deprived of priests, unable to attend universities, and support from
383 European allies was slowly being cut off.&amp;nbsp; This support was
384 particularly troubling; the first Catholic martyr of her reign, Cuthbert
385 Mayne, was executed in 1577, but only because he had committed political
386 treason.&amp;nbsp; There was no need to make martyrs, the council thought, and
387 it should be remembered that the Catholic problem coincided with the rise
388 in Puritanism.&amp;nbsp; Elizabeth often wondered aloud at her subjects'
389 ingratitude.&amp;nbsp; She had kept them safe and secure at home, thought only
390 of their welfare, and yet it seemed plots against her abounded. &lt;/P&gt;
391 &lt;P&gt;Perhaps the most confused subjects were those Catholics loyal to the
392 queen but now deemed traitors because of their faith.&amp;nbsp; They were
393 condemned to political limbo because of extremist actions.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
394 &lt;P&gt;The insularity of Elizabeth's reign was thus broken in 1568, and she
395 was forced into continental affairs.&amp;nbsp; This was not of her
396 choosing.&amp;nbsp; But the papal bull could not be ignored, nor the brutal
397 actions of Alva in the Netherlands.&amp;nbsp; Perhaps she didn't seek the
398 role, or relish it, but Elizabeth was regarded as the champion of
399 Protestantism in Europe.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
400 &lt;P&gt;At first, Spanish hostility was tempered by Philip's conflict with
401 France.&amp;nbsp; He wanted Elizabeth's support and she encouraged him by
402 considering a possible marriage.&amp;nbsp; Of course, she had no intention of
403 accepting his proposal but it was a useful diplomatic tool.&amp;nbsp; But then
404 Alva's 50,000 troops arrived in the Netherlands, and began to
405 systematically attack its Protestant population.&amp;nbsp; They in turn sought
406 Elizabeth's aid.&amp;nbsp; Also, the Huguenots (French Protestants) were under
407 attack, most famously in the gruesome St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of
408 1572. &lt;/P&gt;
409 &lt;P&gt;Cecil urged support; after all, where would Alva's army go once it finished
410 with the Netherlands?&amp;nbsp; They would have a secure base for either destroying
411 English trade or invasion.&amp;nbsp; Dudley and Norfolk (tentatively pardoned
412 by the queen after he promised to never contact Mary Stuart) urged
413 caution.&amp;nbsp; The queen must abandon the Dutch and the Huguenots, or she
414 faced wars with France and Spain.&amp;nbsp; She would save her precious
415 treasury as well; Elizabeth had inherited an empty treasury and hence
416 loathed to part with money.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
417 &lt;P&gt;She prevaricated as much as possible.&amp;nbsp; She allowed English ships
418 under Drake and Hawkins to harass and seize Spanish ships returning from
419 the New World; she did not officially approve of their actions but she
420 gladly accepted stolen Spanish bullion.&amp;nbsp; She sent small contingents
421 of troops to the Netherlands, though the situation deteriorated steadily
422 over the next several years.&amp;nbsp; Philip retaliated by supporting
423 insurrection in Ireland. &lt;/P&gt;
424 &lt;P&gt;This conflict with Spain and the problem of Mary queen of Scots
425 continued to vex Elizabeth for many years.&lt;/P&gt;
426 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/P&gt;
427 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;B&gt;&lt;A
428 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz4.html&quot;&gt;CONTINUE
429 READING&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/B&gt; &lt;BR&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/P&gt;
430 &lt;P align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;FONT size=-1&gt;&lt;A
431 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs.html&quot;&gt;to Tudor
432 Monarchs&lt;/A&gt;&lt;BR&gt;&lt;A
433 href=&quot;_httpextlink_&amp;amp;rl=1&amp;amp;href=http:%2f%2fenglishhistory.net%2ftudor%2fmonarchs%2feliz2.html&quot;&gt;back to Queen
434 Elizabeth I, part two&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/FONT&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
435 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
436 &lt;/blockquote&gt;
437&lt;/blockquote&gt;
438
439
440
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443</Content>
444</Section>
445</Archive>
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